ferritin 100 μg/l 200 μg/l transferrin saturation

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1 *,*******,** * ** *** National Kidney Foundation s Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative Guidelines (NKF K/DOQI Guidelines) g/dl [1] [2] [2] / C B12 B6E (L-carnitine) ferritin100 μg/l ferritin100 μg/l transferrin saturation20% [1,2] NKF K/DOQI Guidelines ferritin 200 μg/ltransferrin saturation 20%[3] ferritin transferrin saturation 100 μ g/l 20%[3] ferritin 500 μg/lferritin 500 μg/l transferrin saturation [3] [3] mg mg [2]

2 ferritin transferrin saturation [1] iron sucrose iron dextran iron gluconate iron dextran 40 [4] (ferritin800 μ g/l transferrin saturation50%) C C C mg [5,6] C ferritin transferrin Tarng C 300 mg 8 [7] ferritinzinc protoporphyrin (e-zpp) transferrin saturation ferritin e-zpp transferrin saturation Tarng e-zpp105 μmol/mol heme transferrin saturation25% C [8] NKF K/DOQI Guidelines C [3] ferritin500 μ g/l transferrin saturation30% C C [8] C [9] C D [10] [11] D Goicoechea calcijex i-pth g/dl g/dl i-pth [12] Abitar alfacalcidol g/dl g/dl [13] D i-pth [12,13,14] D D (megaloblastic anemia)

3 [15] Pronai (mean cell volume) 10mg [16]Sunder-Plassmann homocysteine[17] 2 3 mg [5,6] B 12 B B 12 B μg [5,6] homocysteine Kuo 28 B μ g 2homocysteine μ mol/l μ mol/l 25% 15 μ mol/l[18] Chen 45 B μg 2homocysteine μmol/l μ mol/l [19]B 12 homocysteineb μg B 6 B 6 (heme) B 6 B 6 B 6 [20] B 6 NKF K/DOQI Guidelines B 6 [3] B mg [5,6] E E (oxidative stress) E E Miyazaki E (oxidized low density lipoprotein) [21] Tarng E DNA [22]E Cristol E 500 mg 20 30% [23]Németh E 15 mg/kg [24] E Roob 6E 1200 IU

4 (all-rac-α -tocopheryl acetate)iron sucrose [25] (carnitine) (lysine) (methionine) (levo) (dextro) β - ( carnitine palmitoyltransferase I ) carnitine palmitoyltransferase II β - β - A (acyl-coa) (free carnitine)(acyl carnitine) (acyl carnitine: free carnitine)0.4 [6] [6]ATP pentosephosphate shunt [26] Golper [27] Labonia 6 38% [28] NKF K/DOQI Guidelines [3]NKF Carnitine Consensus Conference (dialysisrelated carnitine disorder) [29] NKF Carnitine Consensus Conference 20 mg/kg [29] [30]1999 FDA 15% trimethylamine (TMA) trimethylamine-noxide (TMAO) TMA dimethylamine [30] 0.5 g 2 g [31,32]

5 Ballal Gaughan [33,34]Berns [35] Teruel mg nadrolone decanoate ( 6000 u) [36] nadrolone decanoate NKF K/DOQI Guidelines [3] OPTA(optimal treatment of renal anemia initiative) 50 PSA (prostate specific antigen) [2] (GH IGF-1 IL-3 pentoxiphylline) GH (growth hormone) [37,38] IGF-1 (insulin-like growth factor-1) IL-3 (interleukin-3)(in vitro study)[37,39,40] IGF-1 IGF-1 GH IGF-1 IGF-1 [37] Cooperpentoxipylline TNF-α (tumor necrosis factor-α) IFN-γ (interferon-γ) proinflammatory cytokines [41] g/dl / (bone marrow

6 fibrosis) D i-pth i-pth D C ferritin e-zpp 105 μmol/mol heme transferrin saturation 25% C ferritin500 μg/l transferrin saturation30% C B 12 B 6 B 12 B 6 B 12 homocysteine E GH IGF-1 IL-3 pentoxiphylline 1. Eschbach J, DeOreo P, Adamson J, et al: NKF-K/DOQI Clinical practice guidelines for anemia of chronic renal disease: update Am J Kidney Dis 2001; 37(suppl 1): S Hörl WH, Vanrenterghem Y: Optimal treatment of renal anemia (OPTA): improving the efficacy and efficiency of renal anemia therapy in haemodialysis patients receiving intravenous epoetin. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2005; 20(suppl 3): iii Adamson JW, Bailie GR, Berns JS, et al: Clinical Practice Guidelines and Clinical Practice Recommendations for Anemia in Chronic Kidney Disease in Adults. Am J Kidney Dis 2006; 47(suppl 3): S Hörl WH: Adjunctive therapy in anemia management. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2002; 17(suppl 5): Descombes E, Hanck AB, Fellay G: Water soluble vitamins in chronic hemodialysis patients and need for supplementation. Kidney Int 1993; 43: Hörl WH: Is there a role for adjuvant therapy in patients being treated with epoetin? Nephrol Dial Transplant 1999; 14(suppl 2): Tarng DC, Huang TP, Chen TW, Yang WC: Erythropoietin hyporesponsiveness: from iron deficiency to iron overload. Kidney Int 1999; 55(suppl 69): S107-S Tarng DC, Wei YH, Huang TP, Kuo BIT, Yang WC: Intravenous ascorbic acid as an adjuvant therapy for recombinant erythropoietin in hemodialysis patients with hyperferritinemia. Kidney Int 1999; 55: Rolton HA, McConnel KM, Modi KS, Macdougall AI: The effect of vitamin C intake on plasma oxalate in patients on regular hemodialysis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1991; 6: Rao DS, Shih MS, Mohini R: Effect of serum parathyroid hormone and bone marrow fibrosis on the response to erythropoietin in uremia. N Engl J Med 1993; 328: Barbour GL: Effect of parathyroidectomy on anemia in chronic renal failure. Arch Intern Med 1979; 139: Goicoechea M, Vazquez MI, Ruiz MA, Gomez-Campdera F, Perez-García R, Valderrábano F: Intravenous calcitriol improves anemia and reduces the need for erythropoietin in hemodialysis patients. Nephron 1998; 78: Albitar S, Genin R, Fen-Chong M, Serveaus M-O, Schohn D, Chuet C: High-dose alfacalcidol improves anaemia in patients on haemodialysis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1997; 12: Argilés A, Mourad G, Lorho R, et al: Medical treatment of severe hyperparathyroidism and its influence on anaemia in end-stage renal failure. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1994; 9: Ono K, Hisasue Y: Is folate supplementation necessary in hemodialysis patients on erythropoietin therapy? Clin Nephrol 1992; 38: Pronai W, Riegler-Keil M, Silberbauer K, Stockenhuber F: Folic acid supplementation improves erythropoietin therapy? Clin Nephrol 1992; 38: Sunder-Plassmann G, Födinger M, Buchmayer H, et al: Effect of high dose folic acid therapy on hyperhomocysteinemia in hemodialysis patients: results of the Vienna multicenter study. J Am Soc Nephrol 2000; 11: Kuo HT, Tsai JC, Chen LN, et al: Independent effect of methylcobalamin on hyperhomocysteinemia in hemodialysis

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