Structure des solutions aqueuses de polyélectrolytes fortement chargés

Transcript

1 Structure des solutions aqueuses de polyélectrolytes fortement chargés Philippe Lorchat To cite this version: Philippe Lorchat. Structure des solutions aqueuses de polyélectrolytes fortement chargés. Autre [cond-mat.other]. Université de Strasbourg, Français.. HAL Id: tel Submitted on 30 Nov 2012 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific research documents, whether they are published or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers. L archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés.

2 AB A C DEF A BCDEFCF FBCDEF A AA AAA A E C BC CDA A A BCBE FD A BAAAA FF DFF DF A F C ABA EEA C AB A EE A E AC F A A A A C EA F CC FF EBC CEA ADEA F CD A C A B C FF BDDF C A D AB AA A EAC F CC FF EBC A CC B C B C F C CBB A E DA FB C FF EBC

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4 A BCDE EE DE F D BD AAD D AD DDDD A B DB E D BDB B AFA BCDB D DAD D A AEAE D F A A BCD B D D A FCD D ADD D A BCD DDF DEA AE D ADDA AD D D A E F D DEDAD DDD AAD DE CDAD D DD AB E DA DD AD A A DA EBAED EE AA B B DDD A E DB DE F DEAED A E A D DDE D E DED D A D AD DD AACDA D DED FE DED D D AEC B DDBD B DDA DED B ADEDDD A D BEA D AED D D DDD DD C FE D D ED D ADDADAD DE D A BCD A D D DA D A DF D CD DA D DD BAAB D D DD F D DDDA

5 D ED D AE D A D DD D DDD DDA D A DD DD B DD A DDB D A D D DDD D AEDADE AD D D D D D D F F DD D B A D DD DAD E AA E D A D D D B E AE E ACD A D DA A D ABCD

6 ABCD EFADAB F BADEBB FA F AB F DD AB F ADA D BB F ABA F AB CDE B BFA BB CB C E EA B BC E BE B B EEF AB BB CB B BADEEADA DAB F AD A D F DBA FDDA DB AB B BB BCBCB BEB BEBEC CBBB AB F B B B B B BEB B BB BE CBEBECB ABB BEB CBEE B BBB B BCA B B BCA B B FFAD B BBF BB E B BCBEE B AB A BBA B B BCB BADEEE FA C A DA DBAB F A FA C BEB αb BEB CB C B E DA DBAB F CBB EB B BEBB E BB BBBCEBB B C EB

7 DA DB AB AD AAB D D AB F FAB F BADEAB F BB A FFAD A BBB EEBE BCB B EEBE BCB B CB BBBBC B B FFAD BC EB CE A B B FCD BADAB F BB A FFAD DBB FFAD F E B CE BBBB E CB CEB B DBB FD FFA BC EB BACE A A DBB FD F FD F BC EB CE A B D BAB BAD E AB F BB A FFAD DBB FD F F F BC EB CE A DBB FD F FD F FB F A DAB

8 EFADAB F BA B B CBAB EA B CB EAB BB EA BB B E B EAB B CB BCB BBEBCB B BAABBCB EBB EB CBABB AC CDD A B CB CBB CBBAA BE B C A B A E E B B CE CEB A EBEBCB A B B A BB CC BA B CBB EB ECBBA E EAB B ABBA B BB BE BCBB EB EA BE B E BBE BE CBA B B B B A E BEB BA BBEB E BBCBBE BCB C E B AB CB BE BCEE BCBB BBB A B CB EA BB B A B BE B B C E B BBB A B CB EA BB B CBCB Cα CB EABB CB B B E CE A B BEAB BB CB FEB EBB E B ABB B CB CBB B BB B B CEBEE BB B B CB ACEBBA B BEEB BC BA E BEB αeb EB B A CBA B B BEBBC A E BEB α B B B A E BA BB CE CB B BCB EBB EB B EB EBB EB A E B B C BB B CEB B B CB BABABAABBCB CEB BA AB BCBAB B BE B CBABA B BB E BB CBE CB AB B C EB CBABEEBEBA E A B C B EE B CBA B BBCB A BFB E B BCD EBA B B E CBCB B CBAB CBB AA B B E B EFBB E EBCB A B BB C BA EB BEBBB C EB EB E BC A E B ECB A B B BA ECBBB CBB B EBE B A C BB CB A BAA

9 A E B A BFBCB A B BB BBCBBBBB A E BB E B B ECB A B BCB EC B CD B E EC B CB C B A C E CB B BE A BA EB B BFA BB E D E CB EB D ABB CE B B D EBCBB A B CDE B E AB E B A BEBE BEB CBAE BB BEBBA BBEB B B B AAB B BE B B B CE BB CB ECB A B BBF B EB BF BB B EEA B B AE E BCBBBEE B CB ECB A B BBF BC B CA CBBB AEAB A BEEBBB CB CEB B D B A B BB E B EB A B CB CB B C BAB CB B BEB EBB B B EB CDE E CB C EF AE BEBB B BEBEC CBBB B B CB ABBBE E B A BDBF BB CDEC B CD BE B BA A EBEE BE EB CDBFA BBCB C E CB B B BB CD BB B B BA B B DBF BB CDEC B CB A BBFBCBEF ECBAB CBB B CB CB B CB AB BB BB A BBA B B A B BABECB B E BCB C E AB CB EBCBBB B EB BCBBB EB EB A BBE E BBB AB B BB CB BBB B BB BB CB B ECBEBE B CBC B BEC E CBBE EF AB BB B EBAEB A E AB BBEBCB EBBB B BEBB B BAB E BE CB BB BB B EBABEB B E B CBACE A CDB BEBE BB C A EBC E C B BE CB B C B CB AC BA B B EA A ECB A BE B BFABB CB BF BB C EC B CBC B ECB A B BBF B EB BF B E BEFEB AE BEDE B A BEB CB AABE CB C E B B EBB C B BF BEBBEB BE EAA EBBECBBFABBCB ACBBE BFA B A CB

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

11 A CBCB AACBCAB ECB B B B A BB EABB E B EA C E CB BCBBE EF AB B EAEBBE BEBCBBB BA EBAAB BF BB C EC B CB BE B CD B EBEBECB ABB BEB CE A B B B E B CB BE BBFABB C B CBB EBCBB BB BEF A BEA BE BEBB EBB CD BC AB C B B CBC EB CE A BCBBEB

12 A BB CE B B D BBB E C E BB B B B CB E B B BB B B C CBBBE B CB BE E B B E B BEE E EB EB EE E B B B CB E B E B E EE E B C B BB E B

13 D D AEAD BADE BB FA F AB F DD AB FADA D CBA CDEBDE B B CEBBB B CBBCBDBCE E B B CBA E B E BEBD BB EB DBB B CBBCBB AC EE B B BB EBB B B BEEB CE B C E CDEB BEB B E BCB BFABB CB B EBEB A E DECB CDE BEE B CEB C E EB EEEBCBC E CEB C E EBB BBCDB B B BB B B CB B DB BB E B CB CB BBDBB AB CDBFA BBEB EBEBE A E B BB B ECB EBBBCD B CB CB CBBB B E BE BB B EBCB C EEF AB B E CBB CB BBCBB A BB BB B B B CB ABE B CBE B BEB EB B E CBE BEB BE B B EB B B CB BA ABEBCB EEBB A B C BBBE B B C C A B B EA B B A B A EBECDCB CE B BEB E BAB CE CA BFABD CBA EAB B CB A EBB EEB CE B C E B E CB CE CA BFABEBECDCB BCB B B DB B CBBE BB CB C BA EAB B AB A EABB B D BCBC CDE BEE BE EB BBE AB B CD BB B B BABBC B CD BBE ECE B AB EB E EBBE EB E BEE EBAEB CBC E BE CBEBF B EB CE B B BEB BB C A EACBC B CB B EB CBC E BE B E E CBAACE B EB A E EBECB B CE B E ACEBB C EA E A BFB A BE B BAB C EBB EB CBBEE B B A B CBC E CBBE BE E BE EAEB CB C DEBBEEE B CE B B BC BECBBEF C E E C B CBEEABBEEB BBABEB EBB E B B CEB CE B BBDBBCB B EB E BE CEBB B B B ABE BECBBBEAB CB CE

14 B C B CB A B B EE B B BBCBC E CB BEE BB EBE B A E DECB CBB B E A EBE E BBABB E C B B E CB EBCB AB B EEB B B CBA E B E BABC E BE B B CB E BEBB D B D CB CAB EB CE B CB B EBCB C E CB BCBBE B A EB B BEBDD BBEFECB A B B BA ABCBC EEF AB B CC E B B AAB B B BA BB AB CBBA BB B E C E CBBCBBE AE EDD CBA AB B EBEB CBBB BB CBEF B ABB BCCBCBEE B B BBB B E B B A BCBCBABBCD B A B B EC B A BBB CB B AB A BBBC BB CB B ABA E AACB B BB CBBB B B BCECB BA AA FF CF FC FB EE B CDE B BFA BB CB C E CDEB BEB B CBEE B kbk B ABB BB BBE CDCB CE B B CBCB EBECDCB BCDB B BCE B B C ECB EBECDCB BCDB B BDB CB C E B CBBE A BBB CB A E B AEBE C EBC DB CB C BCA B E CBAB EBABBB CB CB BB E BCD E BEBCE B C EABE B BB EB A EAA B AB EBB EEF F CB B BDB B CBBEB CB A AA CB CBDBEABBCD B BCBC EBCBCBA B

15 D D AEAD F détecteur f d r k, E [ ] ρ k [ 0,E 0 ] q Flux incident monochromatique Beam stop (piège) ou autre utilisateur Echantillon BDE B CDE B BFA BB CB C E CDEB BEB E E CE A BECB C E B B B B CB E CB E B B BCBDB B B B B CB BC BBCBEF A B CB EF CBDBFA BB BBBECB C E q B EBB B B B k k q BD BB AE E B B CBA E B BB E B ABBCDB B DBFA BBBB E B BB CB A E BC EBC DB CB C B CEBBECB C E qb CBD AAF EEB E EAAB B CE B CEBBECB C ED

16 B q = 4p l 0 sin q 2 B EBB C ECB CB B BD AA EB C EB A E B B B BEDB B CBEB EB B AB D AAD BC EB A E CBB A DE CB EF CB B DE CDB CB B E BBBB C B BB CB C EB E BEB BB CBEABE B C CBDB CBB E BBBB C B BB CB C E A E CBE B q B CE AB BCD BB B B ABBCB C CEB EE B CBDBDBFA BBE B CB A BB Σ(q) = a,b a a a b S ab (q) a a B a b BEBE CB C E E BA BBD BCE B B B BC E BE B BCB E α B β CBD B S (r ab q ) B CBEE B EBDCB B C AB C B CE B B E BBBCB EBCB CB CBCBB BB E BD EE BEBD ABEBF B S (r a b q ) = 1 V n (r a q )n b (- q r ) B BBA BB E BBBDE B B CEBE BDB B S (r a b q ) = 1 V dn a ( q r )dn b (- q r ) δnba BBEECBCBB ABE CB C B D

17 D D AEAD n a ( r ) = i d(r - r a i ) ρ r ia BA BBACE B C E BEB B CEEα CBD B δce CB S a b ( q r ) = 1 V i, j exp iq r r a i - r b [ ( j )] BEB CB A BBB E B B CB CBB E B CD BBB CB C EADBB B CBC E BE B BDA ECB C EB A D D A( q r ) = a i a a exp( iq r r ) i a BEBDB E B B BE Σ(q) = 1 V A r q ( ) 2 EBEAAF B BA EE B BB CBEBDCB CBB BABE ABE B AB A BECB C EE B E EBBB CB A E BC EBB CBBB CB A E BCBBDBD AAFCB BB A B CB C EE A BECBC E BE B B C B CBCBA ECBCB C E DBD AAF A EB B B CD E A EBBEBB EECB CE B E B E BB BBBBB EBBA ECBCB C E B E B BC DB AB BBCBB BCECB CBC D CB B E BA AB CB B B CB EB BBCB S ab ( q r ) BEAAB E B BFA CB E DB AB A EBBE DB B BA EBB BB CB E B BCB C E ACB CBBCBB AB EF CBEE B

18 B B EBCE B B CBBBECB C E EB B EBB B A B B B EBCB C E C B CBB B E B BBB CB EE B DB E B CB AE EBB ABBCB CEB E BD EE B EAB B CB A B EB B E DAB A BEBC EBBA E EBBBA ECB C EBABC E BE B B D E BB C B CBAB B C B C B EB A EACB BFA BB BBC EBB DB ABEB C B CB BEB AB B CBA BB CB C B ABCDE B B EBEB CBDBEBB E B CABCBEBECB C EBB B CBD BCEA CEBE B B A CBEF CBDBAB CC E EBBBEB E E CBC AC B C B CBAB B EBD ABECBB E B B B BBCBC BBB ABB EB BE EBECB C EBB EA B C BBCB EB BB B B E CBCBEABE B B C BBC A E B BBB C B BB CB C EBBEBBEE B BDC FBF DFCCDF EB BE B B BE B CBAB B BDE BCBBBE CB C EB BAB B EBCB C E A EDD E B A BBBC BCBBBE CB C EB BB B

19 D D AEAD B EBCB C E CB B B EBB BE E BB E CB A E BCB CBB B CBE B E CBCB E B CB BBE CB C E DBB C B CB AB B E B AC CBCB BB EA BE B C DB AB B E AB B B EBB E B CD CEB CBEA B B A EC BBECB C EBADBFA BBEA BD Résolution = 2p q m B C AB C CBE CE CBBB CBCB CBBE BCBEBECDCB CE B B CBE B CEB B BEBB B B BEC B BE CB E A B A BB CBB CB BBCB CBA EAB B EBC E CB EB D B CB A E BFA BCB BBE CB C E A ECBE CD EBB BB CB A B EBD ABE CEB C BCB CB DB CB AB B B EE CDEBB B AADE E CB C E BEB B BBBB CBEA BE EAB B CDB E B C BEDE B C E BC AB C B CBC B C B CBBBE CB C E BFAB EC E BEB B CBA BB B BB CEEAB B CDBE B B B CEE A B CBDBFA BBEC E BEB B ABEC BCBE AEB B CBC E CBBCBBE EF AB B E BE E BE B CBEB EC E BEB BE C E CB EB E CBB E BBB A EBCB E BA ECB B CB BABE B BBBC BB CBC E BE B B ED D A D AD D E ED C E BEB B B AE B B B EBECB C EBB EBB CBEBE CB C EBB CBB E B EB a = a a a B CB BE EC B DAB

20 B CDE B CBE EAA B BBBB CB C EBB σinc = inc s a a B CB B BBCB C EBB CBC BB E B EBECB C EBB C EBE C EC B CBB B AA BBEB CDBEB B EB a a (cm) = Z a Z a BBB CDB CBDBE CBD αe B BEBEBE CB C EBBB B B BBCB C EBBCBB EBB CDB BFABB BEBBE B C B CB C E CBBEDBEBBEBE CB C EBB a a B CB B CDE AB E EB BABE B A B C B CB BEBBEBD E B A C E CBA EBBEBE CB C EBB CBDC B B CE CBEE B BB B C BBBCB B AA BB AA CBC E CBBEE BB EB BB BB A E DECB CB BC A EBEE BBBA E E AB BA ECBCBCBC EBA CBC E BE B B CECBCB EBECB C EBB ρ B B C B A B ρ = a a a v N A N A BBB CD CB v BBE B B CE C E BE B B BCB CB EBECB C EBBCBBCB E CB A E B A EBEECBA B ρ = α φ α ρ α φ α BE EB CEE α CB CBCB EBECB C E ρ α ABCD

21 D D AEAD EFB ABD A C FDA E E E F E F E EEBCBC E BE B BA E B EEBE BCB A B B B EBCBDBB B CBC E BE B BA BCB ECB CBC B B EB B E CEBBB B A B CBB B A BBEBDB B BB B B A C ED B B E BB E B ACBEB B A E B C EB BBB ABB BB BD CDE E CBB C E BEB BDB B E BCDB EE EB A B CDC E EB EBBCDB BE B B CBB E BCDB E B BB DB A E BEBB ECB E B CDB E CE E BE CB DB E BB E B CBD BA B CDC EB CBBA ACB B E BCB CBBCBBB CB AACDE E CCB BB BBCBE BCDB E CA B CDC CBD CA E E B BCB CB EBECB C EB CE C EBB B B BEA BEC B CEB BAB CB E A B CBBFA BBCB C E CBBCBBEB A A AB B CB D ABE CB B BCB B CB B BBB B BBFA BBCB C E CBBE ECB EEBE BCBBCB

22 B BEBB B C E BA B B CB B B B BCBBCE ABB CA CBBE A B CDC BB B A E AAACB A B C B B A B CB BB B C E BEB BDBA B CDCA E EBD BECE B C EC BB BCBCB EBECB C E CB B B CBBCB ABBCBD CBB ABB B A BCB BE BEB A CDBBCDBB BE B D BECBE CBCB EBECB C E BBB AE EBBBB CDBCBBB B BD DB A B E A E BA B CDC B CBB E BCBCBEE B ABBCB E CDEB ABEBBCBBEB CBEE BB BEBBBB CBBB CB B BEBB CBCBEE B ABB B ACE FC FB C FD B FBB DDE AD B C B CBAB B EA B BE B B A E EBD AE B B BEE CB CBDBDA B CD A BEABBCD B BBB C B BB CB C EBB B E EB B CBEE CB B δn a ( r ) = 0 a v n a a =1 a N A δn a ( r ) n a B v a BA BBEEB r ρ CBCBCB BB B B E B B CEEαB B B EC E BB ABB B CB DA B CD A BBCBCD CCCB E BBAB B CBB Σ(q) = a,b 1 K a B K a = a a - a 1 v a v 1 K b S ab (q) = v a ( r N a - r 1 ) A

23 D D AEAD DCBBA BBB EBCE B EC B B CBB CBC EEF AB BBBEB B BB C B BB CB C EBB B E BB CB BE B CBEE B CB E CEE BCB B BEE CB CBABB BBBCDB B BB B K a BEBE CB B CB E α C B E EBECB BBB CDE B A E B A EBEEE CDEB CB A E BB CB A B K = a x a K a x a B B B CB C E BE B B α CB EBECB B K a EEB BB D Σ(q) = K 2 S(q) B E B C B CBB B CBEE B CEE B B B K 2 B BECB B AD ED B EE E B peb E B B E BB CB p( p +1) 2 CBEE B ABB ( S a b = S ba )E BABECABCDEB CB p( p +1) E C AB C BBCB p( p +1) B E BB ACE B 2 2 CCB BE BEBE CB BA E EBBB CDEB BB DBB A AB CBCB BE BB B BEBBB ABEB AC B BA EBEDCB B BCB EBE CDCB CE B B CBE B CB BECD A CB A CE BBBB EB CDE EC A EB A EE C C B B B CB BB BB BB CB BEB EB AEB C B CBEEABBCB BE B CB BABEB EE B B EBAEB ABE B B CB CBEFC BB BE C B BCB CBE C BEC E B CBE BCBBCBEBBEBB E B CB K a B BAA CB B CB ABB B CBEE B

24 B BB E EB CBB B B CBB B B CBEB A BBCBB ABBCB AB EB CBEFEBA EBBE BCDE EAD E CB B C B K a = 0 ( A E ρ α = ρ 1 ) C EBBE CB CB EBECB C EBE B C BA E EBB B CE CBEF BEC B ACEB E B A EB CBEF BCB B CE BB B EB BBBEB A E A B B B B BE BB A BB CCB B C B ECBE DA BEA CB BCBEB AEB E BA B B EE B B E BC BEC BB B BEAAEE BBE B Να + (λι ) (9,50) ρ Ν δανσ 2 Ο (10 10 χµ 2 ) DF ρ 9 Να +,5 2 Ο (7.37) D DF 2 Ο (6.38) Χλ,2 2 Ο (4.69) 5 Χλ (λι ) (3,92) ΠΣΣ (2.31) ΠαΜΣΣ (1.70) Χλ,2Η 2 Ο (0.61) Π Α ΜΑ + ( 0.35) Να +,5Η 2 Ο ( 0.30) Η 2 Ο ( 0.56) D BDEB CB EBECB C E CBC B E CB E EBE BCB A B B C BC BB B ACBCB CB EBECB C E E B EEB EBE CB B CBC E BE B B E BC BB ECB A B BEC B E E B EEBE BCBBBB EA E BA BE EBCBCB EBECB C EEF BEB BEB BAB CDB E BCA BEC B BE CB

25 D D AEAD BB CDBB E DB E B CDE BA B CDC CBA CBD BBE EBEF B E BEB EB AE EDBE B C E B E B BCBE BEBB BC CB CB C E BEB B B AC B E BE B B AB E A AB BB B E EE B CBD CB AB ABE BB EBECB B CE C E BEB B BA B CDC ECB BE E EBECB B CBC E BE B BA E B EEBE B CB A B BB B BE ABBB CBAB DC B CB CBECB C E CBC B E CE BBCB CBB E E EB CB B B BBB CB C EBB E ABE BB B E B Σ(q) = K 2 ms mm ( q r ) + K 2 c S cc ( q r ) + 2K m K c S mc ( q r ) B S mm S cc B S mc BCBEE B ABBCE ACEBBCEBB B ABB B BEB E CEBBB C B CBC E CB BE AE EDBB BB ABE FECDBCE A E B E CB C DEBB CEB BCEBE B B A BBB ABEC CB EDB A BBA C E CBBEC B B B C B B BEBBC E CBBB E CEBB EE B B A E B ECBA E B EBB CBCEB C EBB EBBB BE CB

26 B ABBB B B CBA B C BC BB CBB ACBA BB B B B CBEFE BB E CE CB EDE A B CB BE BBEA E B E BBBCB B B E CBBB E A B CDE B C B CD BE BEF BB BCB DC B CBBE BA E BB BA E B B EBAEB C B CBEEABBCCDEC BE B AB CDE B EE B C AB C B CDE BEB C B B B AAB CBCBEE B ABBB AC E BEBCB E EB B EB AE EAEBB BBBD B A E CB B CBCB EBECB C E CE A CBBB B C BCBE AACB E BE B E ABB B E BCB CB E B B B EBCE CBB B A EBC BBACB E EAEB CBAA BB C EBB EB B B EDB C B BEE E B B B ACDEC E BEB BB B EDE E DB BBB B B CBA E BEB DBCD CDE B B AB E B C D EB BAB C C B CBE BB D BB BB BB B BBB E B AB C BE AAB CBCB A ECBEB BE BB C BB B B ABE BBB ABE B B CBB E B CEBC DB E EB B A B C B B A BDB AB B BBC B AB E B CB B BACBEBE CB BADB CBAB E EAEB ABE CEB CB B BCBA BA EB B CDB E E CBAACBCBE A B CBB E B CB CB A EE DB EB C BB B AE BCB CB ABCBEABE B BB B CBEBEBCBEB B AE B CBABCB B AE B E A D ED E DE D B EBAEB B B BD B CB ABB B E B ACB EB B CBA E B BCBBEB ECB CABCBA E BB D BB CB ECBE B B E CEB B ABBB CB BB E B CBCB AB BE B CBD E

27 D D AEAD AB BBFA B BB CB EAB CABB BBB B B CBBBCB A c = nn /V B BBB S( q r ) = 1 V a,b i, j exp iq r r a i - r b [ ( j )] BCBB EA E B B B BCB α B β B ACBEF BB E BEBB CB CBBBEα B βcb ABECEB BA BCB C E BE B B AA B B A E B B BA BB ACCBEF A E BC B i j BCE CAB r r CBEE B BCBEFE S 1 ( q ) B S 2 ( q )E BA BBB ABB BB EBB BEB S ( q r r r ) = S 1 ( q ) + S 2 ( q ) B S 1 ( q r ) = n V i, j exp iq r r 1 i - r 1 [ ( j )] S 2 ( q r ) = n( n - 1) V i, j exp iq r r 1 i - r 2 [ ( j )] ECB BE CBE B CB BECCBB B S ( q r r r ) = cg 1 ( q ) + c 2 g 2 ( q ) r r g 1 ( q ) B g 2 ( q ) B ABB BB BECB B BCB BEBC ABBFA B g 1 ( q r ) = 1 N i, j exp iq r r 1 i - r 1 [ ( j )]

28 B g 2 ( q r ) = V N 2 i, j exp iq r r 1 i - r 2 [ ( j )] r BEBEBEBB B B B A E B AEB g 2 ( q ) B B CBEE BDCBB CB CBEFBBB AC B ABB BEFB BBCDE BB E B B EF B BBCB CBEF E BC BBB CDE BE E B BB c CDEB CB E BCB BCBEBCBB CBCB AEBECB BBB B BBB C B BB CB C EBBD B CD A B B B K = xk H + ( 1 - x)k D Σ(q,c) = K H 2 S HH (q,c) + K D 2 S DD (q,c) + 2K H K D S HD (q,c) x B B B CBBC AAB CB B BFA BBBEBBEBB S (q,c) = xcg (r HH 1 q,c) + (xc) 2 g 2 ( q r,c) S (q,c) = (1- x)cg (r DD 1 q,c) +[(1 - x)c] 2 g 2 ( q r,c) S (q,c) = x(1 - x)c 2 HD g 2 ( q r,c) B BAC Σ(q,c) = [xk H 2 + (1- x)k D 2 ]cg 1 (q,c) +[xk H + (1 - x)k D ] 2 cg 2 (q,c) B A BBCB ABBCB AB B EBCB BEB B BC B ECBCBEFE B E EBECB B CEC CBE CAB B CB BBEBEBECB B CDECB BEBA BFB A B K D = 0

29 D D AEAD BBB C B BBBBE B Σ(q,c) = K H 2 [xcg 1 (q,c) + (xc) 2 g 2 (q,c)] BBB ABE D B A E A B B Σ(q,c) K H 2 xc = g 1(q,c) + xcg 2 (q,c) EB ACB BB g 1 B g 2 EEB B CB CBEFB E B B CBEFBE CB x C BB B BBB c B A EB B E B A EBE BFA BBB ACA EBEBE CB x B DBF A x = 0 ABBCB CBB B BECB B g 1 B CBEF BCB ABBCD B B BECB B ACDE BBE B B E B DB CB CE BB E B A E B B B BBAB EEE B A AB CBDE CDEB CB A E BE BBE B B D E B B CB ACE CBBB BEBB BBCB E E K = xk H + ( 1 - x)k D = 0 DBEEBBB CBB CB B EF BEB D E BBB E B C B C A EBCB B C B CBB BB BECB B A EB EBB EB x = 0.5B C EAAB B ECEC E CBCB EBECB C E AB B CB CBEFABCBBB BEB K H = - K D = KBC BB C B AB B E B B AC Σ(q,c) = K 2 cg 1 (q,c) B CB AAB B EBB B BD AA EBEBEBBA E BE BB E BE B BE B AB BCBEBCCB BB

30 B EA EB A BE EB ECCABCDEEF CBBEA EA B B AEB DBE BCBCBBE BEB BB DBBAB CE B BBB CD BEBECB B CB B CBB BA B BB E B BBE BE D E CE BB DBB A CB EBBA EB EB E BBB B CEB C C B A EΣ(q,c) B CBA B BB E CBEFEB A B B B BBCBD AA EB BB A E CBCE BECB B CE AEBECB B B E CBEE B CB B B BA CB EB BA E B ECB A E B CBEB CE E B B CB BCB CBCB A B B CEB q = 0CB CBEE B S(q) S(q = 0) = k B Tc p c - 1 = k B Tc 2 c T (1.35) BB B B B B π BA B EB B χ T B A B EBBB CB BC E A DA CB EBEB S(q)BE B CBEE B EB CB B B π /k B T = c /N B q = 0 B B S(q = 0) = cg(q = 0) = cn B E BB BE B CBCB ACB BB E EBB BFB B C B C EC B BBAEB A B EBE B χ T = 0 BEA EB S(q = 0) = 0ECB B AEB B CB CBB E BECB S(q = 0) BA B B BBCBEFB BA EC BBE CB C EC A CBEE B EB E B CBEB A E BA ECB BE CB CBEE B S(q) ABECA BBE FEA EE BB BBEE BB BB CB EB B BEB AAB EA CCBEE B B CDEA B E EBE B

31 D D AEAD BDE CBEE BBEB B BEB A ECB CB B B B E B B E B EB C B C CB BB E B EB BCB BC B CB A BB EABFEA EC E B B E B AB BEA BE BBBB B C CE BB B B BEBC EAB B CBBE CBB B ACBBBCEEE A A B EBBC CB C EB BBB BCBEE B BEB CB B A BBE EFEBE BCBEF BB A A B EBEB CBB BB BBA B B CB BE B C E BCBEE B CB BC E B CBEE BB B CE A CB C E B CBE B BEB B BEF AEBBB A A EBBBBAB C CB B A E BB B EC B CB A E E CBC B EB B BE CBABCBBBB A B BBE BA AA EFEBB FEABEB B A BCB BF BB C E E CB EECB EB ABE BAB CCBBBAAB B B B ABE BB AABBCB C E BB B CBEB CB C B

32 B CBEBEC CBBB BB E B EB A B CC CBB ξ. BBBEE B C B BE BC E CB B B BF BB C EFEC A B CBB BB BCBB CAAB B BB π ξec E B C B A A B CBC B B C B CBBCDE B EBF BB AB CC

33 D D AEAD BB A B BD ADF C BB B E B BE BA A D B EC E BF B B C BC EBEA E EDADCB BB B BEA E E DA DA DDD BB EB CB B CBBEEBE CBBE EFB B BCCBB B B A D DBBC B C CB EB B BDB DD C B BBB C CBB BB B BBD ADDDAD A DBBA BEB ABEB B BBBB B E B BB C B B BBEB BEF CED D CD DC CE EBB B B CB CCB BE BECBE AB B CB CCBDB AB EAA BB B B ABA DA A D DC BC B C C B BB B C BBC B E ECEF CBBBECB E C A EAAE E B E AAB CBBBE B CB B E B

34 B BADEE ADA DAB F AD A B ECB A B BB B ECB ECB BC BCB BBA EBAB B EBCB C E CB B BEF AB B EB CB EFCBE CB CBBBB CB B E E CB C B C E B CBEBFABB B B CD EC EEBECB A E B CD BBBB A E B CBBCBE B B ABECEBA EBEB E DBFAA C CD BB BCBE CBEE B CB EEBE BCB A B B B BB CBB EA BB EFEBC EB A A B BC ACB AB A EB BB B E B CBBB CBEB CB EE B CB AB B CEBB BB BFA C A E CBB B BB CBBBBDEBB B CB BCE B CEBBC B CBA B BCA B A BB B CBBFAB ABE BC BA BEB BBFA A EAB A EECBB BBE C BCB C EBBE B C BB CBDCAB CE A B B ECB B BBB EBB B EB ABBB B CB CBB BE B BFE EA B C B ECB ABBEB B ECB A B B BBCB B BEBEB AB BB ABE BB ABB BEB BBAA BB CBB B E C E B EB EEBE BCB A B BCCBB A BFBEC AB CB CB A EBE A B B C AB CBE CB EB B CB C A EBE CBE E BC B C B CBC EB C FA AA A BDDBDB B FB F B B A BBA B ABB C DECB CBA B BB CB EAB BBEAC C BB EF CBB EB CE

35 A D D D AED A B CB B BA BB CBB A E BB BEB B CBA B B CBB EB B F B A B B B C AB C A CE A E B EAB BB CA B B CB ABEB BC BE B CE CBB BEBBCB EBB EB EBEBBE BC B CBA B B B A CBCB AEB CB AEB ABE B B EF CB C BCCBB EBBE B A A B B CB ABBBC BE B CE CBB CEBE B EBCCB B ABBE CE A B B B B BB E ABE B BBBBFA BE DB AB CBA BCA BB E BA BB E BAEBBABBE CE A B A EB EEB ECBA B B B BB CBE BCBB EB BAB CCB E CE A B B CEA BB EB B EE BBCB BD AB CBCBB EB CE A BA BB CBB B B CBEF B B BCB EBB EB CEB A B B C B CBBB B CB AEBECB BE D CB EBEBCB ECBEBBD BBEB B B CBEFBBEA BE B DB B CDBEB l B = e 0 2 4pe 0 e r k B T C DB E AE B B B B B B B ABB BAB CE CB B ABB B CE BE B CBBB AE BEB CB B B CBEFBE B BCE A B BE BEBE CB BEBB BA E B B CBBBB E A E B AB CE AEED B BBB BBEDE BB BBB E B BB DBB A B CBCBCB B AA BCA BB CBBEB E CB B CBBBB EBB A BECBCBCB B B E ABE A E A BFBBB B CE E BB BBB BE B

36 B f eff = a l B A E B CBA B BB BEBECBECEB B B E EBB CEBBA B BB B E EB E B BCBBE BEA BCBA B B B BA E BEB B BBB B B CBB EBEA BB BEBE ABB B CEEA B B ABE BC B B BEB B EBE BFA BBCB C E CB B B BBE B ECBABABBCB BCBB EB B B A B B AB B BEBB BB ECB B ECBAB B CD AEBE CDCB EDE B BBE CBCBCBBD EBCB CBB EBB C B A EE B CB EEBE BCB A B BBB CB BCB A B B B BE CB CABB ECA A CBB BBBBA CBB EB EE BBEB EBBCBEF A B B ACB EEB BB CA BE BA EEBB CDEEB BB CA B B C B BFB F C DBC C E EE B CB EEBE BCDEA B B CA B B E B B A B B BEBBEAB B CB B E E BA E EBB BEB E B B CBBB B C B AEBEC CB BB CBEB A B I = 1 2 i z i 2 c i BB BCE B B B CBBB A B CE EBEC CBBB

37 A D D D AED κ 1 = 8pl B I ( ) - 1/ 2 ACBB E BCB A B EBEBBEB B B B BB CA B EB CB ECE BCB A B BBE EEB CECB E CE BCB A B BB CEB A AB BEFB BB B E BCB CE BB BA BBBE CE BE EBE BBB CDE B CB CBEF ABCB BEBBCD EBBAA AE CE BE EBE BBB CDEAB CB BCBEFEBAB B BCB BCD E CB AB A BB E BCE B A E BBEBBB CDAB C B CB E CDABB BCB E BCBB EBEA BE BEBE CBCB CBB AB CB B C E BCBB C E B BCB B B AAB A ECE B CB EB AACBBB C EC B E ACB B E BCBCE BE B E BBECB EBA B B BBBCBAB EB BE B E B CB BAAB CEBC BEB ABE BB BB C B CB EEBE B C EA B B CA B BB CBB I = 1 2 z2 f eff c A BB C E B B I = 1 ( 2 z 2 f eff c + 2c s ) BB CBB κ 1 = 4pl B z 2 f eff c ( ) - 1/ 2 A BB C E B B κ 1 = ( 4pl B ( z 2 f eff c + 2c s )) - 1/ 2

38 B B BB CEB D BB B B B B EBEBCBEEABB B CB C BB EE BCB ECB A B B B CBBCBB B B B E B B B CA B CE A B B A BDDBD FEDA EDBE DBF C BB CEB ACEF BBE B B EB CBBEB B CB BB B EBC AB CCBB CE CBCB ACB B CBA B B B B A E BEBA EACBECB EB BBABEC E BEB DBECE EB B B BEB B B BCB B BBB AB B EB AB CB AB CBBCBE B BFE DBECE EB CB B B E BBE CB ABE B BFEB CEB CB ADE B B B B B CBBEB BB B BEB A E BB B EB CE B CBB B CB B B CB BEB CE AB B DB BB B B BB AB B B B ET Q D» a a l B f ET > Q D a a l B f B B AE B CB CE EA B AB E CB CEBEB B B BEBEB E B BABE BB

39 A D D D AED C BA EAB BE BEBEC CBBB B EA BE BCB B B BBEB BB B B B BBEB B BE BB CB CB B C A B C E BB CEB B BECB EEB AA BBE CBCB A ECE EB E EB BEB CE BEBB EB CB B E BB E BBB CB CB EBE ET < Q L» Na l B f 2 a 2 3 Q Q - T ET = Q L» Na l B f 2 a 1 3 ET > Q L» Na l B f 2 a 2 7 BDDBDBBCF FA DBC C FDBF C B BBB EB A E BA B B B B B CBA B BB BCB BEBDA CBBAE EBEBBEB D BBA BEBBB A BCCB B CBBCE E BBBEBEA BE B DB B BEB B A EEBB CDCEB E B C EAA B B B C C EBECB ABBB CDEA BB CB EBECB ABBEB CE ABB BB CBBBCBEBE CB ABB BEB l t = l p + l e

40 B EBE CBAA A ECBB EBECB ABB BEB CEBBFEA B E B CB BB CBEBECDCBBB l e = feff 2 k - 2 4l B BAB C B C B CD AA CBBB E BDB A E BB B CB C BEBEBECD BB AB B CBEBECB ABBEB κ 1 << l p BB BEBEBECB ABB BEBB BE BEBECB ABBEB l e << l p BB BB C EBB A B BCBDBBEDBEBFA EBEB BB EB E BBBA BEBECD BB EB A B A EBBC B EB ABBCB AB BA B B BF BCBA B BCBA E CB B B CBEFBE B BCB B EBECB ABBEB B EBECB BE b << l p l B EEBECB ABB C E BB CB BEBA E B CB BBA B E B EBECB ABB BEB CBB B AA BBEBECDCBBB κ 1 l e k - 1 DBBEECAE EB A EBE CBBFABB B EB BCBA B BBF B B BBBEB CB BFA BB BB ECBD A BB B E B C BB EF CB BB BB A EBB C B BECE CBBBFA EB BC B BA AABB CB BB CBE B BFE BCBB CB EBEB

41 A D D D AED B FBCC BB CEBCBEE B CB ECB A B B B BB CBBA BB EFEC ACB AB A EBB B CBBE CB AEB q* c 1/ 3 B FEBEFB BB B BCB B CBA BB CE CBBBBBB A B C EC B EB BEEEC C E B EE EBB B B E BB E B CBCBBB B B CB AB BEB B C C CBCEB EE CBA B B E B CBA EC B B ABE BEB EB CB EECB AA BB B EB CBBEB B c * B CB A B c* N - 2 a 2 l B BB E EB CBBB B CEB CB C BE B A BFA BB E CB CB c * B B D B A B EBE EB CB AB B EBBB DBBBB CE AA BDDBD BFD BBB CECBA B BCA BBBE B E BB CD BBBB CBBACE FECB CBEE BB B BE CBB q* c 1/ 2

42 B ABECCBB B EB CBBEB BBEC E CB B BEF AB B EBEEF BFAB EFB BBB B A B CDE A B B B E A B B B EBB EBBABBBCBB CB BBB BB E BEB CBA B BCBB CBCB ABBFAABEE EBA BCDEC B CB AEB CDE E CB BB A EEC B CB AB B A BABA B CBCBA BE CEB E A A EE B A BB BA EE B A BBFBA EE B A BE EB ABEB BBBEAECBEE B E B CD B AEB E E CBE E E B BFEDBB CE CB CB A BCE B A E B EB EBBEB B B A BCBB CD AAB CB CBEFA BB ACBECBEECB EBA B CE E B BFE B ACE BA B CBEBB EBBA B EB CEB B FE AAC CBEE BE BBA BBE EC B CB AB EBD ABEE BA E CB E E B CE B ACBB FEB C AB C B CB B BEq* = p /R B CBA B BB CB AB A E E CB CDB BEBEECB EB A B AC AB CB B BEB B AB CBB B B B BE CB B CA E EBB EBBB A E B A BCE B B ACE FECB CB EE BB B AABE B C B CB C B B DC B CB A CBEF CB CEE CB CE CB AB BEBCBBBB BCBEF A BC BCD E B C AB A E DE ED EB CBEBE ECBCB C E CB B B B B CB AB B EB E BB B BA B ECBEBD ECBBC A BB AB ECBEE BB BBABBBE CB C EC EBECBEBB BE B B BBEAE EBCBBB B BBCBCEB EB B B BEBAEB A E BB E BE BFEB CBA CB E B CE BA E E CB BEB BBFA EB BEB AD AACDE B A B CB BAB CBBBE BA CDEC B B CBA BB

43 A D D D AED C B E B CE BCB A B BBF BBEBBCB CA BCB C E AB CB EBCBBB EB BCBB ACB BFCB BB B EBB ABBB A CDB BB A B B A E CBBFA BBCB C E CBBE ECB CB A BEB ABB BEEB A ECBB EB CEB A E B B E CA B D B BA B CB B B CEB B BEB B EBEC CBBBB B A EB B B ACE A A B B E E B CD BB C BB CB B a B CBDC B CBBE BFE DA B CDEC B CB ACBEF CB B BD C B CDECB AB B BE B BFA BB EBE B CB C E CBBEB AB E E B BE CBBBBA B EBCB BEBBB A CBEBBBBB ECBBEBD ECB BC A BB A CB CBBEBBBC BBE CB C EC BAB BCBC DB AB BCE CBAE BEBABB B AAB B CB BB C A B B C BB B B ECBEE BBDB C ED CB BEBB EBBB A BE B BB BEF AB BBA BB CBBB CB AB B CA E B E B CE B CB A B BBF BB B BF B B C B CE CB ABD EDE BBE B EBEABBB C B B EBECB E BA BB B CB B CEB E B A BEAB A CB BEBBB EBEBE EB DEB BB EBDB CB B BEB B ABEA E B CAEBEC CBBB C B AB BB B CAEBECB E EB EA BE BEB EB CD BB B CBBB B ECBA C E CBBE EF AB B E CB CB BB E ECB BCB EEBB AACBEBECB EBECB ABBB B ξ l t» 1.4

44 B BBB CEB CA E BBE B EBE EB EBECB E BCB B ABE BBA B B A E BB B BCBA CBB E BBBA BEA BE B BE BBB BE B BB BCBEBBB C B C B CEBC A B CE B B CEB C B CBA B BB BBE B B CEB CB BEBC B CBA B B B B EE B C E BEB CE B B AC CEB AB BACB CB BBEE BE BB CB AB BDEE BA B EB C E BE CB A B BE AAB CB CBBBE CB ABBBBA B C BE CBB BA BB CB ECE A B EF CB AB CD BB CE CB AB B CC AB C B CB A AACBA B EB EBB - 2 / ξ f 7 eff ( l B /b) - 1/ 7 ( bc) - 1/ 2 B CB CBFABB B A B E E B C CBCB B B BA B ACB B EB BFABB B B CB 2p /x E ACB B B EBBBB EB B C EBB B CBE B EA A EBEE BEBC BA B B CA BBC B BB

45 A D D D AED BDDBD BBE BA B BCA BB B CBAB B B EBC DB E CECBBEEB BB CB CE EBAB BBB CBBEEB BB C E B B CBEAB BEBBEBB BB BA BB EABACBBBB CBB BEBCA B BA B B ABE B E B CB AB EB BCEBBCE EBB BBEBCBE BB ABB B EB BF BCBB C BCBEF E BBE B CB A E EBB A B BBBEB ABE B B A B ABB BE EB EABEBEB AB BA B BCA BEB BC E BECB A B BBBCCB B B CBCDCAB B B B A BF B E BBE B CB A E B A E BAB B A E BACB ABBE CE A B B ABE B D CB E EB D B D CB AEBE BBCB AEB B A B B B B B EBB E A C CBBABE B B BCBEF B EB BC B BBC E BEB EBB BEF A B BCA BBA B BCA BABB A B BE E EB BCEBBCE CB E B CEB A AB BBA B BCA BCB BEB BC BB CBBA B BCA BB E E E B B BB BB CA BEBB B BAE BEBB B BBBB CB BB CB AB ECBEF CEB E BEB EEABBEBE ABE DB EBE DB A BAB BBCBEF AB CB BB E BEBBB C B AC B EE BCB EB B BEB BEBCBCBB C A B E BBE EB DB B BEB CE E B BEA BE B B B CBEB D BE CE E B EB BB ABCBEF EBB CBB B B EBBB A BE B A EEB B E BEB B EBB BEBCB B CB A EBA EAB B EE CABA B B A E E BB BB

46 B F e» e2 f 2 N 2 er R» Nb 3 /t ( ) 1/ 3 B CE E B F s» ktr 2 x T - 2 ξ T» b /t B CEBEB f collier = t b Nl B 1/ 2 τ = (Q - T) /Q B AE B CEB B C EA B B BEB B ABE BCBB AB ABE B CB BBEB B E B B AB B E BA EAB ABBEBBBBB A CB B ECB BB CB CBBCB ABBAAA E B E BACBB ECBB C A E BA A B A ECBB EBEBB A E BB CB ABB EBBBB B A E BE B CEB E B EBBE CA BBE B E A E B BB B

47 A D D D AED BDEE CDEA B B CA BAB A EC BBCBB EBEB A E BBA E B BABBA E BBA EB CB AB B EBA E BB CB ABB EBB B BE B CEBB BBE B ECBBE A BB B A BB B E B BDEE CB A B BCA BCB C BCB CB A CBCBB EBCBEB B ABB CBECB CEBEB A B B A BB B B E B BEB CBAAE BAAB CBCD BB A E E BC BA BB EBCE CB CBBCB ABB B B CBABBBE B BAA CEBCBB BCBCB B BBCB BCBE BEB CBCB BEBBB B B B BEA EB

48 B E B B CBBB B BB CB ABBB B EBCB CBEFBC C B C BB CEB BB CBB E Ec c * EBECB E EC C E B CD BB B CE B ABEBBBEAEA EEA B B CA B C B C B CE CB AB BE BECB B A EBE ABBE B A B CBBAB CBBCB BEA E BEBBA E B B BCBB E B ABC B B B BEB E BB BA EBBCBBB B B α BEBFA α <1/2 BBAB CBA ECB BEB B CBDC B CB CBECBEBECDE BCB A D EBE BE CBBB A E EDE B ABBB EBECB B ACCBBB B B ABBE B B BBA B B E BE CE B CB ABBBB E BCD BBEB CB ECE BCB A B B B B BB C B CB B BABABBB C BCB BCE B D EBBE CA BBE B E A E B BB B EBBE CA BBE B E A E B BB B BDEEBA B EB CBECB A B BCA B E AAB CB CBBBE CB CBBCB ABB B AB CB BABABB B CB CBB E BB ABBA CB C BB EA EBB A E BEBB BABB BBEB B ABEBBABB E B B EB

49 A D D D AED DBBB E BEB AE EBB BBCBC BE CB CECB B CEBB A B CDCB BBAB CB E BE BEFB BBEBBEBDB A E C AB B AB D EBBCBAA BA E B AEB B EB CB EBBCB A B BE BCB C ABE B B EEF A B BCA BABEC E BEE BAAB CBCBB BA B B CBA B BCA BCBBE B c c * ξ L ξ c - 1/ 3 c* c << c perles ξ > l cordes ξ c - 1/ 2 c* < c c perles ξ l cordes ξ c - a c c perles ξ l cordes ξ c - 1/ 3 EBEEB EF BFAB EF BB CB CBBCB ABBB B CD BBBA E EBECB B CBB ABEBB B EF CB B CB BCBABE B A B ABB BEEBDECB CB BE D CB AEB BCBEF A BB EB A E B EF CBE BC B EBBBA E DBFACB CBBB B AAB CB ED E A EEA B AB BE B B E E EA BEEA B B CA BBBC DCAB CE A B BEB B BCE B CBCB C E BC B CB BB B A E B CB CBBCB ABB EBFA EB BB BBE CA B CA B CBA B B BBC B AC BBBE B CBBE CE E B BB CEB B B E B BBE BCB BBB CB B C BEB B B EE B B EB CBA B B E EB B E B DECBBB A A C EBB EBCEBAB CBBCEBABABBBB

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

51 A D D D AED EBBE CA BBE B E A E B BB B BDEEBA B EB BEE CB B CBECB AB CE B B CE BBBFBB ACB BB CBB BA BB CEB B BBBEA BEE CB B CBBCB C BEB BCB EBA B A CB * ABBBB CE c neutre ** < c < c neutre B B B A BB EE CB BBB ABAE EBB ABD EABEDE BB E EB CEE B CB E BDBEB A E BBA E ** BB C BB C B c neutre < c EBB CB ABCBB AABE B B A B CEBB CE EB B D A B CDE B B CDBFAC CBBE BBEBECB BBB CB E EB C E BB BABE BC B B E BBCB CBBECC B B B BEB CBDB CB B CBE B BFE A ECB CB E B EA BE B B CBBE BA E B CB * c > c neutre» M - 4 / 5 ξ c - 3 / 4 ** c > c neutre» v b 6 ξ c - 1/ 2

52 B EBE ECB EBA EB E E B B BF B B B A E B ECB A B BE BA B BCA B B B BB BAAC EBBBEB B BEB EB AB BACB BEB EC B CB B BCBξEC EB B EB CB B BEB B CACBB EB CB B CB E B BFEB C B CBAB BEBB E B B CDB BAEB EF B B BB BECBB CBBBB BBE BA BB E B AB BB CDB B B EB BEEBB A EBCEB E B AB A BB C EB B ABCBB E BEB E BB B BE B B CDBFAA E CBBB EBECB BA E BB EA BE B B CBBEB B CB BEB c > c ** c **» l k - 3 f 2 / 3 (l B /l k ) 1/ 3 ξ f - 1/ 2 c - 1/ 4 B EBECBEEA BC BB BB C EB BE EBB B B CBEE B B E B B 1 S(q) = 1 S (q) + v + w 2 c + 4pl B f 2 q 2 + k 2 B BA BBB ABB BBB C B B CE BEBE B BFEB B B B B CE BCBEE B B BB CB BBBCBBB B CBBB 2N S 0 (q) = cg D (q) = cg D (qr G ) = c q 2 R 2 q 2 2 ( R G ) 2 G - 1+ exp - q 2 2 [ ( R G )] B B ABB BB CBCB AB B CBCB B

53 A D D D AED BB CBB E CBEE B A BB EFEC A CB AB A EB BEB ( q * 2 +k 2 ) 2 = 24pl f 2 B c b 2 /3 B CC AB CCB ECE BBFA BBCB C E CB EF AB B BB E B A B B BEAEBCDE BE B C AB C B q * c 1/ 2 AE q * c 1/ 4 BE B CB EB BBAC EBA E BB B BAB CE B B B EB c ** A EB ABB BB AA B AEE EABCD E EC B CB CBEED E BBA BCE A BEB DBFA EBA B B AB EBBB BBECBA B B B B B BE A B E AEBB BE CBBEBEB BB BB BBE BBE BEB ECB C B EBBCB A B BD CDE B ECB CCB EBA B BBEABA BBEE B B B AC B A EBE ACBA E B C B C B CB A B BBE A E B EB BBAE EC B CB A BA BBFAB A E BA B B EB A B B C B BBFA E BA B BCA B B BEBA E C BCB CB A FBFB B E B A B CBE B BFE CBB BA ECB CE A A B BEBBB CBB BB B BB CBB E EB ECE CEB B E B AB A BE E B CE CB A BBE B ACB BA B CBEF CBBACBCBB BCE B CB A B BB B AAB CB E BBE BAA B B CB A B E EB BFB E EB EB B B BBE B E B B CEB ECBBA EBACE A EB C AAFC E BB

54 B BCBC BCB A BACBB CB B B B A B EAA B BB CB EBCBBC BBEB AB A B A B C E B C FB E B CE A BBC BCEE B ABCBEF A BAEB E B C BBA BCB C BEEB EEE A CB A BE B BFABB CB BF BB CBBBA BBBF BB CBB B EB ECE C C B A C E CBBE EF AB B ECB EEBE BC EA B B CA B CB BDDBDF F BEBB ECE BCB A E BB B AB BA CB B CB AB BE CEE CBE B BFEABE B A BB E BCB A B CB BE CB CDE B B EB BB B B E B A B AB BE B A BEB BAABBCD BE E BE CBA BCE BBE B BFEEECB EB A E B B C AB CCB B B CBB CBD BCBA E BCB CD AAB B B CBEFA BB EE BE CB CDE BA B BE B BFE B B v 0 = 4pR 3 /3 BE B CDE BA BB B BE B BFE B B CBEF B CBC AB C CBBE B B ABB E BBE AB CBC B CEBB ABE B BFE B BC BEBEBB C B A BEBBEBB C B B BA ECBCB AB ACEB E B B E B A BEBA E EBBD BCB A E BBB B C B B B E B A B A EB A ECB BA EBB ABEB B EA B BE A E BA B B CB BB BD E CB EE BB E CECBEB CE ECB B CB ABE A CABBBBE C AACDAB ABA BA BEC B CBAABEB BEBB C BE E B ECB BFABBDAEB B B CBBB ECDC B CD BC B ECB A B BBF BB EBB EFEBCB AE BDBF BB CB A B EB B A E B B E BA BF B B CBB CBBCBE CB ECBEBA B ABBCBA B C BBEBD CB A EBBA C E CB B BCBD AACDE B A BEB

55 A D D D AED CE BE CBC BCE BDEEE B BFE B B CBEFC B B A B BB AB AB CEB B E B EBBE B BFE B B CBEFC BCE CB EBEBCB CB A B AACDAB C E C B B A B E B v 1 = pd 2 L /4 EBBCBEF BA BE B BE B BFEEECDE C B BE B E C B CBE B v // = pd 2 * 2L = 8v 1 B AA B E CE CB CDE C B BE B BFE CBA CBEF B AB AB CEBE B E B B B A CB CB CB CFB A BCB CB AB FB A BB C A v^ = 4v 1 (1+ x /2 +1/2x)CBDC B CB v^» 2v 1 L /d = pdl 2 /2 A E BCAA CDABB CCBB B AA B E CB CDE C B B CB ABB CD BE B BFE A E BCBEFB BFBB BC BCEEE B B EB EB BE B BFE B CBDC B CB v a L 2 d sin(a )α BDB ABCBEFC B B B BEB BD B AB AB CEB CB C B B BBBBA B AB B BCBE B BFEBD BA B CB C B B B BB BA BEB B EB CD AACBA BEB C AB C CCBBEB CB EB B DBEBB B CC BE E BB EB EB E B EA EBB B ABEA E CBCBEFC B C AB C B CB EB EBC B BCE BBCBC B BB BBE B B ABB BB B A EB ABE B A E

56 B BB BBB E B BB E B CBDBB B EB CB C B BCBB CD AAB B B CBEFC BA B C DBFA BCEE B BFEDB CA E B CB CDE C BE B CB BBB A EB B B B D B BB CB C B B E CB B BCBE BA B BBC B CABB EE BEE B BB ABEE BE E B CB A AEBBE B CB E B AABE B BFE CB DBB B CBBB AB BACB E BBFE CB cv /L v ex = V Ev ex = v^ d * 1 Lc Ev ex = v // d * 1 c 1/ 2 CBB CD AAB B BC BC A B AB B CB EBCBB CD AAB B B CBEFC BC A BEB B B ABEB AB BBEBCBBCBEFBA ECB A B B E B CBA C E CB B B BC EB C BBBA BBEFEBB E E CB BEB A EE BBECB C E π CE B BAB C EB A ECBA B B CBB ABEBA B AB CBC BCEBAB BB ED E BCBB B BA B AB C B A CBBBB A BEB BBE BCBEFBA E B C AB C B CBEBE EB B BBAB AEB B B ABBE AB B B ABE BBECB C B B A BEB CBA B AB A C EB BE E CBBE CB BB CBCB A B CB B CBB CBCB B AB CE B B CD E BBCE B B EBBB ABEBE BABE B B B CB B AB BAB CEBBB CD E BB EBB BF B E B B EB A E EBBCBB AB CBB A ABE BBA B EB B CBDC B CEE B CB B BB B CB A BA E B A BEB CD E BB

57 A D D D AED BB A B B B D BBB B B EB B E B B EB B E B CB E B E E E BAABC B EB CB CCBDBE BECBE EE C EE CBBBE B CB EB E B B E B C CB CB E B FB E B EABB BEAA B BEAA BC C BB BBCBC C B E B C B B B AB BBB E BE B E BBB BBB B CB B E B BBBB B CBBBB DDB BB B CBBB BDB DD C B BBB CBEB E BEE E EB EB EE E B BB B CBDB E A E BB A EB CB E B BBEBEA E ED ADC BB

58 B E C B E B E B E B CEABB B E B B E B E B B E B AB B CB CCBDB B B AEAB B B CB EAB B B EAB ACCE BE D E D B B BB E C C B B DF C B B EB EB E B CB EE E B B C B BB E B E B C B B BB E B CBE B E B E B B C B EFBB BC B ECE B E E C E BB CB E B B BB B B B B E B E BDDAAD C B BB EE E B

59 BCD DED D BADEEE FA C A DA DBAB F E C EC BEE B CB E B CE BBBBCB A B B BCB CEBE EBE CB ABB BEB C BBA B B B BBCB CECBB EB A B BC EB BCBEF C B B BEF EBB B CB B EBCBEF ACBBE B AB BB CE B C EBB CE ABEB E B B CB EB CE AαB BEBE BBCB C Eα BCE A CB C B E E BBCBE B C CB ECBB BC E B BA B B A BEE B E B C B B BEFA EBE BB BBE CB CB A B C CBA B BBE B B CBE B BB CBBA B BB C B B CE A BBECB CB BCB C E C BEF CBC BEB BB BA B E BC E B α B B EB BF BCBE B EA CEBB BEA BBEB BDEEE E BEB B CBAA BCE αb BA BECEBB BB BCBBA B B AE BEB BE B EACEB E E B B EB E BA E BEBBBBFA BBCB C E CB B B C BC B

60 B A BB C AA BD CD B B BCB BEBCBCBEB AA BA A EB CB B B ABB B CE CBE B BBE A B C BBB EB ABBCBCB ABCBB AE B B E BEA BE AAB C BFE EB B BCB E BBE E B CB CBEC E BB ACEB BC AA FF CB A BE BBCB B CBB B EBB B B A B B B CB ABB B CB BCB EEB B EB ABBB BB BAABA C AB A EE BE A E A B ABEF CBEτ BB CEC B C B AE ECCB EB B EB EB CBEE EBCCB EB B CBEE EBEBBF CBB B A AA E B BEBB AAB CE BAEAB C BE B EABA B BB ACE CBEBB ACBBCB B EF CBEABE BAC EA B B A C B B BEBBEB BE BBCB E C B B BEB BB BCB C EACCC EBFCB ECB EEBC EA BB BEA BEBA EB E EBE B CB B BEB CBB CB B E AE BCB EEBEB CECB E B B BBB B BB CB C E ABEB B AB BEAAA BBE BCBEB A E BBFA BBCB C E CB B B B B B EB ACBBB BA CBB BACB ECBEAA B B A B CB EA B CB A EBBAAB C BFE EBE CB BF BB C E A E B BE BB B AC ECB C E CBEB A B B E B BCB E BE EBE B CB B C B BE BE CCBC EBEEBEBB A

61 BCD DED D CB B EB BFCBEBA C B B BB EAAA BBE B A E B BDα D CD B B BCBα B B EBα AA BAB B B BC EB B C E B A EB CEB α B B A ECBEBBB CE BE B CE B B AB B BA BEAAB C BFE EB B BCBαE BBE BCB EB A E B BD F DD D F D B FC B BCBEAA BA AC B CE BA BCBE B EF CB B CBCBCEBB B BBB B B BE BBABC EBEBAB C BB EB BBCB B BDEEEC B CE B EF CB B BA BB E EBE BBEB C C E B CB ECB BBEB C BFABBA EB CB CB C BBBB EB C E B ECB CB EB CB AB B BAB AE A EE C BB EA AAB B A AAABE EABB B CB CEBAE CB

62 B FBF F C CBB EB CB E BA B BBAB CB E B CBB α BB B ACEF EF CBECEBCE α ABEEB B EF CBEACBCBCB B B B E BB C CE AC B EB CBE A E BC B B B BE BC BEAB CB B C B EBBEBCBB A BEF CB B EBB BCBBAABEEFAEB CB BB B CB ABEB CE EB B ABE A B A E B B CB C E B αbbbb B ABEA E B B CBB B E B CBA BB CE C EEB B B BCBCB B B B A E B A B CB B BEBB E CB EB EEBBBCB C B CB A E B BA E B αe B BEBB E ABE B CB B A B B B B BA B BC EB BC E EαB CB B BEBB Eω ABE C CEB CBB EBB B B E E E E α E α f = f = f = f = w C w C w C w C w f = C 0.864

63 BCD DED D BBB CEB BB CB B BEBB Eω E f = w S E f = w S E f = w S E α f = w S E α f = w S A BB AACBEBCB B EEBCB B BEBB E CE AB BB B w S w S w S w S w S E B f = w S w C E B α f = w S w C CE AABBB B CBB B EF CBECBB α EB CBB EB CB AAB B B A BBB CB A CBCBB AB A CB ACE BCB A E B EB AE CE A B B BAB B C EC A BFB A BA BB CBAB B C A B BEB δ AA BC A B BEB δ AA B A BC A B BEBB ACBEF AA EBCEBEF C A B BEBEF A EBBB B A AAB CE B EB EE BEABB BA E B C BB C B CB C A B BEBB BBB E B A E EB C A B B EBE EAABB E B BE E B BE EB BBEB CBEF AB EF CB EB CB EBC BA BEBB B CBCBEF A CB BBCB B A AAB CE B EB E CBEBA B C B BBBCBEEB A E B B CBCB B CB CBEBEB B EF CB ECBB EB

64 B C C EB BB E C EA B BA EC BB EBAC B B A τ BB EB A B B BBEB EB B B A EE E EBA EE α A BB CE BBα E BB E BB BEBBA EC B BA BC E EEE BBB EB E BB A B BEBB EEBB AEE B E BB BBEE E B A EC B B E BB BA BB CE B E BEB BB E E B CE A B B BE BEE AAC E BE CBB E B BEBB E A EB BB E B A CE A E BE EA E BBB E B BD F B F FEC FB BD F BBB BB B BCEBB B B CB BAAB C BFE EB EB B E CBBBB EBBBE B E BE B E A EBF B BE BE E B CCEBBABBCB CBB B B B CEE B C E E E B A B E BB B ECBBECB C E CBEBEF CBBE CB BEB B B ABB CABBBABE B E BBBB CCBE B E CBABBB B CB E BE BB CBE BCE CB BBB CE CCEB B B CA B CB B B BB C E BBBB E B BEBAEB EBE E BEBA EBC B CABB B BCB B α ABCBB α B EB EB B EBBBB CB BE BB CBB B C E CBEB B BCB A B B B EB CB EEB B EB B A BB C E B E BEB AC E B EBEC CBBB

65 BCD DED D C B BC EEB B E BA BB CB EEBECB C B B B EBBCB E ABBB C B BBB CA BAB B C B BCB CB A B BCBCB AE CB B ACBBEF CBABAB EFBECBBFABBAB CB BA EB EB CB CBE B ACEE E B EAE B CBB B CB αbea ABB BBB EE E C EBBCB CB A B B CBEB BEF CE AB ABα F F F F FC ECBB EBECB ABB C EAB ABEE B B CB CB BC B E CB EA E B EB R G 2 = l p 3M L M BB CBCB B B B B A E CB EBECBE EBECB ABB B BEBE EB CBE A B E B ABFAB ECABCBB E BBBE A E BF B B B AE B CE EA B ABB BBC EBBCB AE B BB B E BCB CB BBB B B B B EBCB C E CB B B BB E B B BB CE CE CB < R G 2 > Z BBB CBB B E B B BB BB BBB B CE BBBE BB B CBBB BBB EB AB B EBCB C E CB B B B < R 2 G > Z = l p < M > Z = l p M Z 3M L 3M L EAAE B CE BB CE ABEA BE 1+ 2U M Z = 1+ U M W BA BBBECBCE BB B EBB B CB CB AE A B

66 B B BB CEB < R G 2 >= l p 3M L 1+ 2U 1+ U M W BBBBEC BA BEF CBBFABBA EE B CBCBEBECB ABB EBECB ABB CEE BB AE BBB CE B B A E CB EBE BE BE B BAAFEBECB ABB BEB CEE Bα EEBB CB CBBC B A ECBBE B EBECB ABB ACBCBCBE B C B C B CB B B A E B EBE A B B E BAEB CE B B A E CB EBE B C BE B EBECBEABCBEBBB CE E B E BBE BB A BEB E B C B BCBA B B EE B BE A BBBBECB A B BE BBB CE FA A BDEEECE CB B CBB BBB B EB A C E CBEB BCB EF AB BA E Bα B E CE B C B BFB B AE B CE EA Bα BFBBB

67 BCD DED D BA BBB EBABEC CEB CB B E BBA C E CBEB B CBBE EF AB BB BC B B C B A B C B B A BBCB EF A E BBB ABE EBBC E B B CB CBB EBECB ABB EB CB C B CBB C A B CBB R G 2 = 4l p 2 y y ( 1- exp(- 2y) ) 8y B y = L M = 2l p 2l p M L BB CBCB B EBECBEB B B A E CB EBECBE A EBECB ABB EB y 0 B E BB CE CBC EB R G 2 = L2 12 A E y B B B EBECB ABB CCE B B E B CBB BB BBB E BB B A B B CE A BB EB C CBBB CE B CE CBEA E C BAEB CBB 1- ( 1+U) M W 3l 1- ( 1+ 2U ) M p L M L M W 2l p < R G 2 >Z = ( 1+ 2U) M l W p ( 1+U) M 3 L - ( 1+U) 2 ( 1+ 2U ) M L M W 3 6l 3 U M 1-1+ W 1 p ( 1+U) M l L p - 1 U A B B AB CB C BBCB B B EF A E BBBB B B E B CEB BBBCB BE CB A C B A B C B B CE E BBE BB A BBBE BBB BAB CBBB C CEB ACBB ACE CB CBBC B B CB CBB EBECB ABBB ABBCA CB C B BB CEα BE E B CB B AE B B C A B C E BEE BB A E A BFB CBB EBECB ABB B B E BABB CB EE B BABB CB

68 B AAB CB CB CBCE CBEF A B EAA B BE B EE B BE BEB E B B CEB B B CBCB BCB A E BBCEBB CBB B EBB CB C AB B BB B CB B E BCB BC B C B BEEB BCE B A EBE B B A E CB EBE BE B EBECB ABB A A E BEB AC E B EBECB ABB C B B AE BB A ABE BEB E B C B B A E CB EBEBEB B EF CBCBBCB E BCB CCBCB EF A ECBBB CEB E B EBECB ABB CBEEB BB BBA A CEB E B B A E CB EBECB E BCB CBBB CEαEBBCE B A A BB C E BFECBA BCE AA < R 2 G > Z B CB M W M W B E BB C AB CB CB AEB CE ABBCCB CB CBBBB B A BEB C B CE EB B A E B ABE EAAB EBEBECB ABB BEB CEαB AB CBBB CEα CB BCB ABE BEB EB C B C BFAB BEB B CB B EBAE CBA EEB EBECB ABB C EAB BF BEB BBBEE ECE AB BB E BB B CBE B BFE B ABEA E B EBEB CEC B CB BB B B BB B ACC M M L l p < 300 E BBB B E B C ECBA C E CBEB B ABE A B B CAB CEBBEA B BC E B B B EBCB C E CBBCBBE EAB BBBB B B B B CBBCB E B A B CBAE BE B BB CBCB EAAB CE B A B CB ABAEA BEBB ACB B B AB CBB E B E B B E B B E BBCBEB E B E

69 BCD DED D B EACBEEBE BCB BA BB CBB EA CEB E BEBEC E CBEBB B A E CB EBE B E B B BA B CE A B CBCBCB B CB B B E BBA BA B AB C B A ECB B BBB CEBE ECB BBB EBB CE A E B BA BB B CEB B EBECB BECB EB AE BB A B B ABB C EBB CEB CE E B B CE B E CBB CB E B B B BB m = f eff m o + ( 1- f eff )m BB B C E B BBB C E B B m B M L = m b B BB BE B CBCBBFABBCB BB B B CCB CCE E B EBECB ABB BEBBB A B B B M L = m b C B E BBE BB CB C B CB

70 B B E A AA A B EBCBA B BECC BB BCBC B CD E AD A AB C AB C α AB α EEEEBCBA B BECC BB B BBEBBB BBCB B A B CBCB A BBBC CE CB B C B B CEB B B E BB BA B CB CBCB CB CB AECBACBB EBB B B B B CBB BBBAEAEBECB ABB CE AB ABEEBECB ABB BEB CE A B B BF B B BBB CBBA B BB CC B A B B

71 BCD DED D A A B C B CBBB ECB AACB B BB CB BEB A CEFAE EDD CBE BEA ECB CBEF C CB DE CBACE A CCB CBECB A B BBCDB BCB A B BB CB AEB B C B B CB B E FE D BECBE BBAA B E A EBE BE B ADE CDE BCB E EB CB AACB BBB DAB CB ECB A B B B CB B B B B A EB AB CBBE BE A E C E CB B CDE B B C BB CBABCBBE BEA E C E CB BECEC A BCB CB AAA E D E BCB A EB B B A BCBB E B EDA D DE D A BBBB B BB BE B B EBCB AACB C B E B AE C F B CB BEAAB B E BBB EACA CE CDE BEB A E BB A E EB A AACBBAE EBD BECBE ABBDB A B B CBB ABB A EB DDB AEB BB CB E B B ECB B BE B BD ED DECB CB ECB A B B EE B B B CB B E B B B BBCBE CB ACE B BFA EB ABB B A EE ABE CDECB B B B EA B B CB EBB CAB BA E B B B C B BE B CB AABBCD B B BCBE BB BB B CEBB CB BCBB A AABEB A C E CE AB E B A EC B BE BCBC BCBBCB ACE A E BC BBBB E C E B B BAACB E BBB CB CCBAEB CB BEB E A BB BDE B B B B A E BCB EA EBBEBB C B

72 B B BE BC B BAB B AEBCE BE B EBA B BEB E A E B AE BBE B BBBEBB E B BE BB B A E B BE BEB EFB CB C B CB BB CBB B EBB A ABBB C EBCBD A BE B ABB CB B AEBD ACBDB E B ECB BCB AB BEBB B CBBE BBBEBEB AB CB ACB EED AEBBA EE BEBBCD B E B BBEA ECEA B CBBBE EBBBB B A B A B B CB A E B AE BBE B BAEBB AB CB A BB CEBBE B B CBEBEF BBFB B E BEFBCB B A BB CB CB EB AEB EBBA ECB EBE AB B E B B A B C BCB C CEB CBB CB AB ABB E C B EB B EB C A EC BCB B A B BCB C B CB BB CB A EBB B EBAB CD A E B A EBBBEBB A B B BCB AE BA EC ABBEBEBE B CB A B B B B BB E CB CB B CB B B BEF A EA B BCE AEBBBEABE BB AB CB C EABBCABB A E B CBB A E BAABBCB E BD ED E C E CBBEB A AB BBBB BA EB B E ABE C BB BBBE BB B A EE BB E BB B EA BE BE E BB B A EE BB E BE BE CBB AE BBE B AB E BE A A EE BCB ABBCB BA EBEB E BCBB C BBCE BBBE BE BE B ABE B AA A CEB B E BC BBE EB E E ECA B CBABBAB BB EE A ECB BE BCB BA EBEAEBBCBB B CBE BEBB EB CB EBBE B CBBB E BB A B B E BE EBB ACCE A C BBEE B A ECBEB BBE BE ACE A BAAA EBEECBB A AACBB A A BCCB BE B EBA BCB CBEFBBCB

73 BCD DED D E A BA E B B BB B CBB B B AB CBB B B E BEB BE BAA A CEBB B BE B EBB CBB BABE E B BE BB CB E B B CB B ECB B AB EAAEB CB AC B BE BCBBA EB EABA E EB B B B E BEB A EBB BABE EBE B A E B AE BBE BBE CB BCB A EAC EBE A AB B E CB BE BC E B CABEAE EB A E BB BB EA B CB C EE A B B B B ABB C E BB CE CBBBB BC C B AB DDA D A E D BB E B CB C E CDEBBE BE B B CBCB E BBB B A ECB EF EE BEEB BE B BBCBE B CBB E A E B BE BA E B B DBCE CBBE BB DB CB EBEB EB A BBB CE B B ED BC EB AB BE B B BCED ABEBCB BE BCB B E BE B BBB AB CB BE BABE CEB CBEB EB AB AE BE B CA B BB E BB E BABEBBB A E BB BCBCBCBB CEB DB A EEA E BBA EB DA CBEAB AEF C BBE CB C E

74 B BB A B EABCB BB BB EBC B CB BEB E BB B C BB B CB BE B BE B B B CB BEC C A BB B E C B BFF B B CBBA E A E BB BCE BEA BF E C C A B B CB B B B CB BE BECBE B CB BCB C B E B ECCB AACE A B BB C B E B EB C B A BA ABB B EBB B BB B B B B ECCBBFEE CA ABABB B A BB B BB BB EBC B CB BA B E C BB BFEA CB B CBB B EA B F B E B B E B CB CB C E EBEBA BB ABAA C B B BB E B BB D BBB E B E E BEFBB C BB E B

75 D DA E DE D A BADEAB F BB A FFADA BA BEE BEE B CB EEBE B B CE BBBB B BB CBB ECDEA B B CA B BF B B A BB BEB A B B CBB B B EC B EB A EEEA B B CBBB C EB E EBECB ABB BEBB BBB BCBDC B CBA BB DECB CBB EBBCEABB B CB BE BA B BCBAA ECBCBB B B EBBB CBC C D AACDEC B CD B EE B CB EBBCB ECB ACBB A BEC E CB EF AB B ECBBFA BBEBCB B CB B C BEA AB B CB CBCB EB A EAAB B E BBAAEBBA BBE E BB E CB EE B EF A B BCBBEF CBB A EB EEB EC BEE B CB EEBE BCEB BB CBB EB CCBEFB C B BBC E B A B B E BB BBCE B A B B E BCBBCBEF BCEB A B B B BBB EBABCBCEB CBCBEE B B EBA C E CB C B BA BEA B EBCE E B CE BEBBB E BBE B B CB B BEA B CE E A B B CB ABBBB C A B E D EEA BA E B EBECB C E CB C E BE B BB AA BBEB CDB A BCB B EB B A B AC E EB B CBEB E C B A B CB C E CBAB B B BBB CDB CE E BCB E DB E B CDE BA B CDC B B

76 B C E BEB B BD C A BBAAFBBB A C B B D ABEEECB E B A BBB B ECBA C E CB DB E B BBBCB A EBEE BCDB E EBB BB CDB CE C E BEB B C B B B B CBCB EBECB C EBBEBBB CB E EBE BCB A B CDC AB CEBC E CB DC B CBE BCDB E B CBDBE B A EC B CBCB EBECB C EBB CE C E BEB B E B ABEB B BE CB BD BC EB AB ECBBDB A E B A E B ECB ρ DF BDE B CB EBECB C EBB CBC E BE B BCB EEBE BCB B BDC FB C C D AAD EE BBBA B BD BC EB A CB EEBE BCB BBBBB CBBE BB B B C EBAB E B A B B B B B A B B B E BBBCBB B AA BB EF CB

77 D DA E DE D A A BCBB E B E B ECBE E BA BBBE ECB CB BEB CA B EB CBD CDECBE B B A E A ECBBFA BBCB C E CBBEEB BA EBE DE A EAABCB ECBB B E B CBCB BEB M w» A E BABB EBB B BBFB B EBE B B C BAE BDB A EE EE B B C BE E CB A E B BEB M w» A E BABB E A ECDEA B ABEB CBB B BDE B C EBA CB EEBE BCBB A C E CB EF AB BA B B B CB CB BEB AA ECBEF BCB CB CB BBCB B BB BE BBA B B BE BBBB

78 B B A CDB BEBEC E B CE CB ABAA B BEBBEB B C BBB CE B C A BBBCB BE CB ECBEBBBEBBE DBB BBB EBB A B CD E A EBEBBEBBB ED B EB E E B BEBEBD BC EBEF AB B BE CB CEB EBB BCED EBABB CEB CBB BB E D B ABBCB AB CB A B EB CB EAE EB D BAB C BBEE B EBBEBA E DCB A E B BEBB B B CEB BE BB BEF AB BA EA B B ABECBB BFAA BBBE ABE D CBE E DAB DCB B CEB BB BB ACE CB CABAE B CDE B ACBBAA E B B B B E CE AB BB E B BAB CBB B BAAB A EEB CBCBEFBCB EB B BB ACBBA B EE CB A EBE ED B CDBB BB DB CBBEBB ECE A B B CB CB BEBB E B E B AA E A E BC BDE BB C BE B ABEBCBC BEB CB D CBBCBB B BB A BBB EBCB A BB CEB BB E B A C B ACEB BE CBBA C B B B BBAE EBBABEB B E BB B A E BB B BE B CBAE B ABA E EBD A B BBE B B AC BB CB B B BBCBEFE AA BBDE CB CBEE B CDE A B BA B BE B B CBB CB B B B E BE EECB AB BAB CBEBB AB BAE BBB B ABBB A CB CBB B B BABEBC B A E BFA EB C B CE AB B B BC BA ECB EE B CE A S(q) A B 1 S 11 (q) = 1 S 0 (q) + v + wc + 4pl f 2 B eff X /R 2 g + k 2 B S 0 (q)» Nc 2 X 2 X - 1+ e - X ( ) X = q 2 R g 2

79 D DA E DE D A E v = b 3 w = b 6 B EBECBECEB EB EBDA B CDE B CB A CEBB AEB EEB BB EAAE BEB E BB CB BE F B B B CBCB A B B B B B EA EBE C BCB CBEE B BDEEEB CB S 11 (q) A E B CB B B B E E CB CB D B B BEBB BB B B A CAE CB CB D B A B C A CB B BB C CE AB BE B CBB CAB B CEB E B B B BCEBCBDC B CB B A B BB BBD A CDCBBEEB CB B E B

80 B DA ACBD BC EB AB EEBE BCBBE ACE A CDB BEB B CBB B A E B BDECBACE A B CBB B BCB AEB C B CB B E E CB A E B BEF CBACE AB CBB C B EBFA AB CB A B B B CB AB CBA B BCA B DB E EBBBEF C B EA C E CBBE ECB CB A BB BE CCB C CB B BE B A C E B

81 D DA E DE D A BDC FB C C E B E B ECBBB ACD CB C BECB CBB BB EABBC BBB CE BEBBE ACE A BEB BEB B EBC B C BB CEB CBACE FEB BA B B E B BDE BC EB A CB EEBE BCB A C E CB EF AB BC BBB CECBACE A B CBB BBCB AEB C B CB B E E CB A E B BEF D E BB CBEBCB C E B B B BB BB B B B FEB C A BBBCB BE CB B B BE BC B C B CBCBA CBB EAB CB AB EB AB CB BCEBB B BE B BFE CDB BEB

82 B E CB A B A E B EB B CBACB B B BA E B BA B BEBFA α =1/2 A E BA E BBA E c 0.3BB E B C A AA EA B BB CE B A B CA B CBB E BA C E CBBECB A BB BEB B EBB CB B E BCCBEFE CB B C BB ABBCD BE CBB B AA BCB EE B ABB CBAS mm (q) CE B BB CB B S cc (q) C D EB ACE FECB S mm (q) B E BE B B q* C 1/ 2 ACE FECB S cc (q)d B CD E A ECBBBEBB ABE BEF CB BE CBBA E BBB BDBFA EB AB EBB CBEE B ABB S mm (q) B S cc (q)bbb BEB E B BECB B CB B C E B BE CB B CBB CBBCBBCE A BCE AE B C B B ECBB CBB A BB E B CB A EAB A E BCB BE CB B BB EC A B B CE A CB S cc (q)bbab B BE CB CD E A EA EBB ABE B C BC EBB B BB B BFA EBDBFAα = 0.44 A E BB E A E B ECB A C E CBE B BCBEE BABB EB C BC EB A F FF E A BCBACBA E BB E BE BB BA E BECB BECB B CB BCBDEB AE ACE A CB ECB BCBEF EB BA CEBBB A BB ABECB B B CC B A E BCBEF BCBB C B CBBBAAB B CD BB BBEA B A EB B BB B BBB CE A BB EBECB BE BB CEBB

83 D DA E DE D A BDECBACE A B CBB BB C BBB CEA ACE AB BB BBBEB q* 2 / f 7 eff B EF CB CBCB B E B A B CA EBEBB ECB B BE C B E A B A BEB B EB A C E CBACBECBB BB B B EFECB CB BA C E CBBE CCB C CB B BE B A C E B ACE A B B E BFABB A EBBA E BEB BE ECBEF CBA B B BBEB AB BA B BB EB EA B BC E B ACBBBE B ABECBB EB B BBB CEB CBDC B CB f PSSH eff» 0.26

84 B BDE B C EBA CB EEBE BCBBCB C B B B CEBB ACBEBCB C EB EBA ECB EA EBB CBBE BBE B B B A B EE A E BB BBEF CB BB EDB BB DB B B E BCD B BEB BC B CBECB BCCDEEF CBCBCB B EA BE B ECB B EAB ACBEB B EBA E B EF CBB EBAE EBBEB BAB E BECB B

85 D DA E DE D A A FFC BDE B C EBC BB B ACBEEBE B CBACBEEBE BCB BE BB BEB B BBBCB B EBA EA EA EBBA EBB EB EA BA EBFA B BB BEBBE BCB A E EBBBCBFABB B A C E CB B B BEBCB C EB EB E BB BCB CE BEB EBBB B A B CB B AB B B B EBB B BE EBB ABB BBEB CB EBCEBAB CB B BEBBEB BBEAB AB AEF CA E B E BA E

86 B BBBB BBCB EB BFB B B B AB CB BE BB B E BBECB ABE D ABEBB CBDB E CBE B A BB CBEB CE B ABCE E B BB BEF AB B BE B E D BE BABEBBB C BB CBD ABECB BE B BD BBEB B C BCB A E BB BA EBB EE B B EBBD BC EB A B A E EB E B ABEB BE E A BB ECE BECB B CDE C B A BECE A C B CE B E BECB B CB CBEFC B FEFECE A BCBB CB BCB C B CE E B BDEBECB B CDE C B A B CB BBCB CBEF C B FEF CBB BBEB C BE B D ABE CEC B CB B B BB B B A B B B CBEF BEB CBDC ECBEB CB A ED ABE C CEC B CBB B BE A B CDC B B B CBEF BEB CBDC E CC E CB A CDE B E B CDB EA B A BB ECE BECB B CB CBEFC B

87 D DA E DE D A FEFBE B A EAB B BE CBEBB ECEC B A B B B AC EB BB E BAE ED E BCB CBACEE BE BCBB BB B BD CDB AE AE EBB E B E B CBEEBB BEBECBE CBBFA BBCB CB BCB B ACBBECBEF A C BBEB A A E EB CB CBE BA B EB CBBCB EC BEF A B C B B A B BECE C BBA BFB A B ECB C B CB CBBE BC EB B BE B B EBB DEBB CE BECB BE D BC EB ABBB B CD B A B B FE B B BE B B A EB BBB A BB FECE BECB B CB CBEFC B FEFD CCDE B E B CB BCBD BB AB FEB B ECB AE EBB A BBFECE BECB B CEC B A B BBA EA EC B B B EA B CB B E BB B EAB EE CB CB B F FB CF BEBEBB A A B B B EE B A E B ECB ED CA A B BE CB CBA E B ECB B ABE DBFA EBABEB A EBB C B ECB CE B CBCB B A E B CBACE AB CB B BA B CBE B EB B BCB AEB C B B BCE EBFA α = 0.27 A E B ECB B α = 0.28 A E B ECBBBFA ABCBDBFA α = 0.25B CE A E B EBBCB A B B EB EB CB BB EAA B E BBEEB C BCB CBB BB B EE CB B B B B B BEBB E CB CECB CBB BCB BBA B B ACBEF BFA A E EB B B E A BE CB A E B BEFB BE BB CE A E B EB C BB CBB BBB B DEBB CE BECB B CB BCB CEB E B C BB CBA B B B BB CBACE AC BB B B BEF BBE

88 B BFABBA A E BCBEFBC BDE CBACE AB CBB A ECB ECBBA C E CBEF AB B A EB B ECBB EA BE B E B BBE B EB B A B B A EDC B AEB A B A B B CB EE CBA EBB AA B A B CB E B CBBCBEFB BECBB E BCB B BEAB CBB E BB BEBB E CEBBBBB B AC E B B CBDC B CBB B B BEBCB C EB CB A C B B CEBB A A B B

89 D DA E DE D A CAA CB BE EB A BBAA EECB BDEBC EB A CB CB BCB E CB CE B B AACE A C AB EAB ACBEB EF CB BE CB B BB BEB B B A B CB A EBA E BBEB BEBB B BFEEBBEB B E BA B CE BECB B EBDB BE B ECB C BB B EB AACBB A BEC AB C B CBB B A E BB BA BB CB EBE BB B E BE CBA B CE B A E BBCB ABE B BFEE BBBFBDB E B CA BE B B E CDCB AB CEB B CB BB B B B C B EB E B B BB B BBA E C CB EAB B B ACE E BB B B B C ABB

90 B CD B B B ECBA BCE BB CB EB B CB AACE AD AABB AB BB BB ABE B A E BBC B CB EE B AB A BB BCE B B AB BCBA BCDB E CEBB BB BB CEB A EBBEB B EBC BA B A A B BEE B CB AEB B E BEB CB A BB CD BBB BDEBC EB A CB ECB BCB A B E B CB B C BBB CEC BB B ABEB A BEBBB CB B B B ACB B B CBAB A BBBABEABB EBD EB CBB BA CEBB C B EB B EBB CB

91 D DA E DE D A CB BEBCE BE BB BEFB BB BAEB A ECBCDE BB A E B CCB B B CB B BBECE C B B BBCE A E B AB A BBBEB A EB A EB B EA BB BB A EBB AB A B B B AE B A B B CDB B AEB AB A B B B A DBA B CB B CEBA BABE B B BB E BA BB CDE B CB B A EB BB E EB BAEBDEBB CE BECB B CB BB BCB BF B CBEFCBABBCB B EBA EA BFB A B BCBBFA BBCB CB B A C E CBBE CB AB BBEBB EBBBB CB BEBBEB B CB ACBB CB BCB B E BCB C E CBC BB B AE B EBB AE BB ECECB B B E EBEA EBECDE B AB A BBCD EBBB AE B C A EBE B CE CBDBFACBCBB BCB D EBCB B AE BB C B AE BEBECB BEA E CEB E B B EB CB CBCB B BB CB BBE B B A E B ADEBB CE BECB BE B CBB AE BB C B ABA B B

92 B FB F C E CB EF AB BEAB CDEC B B ECBBCB EE BB B CB BBBB CE E B CBB E B C BB CBB BBB CE AE BBE A BB CEB DBFA CBACE A A B B B CBB BDBFAAB CB ABBE B B A E BA E BB EB DEBB CE BECB B CB BCBE D B B C EBCE EC A B B CB BBA EAB B BE CBE B ECBB CB AB B EE BDB CEB CEBB CEB B B CEB EE B CB BE B B BA B B E BB B CBCB CBB EFBB EA BE B EE B BBB B BB B BB BEEBC BB CBCB E BBA B B ECE E B BEB C BBEB A E A CB BB B BEBC B ECBB A A B B CA E CB CB ED B EE B A E B E CBACBB A B C BCBEFBEF CB EB CB q* c a Bα AB CBEB CB BB E BB B B B BEBB E CB CB BEBED E BFABB AB BE CBCBEB E B ECB BB E BEF CB BE CBA E EB AC E FECE BECB B CB CBEFC B FEF C EB BFBE B B CB BCB E CB CBE B E BBB B BBB B CB BBB ABE B A E BC B CB B E B BB B BBB B A A B BB B CAE A CBE B C BBAAE B AFB B EBB B B EB BEBB DB EFECDBBEBB EE B BFE B B AB B C ABBC AB B B E B CBB CE CBB C B EB BE B ABBA E CCB B

93 D DA E DE D A BAAB B BB B B BEF B CB A BCE BB EB EA C AC AB CBE B B CB B CBBA CB B E B BDE CBACE AB CBB A ECB ECBBA C E CBEF AB B E DBB B CB B CB B ECB DECB CB EEBE BCB A BB BE DA AB CBB B B CBBDBF BB CDEC B CD B ECA EEB ECB B E EA B B C EBECB ABB B A EBB B

94 B BB A B C B B B EECEF C CBBB BB EB E B DD D BB E B EBB EB BBE BB D D B C B B B BB E B B B B BB B B AAB B BB B B CB EB E EB E B E B EB CB CCBDBE BECBE EE C EE

95 D DA E DE D A BADAB F BB A FFAD BA BEE BEE B CB EEBE B B CE BB BB B BB CBB ECDEA B B CA BB BF B B A E B CB CCBE E B A B B CBB B B E A E DECB CB A BFB B A B BBABE A E DECB CB A BFBBCB E EBCB A A ABE CBEF BFAB EFCA B E B EBBF B ECBB CBEF ECBCB ECB A C E CBBEC EB E EBECB ABB BEBB CBDC B CB A BB DECB CBB EBBCEABB B CB BE B AB B B ECEA B ACBECB BFA BBA C E CBBCBBE EF AB BCE B B CB B A EB CEBEBBECBACBB C DB ACD BB D AA CDEC B CD BA E BBBBE BCBEF BCDBFAEBC BABABDBFA EB AB E C BBCB B CE BB B B B B A B E B A EBB ECBAB EBCB CBEF BFA A B B B CB CB ABEBCE BCBA B CB B B B EBBA B B CB AB C BCEECB BFA BBBA BB CBBC BBBCB C B DE B B B B B BEBB BE B BFE B B CBEFC B C A BCB C A A AA BDC FBFFDCB BBFA BBCB C E CBBE B E DCB CBB BEB M W» AABBEB C B ABEB BC EFBE BB E D BC EB B C B B C BE A BBBBBB AB

96 B BD BC EB A CB EEBE BCBB BB CB B EC B B B CEBB A CB A EB B BA B EBBB BA B B D BC EB A CB E B CE BBBBCB B BB CBB E A BB EA CDB BEBE DB D A BC A B C A BBBCB BE CBEBBEBB E B BEB EAB ACBEB EF CB BE CBDB A BB BCB BBA BA E B ECE B BA E A B C B B A B E B BEBB BBECCB BB BBECB E B EBBAB CAE ACE AEE BBB A E B ECB A BB BED AB B AB CE A B D EBCBBEB B B BAB E BEB B A BAAA ECBBA E B CBDC B CBB B EDB BCBDC B CBBDBFA EBA B B A

97 D DA E DE D A C BB CBB BBB B BBCBEF A B BB EEBE B B BBB CE B CB B E BAB EB EBBB CEB EB A BA B AB B CB E B B B BA B B B B BC B EB B A EBB A EE BE CBEB A EE BE CB B B DB CB B BEBBEA BEC BBB B A CDB BEB B AB BEB E BB CBACE AB B CBB E B BDCBACE A B CBB B C B B B CEBB ABCB B CB E CBA E B BEF BCB AEB C B CBBFAAE BB CBEFBCEB EFB ACBB E B E EBE BCB A BB BE ECDC BBB CEA E B EB

98 B ACE ABBEBFAA B B B CB AB EED E CB CBE B EBFA BEF ACE B B B EABBB CBB BECBACBB BA C E CBBEBB B BB E B CB AEB q* c 1/ 2 A EE B B CB BB C A ABE BEEB E CBEB C B E B CB AEB q* c 0.3 B E BBFAA E B EBBCA B C BB E BEBB E BBB EAA B EBFAA EBDA B A A E BAE EBBBE BBCBBBEA ABA EB D BCDE B C E B B B EDB E B BBB B CEB BB BEE B EB CE E BABE BABBBF BB C EBBCA B AE EB CBEF BABB BFBECB E BCBAE B C BEA B B CBBE EB B BAB C BBB B BAE EB BA BCBBCB EE BB ABBB B C B B BA EB EB B CB BB B BBCBEFEAB BBBB C B B ACBBB BEB B AB B A AB A BBB B AB B BBCBEF B BDE BB CBAA B CE BBBC E B BF BB C E A B B CA B C B ECB EB B A C E CB B BECB B E B C BB B AE BA EBCB E BBE ABBCBBECEB CDEA B B CA BCB BFA BBCB C E CBBE ECB ECB E B B E CD BCB EBBCBEE BC AB C BCB B AE BEBB A BB BE E BA ECB ABB BEBB E B CE B CBD B

99 D DA E DE D A C EB BEC A B B CE A C B BEBBBCB BE CB B EBCB B AE B BD BC EB AEEBE BCBB AE B B B A C E CBBE EF AB B CB BEB BAB EBECB B EC AB C CB B AE B B A EEB B E BBEB BCB ECB B E B B AE B B ABECB BE BE E B B CBB AE B C EBB E ECB CBBC EBE ACE A C B B B CEBBB B E EBB CA BB ABE B CBBEBEB A E B FECB E B BB C A B BBCB BE CBC EBBC B AE EBBB CB B A BB CBEB BE CB CE BBE BBB CECBDC B CBA E B

100 B A BCBA E B ABDBFA EBA B B AC BB CB EBECB ABB B BBCBEF ABB BA E B C AB C B CB B BB B CBAA ECB AACB BBA E B C D CFB EA EE B E BCBBA EBBA E BBCB B B B CBB EC B CD BC B ECB E B BD BC EB A CB EEBE BCBB BB CB B EC BB CBC BCE ABA CB BEB B EBA E EEFB B BABA B BA B EDBB E BABBE EB BEBB C B BE BB AEE BB B DB A EB EDE BC

101 D DA E DE D A B CBBEB B B BB B BB BCBEE B B BA B BACE A B CBB B BDCBACE AB CBB B A CB BCB B CB E CBA E B BEF BCB AEB C B CBBFAAEBB BB BA EEB BECBB B E AB CB AAB B EBBA CEBE BB A EBBAA BEBDBBEB AB C A CB ABE ACBD AB B B CBBBCDBBE B SANS CBCBACE A E CB CB c cylindres EE B EB AAA E B EB ACE A B B B B D AB B CEA B B CDE BE AB CBC BCE C B C B A B BAB C E DA AE A EE BB B E BCBB

102 B A EBBABBCD BBCD BBE A B B B EB CDE B A BEB B EABBCDB B E B A B BFA E B C A B B CE ABA EEEDBB C A B A C B CB ECEBB CEBBEB B AE B B E B B B CBB AE B C BEBECB BE E CEB CB CBBB CBBCB CEB B BEBEBB E BE AB CBC BB EE B B BD BCBE B BFEB C BBB B C BA B B B B B BEB B C BB AB BBD EBCBB EB BB B B B C D BCBE B BFEB B B B AAB CBB CB BA BEB B AB C A B BBA ECB BE CBB EE BEAABEB B BBB BA ABE BB AE B A E EDEBB B E A C E CB B BEE B B CB CBBBC AB C B CB BB BBB BB B CDEBFA AB C B BB CE BB CD A B B B A E EDEBBB EB EB CBBA BECBBFA BBCB C E CB EF AB B EEAB CDEC B B ECB A EB BBCBB B B CBBA BEB B AB AE EB B BE BCB BB E E B A E BEBBBEBA E C E CBBEB A E B B ABEACE EBEF A BCB C A A AAA AA A FFCB F FB CF EECB EEBE BCB B BB CBBA ECB CB B EBC BBE B AB B B E B B BB BE B CB BA BEA BCDCB E B EB D B A E AE B AE EBB A E B B BEBB CB A ECB BEB

103 D DA E DE D A BD BC EB A CB EEBE BCBB BB CBBA E BEBB B AB D AB B AEB AB D B B B A EE BE BBEB B EBA C E CB ECB CBA EE B B B CB B EEDE B BBB A CDB BEBE DB ABB B A E BEBB ECB B BBB BB CED B CB EBB A CABEF A EBB B A EE B E BACBB A CBB CB A EBA EE BB C A B EE A E BBCB BE CB D B EF AB B BE CB E B A CB BB BECE A CEBBBE CB CB E BB B CB D B E DA CBBD CB EE CB CB E DA A BB A B BB BCBECE BB A E BB BB B ABEA E CB BEBEB B A B C B

104 B B A B E CB B B EBECB C E CE A E B B BBA E DBBEBB AB BEE CB CBCEBBABE B EB CBCBACE A CB E BA E BB A E BEBB B ABEBE CB CB ECE E AB CB CBEB BE CB CB BE BB E B E CE E CBC E CB CE ABFB A B CB AB E B CE B BD FB A B CB ECBEE CB CBC B EFB BB E B CEB B CBCBA E BBC B AB B A BB EAE CB CB EB B EB AE BEB B EBE B EBBE B A E B E BA EBB CBCE BEA E CBB ACE A A E DBB B CB ECBBECB

105 D DA E DE D A B BAEE B BDCBACE AB CBB B ABCB CBA B E CBA E B BEF BCB AEB C B CBBFA AEBB BBBC B EA EBFAC B B A BB BE B BD BB CDEBFAAB CBDBFA EB CE B B EBDBBBB BEE B C CB CB B A C E CBBEBE BA B CB EBCEBB CEBCEB BBB E B A EBFA E DB CEED SAXS c cylindres EBFA EBCACEB BEB E ABCBACE A B BBBFA BBCBBCB SAXS E CB CB c cylindres ACE AE E BCB AEB q* c 1 SAXS EEDc nématique CE B E BEE B CB AEB q* c 1/ 2 B A BBCBEF

106 B CB BBB B B E BE AB CBC BCE BE B E A BEC B CD BB BC B BEBBB CB C BCE CE BEBEBECB B CBDC B CB EB EBECB BEA BE BEBECB ABBEB CE EBA B B E BEA B B B CB AB CB CBBB B B ABB E E CB C EE B BFE EECDEBB C AB B BEBEBB EBBE B A E EBEBECBCBDC B CBEBECB ABB BEB BA CB D BBEBB E B B BBBBBA B B E BE CBC BCE B FE BA C E CB B B B C CBB CD AAB B BC BC E BE B B E EB CBDE B B BB B BEBBCB E B BFE BBEEE BCD B EBB B CBE B BFEDB A BE B B BEB E CB B BE B CD EB E BE BCB B EB CB E E BA B D B EFB BBE CDCB B CB BE B BDEAB ACBCBACE A BCB B CBB B A SAXS BEBEEDc cylindres D BC EBEF AB CEBEB B

107 D DA E DE D A SAXS AE EDBB BB A B EB E CB CB c cylindres E B EEB EA E B CB ABBBE E BEAA B B BB B A EBFA EB CB A EA CB CBD B EF AB ABE EAAB EDE BB BC B CBB C E BED ABB EB B C B CDED BAB CBB B B EB EA E B CB ABBB BE E BB A EB BEBBB B CDBFACB BDA B CDE B CD BB B E BE AB CBC BCE BE BE A BE C BB B EA B B E BCB C E CB EF AB B ECBEF CB CB B BBBBCB CB B B BEB B EB A B B EE B BDBC EB B BB CBBA CB EEBE BCB BEE BB CB B ECB AE B B SAXS SAXS EBA Ec cylindres BBE BEBA Ec cylindres BBBBA B BEB A E D CBB BEB

108 B B A CDB BEBD AB B B CAB EC E B C AB AAB D B A E BEBBE BA B CBACE FE B CBB E B A EBEE CB CBCEBBCB B BEB C B ACBB DCB CDEAB CEB C CBE B BD CBACE AB CBB B B ABCB CBA B E CBA E B BEF BEBB E AB BEAB A BA E B EB BDB A E BE A BAE EDACEBB CEB CBCB A B CA EEB EEE B CB EEBE BCBA B B DB E E EABBCDE B B B B B E BA AEBB

109 D DA E DE D A B F B EE BBAB B E B EA C E CB BEBC E CBE B BD CBACE AB CBB A ECB ECBAB ACB E B EABAAAB E A B BB FE BAB B FE BA E CB CB D EBECB B E B C BB CB ACE FECBD B C EB A ECB ECB A B BE CBA B EBABCB E BAA B B B C E CBBC E CBBEBAB C BCBC BB B B BB E DBFA EB ADEBB CB EBC BB CB B CDEAB CB B BD EB A EB E B AAC B CE BECB BEC A BB A B B C E CBBC E CBBE E EBDBB B C BB DB BB B E A

110 B B B E B E AE BB BB ABE DBFA EB EB A CB BEB E E C BA BEB E CE BABE BCDBFA BBCB C E CBBEC ECB ECBEBBDB A EABCDBFA BBCB C E CB EE BE B B E CBBBC E E C B B E CBB CBBCB B BEF BA FE B ABE B E BB BEECE A B DBCB B CEB BEBB E BB B BFCBB CBB B CE B EBEBBB A E BEBEBECB ABBEB CE A B A EEBB CB CEB CBB CD AAB C BB B C BCDE BE B BB A BB A CDC B CD BB B BCBB CD AAB CEB ACE A C DB AB A EBEBB EBB C BCE A BB EC B CD BA CE FE B CA EC AB C B CBEBECEC B BD B C C BEBBCBEF EBCB E B BEAB AB E B EBBB B BBA E C E CBBE BE BE B BE DA AEBC BB BE B CBCDCBE B EBAA EBE A EC E BECB CB A E B B EBEABB CD BEEBEFBCD BC B CB B EA BE B B B BEBBBEE B CB AEB B CE B A EE B B A E BEF ED EFBE ABE EAAB EBB C B A EA B B E B BFAD BB CBB B BC E CBB E BEAAAD AACEB B A BCB C A A AAA AAAA FFC EE EB EB E BE BCD B E B EEBE BCBE BEBCBB E B E D BA BB CBB EAA E BCB BA BB CEBE B B BAB B AA D C BEAAE E BE CBDC B

111 D DA E DE D A CB ABBCDBFA BE B B B CB B AA EBBBBCBD BBA ECD B B B B BCB BB AA D B CB C AB B AB SAXS BE B c cylindres E BA BBD BC EB A CB ECB A EEAA D BB AB DBB B CB EB BA B B B BBEBC BA EE BB BE B BDBC EB A CB EEBE BCBBA BB CBB D A EB BA BB A B BA EBB SAXS E E B B CB C AABBE B c cylindres A E C B B B A CDB BEB CE A CE E CB B BC B CE BE B B BBD ECBBBB B BEBB A EE B B B B D E B B A CAE B E BCD A

112 B B CB AA A B D ECBBCE BE B E BE CBC BCE C BDE B B BB B BEBB BE B BFE BCEBCBB CD AABB B B AB C A BBB CB BE CB B B B BFABB BBE E B D BB CB AEF A E BB AED AACDEA A E B E B CBEA CDE BEBE BEBBBEF A A B BE BA BBB E B EA E B AA D BDBC EB A CB EEBE BCBBA BB CBB D A EB BA BB A B BA EBB BA B B B B B BD BBE EA C D BC EB AEE CB CBEFE BAA BEB A E B B B EEBBA E CBCB EBECB C E CE

113 D DA E DE D A EBBB B B B B CB BCDE BA D EBB BB ACBA BB BEBBEEB B E B C BB E B EB A EB B B B D E B BDBC EB A CB EEBE BCBBA BB CBB D A EB BA BB A B BA EBB B EEB BBB BEB E BEB A EE BB B BA B ABE B CD E A EC EBB B B B BB BEBBBEBDB CEA EBA BB CB ACE A B BEEBEE CB CBC EF B BB EB E BB CACBB BEB B EBBA B B E B

114 B BD ECBEE CB CBABC B EFB BB EB E D D D ECBEE CB CBABBCD BEA EBA E B EB CBCBAB A E B B F FB CF E BA BBACE A B CBB BA A E BAA D BA E B B BB CBB BB CBEFB CBE B CB AEB q* c 1 A E BA E BB AE q* c 1/ 2 A E BBA EBB E B CD A E EBBB AA D BB A EBD BB AB A BB B CBB BBB A q* c 1/ 2 BEB CD BB B E BE AB CBC B CE BE BE CBC BA BEC B CD B B ACE E B B BA CD E A E BEBBEB B BB

115 D DA E DE D A BD CBACE AB CBB BA A E B ECBBA BB CBBBCBB EA C E CB EF AB B B B BEB BEB CDE BEEBD ABE CBB E BE B B CBC BBE B BBE B E B A B EB CD AACE A B B BEB B BB DE B B BD BA B CB C BAE B BFE BAB AB CEB A BEB BB B CABE B BFE B BA A E EBB CD B B ACE C AB C CCBBEB E B AE EBBE B BFE B E C B CB B BEB

116 B BD CBACE AA E BBCD CB BA BB CBBBCBB EA C E CB EF AB BB CE C EB CBBEB B CB D E B EBEDE B EBBB BB EB BE BB CEBBB CDB AB CEBB E D BAB C E B B E E E BA E EBBBCDE BEB EB ABBB A EC B B BB ABE EBBE E A E AA BE B A BE BEAA B B CBDBF BB CDE B A BEBE CBBCB A BA EB B B ABEBBEA E B BA EBE B CB CBBB E

117 D DA E DE D A BB D CBB E BBFAB E DA BCCB C C B E E A E B E BCEBBB BBCD BB B EBCBE BBCBEFE CBA BEB B C B B BA B CDE BEECB CB C BAEBA AB A E EBD AE B BE C EE B B EF B B CB D CBB ABE CB CEBD ABECDEBAE EBB BA B B BCE BBE B B BB CD ABECDCB B BCD BB B A EA EBB E D ABECBD EBEBC B BE B B C BD A BA EBEECB ABE B B ABEBBEB C CBB BC B B CEB B B ABB B E A E C ABA E BAB EB CBDBEB AB CBEB C B CB CBE BCBEFC BAB EB CB E ABE BCBBEFC BBE BEB BBE DB C E A AABE B CBBED A BBE BB E BE B B B BB BB DBF BB CDE B A BEBB E BA BB CB EF A E AA C

118 B FB F DECB CB EEBE BCBEE B B B CB B A C E CB B BBDBF BB CDEC B CD BA ECBB E B BBDE CBC E CBBEAB CBB B B CBB BB B EC B E B BB B BBCBDC B CB BE BEBEBECB ABB B BA EBEBBB CB EB B AEE BEBBB A BB A CDBBCA B B CB B E BB B AE B BB B B B A C E CBE B CB E CB BEC BB AACDAB CBA B B CB C B CE D BB CBEBECB BAB C EAEB BCB BFA BBCBBA EBB BE B E E BEB CDBFA EAA D EBB CDE B CD B B BFA BB A B B ECB ECB BA BB CBB E AB CDB DA B CDE B B E B A B A BEC B CD BBB A CDE BE CB A B B A E EBBB B BBE B A E EB B A A B BEB CABEEB AACE EE B E A CDB C BBAAB DBFA EB A B BC B CB BB E BE BAB BE B BFE B B BEB D ECDE BABBCBB BE B BFE A AA EFB BEB BCCB CEB B BA A E EBB CD B B ACE B B E BCB A BA EB B B ABEBBE B BB DBF BB CBA BEB A E BBBE BAB C AA C B B E B E DA BCCB B C BFABB A E B BCBBB B B B BB B BB B B B BB EE BBABE

119 D DA E DE D A BB A B AB EB E B EBA C BBBB EEBBE EBBE B BB B E B C B BB B B EEB BE E B BCB B E B E E BEFBB C BB E B B CBDB EAAB B B CB CCB BE BECBE CBBBE B CB B B EB B E B B C FB B B

120 B BAD E AB F BB A FFAD BA BEE BEE B CB EEBE B B CE BB BB B BB CBB ECDEA B B CA BB BF B B αb BEB CB C E E C EB E EBECB ABB BEBB CBA BB DECB CBB EBBCEABB B CB BE BAB B B ECBCBEFA BACB AE EDD CDE B C B CB B BB CBEF A C ACBBECBBFA BBCB C E CB EF AB BCE B B B CB B CD BB D AACDEC B CD BA E BBB BCBABB B E B EA E B BE BEBCB BC EA EBFAC BE AB BFA E D AACB EBB B B E B EACBB EB CBE BEB EA E BE B B BFA EE B CB ECB BA BB CBB EBE EBDBB BB C B CBB CEA B C A A AAA AA AA FFC E BA BBD BC EB A CB EEBE BCB C B B B CEBB A C E CB EF AB BB EBCB E B C BBB B A EA ECB BB A BB CE A A B BE B C A BBBCB BE CBEB B BAEBB B AD AB D EBCBB BE A BBBB ADCE BECB B CB CBEFC B FEF A E B B B ECBEB A BEB D ABE BBEBB BECB BEFBCB C B CBB E CB BCBAE EDBB B B AB CB CB B EBECB ABBB ECB B EBECB ABB B B A B

121 D DA E DE D A BD EBC EB A CB EEBE BCB C BB CB BB CEBB B BB CBBA C E CB EF AB B B ABEBB BFA EBEDBA CD A E BCB BE CB A BB CE BECB B C B CE BBA E B A E C E D B A EB CB E B BEBEBB A BBC B CB B BB A EBA B E BA BBD BC EB A ECB CB C B B CB BEB C BBB B A E CB B C B CB CBEFEBAABB B B E B FE CBECD AAB B BC B B E A EB