Συλλοίμωξη HCV / HIV Ηπατίτιδα C Θεραπεία / Τι αλλάζει; ΛΕΚΚΟΥ ΑΛΕΞΑΝΔΡΑ Παθολόγος-Λοιμωξιολόγος Διευθύντρια ΕΣΥ Πανεπ. Παθολογική Κλινική Πανεπ. Γεν. Νοσ. Πατρών
ΕΠΙΔΡΑΣΗ HIV ΣTHN HCV ΛΟΙΜΩΞΗ Χρονιότητα HCV, ειδικά επί CD4 Πολλαπλασιασμός HCV στα ηπατοκύτταρα Eξέλιξης σε κίρρωση Kίνδυνος για HCC ειδικά σε MSM
ΕΠΙΔΡΑΣΗ HCV ΣTHN HIV ΛΟΙΜΩΞΗ Πολλαπλασιασμός HCV οδηγεί σε γενικευμένη ανοσολογική ενεργοποίηση, σχετιζόμενη με μικρότερη επιβίωση Eπίπεδα HCV RNA συσχετίζονται με κίνδυνο κλινικής εξέλιξης σε AIDS (?) Επηρεασμένη ανοσολογική αποκατάσταση υπό ART
Συλλοίμωξη HIV-HCV και Κίρρωση
ΚΑΤΑΝΟΜΗ HCV ΓΟΝΟΤΥΠΩΝ (1-4) ΣΤΗΝ ΕΥΡΩΠΗ
Percent HCV Treatment Improves Health Advanced fibrosis Multicenter study 5 hospitals (Europe, Canada) 530 pts with HCV IFN regimens 1990-2003 Advanced fibrosis or cirrhosis Median follow-up: 8.4 yrs Early-stage disease Extra-hepatic manifestations Health-related quality of life 30 20 10 0 8.9 26 All cause mortality 1.9 27.4 Liver-related mortality or transplant 5.1 21.8 HCC 10-Yr Cumulative Incidence [1] SVR No SVR
10 Eρώτηση Α Σε ποιους ασθενείς με χρόνια HCV συνιστάται έναρξη θεραπείας; 1. Σε κιρρωτικούς ασθενείς και σε ασθενείς που πρόκειται να υποβληθούν σε μεταμόσχευση ήπατος 20.0% (14) 2. Σε άτομα με προχωρημένη ηπατική ίνωση (F3) 22.9% (16) 3. Σε συλλοίμωξη HIV-HCV 14.3% (10) 4. Σε όλους τους ασθενείς με χρόνια HCV 24.3% (17) 5. Σε όλους τους ασθενείς με χρόνια HCV, εκτός από αυτούς με μικρό προσδόκιμο επιβίωσης Total: 70 18.6% (13)
AASLD/IDSA: When and in Whom to Initiate HCV Therapy Treatment is recommended for all patients with chronic HCV infection, except those with short life expectancies that cannot be remediated by treating HCV, by transplantation, or by other directed therapy. Patients with short life expectancies owing to liver disease should be managed in consultation with an expert. Rating: Class I, Level A AASLD/IDSA. HCV Management. http://www.hcvguidelines.org.
AASLD/IDSA: When and in Whom to Initiate HCV Therapy Specific Populations Advanced fibrosis (F3) or compensated cirrhosis (F4) Organ transplant Persons at Greater Risk for Rapidly Progressive Fibrosis and Cirrhosis HIV-1 coinfection HBV coinfection & Other coexistent liver disease (eg, NASH) Persons With Extrahepatic Manifestations of Chronic HCV Infection Type 2 or 3 essential mixed cryoglobulinemia with end-organ manifestations Proteinuria, nephrotic syndrome, or membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis Nonhepatic Manifestations of Chronic HCV Infection Type 2 DM (insulin resistant) Porphyria cutanea tarda Benefit of treatment to reduce transmission (health care workers, on hemodialysis, MSM) AASLD/IDSA. HCV Management. http://www.hcvguidelines.org.
10 Eρώτηση Β Σε συλλοίμωξη ΗΙV-HCV είναι δυνατή η έναρξη θεραπείας για HCV πριν την έναρξη αντιρετροικής αγωγής 1. Επί CD4 >500 c/μl 39.1% (25) 2. Επί CD4 >350 c/μl 31.3% (20) 3. Ποτέ πριν την κατάλληλη αντιρετροική αγωγή και επί μη ανιχνεύσιμου HIVRNA 29.7% (19) Total: 64
1.HCV treatment offers the possibility of eradicating HCV within a defined treatment period which translates into HCV cure. HIV co-infection gives a high priority to anti-hcv treatment already at lower liver fibrosis stages (F0/F1).Similar HCV cure rates in HCV/HIV co-infected persons as in HCV mono-infected persons under DAA therapy have further questioned the separation of HIV co-infected persons as a separate patient group and have claimed treatment indication and regimens to be the same as in HCV monoinfection. 2. If chronic HCV and HIV infection are newly diagnosed at the same time with a CD4 count > 500 cells/µl treatment of HCV in presence of immediate HCV treatment indication ( F2 fibrosis) can be considered prior to ART initiation
Goals and endpoints of HCV therapy The goal of therapy is to cure HCV infection to prevent hepatic cirrhosis, decompensation of cirrhosis, HCC, severe extra-hepatic manifestations and death (A1) The endpoint of therapy is undetectable HCV RNA in a sensitive assay ( 15 IU/ml) 12 weeks (SVR12) and 24 weeks (SVR24) after the end of treatment (A1) In patients with advanced fibrosis and cirrhosis, HCV eradication reduces the rate of decompensation and will reduce, albeit not abolish, the risk of HCC. In these patients surveillance for HCC should be continued (A1) In patients with decompensated cirrhosis, HCV eradication reduces the need for liver transplantation. Whether HCV eradication impacts mid-to long-term survival in these patients is unknown (B2) EASL 2015
Θεραπεία HIV/HCV συλλοίμωξης ΘΕΡΑΠΕΥΤΙΚΟΙ ΣΤΟΧΟΙ Αναστολή εξέλιξης ηπατικής νόσου (κίρρωση, ΗΚΚ) Αύξηση επιβίωσης Έλεγχος ΗIV λοίμωξης Πρόληψη αντοχής
10 Eρώτηση Γ Σε συλλοίμωξη ΗΙV-HCV η θεραπεία HCV με PegINF + RBV είναι αποτελεσματική 1. Για GT1 / GT4 σε ποσοστό <40% 2. Για GT1 / GT4 σε ποσοστό <30% 3. Για GT2 / 3 σε ποσοστό 40-73% 4. 1 + 3 18.2% (12) 10.6% (7) Total: 66 30.3% (20) 40.9% (27)
Ιστορικό αποτελεσματικότητας στη θεραπεία με PegIFN + RBV σε HIV/HCV - συλλοίμωξη
HCV Direct Acting Antivirals Liang TJ & Ghany MG. NEJM 2013;368:1907-1917
Συλλοίμωξη HIV/HCV Εμπειρία με 1 ης γενεάς DAAs (Telaprevir, Boceprevir) 320 ασθενείς με συλλοίμωξη με GT1 υπό ART TVR + PegIFN + RBV: n=67 BOC + PegIFN + RBV: n=13 Θεραπεία με TVR: 15/67 διέκοψαν τη θεραπεία Ιολογική αποτυχία (66,7%), σοβαρή αναιμία (13,3%), εξάνθημα (6,7%) Θεραπεία με BOC: 5/13 διέκοψαν τη θεραπεία Ιολογική αποτυχία (80%), διαταραχές διάθεσης (6,7%) Poizot-Martin et al. IAS 2013
Direct-Acting Antivirals (DAAs) Drug Class Dosing Daclatasvir NS5A inhibitor 60 mg QD Dasabuvir NS5B nonnucleoside polymerase inhibitor 250 mg BID Elbasvir NS5A inhibitor 50 mg QD* Grazoprevir NS3/4A protease inhibitor 100 mg QD* GS-9669 NS5B nonnucleoside polymerase inhibitor 500 mg QD Ledipasvir NS5A inhibitor 90 mg QD Ombitasvir NS5A inhibitor 25 mg QD Paritaprevir NS3/4A protease inhibitor 150 mg QD Simeprevir NS3A/4B protease inhibitor 150 mg QD Sofosbuvir NS5B nucleotide polymerase inhibitor 400 mg QD Telaprevir NS3/4A protease inhibitor 750 mg every 8 hours
10 Eρώτηση Δ Ποιο από τα παρακάτω είναι σωστό; 1. Οι NS3/4A Protease Inhibitors έχουν περιορισμένη γονοτυπική κάλυψη 2. Οι NS5B Nucleos(t)ide Inhibitors (ΝΙ) έχουν υψηλό γενετικό φραγμό αλλά περιορισμένη γονοτυπική κάλυψη 3. Οι NS5B Nonnucleoside Inhibitors (NNI) έχουν υψηλό γενετικό φραγμό 4. 1 + 3 19.7% (13) 27.3% (18) 31.8% (21) Total: 66 21.2% (14)
DAAs Διαφορές; NS3/4A Protease Inhibitors (PI) High potency Limited genotypic coverage Low barrier to resistance NS5B Nucleos(t)ide Inhibitors (NI) Intermediate potency Pangenotypic coverage High barrier to resistance NS5A Inhibitors High potency Multigenotypic coverage Low barrier to resistance NS5B Nonnucleoside Inhibitors (NNI) Intermediate potency Limited genotypic coverage Low barrier to resistance J Hepatology 2015;63:199-236
DΑΑs Νεφρική ανεπάρκεια OBV/PTV/RTV + DSV: OΧΙ προσαρμογή δόσης επί CrCl: 15 ml/min DCV: ΟΧΙ προσαρμογή επί CrCl: 15 ml/min LDV/SOF και SMV + SOF: ΟΧΙ προσαρμογή δόσης επί CrCl 30 ml/min GZR/EBV: ΟΧΙ προσαρμογή δόσης (και επί ΑΜΚ) RBV: προσαρμογή δόσης επί CrCl < 50 ml/min CrCl RBV Dose 30-50 ml/min Εναλλάξ 200 mg and 400 mg < 30 ml/min 200 mg/day Hemodialysis 200 mg/day
DΑΑs Νεφρική ανεπάρκεια OBV/PTV/RTV + DSV: OΧΙ προσαρμογή δόσης επί CrCl: 15 ml/min DCV: ΟΧΙ προσαρμογή επί CrCl: 15 ml/min LDV/SOF και SMV + SOF: ΟΧΙ προσαρμογή δόσης επί CrCl 30 ml/min GZR/EBV: ΟΧΙ προσαρμογή δόσης (και επί ΑΜΚ) RBV: προσαρμογή δόσης επί CrCl < 50 ml/min CrCl RBV Dose 30-50 ml/min Εναλλάξ 200 mg and 400 mg < 30 ml/min 200 mg/day Hemodialysis 200 mg/day
Tx-Naive or PR-Exp d, GT1, 4, 5, or 6, Without Cirrhosis Regimen HCV Genotype 1a 1b 4 5 or 6 SOF + PR 12 wks 12 wks 12 wks SMV + PR 12 wks (naive or relapse) 24 wks (partial/null) 12 wks (naive or relapse) 24 wks (partial/null) Not recommended LDV/SOF 8-12 wks, no RBV 12 wks, no RBV 12 wks, no RBV OBV/PTV/RTV + DSV 12 wks + RBV 12 wks, no RBV Not recommended Not recommended OBV/PTV/RTV Not recommended 12 wks + RBV Not recommended SOF + SMV 12 wks, no RBV 12 wks, no RBV Not recommended SOF + DCV 12 wks, no RBV 12 wks, no RBV 12 wks, no RBV *Recommendations the same for HCV-monoinfected and HCV/HIV-coinfected pts. 8 wks may be used in treatment-naive pts without cirrhosis if baseline HCV RNA < 6 million IU/mL, but should be done with caution, especially in pts with F3 fibrosis. EASL HCV Guidelines 2015
Regimen Tx-Naive or PR-Exp d GT1, 4, 5, or 6, Compensated Cirrhosis HCV Genotype 1a 1b 4 5 or 6 SOF + PR 12 wks 12 wks 12 wks SMV + PR LDV/SOF OBV/PTV/RTV + DSV 12 wks (naive or relapse) 24 wks (partial/null) 12 wks + RBV or 24 wks, no RBV or 24 wks + RBV if negative predictors 24 wks + RBV 12 wks + RBV 12 wks (naive or relapse) 24 wks (partial/null) 12 wks + RBV or 24 wks, no RBV or 24 wks + RBV if negative predictors Not recommended Not recommended 12 wks + RBV or 24 wks, no RBV or 24 wks + RBV if negative predictors Not recommended OBV/PTV/RTV Not recommended 24 wks + RBV Not recommended SOF + SMV SOF + DCV 12 wks + RBV or 24 wks, no RBV 12 wks + RBV or 24 wks, no RBV 12 wks + RBV or 24 wks, no RBV 12 wks + RBV or 24 wks, no RBV Not recommended 12 wks + RBV or 24 wks, no RBV *Recommendations the same for HCV-monoinfected and HCV/HIV-coinfected pts. EASL HCV Guidelines 2015
Tx-Naive & PR-Exp d, GT2 or 3 Regimen No Cirrhosis Compensated Cirrhosis (Child-Pugh A) GT2 GT3 GT2 GT3 SOF + PR 12 wks 12 wks 12 wks 12 wks SOF + RBV 12 wks 24 wks 16-20 wks Not recommended SOF + DCV 12 wks, no RBV 12 wks, no RBV 12 wks, no RBV 24 wks + RBV *Recommendations the same for HCV-monoinfected and HCV/HIV-coinfected pts. EASL HCV Guidelines 2015
SVR12 (%) PHOTON-1: SOF + RBV for 12-24 Wks in HIV/HCV Coinfection Wk 0 Wk 12 Wk 24 Wk 36 Wk 48 GT2/3 TN SOF + RBV (n = 68) GT2/3 TE SOF + RBV (n = 41) 100 88 80 60 67 HAART included: boosted atazanavir, boosted darunavir, efavirenz, raltegravir or rilpivirine + NRTI backbone of TDF/FTC 40 20 n/n = 0 GT2 GT3 Treatment-Naive Pts
SVR12, % ALLY-2 Daclatasvir +Sofosbuvir in GT1-4 HIV /HCV Pts GT 1 (N = 168) All Patients (N = 203) 96.4 97.7 75.6 97 98.1 76 12-Week Naive 12-Week Experienced 8-Week Naive 12-Week Naive 12-Week Experienced 8-Week Naive Treatment-emergent grade 3 or 4 lab abnormalities INR > 2.0 x ULN 2 (1) 0 2 (1) ALT > 5.0 x ULN 0 0 0 AST > 5.0 x ULN 0 1 (2) 1 (0.5) Total bilirubin > 2.5 x ULN 7 (5) 1 (2) 8 (4) Lipase > 3.0 x ULN 6 (4) 1 (2) 7 (3)
Pts (%) TURQUOISE-I: Paritaprevir/RTV/Ombitasvir + Dasabuvir + RBV in HIV/GT1 HCV Pts 100 80 60 94 91 OMV/PTV/RTV + DSV + RBV 12 wks OMV/PTV/RTV + DSV + RBV 24 wks 40 20 n/n = 0 SVR12 Viral failure with resistant-associated variants in all 3 HCV target genes occurred in 2 pts with GT1a HCV, previous null response to pegifn/rbv, and cirrhosis Viral failure (posttreatment) without resistant-associated variants occurred in 2 HCV treatmentnaive pts with GT1a HCV
SVR12 (%) ION-4: LDV/SOF for 12 Wks in GT1/4 HCV/HIV-Coinfected Pts 100 96 95 97 ART regimens TDF/FTC/EFV (n = 160) TDF/FTC + RAL (n = 146) TDF/FTC/RPV (n = 29) 80 Clearance creatinine 60 ml/min 60 40 20 No patient had HIV-1 failure Most common adverse events: Headache (25%), fatigue (21%), diarrhea (11%) 0 Overall No Yes Previous HCV Tx
IFN-containing Treatment of HCV in Persons with HCV/HIV Co-infection
SVR12 (%) C-EDGE Coinfection: Grazoprevir /Elbasvir HCV treatment-naive pts coinfected with HIV and GT1, 4, or 6 HCV 100 80 60 40 20 n/n = 0 96.3 96.5 95.5 96.4 All Pts GT1a GT1b GT4 on ART 8 wks (N = 218) Grazoprevir 100mg/ Elbasvir 50mg for 12 wks ΟΧΙ προσαρμογή δόσης (και επί ΑΜΚ) ΟΧΙ σε Child-Pugh B και C
SVR12 (%) ASTRAL-5: SOF/VEL for 12 Wks in Pts With HIV/HCV Coinfection Wk 12 Tx-naive or tx-exp d pts with GT1-6 HCV - HIV coinfection receiving stable ART for 8 wks (N = 106) SOF/VEL 400/100 mg QD 100 95 95 92 100 92 100 94 100 80 60 40 0 Total 1a 1b 2 3 4 No Yes Genotype Cirrhosis
Most commonly identified factors in DAA-based treatment failure
Real-World Data: Resistance-Based HCV Retreatment After DAA Regimen Failure Previous DAA Regimen Failure Retreatment Regimen SVR12 GT1: SMV + SOF ± RBV NS5A inhibitor containing regimen 91% LDV/SOF ± RBV 12 wks 8/8 LDV/SOF ± RBV 24 wks 9/10 OBV/PTV/RTV + DSV ± RBV 12 wks 3/3 OBV/PTV/RTV + DSV + RBV 24 wks 0/1 GT1: DCV or LDV + SOF ± RBV PI-containing regimen 86% SMV + SOF ± RBV 12 wks 2/2 SMV + SOF ± RBV 24 wks 1/1 OBV/PTV/RTV + DSV ± RBV 12 wks 3/4 GT3: SOF + RBV NS5A inhibitor containing regimen 100% DCV + SOF + RBV 12 wks 2/2 DCV + SOF ± RBV 24 wks 4/4 LDV/SOF + RBV 24 wks 1/1 Vermehren J, et al. EASL 2016. Abstract PS103.
HCV/HIV DDIs With Components of Selected ART Regimens SOF + SIM SOF/LDV SOF + DCV PTV/RTV/OBV + DSV GZR/EBV Atazanavir + RTV Darunavir + RTV Raltegravir Dolutegravir Elvitegravir + COBI Elvitegravir/COBI/ TAF/emtricitabine * * Efavirenz Rilpivirine Abacavir/lamivudine Tenofovir DF/ emtricitabine No clinically significant interaction expected nephrotoxicity Potential interaction may require adjustment to dosage, timing of administration, or monitoring *EVG/COBI/TAF/FTC [package insert]. Liverpool Drug Interactions Group. Do not coadminister Adapted from AASLD/IDSA Guidelines. February 2016. Slide credit: clinicaloptions.com