University of Ioannina Department of Mathematics. Representation Dimension, Cohen-Macaulay Modules and Triangulated Categories

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1 University of Ioannina Department of Mathematics PhD Dissertation Chrysostomos Psaroudakis Representation Dimension, Cohen-Macaulay Modules and Triangulated Categories Ioannina, 2013

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3 The present dissertation was carried out under the PhD program of the Department of Mathematics of the University of Ioannina in order to obtain the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Accepted by the seven members of the evaluation committee on September 11th, 2013: Apostolos Beligiannis (Supervisor, Associate Professor, University of Ioannina) Nikolaos Marmaridis (Professor, University of Ioannina) Apostolos Thoma (Professor, University of Ioannina) Olympia Talelli (Professor, University of Athens) Ioannis Emmanouil (Professor, University of Athens) Hara Charalambous (Professor, University of Thessaloniki) Athanassios Papistas (Professor, University of Thessaloniki) The acceptance of this dissertation by the Department of Mathematics of the University of Ioannina does not imply the approval of the opinions of the writer (section 202 par. 2 Law 5343/1932 and section 50 par. 8 Law 1268/1982). Statutory Declaration I declare herewith statutorily that the present dissertation was carried out under the international ethical and academical rules and under the protection of intellectual property. According to these rules, I avoided plagiarism of any kind and I made reference to any source which I used in this thesis.

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5 To my teacher Apostolos Beligiannis and to my wife Ioanna Katrakazou

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7 Acknowledgement First and foremost I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my advisor Apostolos Beligiannis for being a real teacher for me over the last eight years and not only in mathematics. He has always encouraged and helped me very generously. His guidance was invaluable for learning several different topics in algebra and generally in mathematics. During my PhD I remember several moments of uncertainty. Apostolos Beligiannis was always there helping me with his deep knowledge. I want to thank him for sharing and discussing with me, so kindly, his powerful ideas, his inspiration and his insight. It was a great honor for me to be his student, and without him this thesis would have never been completed. I am also very grateful to Nikolaos Marmaridis and Apostolos Thoma for being the interior members of the evaluation committee and for supporting me strongly over all these years. Further, I would like to thank the other members of the committee: Olympia Talelli and Ioannis Emmanouil from the University of Athens, and Hara Charalambous and Athanassios Papistas from the University of Thessaloniki, for their useful comments and interesting questions. During my PhD I spent a few months in Bielefeld, as well as in Trondheim and in Stuttgart. It is a great pleasure to thank Henning Krause, Øyvind Solberg and Steffen Koening for the warm hospitality and the excellent working conditions. I would also like to thank several members of their groups for providing a very friendly environment and for useful discussions. Moreover, I want to acknowledge Edward L. Green and Jorge Vitória for the fruitful collaborations and the enjoyable discussions we had. My sincere thanks to Andreas Savas-Halilaj for his continuous encouragement through our everyday conversations and to Ioannis Giannoulis for his big support and advice during the last two years. Moreover, I want to thank Christos Tatakis, my office mate for almost six years, for helping me always in difficult circumstances. Special thanks to Magdalini Lada for her support and for the generous hospitality (with Øyvind) during my visits in Trondheim. I would also like to thank George Vafiadis for his help with L A TEX. Further, I want to mention several friends that helped me a lot all these years: Marios, George, Tolis, Akis, Grigoris, Andreas, Maria, Thodoros, Giannis, Anastasia, Mike, Fot, Nikitas, Panos, Kostas, Katerina, Kle(i)o, Leftheris,.... I would also like to thank the Department of Mathematics of the University of Ioannina for providing me with an office and all needed facilities and help. Further, I would like to acknowledge the financial support from HERAKLEITOS II. Last but not least, I wish to thank my parents Kostas and Eleni, my sister and her family: Evagelia-Dimos-Kostantinos-Nefeli, my grandparents Christos and Argiro and of course my wife Ioanna Katrakazou for the continuous support, love and faith to me. This thesis is dedicated to two very important persons in my life: my teacher Apostolos and my wife Ioanna. Σας ɛυχαριστώ απó! Chrysostomos Psaroudakis Ioannina, Greece, September 2013

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9 This research project was co-funded by the European Union - European Social Fund (ESF) and National Sources, in the framework of the program HERAKLEITOS II of the Operational Program: Education and Life Long Learning of the Hellenic Ministry of Education and Religious Affairs.

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11 Περίληψη Σε αυτήν τη διδακτορική διατριβή μελετάμε ομολογικές διαστάσεις που εμφανίζονται στη Θεωρία Αναπαραστάσεων Αλγεβρών του Artin. Η βασική μας έρευνα επικεντρώνεται στη διάσταση αναπαράστασης (representation dimension) και στην περατοκρατική και ολική διάσταση (finitistic and global dimension) για Artin άλγεβρες, στην κλάση των προτύπων Cohen-Macaulay και στη διάσταση Rouquier τριγωνισμένων κατηγοριών. Το κατάλληλο εννοιολογικό πλαίσιο, από τη σκοπιά μας, για τη μελέτη αυτή είναι οι συγκολλήσεις αβελιανών κατηγοριών (recollements of abelian categories), μια θεμελειώδης έννοια που έχει εμφανιστεί στην Άλγεβρα, στη Γεωμετρία και στην Τοπολογία, και η ευρέως γενική κλάση των δακτυλίων Morita. Πριν εξηγήσουμε αναλυτικότερα το κίνητρο αυτής της μελέτης συνοψίζουμε παρακάτω τα βασικά της στοιχεία: Ταξινομούμε συγκολλήσεις κατηγοριών προτύπων (Κεφάλαιο 1). Αναπτύσσουμε μια γενικευμένη ομολογική θεωρία για συγκολλήσεις αβελιανών κατηγοριών (Κεφάλαιο 2). Δίνουμε εφαρμογές για τη διάσταση αναπαράστασης και την περατοκρατική διάσταση για άλγεβρες του Artin (Κεφάλαιο 5). Κατασκευάζουμε μια αβελιανή κατηγορία που υλοποιεί ένα αφηρημένο μοντέλο της κατηγορίας προτύπων υπεράνω ενός δακτυλίου Morita και μελετάμε συνθήκες περατότητας συγκεκριμένων υποκατηγοριών της (Κεφάλαιο 3). Δίνουμε ικανές συνθήκες για το πότε οι δακτύλιοι Morita, ως άλγεβρες του Artin, είναι Gorenstein και παρουσιάζουμε εφαρμογές σε πρότυπα Cohen-Macaulay (Κεφάλαιο 4). Δίνουμε φράγματα για τη διάσταση Rouquier τριγωνισμένων κατηγοριών (Κεφάλαιο 5). Το 1971 ο Auslander [10] όρισε τη διάσταση αναπαράστασης για μια άλγεβρα του Artin Λ ως μια αριθμητική αναλλοίωτη μέτρησης της πολυπλοκότητας της θεωρίας αναπαράστασης της άλγεβρας Λ. Από την άλλη πλευρά μια σημαντική αναλλοίωτη της μέτρησης της ομολογικής πολυπλοκότητας της άλγεβρας Λ είναι η περατοκρατική διάσταση της Λ η οποία ορίσθηκε από τους Bass, Rosenberg, Zelinsky [21] στα τέλη της δεκαετίας του 50. Σημειώνουμε ότι η διάσταση αναπαράστασης συνδέεται άμεσα με την εικασία περατοκρατικής διάστασης. Συγκεκριμένα οι Igusa και Todorov [66] έδειξαν ότι κάθε άλγεβρα του Artin με διάσταση αναπαράστασης το πολύ 3 ικανοποιεί την εικασία περατοκρατικής διάστασης, δηλαδή η περατοκρατική διάσταση είναι πεπερασμένη. Μετά από αυτό το αποτέλεσμα ήταν εύλογο το ερώτημα αν κάθε άλγεβρα του Artin έχει διάσταση αναπαράστασης το πολύ 3. Στο πλαίσιο αυτό σημαντικές κλάσεις αλγεβρών αποδείχθηκαν ότι έχουν διάσταση αναπαράστασης το πολύ 3. Επίσης, είναι γνωστό από τον Iyama [67] ότι η διάσταση αναπαράστασης μιας άλγεβρας του Artin είναι πάντα πεπερασμένη. Το 2006 ο Rouquier έδειξε ότι η εξωτερική άλγεβρα Λ(k n ), όπου το k είναι σώμα και n 1, έχει διάσταση αναπαράστασης n+1. Το βασικό εργαλείο για αυτό το αποτέλεσμα ήταν η διάσταση τριγωνισμένων κατηγοριών, η οποία ονομάζεται σήμερα διάσταση Rouquier, που εισήχθηκε από τον ίδιο [113]. Τα παραπάνω εξηγούν το σημαντικό ρόλο που διαδραματίζει η διάσταση αναπαράστασης στη δομή και στην πολυπλοκότητα της κατηγορίας των προτύπων καθώς και τις αλληλεπιδράσεις της με εργαλεία από τον «κόσμο» των τριγωνισμένων κατηγοριών. Από την άλλη πλευρά όμως υπάρχουν κλάσεις προτύπων που ο τύπος αναπαράστασής τους

12 διαδραματίζει σημαντικό ρόλο, όχι μόνο για την κατηγορία των προτύπων, αλλα στη δομή του δακτυλίου. Το 1967 ο Auslander [9], [13] όρισε την κλάση των προτύπων Cohen- Macaulay γενικεύοντας την κλάση των πεπερασμένα παραγόμενων προβολικών προτύπων. Η δομή και η (ομολογική) πολυπλοκότητα της κατηγορίας Gproj Λ των πεπερασμένα παραγόμενων προτύπων Cohen-Macaulay (γνωστά και ως Gorenstein-προβολικά πρότυπα) χαρακτηρίζει, υπό μια έννοια, το αν ο δακτύλιος είναι Gorenstein. Συγκεκριμένα η Λ είναι Gorenstein αν, και μόνο αν, η ευσταθής κατηγορία των Gorenstein-προβολικών προτύπων είναι τριγωνικά ισοδύναμη με την κατηγορία ιδιομορφιών της Λ, όπως αυτή έχει ορισθεί από τους Buchweitz [31] και Orlov [103]. Σκοπός της παρούσας διατριβής είναι να αναπτύξουμε μια γενικευμένη ομολογική θεωρία για συγκολλήσεις αβελιανών κατηγοριών και να μελετήσουμε δακτύλιους Morita από τη σκοπιά κυρίως της θεωρίας αναπαραστάσεων αλγεβρών και της ομολογικής άλγεβρας Gorenstein, έχοντας ως στόχο εφαρμογές στις ομολογικές διαστάσεις κατηγοριών και δακτυλίων. Για συγκολλήσεις αβελιανών κατηγοριών μελετάμε πως σχετίζονται διάφορες ομολογικές αναλλοίωτες και διαστάσεις των εμπλεκόμενων κατηγοριών και επιπλέον ταξινομούμε συγκολλήσεις από κατηγορίες προτύπων, αποδεικνύοντας έτσι μια εικασία του Kuhn. Το βασικό κίνητρο για την ενασχόληση μας με τις συγκολλήσεις αβελιανών κατηγοριών είναι ερωτήματα και προβλήματα αναφορικά με τη διάσταση αναπαράστασης καθώς και με την περατοκρατική διάσταση. Από την άλλη το έναυσμα για τη μελέτη των δακτυλίων Morita πηγάζει από τη συχνή εμφάνιση αυτών των δακτυλίων στη θεωρία αναπαραστάσεων αλγεβρών και τη σχέση τους με συγκολλήσεις. Οι συγκολλήσεις αβελιανών κατηγοριών είναι ακριβείς ακολουθίες αβελιανών κατηγοριών 0 A B C 0 έτσι ώστε ο συναρτητής έγκλεισης i: A B και ο συναρτητής πηλίκο e: B C να έχουν αριστερά και δεξιά συζυγείς συναρτητές. Διαγραμματικά μια συγκόλληση αβελιανών κατηγοριών συμβολίζεται ως εξής: 12 A q l i e C B R ab (A, B, C ) p r Γενικά οι συγκολλήσεις ορίσθηκαν πρώτα στο πλαίσιο των τριγωνισμένων κατηγοριών από τους Beilinson, Bernstein και Deligne [22] για τη μελέτη των παραγόμενων κατηγοριών από δράγματα (sheaves) σε κατάλληλους τοπολογικούς χώρους. Το πρώτο σημαντικό παράδειγμα συγκολλήσεων στο πλαίσιο των αβελιανών κατηγοριών εμφανίστηκε από τους MacPherson και Vilonen [91] για την κατασκευή των perverse sheaves. Επίσης ο Kuhn χρησιμοποίησε συγκολλήσεις κατηγοριών για τη μελέτη της generic θεωρίας αναπαραστάσεων της γενικευμένης γραμμικής ομάδας. Σημειώνουμε ακόμα το έργο των Cline, Parshall και Scott που συνέδεσαν συγκολλήσεις παραγόμενων κατηγοριών με κατηγορίες υψίστου βάρους (highest weight) και ημι-κληρονομικές (quasi-hereditary) άλγεβρες. Από την άλλη οι Happel [61, 63], Beligiannis, Reiten [30], και πρόσφατα οι Hugel, Koenig, Liu [2 4], και Chen, Xi [33 35] μελέτησαν σχέσεις μεταξύ συγκολλήσεων τριγωνισμένων κατηγοριών και θεωρίας Tilting, ομολογικών εικασιών, stratifications παραγόμενων κατηγοριών και αλγεβρικής Κ-θεωρίας. Οι συγκολλήσεις αβελιανών κατηγοριών εμφανίζονται με φυσιολογικό τρόπο και στη θεωρία αναπαραστάσεων. Για παράδειγμα κάθε ταυτοδύναμο στοιχείο σε ένα δακτύλιο επάγει μια συγκόλληση μεταξύ των κατηγοριών προτύπων υπεράνω των δακτυλίων R, R/ReR και ere. Πιο γενικά ένας δακτύλιος Morita, δηλαδή

13 δακτύλιος πινάκων της μορφής: ( ) A Λ (φ,ψ) = AN B BM A B όπου A, B δακτύλιοι και A N B, B M A διπρότυπα, επάγει δύο συγκολλήσεις κατηγοριών προτύπων. Γενικότερα έστω C μια προσθετική κατηγορία και X, Y δυο αντικείμενα της C. Τότε ο δακτύλιος ενδομορφισμών End C (X Y ) είναι δακτύλιος Morita, και μάλιστα κάθε δακτύλιος Morita προκύπτει με αυτόν τον τρόπο. Τα παραπάνω παραδείγματα καθώς και άλλες καταστάσεις όπου εμφανίζονται συγκολλήσεις αβελιανών κατηγοριών που σχετίζονται με δακτύλιους Morita, αποτελούν ένα ισχυρό κίνητρο για τη διατριβή. Η αναλυτική περιγραφή των Κεφαλαίων της διατριβής, καθώς και των κυριότερων α- ποτελεσμάτων της, έχει ως εξής: Κεφάλαιο 1: Στο Κεφάλαιο 1 ταξινομούμε συγκολλήσεις κατηγοριών προτύπων. Ο Kuhn [82] είχε εικάσει ότι αν οι εμπλεκόμενες κατηγορίες σε μια συγκόλληση είναι κατηγορίες προτύπων υπεράνω k-αλγεβρών πεπερασμένης διάστασης (k σώμα), τότε η συγκόλληση αυτή είναι ισοδύναμη (με κάποια κατάλληλη έννοια), με μια συγκόλληση που επάγεται α- πό ένα ταυτοδύναμο στοιχείο. Το κεντρικό αποτέλεσμα του κεφαλαίου αυτού, Θεώρημα 1.3.6, είναι η απόδειξη της εικασίας του Kuhn, και μάλιστα γενικά για δακτυλίους. Η δομή του Κεφαλαίου 1 είναι η εξής: Στην ενότητα 1.1 συγκεντρώνουμε βασικές έννοιες περί των συγκολλήσεων αβελιανών κατηγοριών και παρουσιάζουμε πληθώρα παραδειγμάτων συγκολλήσεων που θα χρησιμοποιηθούν σε όλη τη διατριβή. Στην ένοτητα 1.2 ταξινομούμε συγκολλήσεις αβελιανών κατηγοριών αντιστοιχίζοντας κατάλληλες TTF-τριάδες. Στην ενότητα 1.3 ταξινομούμε συγκολλήσεις κατηγοριών προτύπων υπεράνω δακτυλίων αποδεικνύοντας έτσι την εικασία του Kuhn, και τέλος στην ενότητα 1.4 παρουσιάζουμε ένα παράδειγμα συγκόλλησης που δεν επάγεται από κάποιο ταυτοδύναμο στοιχείο. Τα αποτελέσματα των ενοτήτων 1.2, 1.3, 1.4 είναι σε συνεργασία με τον Jorge Vitória στο άρθρο [109] με τίτλο Recollements of Module Categories. Κεφάλαιο 2: Το κύριο αντικείμενο μελέτης του Κεφαλαίου 2 είναι η ομολογική συμπεριφορά των συγκολλήσεων αβελιανών κατηγοριών. Ιδιαίτερα εξετάζουμε τις ομάδες επεκτάσεων Ext, τις ολικές ομολογικές διαστάσεις και τις περατοκρατικές διάστασεις των εμπλεκόμενων κατηγοριών σε μια συγκόλληση, και κυρίως πως σχετίζονται μεταξύ τους. Το βασικό πρόβλημα για τις ομάδες επεκτάσεων Ext είναι το πότε ο συναρτητής i: A B είναι μια k-ομολογική εμφύτευση, δηλαδή πότε επάγει φυσικούς ισομορφισμούς i m : Ext m A (, ) Ext m B(i( ), i( )) για κάθε 0 m k, και το πότε ο συναρτητής e: B C επάγει, περιορισμένος σε κάποιες κατάλληλες υποκατηγορίες, φυσικούς ισομορφισμούς e m : Ext m B(, ) Ext m B(e( ), e( )) για 0 m k, όπου 0 k. Στα Θεωρήματα και λύνουμε τα παραπάνω δυο προβλήματα δίνοντας ικανές και αναγκαίες συνθήκες ώστε να έχουμε τους ζητούμενους ισομορφισμούς. Σημειώνουμε ότι τα αποτελέσματα αυτά γενικεύουν και επεκτείνουν αποτελέσματα των Auslander-Platzeck-Todorov [14] και Geigle-Lenzing [56]. Στις ενότητες 2.2 και 2.3 δίνουμε φράγματα για την ολική και περατοκρατική διάσταση κάτω από ορισμένες φυσιολογικές υποθέσεις. Ενδεικτικά, αποδεικνύουμε ότι η ολική ομολογική διάσταση της B είναι πάντα φραγμένη από την ολική ομολογική διάσταση της A και την ολική ομολογική διάσταση της C και από το supremum των προβολικών διαστάσεων στην B των προβολικών αντικειμένων της A. Τα βασικά αποτελέσματα σε αυτές τις δυο ενότητες είναι τα Θεωρήματα 2.2.1, 2.2.8, 2.2.9, και Τέλος στην ενότητα 2.4 δίνουμε εφαρμογές στη Θεωρία Δακτυλίων χρησιμοποιώντας τα παραδείγματα συγκολλήσεων της ενότητας 13

14 1.1. Επισημαίνουμε ότι τα αποτελέσματα των ενοτήτων 2.2, 2.3 και 2.4, αναφορικά με τις ομολογικές διαστάσεις, γενικεύουν πληθώρα αποτελεσμάτων στη βιβλιογραφία, όπως των Auslander-Platzeck-Todorov [14] και Fossum-Griffith-Reiten [49]. Τα αποτελέσματα του κεφαλαίου αυτού βρίσκονται στο άρθρο [108] με τίτλο Homological Theory of Recollements of Abelian Categories. Κεφάλαιο 3: Στο Κεφάλαιο 3 κατασκευάζουμε μια αβελιανή κατηγορία που αναπαριστά ένα αφηρημένο μοντέλο για την κατηγορία προτύπων υπεράνω ενός δακτυλίου Morita. Στις πρώτες τρεις ενότητες εξετάζουμε διάφορες ιδιότητες αυτής της κατασκευής, μελετώντας κυρίως δομικές ιδιότητες. Στην τέταρτη ενότητα μελετάμε συνθήκες περατότητας συγκεκριμμένων υποκατηγοριών της. Στις ενότητες που ακολουθούν μελετάμε ομολογικές ιδιότητες αυτής της αβελιανής κατηγορίας, προετοιμάζοντας ουσιαστικά το έδαφος για το Κεφάλαιο 4 αφού πολλά από τα αποτελέσματα αυτού του κεφαλαίου χρησιμοποιούνται εκεί. Κεφάλαιο 4: Κύριο αντικείμενο μελέτης του Κεφαλαίου 4 είναι οι δακτύλιοι Morita κυρίως από τη σκοπια της θεωρίας αναπαράστασεων αλγεβρών. Στην ενότητα 4.1 συγκεντρώνουμε τις απαραίτητες έννοιες και παράδειγματα που θα μας χρειαστούν στο κεφαλαίο αυτό. Στην ενότητα 4.2 περιγράφουμε τα προβολικά, τα ενέσιμα και τα απλά πρότυπα υ- περάνω ενός δακτυλίου Morita που είναι άλγεβρα του Artin. Χρησιμοποιώντας αυτήν την περιγραφή χαρακτηρίζουμε πότε ένας δακτύλιος Morita είναι άλγεβρα selfinjective και ως άμεση συνέπεια αυτού δίνουμε ένα άνω φράγμα για τη διάσταση αναπαράστασης του δακτύλιου Morita Λ (φ,ψ) όπου A = B = N = M είναι άλγεβρες selfinjective και φ = ψ = 0. Στις ενότητες 4.3 και 4.4 μελετάμε συνθήκες περατότητας για υποκατηγορίες της κατηγορίας προτύπων ενός δακτυλίου Morita και δίνουμε φράγματα για την ομολογική διάσταση ενός Morita δακτυλίου, στην περίπτωση όπου φ = ψ = 0. Τα βασικά αποτελέσματα των ενοτήτων αυτών είναι τα Θεωρήματα 4.3.4, και 4.4.9, αντίστοιχα. Σημειώνουμε ότι τα αποτελέσματα της ενότητας 4.3 έχουν αποδειχτεί στο γενικό πλαίσιο των κατηγοριών Morita στην ενότητα 3.4 του Κεφαλαίου 3. Στην τελευταία ενότητα 4.5 εξετάζουμε το πότε ένας δακτύλιος Morita, που είναι άλγεβρα του Artin, είναι Gorenstein. Το κύριο αποτέλεσμα της παραγάφου αυτής είναι το Θεώρημα που δίνει μια ικανή συνθήκη ώστε ένας δακτύλιος Morita να είναι Gorenstein. Χρησιμοποιώντας το αποτέλεσμα αυτό χαρακτηρίζουμε τα Gorenstein-προβολικά πρότυπα υπεράνω του δακτυλίου Morita με A = B = N = M και όπου η A είναι μια Gorenstein Artin άλγεβρα, βλέπε Θεώρημα Τα αποτελέσματα του κεφαλαίου αυτού είναι σε συνεργασία με τον Edward L. Green στο άρθρο [60] με τίτλο On Artin Algebras Arising from Morita Contexts. Κεφάλαιο 5: Το τελευταίο Κεφάλαιο 5 ασχολείται με τη διάσταση Rouquier τριγωνισμένων κατηγοριών και τη διάσταση αναπαράστασης αλγεβρών του Artin. Στην ενότητα 5.1 μελετάμε τη διάσταση Rouquier σε σχέση και με το πρόβλημα ανύψωσης μιας συγκόλλησης αβελιανών κατηγοριών σε μια συγκόλληση των αντίστοιχων παραγόμενων κατηγοριών. Ιδιαίτερα στο Θεώρημα 5.1.6, δίνουμε ικανές και αναγκαίες συνθήκες ώστε, μια συγκόλληση αβελιανών κατηγοριών να επάγει μια συγκόλληση τριγωνισμένων κατηγοριών στις αντίστοιχες παραγόμενες κατηγορίες των φραγμένων συμπλόκων. Στη συνέχεια δίνουμε φράγματα για τη διάσταση Rouquier μιας τριγωνισμένης κατηγορίας T σε μια συγκόλληση τριγωνισμένων κατηγοριών (U, T, V). Συγκεκριμένα στο Θεώρημα αποδεικνύουμε ότι max {dim U, dim V} dim T dim U + dim V + 1, όπου με dim T συμβολίζουμε τη διάσταση Rouquier της T. Τέλος εφαρμόζουμε τα παραπάνω σε δακτυλίους με ταυτοδύναμα στοιχεία και ιδιαίτερα σε τριγωνικούς δακτύλιους πινάκων. Στην τελευταία ενότητα αυτού του κεφαλαίου μελετάμε το πως συμπεριφέρεται η διάσταση αναπαράστασης σε καταστάσεις 14

15 συγκολλήσεων αβελιανών κατηγοριών (A, B, C ). Καταρχήν ορίζουμε την κατάλληλη έννοια της διάστασης αναπαράστασης σε αβελιανές κατηγορίες. Στη συνέχεια αποδεικνύουμε ότι αν, η διάσταση αναπαράστασης της B είναι το πολύ 3, τότε και η διάσταση αναπαράστασης της C είναι επίσης το πολύ 3. Επίσης, κάτω από κάποιες υποθέσεις, συγκρίνουμε τη διάσταση αναπαράστασης της B με αυτή της A και εξετάζουμε γενικά το πότε η διάσταση αναπαράστασης της C είναι μικρότερη ή ίση από τη διάσταση αναπαράστασης της B. Τα παραπάνω αποτελέσματα αποτελούν τα Θεωρήματα και Στη συνέχεια δίνουμε εφαρμογές για τη διάσταση αναπαράστασης αλγεβρών του Artin, βλ. Πορίσματα Το τελευταίο βασικό αποτέλεσμα αυτής της διατριβής, βλ. Θεώρημα , δίνει συνθήκες ώστε, η περατοκρατική διάσταση μιας άλγεβρας του Artin να είναι πεπερασμένη και σχετίζει με γόνιμο τρόπο τη διάσταση αναπαράστασης με την περατοκρατική διάσταση. Τα αποτελέσματα του κεφαλαίου αυτού βρίσκονται στο άρθρο [108] με τίτλο Homological Theory of Recollements of Abelian Categories. 15

16

17 Contents Acknowledgement 7 Introduction Background and Overview Motivation and Examples Organization and the Main Results 24 Chapter 1. Recollements of Module Categories Preliminaries on Recollements of Abelian Categories Recollements of Abelian Categories and TTF-triples Kuhn s Conjecture on Recollements of Module Categories A recollement not induced by an idempotent element 53 Chapter 2. Homological Theory of Recollements of Abelian Categories Generalized Perpendicular Categories and Homological Embeddings Global Dimension Finitistic Dimension Applications to Ring Theory 82 Chapter 3. The Morita Category Morita Extensions of Abelian Categories Morita Categories Isomorphic With Their Duals Recollements and Morita Categories Functorially Finite Subcategories Projective, Injective and Simple Objects Constructing Resolutions Left Derived Functors and Extensions The Morita Category of Module Categories 127 Chapter 4. Artin Algebras Arising from Morita Contexts Preliminaries on Morita Rings Projective, Injective and Simple Modules Functorially Finite Subcategories Bounds on the Global Dimension Gorenstein Artin Algebras and Cohen-Macaulay Modules 159 Chapter 5. Representation Dimension and Rouquier s Dimension Triangulated Categories and Rouquier s Dimension Representation Dimension 176 Bibliography 187 Index

18 Introduction In this thesis we investigate homological invariants arising in the representation theory of Artin algebras. The main focus of our study is on the representation, finitistic and global dimension of Artin algebras, the class of Cohen-Macaulay modules and the Rouquier dimension of triangulated categories. The proper conceptual framework, from our perspective, for this study is the general setting of recollements of abelian categories, a concept which is fundamental in algebra, geometry and topology, and the closely related omnipresent class of Morita rings. Before we explain the motivation of our work we summarize below the main features of this thesis: Classify recollements of module categories. Develop a general homological theory of recollements of abelian categories. Construct an abelian category which represents an abstract model for the category of modules over a Morita ring and study finiteness conditions on certain subcategories. Give sufficient conditions for Gorensteinness of Morita rings, in the context of Artin algebras, and provide applications to Cohen-Macaulay modules. Provide bounds for the Rouquier dimension of triangulated categories. Give applications to representation and finitistic dimension of Artin algebras. 1. Background and Overview The representation dimension of an Artin algebra has been introduced by Auslander [10] with the expectation that: this notion gives a reasonable way of measuring how far an Artin algebra is from being of finite representation type. This hope was based on his famous result, that an Artin algebra Λ is of finite representation type if and only if the representation dimension of Λ is at most two. It should be noted that the representation dimension is strongly connected with the finitistic dimension conjecture explicitly formulated by Bass [21]. In fact Igusa and Todorov [66] have shown that the finitistic dimension conjecture is valid for any Artin algebra of representation dimension at most three. Several classes of algebras have representation dimension less than or equal to 3 and it is known from Iyama that the representation dimension of an Artin algebra is always finite [67]. Recently these important invariants were combined with tools coming from the world of triangulated categories. Rouquier [112] has shown that there is no upper bound for the representation dimension of Artin algebras. More precisely Rouquier proved that the exterior algebra Λ(k n ), where k is a field and n 1 an integer, has representation dimension n + 1. This was the first example where the representation dimension is greater or equal to 4. The main tool for this result was the notion of dimension for triangulated categories introduced by 18

19 2. MOTIVATION AND EXAMPLES 19 Rouquier [113]. In conclusion representation dimension provides a homological criterion for finite representation type and in some sense measures the homological complexity of the module category. On the other hand the representation type of certain subcategories of the module category gives information on the structure of the ring. In the mid-sixties Auslander [9], [13] introduced the class of Cohen-Macaulay modules (also known as: totally reflexive modules [70], modules of G-dimension zero [13, 130], maximal Cohen-Macaulay modules [16, 30] or Gorenstein-projective modules [47]) as a natural generalization of finitely generated projective modules. The structure of the category Gproj Λ of finitely generated Gorenstein-projective modules measures how far the ring Λ is from being Gorenstein. It is well known that the stable category Gproj Λ is triangulated and there is an equivalence with the singularity category of Λ, in the sense of Buchweitz [31] and Orlov [103], if and only if Λ is Gorenstein. But for the ring itself, the representation type of the category Gproj Λ has significant consequences. For example consider a Noetherian commutative, local, complete Gorenstein ring Λ. If Λ is of finite Cohen-Macaulay type [27], [29] (Gproj Λ is of finite representation type, i.e. the set of isomorphism classes of indecomposable Gorenstein-projective modules is finite), then Λ is a simple singularity. For more details see Yoshino s book [129] and the recent book of Leuschke and Wiegand [86]. We refer also to the work of Beligiannis [29] for a representation-theoretic study of Gorenstein-projective modules and algebras of finite Cohen-Macaulay type. Our aim in this thesis is to investigate homological aspects of recollements of abelian categories and to study Morita rings in the context of Artin algebras, concentrating mainly at representation-theoretic and homological aspects. In the context of recollements of abelian categories we investigate how various homological invariants and dimensions of the categories involved in a recollement situation are related. Moreover we classify recollements of abelian categories whose terms are module categories, thus solving a conjecture by Kuhn. Our interest in recollements is motivated from questions and problems on representation and finitistic dimension of Artin algebras and the interrelation between them. On the other hand our interest in Morita rings is motivated by the frequent occurrence of this class of matrix rings in the representation theory of Artin algebras and elsewhere, and the interpretation of their module categories via suitable recollements. 2. Motivation and Examples In this part of the introduction we give motivation for the study of recollements of abelian categories and Morita rings, we present illuminating examples, and we explain also the connections between them Recollements of Abelian Categories. We start by explaining how naturally recollements of abelian categories arise/appear in different branches of mathematics. Recollements of Abelian Categories in Algebra: Let R be a ring and e an idempotent element of R. Associated with the data (R, e) are the rings ere, R/ReR and their module categories Mod-R, Mod-eRe, Mod-R/ReR. Since we have a surjective ring homomorphism R R/ReR it follows that the restriction functor from the module category of R/ReR to the module category of R is fully faithful. On the other hand the assignment X ex, where X is a (left) R-module, induces an exact functor from the module category of R to the module category of ere. Moreover these two functors have

20 2. MOTIVATION AND EXAMPLES 20 left and right adjoints. Hence any pair (R, e) induces the following situation between the module categories over the rings R/ReR, R and ere: Mod-R/ReR R/ReR R inc Mod-R Re ere e( ) Mod-eRe Hom R (R/ReR, ) Hom ere (er, ) The situation described above is a typical example of a recollement situation, namely a recollement induced by an idempotent element, and it should be considered as the universal example concerning recollements of module categories. This statement will be explained in Chapter 1. Recollements of Abelian Categories in Geometry: Let X be a topological space and U an open subspace of X. Denote by F the complement of U in X. Let O X be a sheaf of commutative rings on X and denote by O U, resp. O F, the restricted sheaves of rings on U, resp. F. Then the abelian categories Mod-O F, Mod-O X, Mod-O U, of sheaves of O i -modules, where i = F, X or U, are related via the following recollement: q i Mod-O F e Mod-O X Mod-O U l p r It should be noted that the above situation is the classical example of a recollement of abelian categories arising in topology and in algebraic geometry, and has appeared in the work of Beilinson, Bernstein and Deligne [22]. There are also various derived versions of the above recollement at the level of triangulated categories. We refer to the book [71] for more details. Recollements of Abelian Categories in Topology: Let F q be a finite field of characteristic p and order F q = q = p s, where p is a fixed prime. We denote by Fun (F q ) the functor category with objects the functors from finite dimensional F q -vector spaces to F q -vector spaces, and with morphisms the natural transformations between such functors. It is well known that Fun (F q ) is an abelian category. Let F Fun (F q ). Then for every finite dimensional F q -vector space V (say dim Fq V = n) the object F (V ) becomes a module over the group algebra F q [GL n (V )]. This observation shows that we can view the objects of Fun (F q ) as generic representations of the general linear group over F q. Then Fun (F q ) is called the category of generic representations [81]. Denote by M k (F q ) the multiplicative semigroup of k k matrices over F q, and consider the categories of modules Mod-F q [GL k (F q )] and Mod-F q [M k (F q )], where F q [M k (F q )] is the semigroup algebra. Then from basic results of Kuhn [81, 82] we have the following diagram: Mod-F q [GL 3 (F q )] Mod-F q [GL 2 (F q )] Mod-F q [M 3 (F q )] Mod-F q [M 2 (F q )] Mod-F q [M 1 (F q )] 0 Mod-F q [M 2 (F q )] Mod-F q [M 1 (F q )]

21 2. MOTIVATION AND EXAMPLES 21 where the vertical diagrams are recollements of module categories and the inverse limit of the horizontal sequence of Mod-F q [M k (F q )], k 1, is the category Fun (F q ). The category of generic representations Fun (F q ) is a fundamental object of study and has strong connections with several different topics, like: Symmetric groups, Schur algebras, Topological Hochschild Homology, Steenrod algebra. We refer to the important work of Kuhn [81 83] for more details on the above subject and the use of recollements of abelian categories in this area of mathematics. We continue now by describing the notion of recollements for abelian categories and we give also some more motivation. Recollements of abelian categories are exact sequences of abelian categories 0 A i B e C 0 where the inclusion functor i represents A as a Serre subcategory of B and the functor e represents C as the quotient category B/A, enjoying the additional property that the inclusion functor i admits a left adjoint q and a right adjoint p, and the quotient functor e admits a left adjoint l and a right adjoint r. Such a recollement situation of abelian categories is denoted throughout this thesis by the following diagram: q i e A C B R ab (A, B, C ) p Recollement situations were introduced first in the context of triangulated categories by Beilinson, Bernstein and Deligne, see [22], in their axiomatization of the Grothendieck s six functors for derived categories of sheaves obtained from stratifications of spaces. In this connection a fundamental example of a recollement situation of abelian categories appeared in the construction of perverse sheaves, by MacPherson and Vilonen [91]. In the late eighties, Cline, Parshall and Scott, working in the context of representation theory, indicated the connections between recollements of derived categories, highest weight categories, and quasi-hereditary algebras, see [38], [107], and later Kuhn used recollements of certain abelian categories in his study of generic representation theory of the general linear group, see [82]. On the other hand, Happel [61,63], and recently Hugel, Koenig, Liu [2 4], and Chen, Xi [33 35] studied connections between recollements of triangulated categories in connection with tilting theory, homological conjectures, stratifications of derived categories of rings, and algebraic K-theory. It is well known that recollements and TTF-triples of triangulated categories are in bijection [22], [30], [99]. In this connection Beligiannis-Reiten investigates hereditay torsion pairs in triangulated categories and discuss applications on homological conjectures and tilting theory, see [30, Chapter IV] for more details. It should be noted that recollements of abelian or module categories appear quite naturally in various settings and are omnipresent in representation theory. Typically recollement situations arise from the endomorphism ring of a direct sum of two objects in an additive category. For instance, as we discussed above, any idempotent element e in a ring R induces a recollement situation between the module categories over the rings R, R/ReR and ere. More generally the ring associated to a Morita context induces two recollements situations, and many categories arising from natural constructions in ring and module theory, for example comma categories, are related via a recollement situation. This includes module categories over one sided Artinian rings and module l r

22 2. MOTIVATION AND EXAMPLES 22 categories which play an important role in Galois theory of rings. Finally we mention that any full subcategory X of an additive category C induces a recollement situation between the module categories over C, X, and C /X, considered as rings with several objects, and where the latter denotes the stable category of C modulo the subcategory X. The examples mentioned above and the important role they play in various contexts suggests naturally the following two problems: The general study of homological invariants associated to the abelian categories A, B, C of the recollement R ab (A, B, C ), and how they are related. The classification of recollements whose terms are module categories. Our main aim in this thesis is to investigate in detail the above problems concentrating in the behavior of global dimension, finitistic dimension and representation dimension under recollement of abelian categories and then to give applications to ring theory. We also study when a recollement situation between abelian categories induces a recollement situation between the corresponding bounded derived categories, and we give applications to Rouquier s dimension of the triangulated categories involved in a recollement situation. Finally we classify recollements whose terms are module categories, thus answering a conjecture by Kuhn Morita Rings. Morita contexts, also known as pre-equivalence data, have been introduced by Bass in [20], see also [41], in his exposition of the Morita Theorems on equivalences of module categories. Let A and B be unital associative rings. Recall that a Morita context over A, B, is a 6-uple M = (A, N, M, B, φ, ψ), where B M A is a B-A-bimodule, A N B is an A-B-bimodule, and φ: M A N B is a B-B-bimodule homomorphism, and ψ : N B M A is an A-A-bimodule homomorphism, satisfying the following associativity conditions, m, m M, n, n N : φ(m n)m = mψ(n m ) and nφ(m n ) = ψ(n m)n Associated to any Morita context M as above, there is an associative ring, the Morita ring of M, which incorporates all the information involved in the 6-uple M, defined to be the formal 2 2 matrix ring ( ) A Λ (φ,ψ) (M) = AN B BM A B where Λ (φ,ψ) (M) = A N M B as an abelian group, and the formal matrix multiplication is given by ( ) ( ) ( ) a n a n aa m b m b = + ψ(n m ) an + nb ma + bm bb + φ(m n ) The Morita ring of a Morita context, not to be confused with the notion of a (right or left) Morita ring appearing in Morita duality, has been studied explicitly by various authors in ring, module, or representation, theoretic framework; in this connection we refer to the papers by Amitsur [1], Muller [97], Green [59], Cohen [40], Loustaunau [89], and Buchweitz [32], among others. We refer also to the classical textbooks [85], [92], [116] for the terminology of Morita rings. It should be noted that Morita rings form an omnipresent class of rings, providing sources of many important examples and the proper conceptual framework for the study of many problems in several different contexts in ring theory. We describe briefly some important examples and situations where Morita rings are involved.

23 2. MOTIVATION AND EXAMPLES 23 Examples of Morita Rings: Let A be a ring and M A be a right A-module. If B = End A (M) is the endomorphism ring of A, then viewing M as a B-A-bimodule and setting N = Hom A (M, A), it is easy to see that there exist naturally induced bimodule homomorphisms φ and ψ and a Morita context M = (A, M, N, B, φ, ψ). Hence any pair (A, M A ), where A is a ring and M A is a right A-module induces a Morita context. An important special case is when M = ea, where e 2 = e is an idempotent element of A. Clearly then N = Hom A (M, A) = Ae and B = eae, and the Morita ring Λ (φ,ψ) (M) takes the form ( ) A Ae Λ (φ,ψ) (M) = ea eae On the other hand if e 2 = e A is an idempotent element of A and f = 1 A e, then the Pierce decomposition of A with respect to the idempotents e, f induces a Morita context M(e, f) = (eae, ea, fa, faf, α, β), and the ring A is isomorphic to ( ) A eae eaf = Λ (φ,ψ) (M(e, f)) = fae faf Note that since any Morita ring Λ φ,ψ (M) contains the idempotents e = ( ) 1 A and f = 1 Λ e = e = ( ) B, it is not difficult to see that there is a ring isomorphism Λ φ,ψ (M) = Λ φ,ψ (M(e, f)). It follows that any Morita ring is isomorphic to the Morita ring arising from the Pierce decomposition of a ring A with respect to two orthogonal idempotents whose sum is the identity of A. We mention that, as a consequence, any upper or lower triangular matrix ring is a Morita ring. As another important example, in a more general context, let C be an additive category and X, Y be arbitrary objects of C. We view M := Hom C (X, Y ) as an A- B-bimodule and N := Hom C (Y, X) as a B-A-bimodule in a natural way, where A = End C (X) and B = End C (Y ). It is easy to see that there is a Morita context M = (A, M, N, B, φ, ψ) and an isomorphism of rings End C (X Y ) = Λ φ,ψ (M) i.e. Morita rings appear as endomorphism rings of a direct sum of objects in any additive category. This is the universal example of a Morita ring since it is not difficult to see that any Morita ring arises in this way. On the other hand the above construction gives the well-known bijective correspondence µ: C M between pre-additive categories C with two objects X, Y and Morita Contexts M = (A, N, M, B, φ, ψ). Under this correspondence µ(x) = End C (X) = A, µ(y ) = End C (Y ) = B, M = Hom C (X, Y ), N = Hom C (Y, X) and the maps φ and ψ are given by the composition of maps in C. As a consequence the study of Morita rings subsumes the study of pre-additive categories with two objects and can be considered as 2-dimensional ring theory. Morita Rings and Extensions of Grothendieck Categories: Let 0 D C E 0 ( ) be an exact sequence of Grothendieck categories. The sequence ( ) is called an extension of C /D ( E ) by D. Already Gabriel in his thesis [54] has proved that any locally Noetherian category (i.e. a Grothendieck category with a set of Noetherian generators), for instance the category of quasi-coherent sheaves over a Noetherian scheme or the module category over a left Noetherian ring, can be obtained by successive extensions of locally finite categories (i.e. a Grothendieck category with a set of generators of finite Jordan-Hölder length). It is a natural problem to classify the extensions ( ) of locally finite categories or more generally of locally noetherian categories. Roos has classified such extensions in the stable case [114]. Recall that an extension

24 3. ORGANIZATION AND THE MAIN RESULTS 24 ( ) is called stable if the injective envelope of any object of D in C lies in D. Suppose that the extension ( ) is stable and the categories D, C and E are locally Noetherian. Then there are equivalences of categories: D TC(A 0 ) o, E TC(A 1 ) o and C TC(A) o, A = ( A 0 ) M 0 A 1 where the rings A 0, A 1 and A are topologically coherent, topologically coperfect and complete, and TC(A 0 ) o (resp. TC(A 1 ) o, TC(A) o ) is the dual category of the category of left linearly topologized modules over A 0 (resp. A 1, A) which are topologically coherent and complete. The solution of the above problem in the nonstable case is not known. Roos suggests that in order to attack the nonstable case one has to develop a theory about Morita rings with a linear topology and try also to determine how the homological properties of a Morita ring Λ (φ,ψ) are related to those of A, B, N, M, φ and ψ. We refer to [104], [114] for more background and details on the above problem. The examples and situations mentioned above and the important role they play in various different contexts provide a motivation for studying Morita rings in a general context using homological and representation-theoretic tools. Our second aim in this thesis is to study Morita rings, mainly in the context of Artin algebras, concentrating at representation-theoretic and homological aspects. 3. Organization and the Main Results The organization and the main results of this thesis are as follows. In Chapter 1 we classify recollements of abelian categories whose terms are module categories. Kuhn conjectured in [82] that if the categories of a recollement are equivalent to categories of modules over finite dimensional algebras over a field, then the recollement is equivalent, in a certain sense, to one induced by an idempotent element in the way we described in section 2.1 above. We solve this conjecture for general rings. More precisely we have the following first main result of this thesis, see Theorem Theorem A. (Joint with J. Vitória [109]) Let A be a ring. A recollement of Mod-A is equivalent to a recollement in which the categories involved are module categories if and only if it is equivalent to a recollement induced by an idempotent element of a ring S, Morita equivalent to A. As a consequence we get that if A is semiprimary, in particular a finite dimensional algebra as in Kuhn s situation, then any recollement of Mod-A is equivalent to a recollement induced by an idempotent element of A, see Corollary Chapter 1 is structured as follows. Section 1.1 collects preliminaries notions and results on recollements of abelian categories that will be useful throughout the thesis and we fix notation. We also give a variety of model examples of recollements that will be used in the sequel as illustrations of our main results. In section 1.2, we discuss TTF-triples in abelian categories and we use them to classify recollements of abelian categories. In section 1.3 we focus on recollements of module categories, proving Kuhn s conjecture. Finally in section 1.4 we give an example of a recollement not induced by an idempotent element. In Chapter 2 we investigate several homological aspects of recollements of abelian categories. In section 2.1 we study the homological behavior of the six functors involved in the adjoint triples (q, i, p) and (l, e, r) of a recollement situation (A, B, C ) of abelian categories. More precisely we are interested in finiteness conditions of the derived functors of p, q, l and r, as well as in the problem of when the exact functor i: A B induces natural isomorphisms i m : Ext m A (, ) Ext m B(i( ), i( )), for

25 3. ORGANIZATION AND THE MAIN RESULTS 25 0 m k, i.e. when i is a a k-homological embedding, and also in the problem of when the exact functor e: B C induces, restricted to suitable subcategories, natural isomorphisms e m : Ext m B(, ) Ext m B(e( ), e( )), up to some steps, i.e. for 0 m k, where 0 k. It turns out that the answer to the above problems are closely related and depend on the behavior of the k-generalized perpendicular subcategory of B associated to A, see Definition 2.1.1, and the subcategory X k (or Y k ) of B consisting of all objects admitting a truncated projective (or injective) resolution by projectives (or injectives) coming from the quotient category C via the section functor l (or r). Note that the following second main result of this thesis, see Theorems and , extend and generalize related results of Auslander-Platzeck-Todorov [14], formulated in the setting of finitely generated modules over an Artin algebra equipped with an idempotent ideal, and Geigle-Lenzing [56], formulated in the context of classical perpendicular categories, i.e. k = 1, and homological epimorphisms of rings. In the next result µ: le Id B is the counit of the adjoint pair (l, e) and ν : Id B re is the unit of the adjoint pair (e, r). Theorem B. ( [108] ) Let (A, B, C ) be a recollement of abelian categories and assume that B and C have enough projective and injective objects. (i) The following statements are equivalent. (a) The functor i: A B is a k-homological embedding. (b) Im µ P X k 1, P Proj B. (c) Im ν I Y k 1, I Inj B. (ii) The following statements are equivalent. (a) The map e n Z,W : Extn B(Z, W ) Ext n C (e(z), e(w )) is invertible, W B, (resp. Z B), and 0 n k. (b) Z X k+1 (resp. W Y k+1 ). In section 2.2 and 2.3 of Chapter 2, which form a unit, we study the problem of how various dimensions, including global and finitistic dimension, of the abelian categories involved in a recollement situation (A, B, C ) are related. Although one can not expect in general a precise relation, see Example 2.4.8, we prove the existence of several bounds concerning the global and finitistic dimension under natural assumptions. In section 2.2 we first show that the global dimension of B is always bounded by the sum of the global dimensions of A and C plus the supremum of the projective dimension in B of the projectives of A, see Theorem On the other hand if the functor i is a homological embedding, meaning that i is a k-homological embedding k 0, then in Theorem we give lower and upper bounds for the global dimension of B in terms of the global dimensions of A and C and related projective or injective dimensions in B of objects coming from A. It follows in particular that if B is hereditary, then so are A and C (Theorem 2.2.9). Under the assumption that any projective object of A has, via the inclusion i, projective dimension at most one, we show that finiteness of global dimension of B is equivalent to finiteness of the global dimension of both A and C (Corollary ). Finally we give precise formulas for projective or injective dimension for objects lying in special subcategories of A, B and C, and we apply our results to stratified abelian categories, see Corollary Our results in this section extend and generalize several results of the literature, including those of Auslander-Platzeck- Todorov [14]. In section 2.3 we study the finitistic dimension, denoted by FPD M for an abelian category M, and how it behaves in a recollement situation (A, B, C ). After introducing the notion of the locally bounded homological dimension, l.b.hom.dimf,

26 3. ORGANIZATION AND THE MAIN RESULTS 26 of a right exact functor F between abelian categories, see Definition 2.3.2, we prove our first main result of the section, namely: if the section functor l: C B has locally bounded homological dimension, then the finitistic projective dimension of C is bounded by the finitistic projective dimension of B plus the locally bounded homological dimension of the section functor l (Theorem 2.3.2). Under various natural conditions, we also give lower and upper bounds for the finitistic dimension of B in terms of the finitistic dimension of A and C, and related homological invariants. The results of this section, applied to comma categories, generalize and extend results of Fossum-Griffith- Reiten [49]. Indicatively we state the following main result on global and finitistic dimension of the categories involved in a recollement situation. Theorem C. ( [108] ) Let (A, B, C ) be a recollement of abelian categories such that B and C have enough projective objects. (i) We have: gl. dim B gl. dim A + gl. dim C + sup{pd B i(p ) P Proj A } + 1 (ii) If the functor l: C B has locally bounded homological dimension, then: FPD (C ) FPD (B) + l.b.hom.dim l The final section 2.4 of Chapter 2 is devoted to applications in Ring Theory, guided by the examples analyzed in section 1.1 of Chapter 1. More precisely we apply our results of sections 2.2 and 2.3 to recollements of module categories arising from (α) pairs (R, e) consisting of a ring R and an idempotent e R, (β) triangular matrix rings or more generally rings of Morita Contexts, (γ) quasi-hereditary rings. Our results give a nice interplay between global and finitistic dimension and generalize and extend a host of related results in the literature. In Chapter 3 we construct an abelian category which represents an abstract model for the category of modules over a Morita ring Λ (φ,ψ). Let A and B be two abelian categories, F : A B and G: B A two additive functors, and φ: F G Id B and ψ : GF Id A two natural transformations such that F (ψ) = φ F and G(φ) = ψ G. Then from this data we define the Morita category M(φ, ψ), see section 3.1, and we examine when the latter is an abelian category. The first three sections collects several structural properties of this category. In the fourth section we study finiteness conditions on subcategories of the Morita category M(0, 0) and in the remaining sections we investigate some homological aspects of this construction. This chapter serves as an introductory step for Chapter 4 and several of its results are used later on. In Chapter 4 we discuss Artin algebras arising from Morita contexts. More precisely we study Morita rings Λ (φ,ψ) in the context of Artin algebras concentrating mainly at representation-theoretic and homological aspects. In section 4.1 we collect preliminary notions and results on Morita rings that will be useful throughout this chapter and we fix notation. In particular we describe the module category over a Morita ring and also we analyze the connections with recollement situations between the involved module categories. In section 4.2 we describe the projective, injective and simple modules in case the Morita ring is an Artin algebra. Using this description we characterize when the Morita ring is selfinjective and then, as an immediate consequence of this we give an upper bound for the representation dimension of the Morita ring Λ 0,0 (M) arising from the Morita context M where A = B = M = N = Λ is a selfinjective Artin algebra and φ = 0 = ψ.

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