Genetic regula tion of apoptos is of sperma togen ic cells

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1 (A cta A cadem iae M edicinae CPA PF ) V o l19 N o (2000) Genetic regula tion of apoptos is of sperma togen ic cells ( ) ; ; R ; R A (A pop to sis),,, 1, R egaud, 25% 75%, A 50%, [1, 2 ], (N ecro sis),, (P rogramm ed cell death),,,,,,,,,, DNA, bp DNA,,,, A T P,, : ; ; [3, 4 ] [5, 7 ] DNA g g g g, g g ( ) 2 3 ( DNA ) [7 10 ], [5 9, 11 ],,, 2, (Casade) (Caeno rhabditis elegens, CE), W o lgem uth [12 ] 1,,,, 211 bcl22 bcl

2 68 (A cta A cadem iae M edicinae CPA PF ) V o l19 N o11 A C2elk, C2k it, C2ref, C2trkB B C2flk, C2src C H 2ras, K2ras, N 2ras D GT P H 2ras, K2ras, N ras E C2abla, C2fo s, C2jun, C2m yc, C2erba, C2ets21, C2eta22 F P53, RB G int21, C2rel T sujimo to [13 ] t (18) B 18q21, 3 2, 26Ku,,, Bcl22, Bcl22 Bcl22 Bcl22 Bcl2x Bax Bak M cl21 Bcl22 Bcl2x, (Bcl2xl) Bcl22 M cl2 ; (Bcl2xs) Bax Bak,, Bcl22,, Bcl2x, Bcl22 Bcl2xl [14 ] [15 ], 2 4, Bax, Bax Bax Bcl22,, Bcl22, [16 ] Bcl22 [17 ] BaxgBcl22 Bcl22, [18, 19 ], Bcl22 Bcl22 [20 ] : Bcl22 Bcl2xl Bax ; Bcl2xs Bad Bcl22 Bcl2xl Bax 212 P53 P53 P53,, P53 P53 DNA, DNA DNA, P53, DNA, GogG1, S, DNA, M ;,, P53,, P53 P53 P53,, [21 ] P53, P53,,, P53,, P53,, P53,, P53, [22 ],, P53,, P53, g (DN ase g ), DN ase g DNA,, P53 25 P53 P53 [23 ] m dm 22 mrna, P53, m dm 22 mrna P53, Bax Bcl22,

3 (A cta A cadem iae M edicinae CPA PF ) V o l19 N o11 69,,,,, P53 Bax Bcl22 P53 Bcl22 Bax, Bax 4 P C2m yc C2m yc,,, C2m yc,, C2m yc, C2m yc C2m yc,, C2m yc,, : C2m yc,, 3 ; 1) C2m yc, ; 2) C2m yc,, ; 3) C2m yc,, H irabayash i (1996) [24 ] C2m yc, C2m yc,,, DNA C2m yc, C2m yc [25 ] [26 ],,, C2m yc,, C2m yc,,, C2m yc 214 Fas Fas cdna T KT 23 cdna 253bp, 325, 45Ku Fas N, 3 ; C, 80, C 15,,, Fas B cdna T OX40, Fas (FasL ), FasL 40Ku,, FasL 810Kb, 1 q23, 4 Fas FasL, Fas, Fas N o rthen, Fas Fas (Serto li cell) (M EH P 2, 52HD ),,, Fas FasL, Fas, FasL Fas FasmRNA, Fas, FasL [27 ], Fas2FasL [28 ], ( ) Bcl2 2, Fas, DNA Fas, Bcl22 Fas 1p r Fas, [20 ] Fas, 215 CR EM CAM P (Cyclic AM P2responsive elem ent modulater, CR EM ),, CR EM, [30 ] CR EM, Α Β, ;, CR EM, Α Β CR EM Α CR EM Β CR EM,, FSH, [31 ] CR EM, 216

4 70 (A cta A cadem iae M edicinae CPA PF ) V o l19 N o11 C2fo s, C2jun, Bmp86, TR PM 22, TN F (H SP),, [32 ], H SP7022,, H SP7022,,, ICE, R b, p 16, nm 23,,, 3 [ 1 ] H uck ins C. T he mo rpho lgy and k inetics of sperm atogonial degeneration in no rm al adult rats: an analysis using a simp lified classification of the germ inal ep ithelium [ J ]. A nat R ec, 1978, 190 (4) : 9051 [ 2 ] Johnson L, N guyen HB, Petty CS. Q uantification of hum an sperm atogenesis: germ cell degeneration during sperm atocytogenesis and m eio sis in testes from younger and o lder adult m en [J ]. B iol R ep rod, 1987, 37 (3) : 7391 [ 3 ] M ieth ing A. Germ - cell death during p resperm atogenesis in the testis of the go lden ham ster [J ]. 1992, 267 (3) : 5831 Cell T issue R es, [ 4 ] A llan DJ, H armon BV, Roberts SA T İ Sperm atogonial apop to sis has three mo rpho logically recognizable phases and show s no circadian rhythm during no rm al sperm atogenesis in the rat [J ]. Cell P rolif, 1992, 25 (3) : 2411 [5 ] B illig H, Furuta I, R ivier C, et a l. A pop to sis in testis germ cells: developm ental changes in gonado trop in dependence and localization to selective tubule stages [ see comm ents ] [J ]. E ndocrinology, 1995, 136 (1) : 51 [ 6 ] Bninkwo th M H. Identification of m ale germ cells undergo2 ing apop to sis in adult rats [J ]. J R ep rod F ertility, 1995, 1105: 251 [ 7 ] CaiL, H ales BF, Robaire B. Induction of apop to sis in the germ cells of adult m ale rats after expo sure to cyclopho spham de [J ]. B iol R ep rod, 1997, 56 (6) : [ 8 ] M o ri C, N akam ura N, D ix DJ, et a l. M o rpho lgical analysis of germ cell apop to sis during po stnatal testis developm ent in no rm al and H sp 70 2 jnockout m ice [J ]. D ev Dy n, 1997, 208 (1) : 1251 [9 ] Callard GV, Jo rgensen JC, Redding JM. B iochem ical analysis of p rogramm ed cell death during p rem eio tic stages of sperm atogenesis in vivo and in vitro [J ]. Genet, 1995, 16 (2) : 1401 D ev [ 10 ] Russell LD, A lger L E, N equin L G. Ho rmonal contro l of pubertal sperm atogenesis [J ]. E ndocrinology, 1987, 120 (4) : [11 ],, 1 [J ] 1, 1998, 78 (2) : 911 [ 12 ] W o lgem uth DJ. Patterns of exp ression and po tential functions of cellular oncogenes and heat shock p ro tein genes during germ cell developm enṫ in: D esjardins C, Ew ing LL, eds. Cell and m olecu lar biology of the testis [M ]. N ew Yo rk: O xfo rd U niv, P ress, 1993, 4331 [ 13 ] T sujimo to Y, Co ssm an J, Jaffe E. et al. Invo lvent of the bcl22 gene in hum an fo llicular lymphom a [J ]. 1985, 228 (4706) : S cience, [ 14 ] V ilagrasa X, M ezquita J. D ifferential exp ression of bcl2 2 and bcl2xduring chicken sperm atogenesis [ J ]. M ol R ep rod D ev, 1997, 47 (1) : 261 [ 15 ] Rodriguez I, O dy C, A rak i K, et al. A n early and m assive w ave of germ inal cell apop to sis is required fo r the developm ent of functional sperm atogenesis [J ]. J, 1997, 16 (9) : EM B O [ 16 ] Furuch i T, M asuko K, N ish im une Y, et al. Inh ibition of testicular germ cell apop to sis and differentiation in m ice m isexp ressing Bcl22 in sperm atogonia [ J ]. D evelopm ent, 1996, 122 (6) : [ 17 ] V aux DL, Strasser A, T he mo lecular bio logy of apop to sis [J ]. P roc N atl A cad S ci U SA, 1996, 93 (6) : [ 18 ] Ch resta CM, M asters JR, H ickm an JA. H ypersensitivity of hum an testicular tumo rs to etopo side - induced apop to sis is associated w ith functional p53 and a high Bax: Bxl22 ratio [J ]. Cancer R es, 1996, 56 (8) : [ 19 ] H urskainen T, So ini Y, T uuttila A, et al. Exp ression of the tissue m etallop ro teinase inhibito rs T IM P21 and T IM P22 in m alignant fibrous h istiocytom as and derm atofibrom as as studied by in situ hybridization and imm unohistochem istry [J ]. H um P athol, 1996, 27 (1) : 421 [ 20 ] Houckenbery DM, ZutterM, H ickeyw, et al. BcL 2 p ro tein is topograph ically restricted in tissues characterized by apop to tic cell death [J ]. P roc N atl A cad S ci U SA, 1991, 88 (16) : [ 21 ] Schw artz D, Go ldfinger N, Ro tter V. Exp ression of p53 p ro tein in sperm atogenesis is confined to the tetrap lo id pachytene p rim ary sperm atocytes [J ]. O ncogene, 1993, 8 (6) : ( 72 )

5 72 (A cta A cadem iae M edicinae CPA PF ) V o l19 N o11,, 4 [ 1 ] Geradts J W ilso PA 1H igh frenquency of berrant p 16 ( IN K4A ) exp ression in hum an cancer[j ]1A m J P a thol, 1996, 149 (1) : 151 [ 2 ],,, 1p 16 [J ] 1, 1997, 26 (3) : 1751 [ 3 ],,, 1 p 16 [J ] 1, 1997, 77 (7) : 5291 [ 4 ],,, 1 p 16 [J ] 1, 1999, 28 (2) : 1051 [ 5 ] Kam b A, Gruis N A, W eaver F, et a l1a cell cycle regulato r po tentially invo lved in genesis of m any tumo r types [ J ] 1S cience, 1994, 264 (5157) : 4361 [ 6 ] Xu L, Sgro i D, Stem er CJ, et a l1m utational analysis of CD KN 2 (M T S1gP 16lnk4 ) in hum an breast carcinom as [J ] 1Cancer R es, 1994, 54 (20) : [ 7 ] Berns EM, Klijn JG, Sm id M, et al1infrequent CD KN 2 (M TS1gP16) gene alterations in hum an p rim ary breast cacer [J ] 1B r J Cancer, 1995, 72 (4) : 9641 [ 8 ] B renner A J, M arcelo A ldaz C Ch romo som e 9pA llelic o lss and p 16 gcd KN 2in breast cancer and evidance of p 16 inactivation in immo rtal breast ep ithelial cells [J ] 1Cancer R es, 1995, 55 (13) : [ 9 ] H erm an JG, M erlo A, M ao L i, et al1lnactivation of the CD KN 2gp 16 gm T S1 gene is frequently associated w ith aberrant DNA m ethylation in all common hum an cancer [J ] 1Cancer R es, 1995, 55 (21) : [ 10 ] Kam b A 1Response to technical comm ents: rates of p 16 (M TS1) m utations in p rim ary tumo rs w ith 9p lo ss [ J ] 1S cience, 1994, 265 (5159) : 4161 [ 11 ] H erm an JG1H yperm ethylation - associated inactivation indicates a tumo r supp resso r ro le fo r pp 15 IN K4B [ J ] 1Cancer R es, 1996, 56 (4) : 7221 ( ) ( 70 ) [ 22 ] O do risio t, Rodriguez TA, Evans EP, et a l. T he m eio tic checkpo int monito ring synap sis elim inates sperm atocytes via p53- independent apop to sis [ see comm ents ] [J ]. N a tl Genet, 1998, 18 (3) : 2571 [ 23 ] R iou G, Barro is M, P ro st S, et a l. T he p53 and m dm 2 2 genes in hum an testicular germ - cell tumo rs [J ]. M ol Carcinog, 1995, 12 (3) : 1241 [ 24 ] H irabayash im, Kodaira K, T akahash i R, et a l. T ransgene exp ression in m emm ary glands of new bo rn rats [J ]. M ol R ep rod D ev, 1996, 43 (2) : 1451 [ 25 ] Kuch ino Y, A saia, Kitanaka C. M y- m ediated appop to sis [J ]. P rog M ol S ubcell B iol, 1996, 16 (1) : 1041 [ 26 ] T eng CS, V ilagrasa X. B iphasic c2m yc p ro tein exp ression during go ssypo l- induced apop to sis in rat sperm atocytes [J ]. Contracep tion, 1998, 57 (2) : 1171 [ 27 ] L ee J, R ichburg JH, Younk in SC, et a l. T he Fas system is a key regulato r of germ cell apop to sis in the testis [J ]. E ndocrinology, 1997, 138 (5) : [ 28 ] Suzuk ia, M atsuzaw a A, Iguch i T. Dow n regulation of Bcl22 is the first step on Fas- m ediated apop to sis of m ale rep roductive tract [J ]. O ncogene, 1996, 13 (1) : 311 [ 29 ] O gi S, T anjin, Yokoyam a M, et al. Invo lvem ent of Fas in the apop to sis of mouse germ cells induced by experim ental cryp to rch idism [ J ]. U rol R es, 1998, 26 (1) : 171 [ 30 ] N antel F, M onaco L, Foulkes N S, et al. Sperm iogenesis deficiency and germ - cell apop to sis in CREM - m utation m ice [J ]. N ature, 1996, 380 (6570) : 1591 [ 31 ] B lendy JA, Kaestner KH, W einbauer GF, et al. Severe impairm ent of sperm atogenesis in m ice lacking the CREM gene [J ]. N ature, 1996, 380 (6570) : 1621 [ 32 ] D ix DJ, A llen JW, Co llins BW. T argeted gene disrup tion of H SP7022 results in failed m eio sis, germ cell apop to sis, and m ale infertility [J ]. P roc N atl A cad S ci U SA, 1996, 93 (4) : ( )

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Apoptos is and Tum or

6 4 V o l. 6 N o. 4 1997 12 H ENAN M ED ICAL RESEA RCH D ecem ber 1997 Apoptos is and Tum or ( 450052) 1,,,,, : ;,,,,,,, 60, Kerr ( sh inkage necro sis) [1 ], (necro sis),, Kerr 1972 (apop to sis) [2 ],