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0 0 0 1 1 0 0 ú7! / %! $!( (! $""(! { ψ µ }!-â,(! w*#$ >)à + $" M Ñç $( +! % & ( "(+! L P M P = ψ µ ψ µ µ=1 øªùo"; Gª?«z {ö <ù6g ø# *ù:ö H &: $* L P Î H = P HP S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S 0 0 0 $#$z!v"! $+ + U =$+ $+ -w,ý + +* ñ!v { " + + /! $""( ψ µ $&: + â!z!v "" $+ + k?,= + $+ % +"#$M#) -)Ñ H ψ µ = E µ ψ µ +)= Uà æw ;; [ Gª2 <ù±" "ø /ö <ù ô«-àz K + + " %v! $!+!!v!( â $+ Ω : L P = L P ñ! -ö "ª?«²" E [ o" «omö ø / ô{ $( "$&*w Àª $ 7 & "+ U! $!( b ; *! / 7 " $""( b "w + -w Î éú / " ³S³S³S³S³S³S³ ³S³S³S³S³S³S³ ³S³S³S³S³S³S³ ³S³S³S³S³S³S³ ³S³S³S³S³S³S³ ³S³S³S³S³S³S³ ³S³S³S³S³S³S³ ³S³S³S³S³S³S³ ³S³S³S³S³S³S³ ³S³S³S³S³S³S³ ³S³S³S³S³S³S³ ³S³S³S³S³S³S³ ³S³S³S³S³S³S³ ³S³S³S³S³S³S³ ³S³S³S³S³S³S³ ³S³S³S³S³S³S³ ŚŚŚŚŚŚ ŚŚŚŚŚŚ ŚŚŚŚŚŚ ŚŚŚŚŚŚ ŚŚŚŚŚŚ ŚŚŚŚŚŚ ŚŚŚŚŚŚ ŚŚŚŚŚŚ ŚŚŚŚŚŚ ŚŚŚŚŚŚ ŚŚŚŚŚŚ ŚŚŚŚŚŚ ŚŚŚŚŚŚ ŚŚŚŚŚŚ ŚŚŚŚŚŚ ŚŚŚŚŚŚ ŚŚŚŚŚŚ Ω ψ µ = ψ µ Ω = ΩP 0 0

8<(! <!#$* PΩ = Ω ä v"( +! ¹!v!( â $+. ä $! &:+ Ω = ΩP L P = L P : Ω ψ µ = ψ µ Ýo7";ªl«µ"%9G o;"%«µo-ö ø /r. Ω = P Ω S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S 0 0 u<(! =! {&: $+ &: * %) {&: + *;+zà4v-àì<+ àî & "+!#$% ( " (*+* " > ΩΩ ( = ;à v!-àì -+ àî "+ 7 $#$ = + Ü +!#$ + éú + -(!+ $+ Ÿ( {&: +#$ $( ΩΩ = P. Ω Ω = P. ψ µ + Ω ψ µ H Ω ψ µ = ΩE µ ψ µ E µ ψ µ ÝÇ+* H ψ µ Î H Ω ψ µ = HΩ ψ µ u<" )"-Ì "v"! $+ + U,! $""( â+%!)",! $(!( + / /Î H (! { w*# >)à '"! ; $&:!+ " ; ( " ()+*! '-(!+ $+ H Ω = Ω H ñ ")+!"!! $(!( -!) ô. X" ;¹;¹º [ ;w -ö%"; o *ùo»d *ö. PH P H z" +â% 4 $#$ { $Þ+ Ω )*- ) $ w*!+ " X! /(â $+ Å&* w H $( +?M!v"(â $+ Î H = ΩH Ω ¼ XX -9HSRFG3 PG>½b 8 \<?FGDG]R%:PGF \;P ¾ D:e6\-.ru<( " $ yz Ì +) v") $ -= " {+ / >)( )+O" $Ñ ( Z * æw - { @ )r)# - ª $&:!+ U <! $!( áýü (! $ O * " «?Z! $!(! + $&:!+! ( " ()+*! Î ψ µ = P ψ µ "f Ω = P P.Åu<( Ê&: $*! Á!!" " -à4àz $#$1! $(!( Ω +Ì>"!+ $+! "" -Ñ +!#$! $!(, % &: {"+! á ( " ()+*! M+ $#$+ M (! * æ?>$&: Ìñ P Ω P ψ µ = P Ω ψ µ = P ψ µ ôã { z!!! / X! "+ $+ Ê"v!()=-à v> = *Ẍ L P 4! $( + 4" ()""( +! k!!+"yz $+ P Ω = P, ", " Ω = P + QΩ È

2X U(â; $+ &* wk < $" "+!#$,# -""+ )+ H = P PH Ω = P H Ω ( K $&r!+"! ;"v!!v"àz $+ +! 7-() "+ $+ 1Å?-&') H Ω = ΩH Ω ú =#$ $! ( $ -? "!v!( â $+ Ow* + -# î â;& (! $ -w Ì + ì!z-#! @ â & (! $ (" $ / Ì! $""() = { ψ µ } + $!(!#$"+*!+ = H + $ $(! ã (! $ 1>"(!, (! $ (" $ «?¹ " $""(!. ä v" U + K &:!v"+!)"* Ú ψ µ +!(-Ñ (! >)+!#æ&'&* + ψ µ ñ N µ = ψ µ ψ µ 1/2 ô«v!)"yz 7 {&: + 7. 2X!"v!Àª 7#$! "!(w + 7"v w= +Kv! U", $(!! / /.: ];+ 7 #æ&' ( -w+.â%+ H ( " æw ãr ( &: > æw ( w* ) w "@ =!v"( "!+ " @ ( ()v" 7&(-#$ >)+! ")Ñ?-)+! $(!( Ëñó! Xô. + $ +!#$ = $+ "!+!!¹= &'. 2X= " $ }" "K $!!#$!)+ "!!#$! $(!( " ()""( Å $(! "1 " ("wâ $+ + / (*!" bñ Ω ô "( /³ â $( $! &: L.*ú =7(!+ $+ -wàÿ( {& + #$ $( - P L P Ω H Ω ψ µ = E µ Ω Ω ψ µ. X", â+ ; "" ( + ])"%)K"v!!v"Àz $+ +! 7-() "+ + +; "v"! $+ + U 7= + $+ -w H ψ µ = E µ T ψ µ $(!ªÏÐ 77!+ "#$#) -!+ +Ò H M+ "(!!+ U Ø 77 )Ñ = Ω H Ω + / ò "( ß! $(!( " T = Ω Ω ") Kv! &,+ $!(!#$"+*!+ ñó!(!#$!+!+ } <. 2X $-"( ÂÁ( $yz $+ -w¹ ""Ì (!v) $! -w)ñ " " T ô{. = ; { K" $()""( Ω ù $ 9w{øOù*õK Ω Ω = P, @ ( ¹! $(!(Ì"(! $+ Ì ì!!=!()à;) $ Å æw¹ì *ẍ?>$&:+!f<!(-ñ ( T = P ) * ( "! Ω K $(!" U 7< $!+ U # -* ""+ )+! = Ω H = H = Ω H Ω ½

Ý ÃÄ6ÅÆ Ç%È[É%Ê^ÅGÇ. ú = " ( ")+! "!! $( "(K ;= ) * U >)à %,! &: M Ω = ψ ν ψ ν ν=1 ( Ω = Ω = ) M ψ ν ψ ν ν=1 Ëx\P:PGF L-5EHGFGbÌgXwX -9HSRFG3NPK>pb 87\;<?FGDK]R%:PGFo\P02-1Ë DV[\;v:. Í { f " â,! $ } "v)ñ " " $+ + / "!( H +!( (!+ + U >z!v " " $+ + / 4! $!( H &:" )!!(w*à M> {)Ñ! à δ µν = ψ µ ψ ν = ψ µ Ω Ω ψ ν, "Ê Ê"(""+!( (! >)+ F!!./ ]Ê= + X Ê -?á ] ( Ë $( $ ( U >)+ -w Ω ñ Ω S = (Ω Ω ) 1 $ $ ³ùÂ)ö o ù^w {ø, fâ"²")ù NÎzõ-ø Ì;¹/öº *ùo±";ª? 9 [ ^oø; Ebø,ö =Î# ; w Ïž o ÐÑ" ö; G o9ä!gõ ö%t"ò ; :ö ô. ä (""+!( (" $ b -?Ì K57 $ &: +¹!!Àª!à L ( "v!()=$"+ w P Ó S 1/2 = (Ω Ω ) 1/2 ψ µ = ψ µ = (Ω Ω ) 1/2 ψ µ, ψ µ ψ ν = δ µν u<" )"-f ( Ë! ( $!v"(*)=!+ Ê! + &: â $+1 "(&' Êñ Ω ψ µ = Ω ψ µ ô á&: â%+ }!!" " > -à4àz ³"v!( = " ³ = $+,!)+ "!!" ()""( Î ä $! &:+ @ $#, (! " $( * " Ω = Ω : Ω ψ µ = Ω ψ µ Ω = Ω (Ω Ω ) 1/2 Ω Ω = P, ; " Ω = Ω +!! /")+!"!Z! $(!( =! ( +Z Z!!"" -à4àz 77 $" "+ /#) -)Ñ Ω + )+@ÝÑ >ö; o *ù*õk$ "ù[«ô øªùo"; Gª?«z ö <ù6g ø *ù:ö z Õ= [>ö $ H = Ω H Ω = Ω H Ω $( -". ÃÄ6ÅÆ Ç%È[É%Ê^ÅGÇ.'ýn)= + k? -= " "( -?!+!! k?! $( "("@ +"#$ r" "v! $+ + " @-+!+ Ñ >"#$,!)+ "!!#$%! $(!( $( ""! {, $#$, " -, $&:!+ " ³ ( " ()+*! "Î Ω Ý P Ω P = P Ω (Ω Ω ) 1/2 P = P (Ω Ω ) 1/2 P = P Ω P ÖK ^Ø où Ú u<"- â% " ", ;v)?" "!<!( ( "! < $!( ñó+*! +) $ / * " Ω = P P ô{. Ω = (Ω Ω ) 1 Ω ÖK ^Ø où Ú ú =O( $yz $+ -w ( {&: X&-Àz $Ê= &' { {&" n 7< $!+ /û# -""+ )+ Å?-Ì â%+ f ( {&r ")! 1f! &: H = Ω.Åu<"â - " H Ω = (Ω Ω ) 1 Ω H Ω z!v " " $++ / = + $+ -w %:ù ¹9 ùgïâ G o; < 7< $!+ "#z#) -"+ +- > * $ )Ñ #$7 ( % &r!)+ "! / ( v) -â; $++ "#$")+!"!#$" $(*)!( 7 ";<!( > )w* ) w à > æw Ω! $+ )!! > -à4àz -?@! + k?o "v"! $+ + «?O= + $+! $(?>. H

ÖK ^Ø où Ú z"â% " " (Ω Ω ) 1 = P PP ÖK ^Ø où Ú u<!â " " - " v)?>! O Z)+ "+ O!+"! /! $()""( Ø "#>;v! U"! /(â $+ b $( =M ( " $ "+ + U " ()""( 7Î Ω = P(P PP ) 1/2, Ω = P(P PP ) 1 ~ ÜÛ Ý _,Žu O?ÔĨ Þ Š _ O lžu O ø ù "; [ªl«zomö ø / à *!!! -à4àz )+! "!?-)+ >" O! $()""(- A &: $* ; $&:!+ " ³ ( {()+*! "Î Ã = P ÃP $#$ ] ( + / Ì $ + k! / * { $+ + U f Ì!v {! $+ + / ò" $""(* ò 77 $"!+ "#$ #) - ""+ *+- )&:) â+ "! &')"M /!!"" -à4àz, ])"( + U % * $ $+") A â;&¹ñ + "( ( "++ / :ôk "v"! $+ + U " $-!( K +"#$,#) -!+ )+ ñó - + " A µν = ψ µ A ψ ν N 1 N µ ô. µ Nν 1 A µν = ψ µ A ψ ν Ú { &* +O!v " " + + k?ì " $""(! H ()!+@+ ; {&: -Ñ ß U w ψ ν = Ω ψ ν " (w-â $+ + "!!"+ "yz $+ ψ ν = ψ ν Ω -= ) * /) $ ψ µ A ψ ν = ψ µ Ω A Ω ψ ν = ψ µ à ψ ν, #æ& 7 b! ( {&: w $ 7< $!+ /K! $(!() à = Ω A Ω. Í { Ì!+!!"¹! $(!( ù $ 9ø :ù õg * { ψ µ } { ψ µ }!#Kv! U"O+"( (!+ + {&: -Ñ + ¹$&:+! "( $ + + *ãÿ!#æ&' ψ µ à ψ. u<" *"f "" {*- )!! &') Ì ν = A µν Ω!" 9&: $+ +! «! ( {&: + «7< $ "+!#$ " $(*)""(Þ ()" {&* "4 <&* wz 7< $!+!#$4# -)Ñ Ω ""+ )+ ( A = H ). 2Ê {*- ) / ( " =!)"+!% )(!+!! k?;" $(*)!(!ñ Ω, ô,+ $ $( "" /!v "" Ω H +!?-â; ".*2X)Ñç $(! k?ú H = ΩH Ω Ω H Ω, "z z 7< $!+ UZ#) -!+ +Zz+)yª " ( {&: $+ 4 77 $" "+"#$z" $()""(+ 4! -Ñ U >) æwÿ. 8<( " <!#$ + 7" + ; &:"v!+ * ", ] ( + /K $ $+%! $( "(* à = Ω A Ω Ã µν = ψ µ Ω A Ω ψ ν = ψ µ A ψ ν!"!v!ઠ#$!"!(wÿ ()" $+ X { Ø!v " " $+ + / "!( < $" "+!#$Ê# -!+ )+ A +!( (! >)+ b+ {&: + -fñ -= + +!( µν { ψ µ } * >"( $ 7 $#$* + {&: + + 4ô{. ~$

é&: $ - +! + "* n o "ª K 7;¹) {ø "% [ Gª c" ø /oª+ $ $(!! $(!( n "" ³ { K 7< $!+!#$,#) -!+ +* ψ µ : ψ µ H = ψ µ E µ, - H ψ µ = E µ ψ µ, + P!Ì!v! / + «?òñ () " «?ô + "(""#$!+"+ ü&:(#%&:(-#> + ²¹ù fø :ö [ [ªðñ Ê (! " > -à4àz $K+ "( ( "! T¹ ùofø# o/ög [ªUôX () " U! $!() / ; ψ µ ψ ν = δ µν ÖK ^Ø où Ú z"â% 7v! "(""#$!+"+ " &* w {* w E µ E ν ú7 )!=!+ Þ $ " «?!v "" $+ + «?! $!( "z = ") w ª= ) * z ()" UZ!+!!"Z! Ñ (!(K,! &: M Ω = ψ ν ν=1 ñ "( ( $+ ",!>"K= ) * (!! $(w > æwo&: $* {! $ Á+ ψ ô{.:éú / * % "! > {!àþñ µ Àz $ 7 ( {&r!) $+ = ) " %!v;+!( (!! "v" "" $+ + «?K! $!(!*Î Ω ψ ν å< $ {&* $+ +,-v! â &' $ ÅẍwŸ Ω = M ν=1 ψ ν N 2 ν ψ ν ψ µ H ψ ν = δ µν E µν = H µν. ä ( 9&: K $< $" "+ UÌ" ()""(¹ (! =!!+!¹ " + @"" +!f+!#$ f ª 77 $-Ñ " "+ U ³#) -!+ +! à = ΩA Ω 1 ( 9&: â% * Ÿ { ψ µ } of ù ;"!ö [ªµ :ö ùg *ù[à[áñ N ν = 1 ô{ - {* {&:"!+ * Ÿ+ "(! $!(! { ψ µ }!, {&: + b + 7 )*- ) $ à = µν ψ µ ψ µ à ψ ν ψ ν ~ âá ψ µ à ψ ν = ψ µ A ψ ν = A µν ã@ œœcä4ž_?åo O?ÔÔ Ì ÞŒ?Žuˆ æ _ˆ,ç = Oçè s _,Žu O?Ô 'éê Š _?Žu Ë1:<?<WVSR\ëGF:PKPG>=-d57: :RP:q -9PGF6Q@ #$()à -à4 $-à ( ) / >)+! "!M?-)+ ".ú = yz+ #$!!"( ",, â%+ { K " U( â $+ -w@&* wk! "!( >"!("&: + b K " [x, p x ] = i - K;( ) +" $#$(" ª&:! -â; + -woýç+ <=! * æw Àª -?O%!( $ $+! $(!(! A : [A, H ] = 0 ~!~

Í Àª Þ ( $( Î>" $"( = ) $&: $*! -w@ * á! { Z Þ =* $+ $ Ë * *!=$" > æw" n>ñ!!+ +! "+!yz $+ [x, H ] = i m p x #æ& m Ý ] $ ª 7.2X U * { $+ 7 ])"( + «?O $ +! $!"K K (!"K "!!+Ñ yz $+ -wk â;&%&:- nw "v"! $+ + U "!( ( "$&: %K()" $+* { (E µ E ν ) ψ µ x ψ ν = i m ψ µ p x ψ ν, =K!( "#$f { {&* 1 " $++ " f ( 9&r ") + û&* + Ç ³!( " Ê&: ) wê&* ẃ - " - w!( ", (?>$&:! *. 2X= + ) @ "! ( " zz?()+ $+ >"! "+ + «?!!"+ "yz $+ ( $(? &: z@!v" U -Ñ + «?¹! $(!(!f -?¹ $< $" "+ U )+"# bo= &')+ +! } $&: *"+! } ( "(+* { "!Ο $ { ÝÇ!!)""(K! $(!( " A H [A, ] = A A = (*! {&*!; Z&* w "! > {!à4ઠ-?O 7< $!+ «?O! $(!( " "+!yz $+ à [Ã, ] =? P ) : ä #$()+ Å æwz)+ -= " 9*- w = " ( "#$/ ")+! "!#$/" $(!(7ñ Ω = Ω, Ω Ω = [Ã, ] = Ω (A ΩΩ ΩΩ A )Ω = Ω (A P PA )Ω. 2!v"Àz $ {*- ) ]! "!( 77!+ k?7! $(!( "Þ+ &:) â $+z!!! " Å 7< $!+ U! $(!( " ³! "!( ä &:+), $ { = Ω (A A )Ω. A! " ( < (" $""(!,! " &: $+!v! $ $+ P Ω (A P PA )Ω = Ω PA Ω Ω A PΩ = Ω (A A )Ω ñ { [, P] = 0 É] {&:! -wÿî ( =$","! â; ô{. u< >!@# ""+ )+>" > ( P &*w [ì,¹; z! $(!( A = [H, A ] = = [ H, Ã]. u<" "" "+* ( ( &*w% 77!+ k?;! $(!( "!"(!&: +, " < " U +wñ > æwk() " $+! [ x, H] = i m p x 2Áªâ; < "( $ nw@& w )w = )+ + «? " w + )K (! - [ x, p x ] i û+ &:! {"+ «")ØØ " $-"(! -?Ø " w + ò+ w w*à >ẍwß!v {! $+ + / " $-"(* K+ x + p x. ~

ñ ÍÅ { Ý +" $#$( &:! -â; $+ wìñ " $(!( Å" n (-à Àª Á H ô H "v!à w $ ]!v " " $++ k?@" $""(!.^ z! > " / > "( " + ") "; ( + &*Ñ L â,àz 7 $ @ " w*+ w+ < " U( â;&: $+ } 7 " w + -w* O = $#,!(!#$!+!+!#$ª&:" ) Ñ P + $+ -w L P Î E µ E γ µ : ψ µ L P γ : ψ γ L P "#æ&rû ( ß $(?>$&: ¹!ûà4v!"#$ +v!"(* "v"! $+ + «?ß! $!(! H "v"! $+ + «?Ø! $!(! ß+v!!(Ø"v!Àª? H $&: ( " ()+*! + = + > æw. ä à«&'ë ( =$ L { {& P >" > ( P &* woà4v!!#$,! $( "(* A. = [, A ] = = [, Ã] n "v!( = " / ( $(?>$&: M@ÏÐ 7< $!+ "Ò +""!"?+ > z % $&:!+! á ( )Ñ "(+* {! Z?()+-w* æwf yz!!!+ «?Ë!!"+ "yz $+ Ÿ$&:+> ( Ë+ $>!!( «? &:! )+!+ «?O> {!! -w?o + #$( * ò&:! -â $+ -w?()+-w à!" / {. í FG<?<Z-R +F6QTgXwX -9HSRFG3NPG>ZeU:A-!+s\R :+ :3*."ú =k-! nw + «?! Uyª k " U(â; $+ z&* w; ")+! " «?! $(!( " Ω = P(P PP ) 1/2, Ω = P(P PP ) 1 { 9& Å 1! $() -wø ( îñ -+ ")( +wá! $() -w O Å" > (-à À;wá H " ( Z Ì ô/ ( > {! " Ú r Z $&:!+ " ª ( " ()+* ""@! Uv"()+ @ + )( +"+ / ô! nñ Ω Ω + " {"+ z ( $!v!()=$"+ @ "( Ìñ [O, P ] = 0 ô{ã>m! Ê {*- ) [O, P] = 0 + < &'! {> æw! / )+ ;> {*"! -w,+ $+ $! k?k (! $ -w-?k * >" «?!v " " + + k?k! $!(! Ý + M + $&:!+! ( " (*+* " ". H u > " H = ) " + ( $( U "+ U "v!( = " ³!,+ $!( "#$, )( ( q H (q) = H (0) + Dq +..., D = H q. 2X Uv! $( $ Ç $&:!+! f ( " (*+* " " w ø ö9-öøo-öi o $ ö " ù: EGº.Uå< { â%+ ")+! " "* ";&* w 77 $"!+ "#$# -!+ )+, $#$ "v"! $+ + «?! $!(!@ (*! {&*! "( $ Ó! ]+ÁG z $ + ])+; ;" &: E µ q = ψ µ H ψ µ = ψ µ H q q ψ µ ψ µ H q ψ ν = (E µ E ν ) ψ µ q ψ ν ÖK ^Ø où Ú u<"- â% 7 ( $&: *7< $( $+ (! %!!"+ "yz $+ -w, )() (. ψ µ H ψ ν = E µ δ µν ~$ ψ µ ψ ν = δ µν

$+"wz )+! >wz?+ -M $&:!+! Ê ( " ()+* " " v" «r7v" Á?> â,7+7 >)+)Ñ -àî?+ O ;#$ -!v" (! "! ( {()+*! " { H q = D n)¹ 1 ^î ä & +Ë =% (" 1 >â+ «?Ë! $! ""#$ "! ( " -Î $&: 1 $-(!+ + " "(-"(! "Ê" ( {&: w à > æwø ( v) -â $+ + / P 7< $!+ / # - ""+ *+! /.U â+ * â $ / " ( {&:," ()""(@&:!+!#$% " $+",()?O!!K &: { ) (! =Ñ!$&:+-àî#) -!+ +*; ; "+ yª+ $ @ )àî ä #$()+ Å æw1 { - ß = " ( -?¹!+"! k?ì! $(!( "O ¹ $( ""! «?Ì < $" Ñ + «?O#) -!+ +".!#æ&' ß U w(!+ $+ n? )*- ) $ z *7< $( $+ (wk> 9"! 7 =! ( H q = Ω q H Ω + Ω H q Ω + Ω H Ω q. H Ω = Ω H! (wâ $+ +! M $ K!!"+ "yz $+ Ω H = H q = Ω q Ω H + D Ω + HΩ q Ω Ω = P H [ q = D + > {")+ ) $ / " Ω Ω Ω = Ω q q H, Ω Ω ] q " " ( " =$ "$&:+w 7< $!+ "#Z# -* ""+ )+;Ýï+ z " " $ Á;â; " - 7< $!+ U! $(!( (" =!$&:+ "# -!+ )+.^ wk ])"( + «?K * $ $+! ψ µ H q ψ ν = ψ µ D ψ ν + (E µ E ν ) ψ µ Ω Ω q ψ ν ï7 + Ú "± ùö õkø# ms7 *ù6 $ :ö)õk *ùg«ê ( O O! ; â+ @= )v" k._ $!( -wf!= >Ñ Àz $+! = U >) % O&*w + {&: *#$!+"+ «? $ $+"" ñ $(?>$&:+ «?K= + $+ :ôu *!v" U +, ]" -Àz! $+ +. HΩ ~ƒ

4 - H : " ðzñònó ô óoõnö6 6ö^ó ø ù M úeû ü%ýþÿnümû_ÿ [ü ;þÿü ýÿ ýþ ÿ L P = span{ m } P = m m m Ω = PΩP Ω = P ΩP ^þü^þ ÿnÿ 6ÿ M 7ÿ 7ü%þþ7ü ÿgýÿ H L P = span{ ψ µ } P = µ ψ µ ψ µ!#"$" ÿkýû#5 6 û718 6ÿ 9 Ω = P P = P + QΩ P H = P H Ω HΩ = Ω HΩ ψ µ = P ψ µ M Ω = ψ ν ψ ν ν=1 = P(P PP ) 1 Ω = M ν=1 Ω Ω = P ü %;þ&(')û*+, ÿkþ þ Ω Ω = P ÿ.pü%þþÿnü0/ý;þ;ü;þ ü213 6ÿ ψ ν N 2 ν ψ ν H = P HP = ΩH Ω H ψ µ = E µ ψ µ ψ µ = Ω ψ µ H Ω = Ω (Ω Ω ) 1/2 ψ µ = E µ H Ω = Ω H ψ µ þÿgþ ü5 ÿkýû;5 6 û<9 Ω = Ω ( Ω Ω = P ) H = Ω H Ω Ω P = P Ω ψ µ ψ ν = ψ µ ψ ν M Ω = ψ ν ψ ν ν=1 = P(P PP ) 1/2 M Ω = ψ ν ψ ν ν=1!#"0" ü %þ<mÿ ü%ý ÿký Ã 7ü %6þ A 95xÿ ýü [ü Kü%þ+ Ã = Ω A Ω ψ µ A ψ ν = ψ µ Ã ψ ν þü= 7ÿ '>?/ü,@ ÿ ýü Gü Kü%þ ü%û H A ü5 MÿKþUþü ýû* ÿ Ã = ΩA Ω ψ µ A ψ ν = ψ µ Ã ψ ν ü'>3d 7ÿ'E F /ü G@ ÿ ýü Gü Kü%þ ü%û H "$" ý IEÿGûlû/ J K ü %;þnÿ ü%ý ÿkýÿ9 = [A, ] = = [Ã, ]AKü5 A = H + = H A + LM^þ ;ü'eý5 (N,ü%þ+ ~

L O ^û?û ü ý9kÿ ü%ýj +@ ^û?û_ü ý O, [O, H ] = 0 [O, P ] = 0 = [O, Ω] = 0, [O, H] = 0 H = H (q)a q L ýû ü ýa L P þü$6+ 1ÿ q H q ÿ ASþÿcþü= 7ÿ ü%û H q ~$

P Q QMTOabV \KÕ LKV7Y H4EUQMTKIZY JQ7Ö/aòcIR EULKI@S \ Y [ DFE/G@H4IKJLKN^ QMSOEUTKVH4QMTOQMJ Ë 3^\PSR :3^:<Z-fe6\;PKF L-5EHG\QÌR%- :7+F^QÀ3^:;v7<WVGaU-9PGFGb A+ -025 R\3ND6Q-RT57: Ǹ:b Po\;F` :D- -nr +_\ k 0sFGëGF:PGPG>pbSts:NRP:N5EFSR -9DK]NP:1A+ :N5 R :bfc3hr :.T- 3+_-9<uQU02:N5 R\R :^L%P: V[PGFG3^-!+W5\DG] PG>pb <Z-R :/0zA+F`DKF6.-9PGPo:8;:n3 >xl;fs5ed-9pgf6q FÀ\Po\;DGFGv\M3^:DGP:3 >4ecF gxx -9HSRFG3 PG>Zē :A-!+_\%k R :+ :3[i<T gr%:b 8 Do\;3^-<?> +_\575E<Z:R +FG< :N`anFo-A+FGPGëGFGAG>êAo:5 R + :N-9PKF6Q +KQN02:3²5 R\%k ëgf:p \ +P:bIR%- :7+oFGF 36:v7<WV[a -9PGFGbh0sD6QzgRF^e : `rs-9hsr :3 USA+FG<Z-9PGFG<Z:N5 R]hAo:DVWL\N-9<?>Ze + - vevndg]r\r :3 P- `V02- R,:89+_\PGF L%FG3\R]K5mQnv\ 0W\L\<?F#:AGFS5\PGF6QU57R+ : -9PGF6QngD-9HSR+ :PGPG>Ze :N` :D:6L-9Hc<Z:D-9HVND i ä ( {&: Á( = v! $+ #) -!+ +*, * " $ }+ o "% $ =º [ Gª?«z {ö <ù^ [ ø# *ù:ö '"% $ Nº *ùo V H = H 0 + V!!v"(*)=! / *!v" }( $yz $+ -w= &' +; "v"! $+ + U = + $+ -wo&* w = &' :ô H 0 H 0 ñó+ $!!=$ -Àª + + " H 0 k = e k k â+êv" «Êv" )*- "ûv! = ( &'-.ku<( v! &:" + "!+ * «""v! $&:!+ " ( )Ñ "(+* {!,v" «, + )( +"+ / + " " "+ ª&: $* { " w H 0 Î H 0 P = P H 0, + U {")!v" (! w*#$ > % $&:+)v"!(! Á!v " " $+ + «?O" $""(!. L P H 8<( " ;!#$ Ú ( +-wk#$! "!( "* Ú O"= -Àz $+ 0 V + M { yz! Áv!)"yz /ã*! ( {&: " Z / {WV=X8Y Z\[Y Z]Ýï+ M " (! &:) â+ Kv! U"KK+ $>!!(! } / {, $!( "= -Àz $+ K+ 7 * $ 9 {&:! >) % $ æ? &: " " Ý =)"(&:+!+ *. ] &: $ Ë>"+* "(- (! > M 77 $-!+ / Þ" ()""( ÁM $&:!+! Ë ( "(+! M" >&: ( =Ñ â $+ K % " $ $+-w V Î (0) H = H ( + <=! * % V ) + H (1) ( + $ + ;= ) " %! V ) + H (2) ( > &:( $+K V ) +... ]^?_ à = Ã(0) + Ã(1) + Ã(2) +... ] &:"v!+ ª&: r, " ( {&r { "! " (! $+ -w(w&' ` Ω = Ω (0) + Ω (1) + Ω (2) +... ª o1¹^; [ª ø,ö øm f oe [õ-ù øm 1-ö $ ÏÞ *ù6à o ) ms7) {ø " [ o#76 ψ µ E µ abaca ~È

Û½!~ d@ ŒoŽu O sô fel _éd Œ 4 šo s _ Žu Ô?šo š6 œc, = WŽu ˆ O ˆ ä ( ( " «v?>!"!,7!( (!"! $!( ;+) v") $ U ( "."2XÑç ( " «?Ú!"!v!Àª + K $#$,+ 7= )! * ñ, ( ", (! $!( P â $+.*2X U-à4 w"= -Àz $+ " * ( =$Z= " / ô«+) "! æwo yª,+) K()=)Ñ QΩ P Ω (0) = P, QΩ (0) P = 0 g ""v! b+) K" "!+ / 7 - $+ b(w&'- "=! $ ³-()!+ $+ 1Å*? H Ω = Ω H Ω ñóv&: %+>â%+ª)">, $#$; ( " -w { $;+* "+ yª+ $ 7 $&: ( " ()+* " ">ô P Ω P $&r ")" " &'ª()=$v" $+ #) -"+ + + + $!= -Àz $+ +-àî! ", K!!= Àª $+! (! {&: $ ³-()!+ $+ K! & ñó! /(â; + " - + $ +! K+ <= )" æw*àz $ Ω V ôih ñó! /(â; + M, {r)#) $ / " $ $+ K+ 7+ -â $("! V ô{ $&r ")" Ì ( {&r ")) $+ <! &: k(w&'4 ª!"( $v!" $ /!v" û()" +*!<" U +w" Ω! &:!+ ª&* w- â &:" $ $+ V ñ " + b()= + «?K $ $+ + =! * ô. V ú!.6ß $ / QH 0 Ω + QV Ω = QΩ H 0 Ω + QΩ V Ω QΩ H 0 Ω = QΩ P H 0 Ω = QΩ H 0 P Ω = QΩ H 0 P = QΩ H 0!v! $( $ + $&: $(â,)ઠV @ + $ + U Ω {r)#) $ / 7 "! Î Q[Ω, H 0 ] = QV Ω QΩ V Ω j - v:dg] 36-EPSR\.:ý )v"",+ $ ( {&r! $+ + Z <(!+ $+ $ / $&: $(â,àz Á>"! "(K+ $ =Ñ! +!#$;! $( "(* +! Z+?" æw.*ý = ( â $ " n"!(o+ª (! $ K+ª &: "+ /! $!( b $&:!+!#$% ( " "(+* " >-Î éú / " ª" ()""( Q[Ω, H 0 ] = Q[Ω, H 0 ]P = Q[Ω, H 0 ] m m. Q[Ω, H 0 ] m = QΩ H 0 m QH 0 Ω m = Q(e m H 0 )Ω m, L P m LP Q(e m H 0 ) = Q(e m H 0 )Q = j (e m e j ) j ~$½ j

!v"(*) b!(!#$!+!+! ò&:! *+ $+ 1f $&:!+! Ì ( "(+ > Ú { ¹)"> ä ( 9&: Á $(! $()""(Ò $ E [ " ømª e m e j. ˆ G : L P G(A ˆ ) = (Q(e m H 0 )Q) 1 A m m m L P L P = m j j j A m m e m e j ˆ GQ[Ω, H 0 ] = QΩ < $#$; "!Àz"àî = v) " Åẍw%!!)""(-Î w {r)#) $ k?o!(w-&:- n Ω (n) QΩ = ˆ G (V Ω Ω V Ω ) ( = G ˆ V Ω (n 1) n 1 ;! {+ " ;+ = yª?o "("w-&:?o - k=1 ) Ω (k) V Ω (n 1 k) ; Ω (1) = G(V ˆ L P Q ) = V m m m e m H 0 Ω (2) = G ˆ ( V G(V ˆ ) G(V ˆ )V ) = L P m Q e m H 0 V L P m,m Q e m H 0 V m m Q (e m H 0 )(e m H 0 ) V m m V m m. ñx~ô 2X $( + $ ÅẍwK 77 $-!+ " @#) -!+ )+'Î H = P H Ω = P H 0 Ω + P V Ω = P H 0 P Ω + P V (P + Q)Ω ér+ wk( =â $+ Ω ;(w& * ( =$@+? & = P H 0 P + P V P + P V QΩ H (0) = P H 0 P H (1) = P V P H (2) = P V Ω (1) = P V G(V ˆ ) H (n) = P V Ω (n 1) ÉÁ- "" ³ " { {&:+ $#$, " U(â; $+ -wk â%+, $( * )"<!( *%&* w Ω (n) ( = G ˆ V Ω (n 1) n 1 ~ k=1 Ω (k) ) H (n k) Ω (n)î

ä $! &:+ &< $( "!#$<!(w&:þ $!( ª "= -Àz $+!-à4 {"+ H "! æw $( ""! / / $&:+),! () "!(!#$, "("w-&: H (2) = P V L P m Q e m H 0 V m m >â 7+ $(! >zý " U(â; $+ &* wk ])"( + "#% $+" m H (2) m = m L V QV m P m V j j V m = e m H 0 j e m e j w "+ ;+ ( +,!"+ "!+, $(!+!" +>&: $-! m m ÖK ^Ø où Ú u<"- â% " "Ì &:" #Z"?1-(!"+ û $+ $( # û+ $!!= n-ઠ$++ "#$ #) -!+ +. +ª= &')+ +-àî " w*+ +àî " + e k e k = e k + c, H 0 H 0 = H 0 + c + 7 = $+-w %( =$"!,( "ª ;" $"( K!!= n-ઠ$+. k- :7+F6Q13^:;v7<WVGaU-9PGFGb ¼ AGqUR -9bGPo\mlon1-57`FSR\Ki u<( {&r {") " # ""+ )+ª ] ( $ªÞ= &')+-Ñ +! }v> = * ñ H kl = ψ k H ψ ô< 1" ( {&: + $!!=$ -Àª + + /Ë#) -!+ )+!v"! $+ + / l! $!( î!( "#$Zv&*@v> = * + U Ì! $""() Ú "! > "!-à Àª z+ $"= -Àz $+ + U ª $+ $(-Ñ #$!" *& & #$!+"+ U ])"( + / $ $+-") #) -!+ )+ñ ô -; H kk H 0 = k k H kk k e k = ψ k H ψ k ( < "= -Àz $+ -w,ý ] ( 7# -""+ )+Ü &' $++ ";& #$!+"àz.6íå 9 ( M &: z + "#$! $"( "++ "Z= &' 4 @v = * 4!v"( =! >)+O { $ $(" " & $( +)+! >")!Z >Ñ ( )+ $!(!= -Àz $+ + = / > æw@ø 7fùo«" $ º *ù[«[ªø «G :öqp0r1$ 7¹ù*ø;ö.!2f! {* 4 Å)( Ø - $+! ª( = â; + -w@ 7< $!+!#$ª#) -!+ +*M Z!+!!"#$ª! $( "(* ( H (0) ) mm = δ mm H mm (Ω (0) ) mm = δ mm ( H (1) ) mm = (1 δ mm )H mm (Ω (1) ) jm = ( H (2) ) mm = H jm H m m H jj LP H mj H jm H m m H jj ÖK ^Ø où Ú 2X U yª ", " U(â; $+ ª&* wf " ()! f(! $#$!(w&:@" $"( 1!= -Àz $+ X yz" $ +xázå< v" -" K 7< $!+! @#) -!+ +. j ÖK ^Ø où Ú u > "%+ $!= -Àz $+ + / 7-( "!+ $+ $( #$ % $&:!+! Á ( " ()+*! M" U( â;&: {Ñ + 7Î.57 $#$Mv" {&: "ẍwÿ > " e 1 = e 2 =... = e H (0 2) M H (0) + H (1) + H (2)z! û 9*- ) $( "".2á)!!(w&: 7 ( w*! >ẍw+ $ $(!"", 77!+ "#$,# -""+ )+Nî

Û½ÜÛ Ý _,Žu O?ÔĨ Þ Š _ O lžu O Œ OŒŽ2 ÍÅ { K ß" ( {&: 77!+ /K! $(!() ",( = â $+ à à = Ω A Ω, ;(w& $!( K "= -Àz $+ ()=$@ )*- æw =( = â; $+ -w Ω Î Ã = (P + Ω (1) + Ω (2) +...)A (P + Ω (1) + Ω (2) +...) = Ã(0) à (0) + Ã(1) = P A P + Ã(2) +..., #æ&: à (1) = Ω (1) A P + P A Ω (1) à (2) = Ω (1) A Ω (1) + Ω (2) A P + P A Ω (2). ÖK ^Ø où Ú éú) yª " Ì! U( â $+ &*wò " ()! ò $(!"#$û!(w-&:-ë" $!( ò!= -Àz $+ X yz" $ +xázå< v" -" K 7< $!+! @" $()""(%&: )"+"#$, " $+-"-. Ü $( +!+!! ( {&: $+ M $< $" "+!#$,! $( "(*ñ à = Ω ô«( {&: :#) A Ω! / { $+ ( {&:+ -?Z= + $+ * =! >)+ $ ³v"!(!#$!+!+ «?O " $""(!. å!+&:)ñ v! > æwk( = â; + Ω,(w&. 2«! + < #-( (! >)!yª $, ( {&: «&Àª $f# r) " %!+!yª $+ Ω Ú = (Ω Ω ) 1 Ω &:) â+ ò yª;!+ ])"!+ { 9&: ;= ª "("w-&:) ñ &* w n 1 " Ω!(w&:"ô (n) P = P Ω (n) V Î Ω Ω = P + Ω (1) Ω (1) +... = 0 f! /(â $+ Ÿ *! "+ " Ÿ+ 9r# $ «?f $( "!#$ (Ω Ω ) 1 = P Ω (1) Ω (1) +... ñ =&:, ß "" )!=$" @)+"#" yz)"+!7!( (1 x) 1 = 1 x +... ô Ω = (Ω Ω ) 1 Ω = P + Ω (1) + Ω (2) Ω (1) Ω (1) +... ÖK ^Ø où Ú 2X U " {&: " ð" U(â; $+ ð!(!#$¾ "(w&: $!(!= -Àz $+ &* w à =. Ω A Ω é ) / * %, $(!! Á!(w-&:> " $"(!!=$ -Àª + 7< $!+ /! $(!( *! ( {&: Ñ $++ / 4&:- nw( = + U " "v)! " *&')à. ÖK ^Ø où Ú å< / * ¹,! " $( yz $+ + +!"!," $"( %!!=$ -Àª + &* w H " $&r!! ( = â; $+ -w Ω %<!( Ω H = Ω î (H 0 + V )Ω ñ "ô -~

ô Û½âá ã@?ô ˆ ts Œ ½ uçêžu s O pçê *u_œòäiv sô O u<" (! $+ Þ" $"(!= -Àz $+ M( -?%-+!+ "#$ª<"( Å = ]4&: 484*>)= z / =!!Ñ ( $ Ì!)+ "! /! $()""(! = + " "+< {â%+ $ "Î)( $ - ( $-( ( $+"+ / k!!"+ "yz Ñ + -wo&* w " (*!"!)+ "!!! $()""(1ñ ;!+ + z!#$()+ àþ> æw)!v)"! KK 7< $!+! @#) -!+ +@+ <&r æwÿ. QΩa ß (!+ $+ &*w@ïð!+ $yª+ #$Ò7v)!;!+"!"#! $(!(ñ QΩ ô«)*- ) >ẍw, ( +!Ìâ " )1 fv?>! "!Ë7!( (! "!._ßn&:"v!+ "! " 1" ()""( Ô Ẅ øªùo" o; " $ ö)ùfw w; «: ø#")ù^ Ṽ H P H 0 P = H (1) + H (2) +..., ""#æ&'þ =k!v"!v!ઠ$+ +"#$4-() "+ $+ -w Å?- Ω H ]-! = H Ω H )*- = P H 0 P +Ṽ Q[Ω, H 0 ] = QV Ω QΩ Ṽ, ", (!!Àª K( = )! " $+" } ( "v!()= >ẍw 2Á= &')+ +!!(w-&:> V +? &: QΩ (n) QΩ = ˆ G(V Ω QΩ Ṽ). ( = G ˆ V Ω (n 1) n 1 l=1 QΩ (l) ) (n l) H ñ w + - (n) H = Ṽ (! (n) n = 0 ô{ *" { 6±o) {øo; *ù6 QΩ Ï *ù6 ù (n) Ω H w nofko öu"; %Gì/õù*ø [. (n 1) å< $ {&* $+ +,> {")+ ) $ U * ",; $(!" ³ "(w&: [NÏž [ªØõNo [ªI-ö $ w QΩ (1) = ˆ G(V ) = QΩ (1) *1:A+s\;3 HGFH P Ω â+ ;+- K = {! " -wk = " ( Î w {r)#) $ k?@= &'+ +! " $ $+ Ω Ω = P V ñó! /yz 7+ $!" #æ&: 7 " 7 ( " Î Ω (0) = P ô - u<" )"- n l=0 Ω (l) Ω (n l) = 0 Ω (0) Ω (n) + Ω (n) Ω (0) n 1 = Ω (l) Ω (n l) Ω (0) = P! $(!( P Ω $( "" l=1 P Ω (n) = 1 n 1 Ω (l) Ω (n l), 2 l=1!

"< {Mo -ö " ö [ì ¹; OofKo ö ªõö! {ø ùh" E[ o" ; omö ø /öîw«: {ø "ìpº «Ò"O;; [ N o9 ø ö : ø#" 9Îd";ªöÏ ö {ø, f õg $ o%ö%"; ùà *ù Ω $ ªùK ofko ^;"). 2 {* n = 1 - ]¹ "Ì ] {* {&:"!+ * Åf $( "!!(w-&:> K $!( P Ω (1) = 0!!=$ -Àª +!! &')à. Ω Ω $( +)&: $!!"+ "yz $+ Þ&* w@ - $+! ( = â; $+ wo 77!+ "#! $()""(*.u<(! $-Ñ " (!wk!v"!v"àz $+ +! 7-()!+ $+ 1Å?-ª+ $&:!+! ( " ()+*!* +?>$&: Í { - "@ $( ""! " = ) yz > æwk) P [Ω, H 0 ] = P V Ω P Ω Ṽ V Ṽ P Ω :Z()! $+*!* r $( -"!O! (w-â; $+ +! ª { 9&:+ $ P [H 0, Ω ] = Ω V P ṼΩ P ÉX-r &: / $ ³ Z&:ª-()!+ $+ -w ã*!!)""( ß ( K! ³!= ) + ;-+ "â,)à > æw Î P V Ω + Ω V P P Ω Ṽ ṼΩ P = 0 wo= &'+ +"#$, "("w-&:ª V - "" ³ " <!#$ â!!+"yz $+ -w Ω (0) = P $ $ P V Ω (n 1) + Ω (n 1) V P n 1 l=1 ( (l) (n l) (l) P Ω H + H &' { {& %+ 9&:!à À;w( $( ( $++w7!( rî Ω (n l) P ) 2 H (n) = 0, ä $! &:+ H (n) = 1 { P V Ω (n 1) 2 H (1) = P V P + Ω (n 1) V P n 1 l=1 ( (l) (n l) (l) P Ω H + H Ω (n l) P )} ã&* w! () "!""(!#$,!(w-&:-; ( =$@ â%+ ;= * H (2) = 1 { (1) P V Ω + Ω (1) V P } = 1 { P V G(V ˆ ) + G(V ˆ ) V P } 2 2 = 1 (2) (2) ( H + H ) 2 ÖK ^Ø où Ú 2] /! {&:," U( â $+ -wì&* w â $+ + " :ô.â%+ ;* * ) ( H (3) (3) + H )/2 ô/î H (3) (3) ñó " ( $v + $!(!Ë!! $(-Ñ H ÏÐ+ -"! $+ +! ( = $Ò ñ, " Ω (2) u<( "!! " (! $+ -wû 77!+ k?ë! $(!(! ¹!"* { Ê(v! + Ê ()? )+!+!#$O<"( ] = ]! $+* ( @( &:+ "!+* "(- (! >)+ -wì(w-&:!z" $!( Ì!=Ñ -Àz $+ &* w Ω H.]u<)*- $+ + U 1 ( {& «&-Àz $ ü()={&: <!( * Ç&* w à = Ω A Ω! )+ ()! {&*! @ {*- * ()!" P Ω (n), n 2. à H (3) Ýï)"Z+ z+ &:Z=v! / @+ + $+ $ " «? )Ñ

4 x z ðzñònó ô óoõnö6 6ö^ó ø ù H = H 0 + V H 0 k = e k k ü67ÿ 7ü%þ ˆ G 9 = Ω = Ω (0) + Ω (1) + Ω (2) +... H = H (0) + H (1) + H (2) +... Ã = Ã(0) + Ã(1) + Ã(2) +... Ω (n), H (n), Ã(n) V n L P L P L G(A ˆ ) = (Q(e m H 0 )Q) 1 P A m m = ÿgýû;5 6 ûy13 Kÿ59 m ˆ GQ[Ω, H 0 ] = QΩ m j j j A m m e m e j Ω (0) = P ÿ Sþÿ ÿ ÿ ü%ý ÿký Ω (n) Ω (1) = G(V ˆ L P ) = m Ω (2) Q e m H 0 V m m = G ˆ ( V G(V ˆ ) G(V ˆ )V )... ( = G ˆ V Ω (n 1) n 1 k=1 ) Ω (k) V Ω (n 1 k)!#"0" ü ;þ< ')û*+, ÿkþ þ H (0) H (n) H (1) = P H 0 P = P V P... = P V Ω (n 1)!#"0" ü ;þ< ÿ ü%ý ÿký Ã = Ω A Ω : Ã (0) = P A P Ã (1) = P (A Ω (1) + Ω (1) A )P Ã (2) = P (A Ω (2) + Ω (1) A Ω (1) + Ω (2) A )P... Ã = Ω A Ω : Ã(0) Ã(1) ;ütn,ü A Ã (2) = P (A Ω (2) + Ω (1) A Ω (1) + Ω (2) A Ω (1) Ω (1) A )P )ƒ

: þÿkþ%ü5 5{ ü7ÿgý+ ÿ 6%û/.pü%þ% 9Sýü?/^ýýü%þ þwüq 7ÿ ÿ þÿ }pü%þ+ QΩ (n) H (n) = 1 { P V Ω (n 1) 2 ( = G ˆ V Ω (n 1) n 1 l=1 l=1 QΩ (l) P Ω (n) = 1 n 1 Ω (l) Ω (n l), 2 + Ω (n 1) V P n 1 l=1 ) (n l) H ( (l) (n l) (l) P Ω H + H Ω (n l) P )} Ω (1) = P = G(V ˆ ) = QΩ (1)... Ω (0) H (0) (1) H + = H 0 A H (2) = ( H (2)... = P V P (2) H )/2!

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