..., ISBN: :.!". # -. $, %, 1983 &"$ $ $. $, %, 1988 $ $. ## -. $, ', 1989 (( ). '. ') "!$!. $, %, 1991 $ 1. * $. $,.. +, 2001 $ 2. $. $,, 1992 # $!

Σχετικά έγγραφα
d dx x 2 = 2x d dx x 3 = 3x 2 d dx x n = nx n 1

!!" #7 $39 %" (07) ..,..,.. $ 39. ) :. :, «(», «%», «%», «%» «%». & ,. ). & :..,. '.. ( () #*. );..,..'. + (# ).

!"#$ % &# &%#'()(! $ * +

. $ ..,, 1983.,!", 1989 ( #.!.! ) .,, $.,, 1992 %. &, 2001 II I

Parts Manual. Trio Mobile Surgery Platform. Model 1033

Answers to practice exercises

C M. V n: n =, (D): V 0,M : V M P = ρ ρ V V. = ρ

C 1 D 1. AB = a, AD = b, AA1 = c. a, b, c : (1) AC 1 ; : (1) AB + BC + CC1, AC 1 = BC = AD, CC1 = AA 1, AC 1 = a + b + c. (2) BD 1 = BD + DD 1,



(... )..!, ".. (! ) # - $ % % $ & % 2007

MICROMASTER Vector MIDIMASTER Vector

4 8 c +t +t - (t +t ) - <t +t < - < t t < + +c ( ) +t + ( ) +t + [ - (t +t )] (t + t ) + t + t t 0 + +c c x i R + (i ΔABC ABC ) x i x i c ABC 0 ABC AC


Κεφάλαιο 1 Πραγματικοί Αριθμοί 1.1 Σύνολα


Sheet H d-2 3D Pythagoras - Answers

Π Ο Λ Ι Τ Ι Κ Α Κ Α Ι Σ Τ Ρ Α Τ Ι Ω Τ Ι Κ Α Γ Ε Γ Ο Ν Ο Τ Α

March 14, ( ) March 14, / 52


➆t r r 3 r st 40 Ω r t st 20 V t s. 3 t st U = U = U t s s t I = I + I

-! " #!$ %& ' %( #! )! ' 2003

Το άτομο του Υδρογόνου

d 2 y dt 2 xdy dt + d2 x

ΓΕΝΙΚΗ ΦΥΣΙΚΗ IV: ΚΥΜΑΤΙΚΗ - ΟΠΤΙΚΗ

#%" )*& ##+," $ -,!./" %#/%0! %,!

r r t r r t t r t P s r t r P s r s r r rs tr t r r t s ss r P s s t r t t tr r r t t r t r r t t s r t rr t Ü rs t 3 r r r 3 rträ 3 röÿ r t

). = + U = -U U= mgy (y= H) =0 = mgh. y=0 = U=0

! "#" "" $ "%& ' %$(%& % &'(!!")!*!&+ ,! %$( - .$'!"


! " #! $ % & $ ' ( % & # ) * +, - ) % $!. /. $! $

Αλληλεπίδραση ακτίνων-χ με την ύλη

ΗΛΙΑΣΚΟΣ ΦΡΟΝΤΙΣΤΗΡΙΑ. Θετικής - Τεχνολογικής Κατεύθυνσης Φυσική Γ Λυκείου ΥΠΗΡΕΣΙΕΣ ΠΑΙΔΕΙΑΣ ΥΨΗΛΟΥ ΕΠΙΠΕΔΟΥ. Επιμέλεια: ΘΕΟΛΟΓΟΣ ΤΣΙΑΡΔΑΚΛΗΣ

MÉTHODES ET EXERCICES

2?nom. Bacc. 2 nom. acc. S <u. >nom. 7acc. acc >nom < <

..,..,..,..,..,.. $#'().. #*#'!# !" #$% &'( )*%!"( %+

SWOT 1. Analysis and Planning for Cross-border Co-operation in Central European Countries. ISIGInstitute of. International Sociology Gorizia



ΕΥΚΛΕΙΔΕΙΑ ΓΕΩΜΕΤΡΙΑ. Χεμερινό εξάμηνο ΗΜΕΡΟΛΟΓΙΟ

Ορίζουμε την τυπική πολυδιάστατη κανονική, σαν την κατανομή του τυχαίου (,, T ( ) μεταξύ τους ανεξάρτητα. Τότε


..,..,.. ! " # $ % #! & %

a -80.6MPa, m =49.4MPa a =80.6MPa, m =-49.4MPa. a =49.4MPa, m =-80.6MPa a =-49.4MPa, m =-80.6MPa

Νόµοςπεριοδικότητας του Moseley:Η χηµική συµπεριφορά (οι ιδιότητες) των στοιχείων είναι περιοδική συνάρτηση του ατοµικού τους αριθµού.

F (x) = kx. F (x )dx. F = kx. U(x) = U(0) kx2

!! " &' ': " /.., c #$% & - & ' ()",..., * +,.. * ' + * - - * ()",...(.

! "# $ % $&'& () *+ (,-. / 0 1(,21(,*) (3 4 5 "$ 6, ::: ;"<$& = = 7 + > + 5 $?"# 46(A *( / A 6 ( 1,*1 B"',CD77E *+ *),*,*) F? $G'& 0/ (,.

f : G G G = 7 12 = 5 / N. x 2 +1 (x y) z = (x+y+xy) z = x+y+xy+z+(x+y+xy)z = x+y+z+xy+yz+xz+xyz.

AC 1 = AB + BC + CC 1, DD 1 = AA 1. D 1 C 1 = 1 D 1 F = 1. AF = 1 a + b + ( ( (((

J! "#$ %"& ( ) ) ) " *+, -./0-, *- /! /!+12, ,. 6 /72-, 0,,3-8 / ',913-51:-*/;+ 5/<3/ +15;+ 5/<3=9 -!.1!-9 +17/> ) ) &

5 Ι ^ο 3 X X X. go > 'α. ο. o f Ο > = S 3. > 3 w»a. *= < ^> ^ o,2 l g f ^ 2-3 ο. χ χ. > ω. m > ο ο ο - * * ^r 2 =>^ 3^ =5 b Ο? UJ. > ο ο.


Solutions - Chapter 4

P t s st t t t t2 t s st t t rt t t tt s t t ä ör tt r t r 2ö r t ts t t t t t t st t t t s r s s s t är ä t t t 2ö r t ts rt t t 2 r äärä t r s Pr r

Α Ρ Ι Θ Μ Ο Σ : 6.913

TALAR ROSA -. / ',)45$%"67789

tel , version 1-7 Feb 2013

Η κατανομή ορμής Από την στατιστική μηχανική, ο αριθμός των μικροσκοπικών καταστάσεων dn στο στοιχείο όγκου του χώρου των φάσεων d 3 p d 3 r είναι


ΝΟΜΟΣ ΤΗΣ ΠΕΡΙΟ ΙΚΟΤΗΤΑΣ : Οι ιδιότητες των χηµικών στοιχείων είναι περιοδική συνάρτηση του ατοµικού τους αριθµού.

ΥΤΙΚΕ ΔΙΕΡΓΑΙΕ ΜΕΣΑΥΟΡΑ ΜΑΖΑ. - Απορρόφηση - Απόσταξη - Εκχύλιση - Κρυστάλλωση - Ξήρανση

A 1 A 2 A 3 B 1 B 2 B 3

Answers - Worksheet A ALGEBRA PMT. 1 a = 7 b = 11 c = 1 3. e = 0.1 f = 0.3 g = 2 h = 10 i = 3 j = d = k = 3 1. = 1 or 0.5 l =

!"! # $ %"" & ' ( ! " # '' # $ # # " %( *++*

! "# $"%%&$$'($)*#'*#&+$ ""$&#! "#, &,$-.$! "$-/+#0-, *# $-*/+,/+%!(#*#&1!/+# ##$+!%2&$*2$ 3 4 #' $+#!#!%0 -/+ *&

Προϋπολογισμός Μελέτης

ΠΕΡΙΟΔΙΚΟΣ ΠΙΝΑΚΑΣ ΣΤΟΙΧΕΙΩΝ


Łs t r t rs tø r P r s tø PrØ rø rs tø P r s r t t r s t Ø t q s P r s tr. 2stŁ s q t q s t rt r s t s t ss s Ø r s t r t. Łs t r t t Ø t q s

L. F avart. CLAS12 Workshop Genova th of Feb CLAS12 workshop Feb L.Favart p.1/28

ΑΡΧΙΜΗΔΗΣ ΙΙΙ Ενίσχυση Ερευνητικών Ομάδων στο ΤΕΙ Δυτικής Μακεδονίας» - MIS

ITU-R P (2012/02)

!"# '1,2-0- +,$%& &-

(a b) c = a (b c) e a e = e a = a. a a 1 = a 1 a = e. m+n

Ανταλλακτικά για Laptop Lenovo

2013/2012. m' Z (C) : V= (E): (C) :3,24 m/s. (A) : T= (1-z).g. (D) :4,54 m/s

!"! #!"!!$ #$! %!"&' & (%!' #!% #" *! *$' *.!! )#/'.0! )#/.*!$,)# * % $ %!!#!!%#'!)$! #,# #!%# ##& )$&# 11!!#2!

Carrier Tape Dimensions&Packaging Quantity

2. Α ν ά λ υ σ η Π ε ρ ι ο χ ή ς. 3. Α π α ι τ ή σ ε ι ς Ε ρ γ ο δ ό τ η. 4. Τ υ π ο λ ο γ ί α κ τ ι ρ ί ω ν. 5. Π ρ ό τ α σ η. 6.

OILGEAR TAIFENG. (ml/rev) (bar) (bar) (L/min) (rpm) (kw)

692.66:

Westfalia Bedienungsanleitung. Nr

Assessment of otoacoustic emission probe fit at the workfloor

Wb/ Μ. /Α Ua-, / / Βζ * / 3.3. Ηλεκτρομαγνητισμός Ι Μ. 1. Β = k. 3. α) Β = Κ μ Π 2. B-r, 2 10~ ~ 2 α => I = ~ } Α k M I = 20Α

T : g r i l l b a r t a s o s Α Γ Ί Α Σ Σ Ο Φ Ί Α Σ 3, Δ Ρ Α Μ Α. Δ ι α ν ο μ έ ς κ α τ ο ί κ ο ν : 1 2 : 0 0 έ ω ς 0 1 : 0 0 π μ

Το αντικείμενο αυτό είναι χειροποίητο από 100% οικολογικό βαμβάκι, με φυτικές βαφές και φυτική κόλλα.

ITU-R P (2012/02) khz 150

τροχιακά Η στιβάδα καθορίζεται από τον κύριο κβαντικό αριθµό (n) Η υποστιβάδα καθορίζεται από τους δύο πρώτους κβαντικούς αριθµούς (n, l)

. visual basic. int sum(int a, int b){ return a+b;} : : :

m 1, m 2 F 12, F 21 F12 = F 21

Διευθύνοντα Μέλη του mathematica.gr

Ενδεικτικές Ασκήσεις για το μάθημα: «Μετρήσεις Φυσικών Μεγεθών»

ITU-R P (2012/02) &' (

= (2)det (1)det ( 5)det 1 2. u

Αναπαραστάσεις οµάδων και Αλγεβρες Τελεστών

Ι ΙΟΤΗΤΕΣ ΤΩΝ ΑΤΟΜΩΝ. Παππάς Χρήστος Επίκουρος Καθηγητής

ΕΠΙΤΡΟΠΗ ΔΙΑΓΩΝΙΣΜΩΝ 31 η Ελληνική Μαθηματική Ολυμπιάδα "Ο Αρχιμήδης" 22 Φεβρουαρίου 2014

( ) ΘΕ ΑΝ4 / 2 0. α) β) f(x) f ( x) cos x


Transcript:

!! " 007

: ISBN: # $! % :!" # - $ % 983 &"$ $ $ $ % 988 $ $ ## - $ ' 989 (( ) ' ') "!$! $ % 99 $ * $ $ + 00 $ $ $ 99!! " 007

-!" % $ 006 ---- $ 87 $ (( %( %(! $!$!" -!" $ $ %( * ( *!$ "!"!* "$!$ (!$! " $ " $!$!" 4 0 (! * '!$ ($ - $!" - $$!( $ ( ( ( $ " $ ( : () $ ; () ( $ ($ "$; (3)! $! ; (4) ( "$! (! $ $ - " - $ $ (!"! ( * $ ( ;!$!! "$! / ($! ( -$ $ $ "!$ $ *!" $ % 983

!"!( * " $!" - '$ ( ($ "$ "!!! $! "!! &!$ ( (* & 0! $* - - $ "# $ - ' ' ' ( 4)! ' ' $ - & ( $ (! (! $ $*! $! " $ / $!! $ - " *! $ 3! 007

4 $ (" $ $!! 3 "$ (" () $! 4 $ $!!$ $ "$ 5!"!" 3 $!" 3 * $: 4!" 5 ' 5 + () 5 ( 53 "$ 6 5 6 0 6 %(! 7 /! 7 GS 7 ( ( ) 73 $ "$ 8 8 : 8 9

0 $ ( $ $ ( $ $ $ $ $ /! $! % ( 3! ( 4! $ ( $ 3 (* 3 $ "! 3 "! 4!" 4 " 4 5 5 5 " 53 5 6 * 7 $ 7 7 ' 73 " $ 8!$ "$ 8 ' (* 8 * ( 83 ' 9 " *!" 9 $ 9 " 93 $! 0! 0 0 ( ( 0 0 ( (! (*!* 6$ " 3 % "$!$ 4!"$ + N 3 + " 4 4 0! $ 4 +$ 5 5 0 5 "!"! *!$ 53!"$ 6 "!! 6 "$!$ 6 7

$ %& 4&+&'+'& & '+'3 /% ' % 44 -! $ ( 000 80% [6 7] $! (!" ( * - km ( 300 700 m 0-0 t! 0-30 t (* ( 00 m 3!" ( "( ) $ (! ) (!)!" -$ * * $ (! ( *) -!" (* *!" $!": () $!! ( "$ ( 0 000 m 3 /h 0 m 3 00-00 t " ) ()!$ *! ' ( $ ($!! *$!$ ( (3)!! " ' (!)!! %! (!! $ ( " $ "$ $ ( $ * ( $ $ (!! ( " $ ($ (! ( ) ( ( ( ) *!!!*! * *

! ($ (!!(! % $ ( ( $ $ ( " (! * $ ( ((!" " "!$! ' (! (!" $ ' $ (*! - () +!( $ ( $ () +!( $ " ( $!( " :! $! (*! "$ ( $ ( ;!( ( " (3) +!( * (!* ( $ $ 0 $! ( (4) +!( (! " ( % $ $!$*!$ ( (5)!!"! "!" ( )! "!! (6) '$ ($ $!$! ( $ ( (7) %! "$ : ( ( " ( ); ( $ $! ; (! "$ "$ +! $!$!!$ $ ( ) (*$! $ - " "$ 0 $ ( (( "$!$ $!$ (! -! / (

" ( "$ $ ) ( (( ( "$! $ *!$ $ $! 0 ( -!!$ (! ( $ ( ' %! - - $ ( ( " $$ + $: (# ( "$ (*!) 0-5 (( -5 ( " $ (-( $ (!$ $! * -( $ ( ( ) % -( (!!$ ( $ :!$ ; "$; (! $ ; (! ()!"! 0 ( * : ()! ( $ ()! 3 ( )' ()' '*')! - ($$!" "$ %(!!! ( ( $ ($ (( "$; " * "!$ "!$ * ( $ $: " ( ( ( ; " (* ; ( ; ( "

0 " "!$ ) )' K I = I I H () ( I H "$ ; I "$ $ % $! () ( " "$!!"$ $* '! "$ "$ $ "$ *$ " K I 0 (!$ ( ( K I > 07)! "$!;! " ( * $ "$! $!$ [0] $ (! ( ( " ( $ [6] (( " ; ((! $* "$ ( " ( %( "!( ( / 8!$ ( : ; $;!#! & # '- - :! ; $ -; ' * ' + ( ( * Informatonal Resources Management

%( *- "$ (! " 5 ($ ($! /! (* '!* (- $ - -/! ; - ; %( : *; ($ (*: $; : - - - ; ; : ( ); ; '!* : $; - ; # ( $ $ -! (- %- ( $ $ $ % $! $ ' ( "$ * "$ -( ( ) % $ ( " -! " % ( " $ $! ( " ; -( "$ ( $ ($! 4 + ( ( $ (!$ &! ( " ) 0 -$!! 4 4 ( ( (!! "( ($ ) % $ XIX - XX - ( $ (! * %!(" (* ( ) 960 "$ $! $ ( 980 75%! " 80%! 90%! (*

! "(!" [5] % XXI - "$ * -$ %!" '$- '$- '$-3 (- ) +! () $" 4 ( ) 90% (*! 75%! " $! " & 0 t! %( ( $ $! " (! / (!! ( (*! ) (*$!" ' ( "$! -! " ( * 5 t) /$ ( 4 t) % (! - ($ ( 5 t) ( $ ( )! / ( "( (* 000 55 m 3 5-30% $ 00 m 3!" ( 9-0 ($ " % ($!" "!" ( ) *$ $ ( $ " 4 t 0 $ "$ (!"! +)/ & &+&6/+' +3%& & '+'3 /% ' )' "$ $ ( $! + $*!! %! $! $ ( 0 $( ( )' ( $ * $! ( (!" ( $ ( ($ $ "!! / 90 -!" $ 950 ; $* 970 ( - ( ( () 000 [66]!$ (!!("! (! ( * ()!

!!$! "$ (! - (!) 0! "$ ( ( $ " (!" $ (( - '!"!" $ ( (!$!$ "!!* () ($ ( ( $ "$!!!"$ (* (!!" - ( ( ( ( ( $ ( $!" ) ( *! $ $ $!" [4 34]!$ (* (! (!!$ (! "! ( ()! %!!" $ (!!! $!$ ($ "$ ( *$ " *!$!! "$!!$! $!$ "!: (! $ ( +!$ "$ ($!" ' (! ( ( $ " ( + ) * ( " '( $ (! "$ $ ( ( ( + * "$ $ " ( $ " ( "$ ($ ' * $!! ( " / +!$ ( * "

- ( $ "-" 0$ (! $ (* :! $$ ( ) ( ; - ( ( ; "-! $!! " * ( (" "(! ) ((!"!" - ' ( ( : (a) "!!!"; (b) $$ / $ ; (c)! 3 ' (!"!" $ "!$ ( $ (*! ' $ ( (! $ -! (" % (!" * * ( ) ( *!! * " $! $!" ( $! - ( ( - $ - ($ /( " " ( ( $ "( / '! $ " *$ " "$ "$ $!! '$ "!$!$ * *! ( '!$! * ( $ ( $ $ ( (!!" $ $$ (! $ ( "$! ( $ ( ( (*! ($ $ ) ' "

$ ( ( $ $ * -!" +!" ( $ ( " ) - d ( "( ) /( (* " 0-0 m 400-500 m ( (*!! (!$!" * *! ( $ "!$!" '!! ( - $

+/!+!%&+ % 0+&0&0 %&& 3 7 %/3: +/' ' '' +!( ( ) ( $ $ +(! ( (!(!$ "$ $ 0 ( (! $ ( (!(" ( ( "! $ * ( '$! ( " : 5 ; ( $ ( $); "$; $ $ ( ( $ $ $

$ $ + $ (! ( $!!( ; ( ( $ (( ) * $ $ ( 3)! "! * (* (( $ 3 ( (!" % $ $ $ ( ( "$ %( $: ( 5 ) ( $ (!) * ( ; " ( $!" ( ( *! ; (!" ; $ ( "$ ( "! ' (*!!(" " * '" $ ( *! ( 04 mm * [73]) $ ( ( $ () ( %! (! $ "$ m m m; = ± : = ± S ( m cosz) S + m S m + S : Z snz (3)

( m ; m ; S $; Z $ ((; m S $; m β ((; m Z (( () ( ( (3) $ () m m * * = ± m + m T = ± m + mh ( m T "$; (3) m H "$ (3) ( $ ( $ "$) ( $! $ $ (! * ' "$!! ( (! - ( "( ( " (!" $ " $! ( : $ -5 m; $ -3 m $ ( : $ * 0-0 m;! 0-05 m * - $!! ( 0 $ - $ ( : (a) (b) ( $! (* ' $ $ $ $*

4 + +< & '+'' +/= (() ( '* (! "$!" $ ( "!" $ ( $! $ / -!!! %( $ (( $ "!! " $: () $ $ $ $ $ () ' $ (*! - ( 3-5 ( " (! "(! ( (" ( ) (3) ( - $ -! " % ($! - $* ( $ (!! " (4) $ (! 70 - XX - ) (-!"$ ( " "!"!"$! ( -( ( ; $ - (! $ (* -$ -($ $ $ " ( $!" [ 73] '!" ( ( (: (a) $ $ -$! 3 ( (b) $ $ ((! ( * (- $ (c) $ $ ( ( ; ( (* ( (- (d) $ $ () $ ( ( + p; v; v; psvsvs mn (4) ( p β p S ( () ( ; v β v S (

(4) (a pror * ) ( p β p S ( ( $ (a posteror ** ) %! (!! " ' $ -( $ (() ( [ 36 54] (e) " % $ $! () A A (4) $ ( $) $ $ ("! (! ( ( - " $ $ ( $ (" $!"!"!(!" ( ) () ( '* ( III IV + ($ $! ' " * (!" ( " ) %!$ ( "$ ' "$ "$ (!$ " "$ '!" ( - (! ( " ( 0 "$ $ ( $ $ " "$ [ 45] $ $! / *! +' ( '* (GS-'*) $ * ( 30 - XX - 957 $! (" 0$ (0) - "!$ ($! *) + $ ( " 0 ( TRANSIT) $ ( 3 4 " ( 973 ( (" - NAVSTAR * GS %( " ( - * A pror () ** A posteror () * * NAVgaton System wth Tmng And Rangng () " $

GS * - ( ( $! ("! - 4 ( ( X Y H -$ ( ') $ XX - $ $ GS-$;! 995 ( ( $: (a) $ X Y H ( $( - cm); (b) ' $ $! $ ; (c) + (!!; (d) ( ( " ) $ $$!$ * GS (!" ' -!$:!" $ * $*!" /!( ( GS (! : (a) GS $ (!! 950 970 *! $ "! 5 $ " / (b) " $* ' " "$!$ ( 6) 5! 4 4 43 44 $!"! 4! 60 -! ' + "!! ( - 5! 4 - " 80 - ( (- 5 3 ($* - ( ' (!! " 43 - $ GS 000 8-0 * " 5 cm $ : * Global ostonng System () $ * 000 $ $ ( (*

4-4 - "! & 4! & ( '* ' ( / *! ( '* ' ( / *! & ( '* ' #' ((( )! & ( '* ' #' ( )! & ( '* ' #' ( )! & '* ' #' ( )! & '* ' #' ( ' *) 43 $ 44! (a)!!! ( (b) $ $ ( " 44! ($ $ V-VII (- $ GS! ( *! ' ( / *!! (* ( " wwwbenovengneerngcom

5 '&4'+& & '$ - $!"! ( 60 - XX - ( $ '$ ( S max $ $! " * (!"$!!" 5 (') + - " + $ ( "$ * *! ( 5) -!( $* (( - "$ ( 5 ) +$! ( ( (!"$ ) ) 5 + "$ * () *! ( ) ( 5 ( $! " S AB 5S max (5) 5 +$! ( " '!! ' (! '$!$ ( -" $ ( - GS!) $ "$ ' 0 $ "! (3)

m T m (5) m H m ( $ (a) ( $ GS (b)! (- %!$ () $! (! ; "$ %!$ (b) ( $ $ $ 5 ( ) 3 '!!" ( ( * $ "$ : (a) ( ( " (! ; (b) "$ - ( '!( " "$ $ $ ( ( 4 5 ; * $! 965 ( 3 $ $ ( 5 $ > (*! 4! ( $ ( ( $ (on lne) ( " '! "$ $ 0 $ off lne ( - $) : (a) ( 5 ( - 4); (b)!$ $!! [40] ' $ $ ( * % ( $ $ ( ( ) - (!" [7]! 5 % ( 0!" $ : + (( & % ( 53) + *! (( &% ( 53 ) * 0 $ ( $!

A a) C B A C!! : ) B 53 ( (a)!!(" (!( $ $* ; (b) $* $ $ $! $ $ $! ( ; - ( β = 0 β 0 β + β = 00 gon 54 (! 7! ( $ ( ( 54) (! ( ( ϕ ψ (( &%+ (! ϕ + ψ + β + β + γ = ϕ + ψ + σ = 400 gon (5) ( γ = α BA α BC ; σ = β + β + γ %! S B (( S S B B ( SAB = snϕ = Ksnϕ sn; SBC = sn? = Ksn? sn; (54) K snϕ = K sn[400 (ϕ + σ)] = K sn(ϕ + σ) $! K snϕ = K (snϕcosσ + cosϕsnσ) $ snϕ 0 K cos@ K ctgϕ = K sn@ + (55)! (55) $ snσ = 0 ' (a) σ = 00 gon β + β + γ = ϕ + ψ = 00 gon! ( (( ABC (b) σ = 0 gon & % + (( R = )! (! (54) snβ 0 snβ 0 ( 0 00 gon

( ( $) 0! 55 (a) β 0 β = 0 β = 00 gon $ (( α B ( S B ( 55 ) B S B B = B BC SAB = sn; sn ( A + ; ) ( 56a) & ( β 0 β = 00 gon (b) β + β = 00 gon ( 55 ) B ϕ = B S A A = B AC AC B SAB = sn; AB sn ( ϕ + ; ) ( 56 ) + $! ( A β γ ) ) C B A ϕ β β 55! B C! ( &! H = H A S A ctgz A + T A k S R ( H A &; S A = ( X X ) + ( Y Y ) ; A ' & &; A A k "( "$ (006); R $! 0$ (637 km) (57) 5!! ( B C H = H p p ( 58) ( " $ 3 ' # * & "$ (( ( ( 56) 0 -( A B S B < S A S B +&% β & < 00 gon S ; = B A arcsn sn; S AB (59)

-( ( ( X Y = X = Y B B + S + S B cosb snb B ( α B = α BA (00 β & β ) B B (50) S A < S B ( S A $ ((( β % $ (( α & α & = α A% (00 β % β ) $ $ & $ (! (- $ $ & $ ( $! A β A 56 0 (( ( ( ( 57) 4$ (( β $ (( $! X Y = X = Y A A + S + S A A ( α A = α AB + β ± 00 gon CH cosb snb A $!: CH CH A A = S = S A A ctgz ctgz A A + I + I A = S A ctgz A A ctgz T T A A A I + k + S R k + S R A I A A T + A T (5) ( 5) ( 5a) β B S A 57 $ $ "$ S B S AB = S A + S B S A S B cos; $! (57) $! B β A ' "$ H A - H A! " ( ) ' (! (5) I A = T A I = T

$ $ $ (( β! ( : (a) ( $ (! $! ( (b) $ $ *! " ( GS "$ $ " GS $ $!" " $ GS 0 : ; ( '= ( ) ( ; " GS 5 # 4 ( ( $! ( 58) %!" -$ ( (! / 4 ( $ ( /( ( -$!" ( 58 $ " 5! $ ($! v v x y = = fx S S fy S S (53) [4]: (a) ( (b) ( $ 3-4 $ (": ( ( $ (* ; $ (- ); $ $ ( " (!

$ $ $! (5) $#- '* ( '# ) / ( $ ( ( ( ( ( $ (* (- $ $ -(!"$ 0 $$ -( $ $ $ ( (4)! # ' ( ( 0 * ( 6 ( (! " ' $ - " (*!(" =( (!! " 5!' ( #' ' % *!" ( ( " ( Dahlta 00 00& 00%!$ ( $$ 00 m :300 $ ( 5 30 cm [65] / $ ( ± 0 mgon ( c ); ($ 50 00 mgon (5 0 c ) ( ( " *! ( $ 00-300 m! ( 5) ( (( ( $! ±50 ±00 $ ( (- (-$ )!"$ - - ( ' $ 0 " ( $ $ ) $ ( : $ $ (!$ $! $ ( ) $ ( * $ ( $ 3-4 m ( $!) $! H = H CT + I CT + k Ch T = H + kch T "$ I CT = 0 H = H CT + kch T ( H CT "$; ( 54 ) h $ ; ( 54a)

k! (* ; T (( $ () % ($ 0 m (* :000 - ) 005 m (* :500 -() $ (! %! $ - ( 0!$ $* $ $ ( $ (( X = X Y = Y CT CT + ScosB + SsnB ( X CT Y CT "$; ( 55) α = O CT + r ; O CT "$; r ( ; S $ (! ($ ( 8) + (! " ( "! ( $ $ $!!! "$ * $ 80 - XX - (! 90 - ) "$ $ ' " ($ :! $ ( "; $ km ; ( $ $ ;!$ " ; on lne ( -( ( "); -$ $* ( *$ (! $! ' ( (" $* $ %( "$: (a) (!("! 53!' ( * - "$ 0! $: -( ( ()) (

(b) ( $ ( $ " ( $ "$ -( $$!$!"$! $ " -$ ( (*$ - %!(" - $ " " $ ( (- ; $ $ "$ $ "$!$!$ "$ ( ( v = O CT m O op = ± n v n ( 56) O! ( ; n $! (n ) '( $$ $ $ ( m 5 mgon (50 cc )!!( ( ( $ ( ( ( 5 ' ( (!! ( ( ( (:! ($ ; ( * $ $ ( "$; (! +"! ( * : $ ;!$! ; ( " $ "!"$; * $!$!! ( 0 $ (!: $ "$ (! ); (( on lne ( );!( $ ( (( $! "$);! $ / ( ) "$ $ (( :

X = XCT + S cosb Y = YCT + SsnB k H = HCT + SctgZ + ICT T + S R ( X CT Y CT H CT "$; ( 57) r S Z $ (( ( ; α = O CT + r ; O CT "$; I CT "$; T ; k R "( "$!( 0$ ( $ "$!) $ $ S = * S snz * S ' " ( " $ $ $ () ( ' $ $ ( ( ) ( %( $ $! 0 50-500 m!$ (! ((!! ( * ) () / ( ( ( ") "!" " " : (a) $ $ " (b) $ $ ( (3) %( $ ( ' $! ( 7) (4)! ' $! ( 30 cm) (! "$ % ( 000-500 m!$ ( "$!! & 5 ( )! & 4 () (#! & ( ( ' ) (#! & ( ' (! &

' *! & ' * #! & ' * #! & ( # * '! & ( ' ()! & '# ( ( ' ()! & ( ( )! ( ' #'! ( ' (! &!!! (* ( " wwwbenovengneerngcom! & ( ' (# )')! & ( * ( ( ' ' ()! & ' '! &

6 5'+&'+& & (!!!$ ' ( $!( 0 ( $ $!" ' $ ( () * ( ( $! (* () $ $(! ' ( $ : ( ) ( ) %!" " (a) ( ) +!" ( $!" (! * $! (!!$ $ $ ( ( $ ( ( - " 965 [76] $! ( 990 ) - & %(! -!" $ +!$ &$ 80 - (!!" $ (b) %(!! ( *!! - ( ( $ (c) 0!(" $ ( $ $ 6 3' )#' ' $! $ (! () (:!( ; (( ( - -3 ); - =( " (!! " 0!"! /!$ ( ( 6) /( $!

Ymax m B = 000 fm M ( Y > B 4 mn > s Y max p k 0 ( 6) ( 6) ( Y mn Y max $$ - - m; m p $ mm; m S (! mm; M K $ * ; f! $ mm ( 0!" -$* % * [78] $ $ 6 ( ( ( * (! "$ $ ( " (!! %! $ ( C $ $ 6 - " $ ( $ 3 ( - (m s! 6) %( $ () 0 ( "$ $ $ ( 0 - (: $ ( 6); * % %(-!-! (!) A 6 $ B

(((! 70 30 gon - 00 gon + *: $*!$ "$ (! () $ $ ( $ "$ - (3) 5 $! $! - 0 $ $* ( * ( (!") $! $! ( ( (! ) ( (! () (( )! $!$ %(! ( $!!!(" 6 )#' '!$ 0!!" -$* - ( ($ $ 0 "$ (!! "!" $ (! "! ( 63) 63 %(! 64 +!! $ ( ( (

% $! H ) = fm C (63) ( f! $ ; M C $ * ( * ( 3 ( - * (*$ )!" $*!! $ $ - m H : H ) 5000 m H (63) ( ( ()! ( CH p = 60 + 5 H CH q = 30 + 5 H max ) max ) % % ( 64) ( 65) ( max (!$ (!) n c = $ " n u = S B 00 S 00 - q lm ( S ( "; S ; C ( 67) ( 68) l ( (- 33 cm) (*!* * ( 64) ( $ $ (! ; ( $ ( ( ( 65) + $ ; 000 m ( ( $ - m 5 cm /( B = lm $ " C 00 p p ( 66) 65 66 ($

& ($ ($ %(! $ - * ( ( ( 66) " ( ( $! " $ [4] $ ( * (!"$) ( ( (! ; $ * ( =(!(" $ $ $ $ -( ( ( - ( 7 /+ & '4) 7!' GS % GS $! $ ( ( : $ ( " -$* $ Stop and Go ( () $ ( ) "$ $ $!$: (a) (( - 5º ; (b) ( * ; (c) * " ( (! (* $ "$ $ $ ( "! ( (") * $ - ( ( 5 30 s; $( 0 cm $ (RTK) $ -3 s

%!$ $ (" $!"$ - 4-5 ( GDO- 8!$ $ "$ ' " - $$ $ "$ "$! "( 0 $! GS- $! "$ ($ $ 0 $ ( $! $ / $ ( ( ( $ ( ( 7) ( α (α < ϕ) CS ( H I) ctgb H ctgϕ ( 7) ( H CT (; CT CT I ; ϕ - ((( ( I α S 7 ( GS-$ GS $ (! $* $! ' " ( $! (* " " 0 ( ( -3 m) " GS-" ϕ H CT $!(" ( * %!$ $ (" 45º $ 7!' (( ) / (!! $ (?) $( ( ' ( % $!$! ( * $

* $ * *!!$ $ ( ( "! [ 3] * %! $ ( - ( $ ( $ - %! ( $ ( H $ ( ϕ $ ( 7) 7 /( ( $* /( (*! $ $ ( ( * ) $! ( $ ( $ ( ( () / $!$ -($ ( 73) ' $* * &$ ( $ ) ( $ *!!( * ( hals) -!( $ $(;!$! $ " $ $ (! $! $ 5-3 ( -$! $* $ ( ( $ ) () / - %!! ($ ($ $ $!$ ( 73 ) ' $!(" (3) $ ( 73) $ $ (! * ( (4) $ / ) 73 ) ) (: ) ) ) * "$! ( (!(" 0 ( $ $: (a) ( (b) $ ( ( - 0 m m/s ( +($

! 3 6 kg (! $ ( ( 0-0 m ' $* * ( %!!!!! ( +$ ( $!! ( S = 05tc m (7) ( c e! ( (- ~ 500 m/s) ( (! ( ( ' $ ( ( ( (! ( " $!$ $ ( $!!!$ ' ( (! ( ( ( 50 m m H 0-03 m ( %) $ ( $ ( $ ( "$ [63]) -$! ) ( $ ( ; * * ( mx = ± m + ( CtV) ( 73) ( m m; t (! ( ; V m; mru = SA + S :sn $ m (; + ; ) A m ru = S + B m : ; S A B ( 74 ) ( 74a) ( m β $ ((; m S - ( ; S p $ () ( GS $ (! (* $ $ ( $ "$ $ " ( GS $ $ ( $$!

+$! ( S) $ (m x ) $ ( ( ( CS 3m ctgd H mx mhctgd ( δ ((( ( (δ 0) ( 75) 73!' ( (* ( ' ( 5 6 7 7)!(" $ - " ' "$!! " () $ 0 ($ $ $! ($ -( - (!$ ( * "$! $ ( $ ( $ "$ ( $ ) $ ( ( " 74 ( ( (* 4)! CL = Q BH m ( % m; ( m; ( 76) Q m 3 * $ $ L = CL = Q BH m /! : ( 77) $ ( 5%); $ (% )! (76) L E E + E L = ± Q B + E H ( µ Q µ B µ H $ 74 /

$ $! $ $! (* $ [ 30 3] -!! $ ( ( () - ( "$ $ * ( % $! $ $ $! [86] )$ (! (! ( 5) 75! (55) : Kcos ctgϕ = Ksn S sn; ( K = sn; B = b sn; (; + ; ) (; + ; ) snϕ ( 78a) ( 78) B > β β $ ( " ; ; CT = F T CT = F T AB BC ( ' ( ) A 75 $ " ; * ()! $ ( ) ( 79) ( GS-! $ "$ $ (!$ [ 5 70] $* (" $ 5 m % GS - ($ )! ϕ b B ) ψ C β β

76 $ GS- $ XYH +! $ $! ( 76)! & 7! 0)' ( ' (( ')! 0)' ( ' ())! 0)' ' ' (()! & ' ( )' ' wwwbenovengneerngcom

8 &+&6/+ /) & ' 0+&' (*!!" ' (!$ $ (!) "$ $ / ; ( $!$ " 0 ($ $ $ " $: (a) (( "$ (!! " ; (b) ($ "$; (c) $ ($ ( ; (d) $!"!$ ($ - $; (e) ($ (! 8 ) ': (!" * :500 :000 :000; - $ * :00 :5000 -$ ($ $! $ '!! - ( ($ ( " ) '!!* ($ $! ( / ( ' - $ (! $ $ ( ( ) %(! $ ( ( - $ %(! $ $ $ $ 0 " "$ * $- * (! $ (!" * 4-5 km $ :000 * 4 km :000 - :500 $ 0!! (! "$ ($ ( 0 ($! " $! ( (! "$ (( $ $ (; : "$ (*; * (( $;!!;!!

($ * (! "$ $ ( ( ' $ $ / ( ) $!$ ( %(! $! (!) 0 ( ( * ( $ * ( ) ( -( $ -! * ((!"! (*! $ ( ( ' ( $ 0!$ $ ( ( " (!" 8! ( ( * " [37] 8!

8 5 ' ' 8 ( (*! () ' $ $ " ( ")! ( () %(! $ ( ( * (3) ($ ( ( "! ' (" ()! ( $ ( * $ - $ * -( ' (* ( ( * () $ (; $ ( ) $ (! (3) -( (!! ' ( $ " "$ $ ( $ ( ' - - * * (* ( " $ $ $ : (a) (b) (! (!) ( * $ ( $ $ : (a) (! (! $ ( ; (b)!$ ( (!$ "! ; (c) $ ( *) $ ; (d) ; (e) $ $ ( ( ( $ * 8 $ : () ()!! (! ) (" ( - "!$ % $ $

$ ( ( -(*$ (!!"!! $* " $ (! ( (!!$ ( (d) ( - ( $ () (! ($ (* ( (!! $ * ($!$ : ($ $ ( (* ( (*! ) ( '! ( ((! ) =( (!"!$ $ ( (* 3-D ) +!( ( $ (! - $ ( 8 [87]) % "( $!"$ * % $ (( ( )!!!; $! 8! [87] 4 Y ( ( N X N Y N H ( N X N Y N H "( X" = NXa X Y" = NYa Y H" = NHa H ( 8)

( "( ( (!) (( - ( $ "(! -! (! 5 0 m $ n (! $! n 3 ( (! $ $* ( $ 0% $* /! ( $ $ ( ( $ -!!! $ (!$ (! ( 83) $ (! $ ( 84) $ $* (! 4 (* $ ( 83 X*OY*) ' $ * ( N * * YN = NL Y0 = const ( L (! $; * 0 Y N = 0 ( 8) 84! $: ( ( $ 83! $: ( ( ( X H = n $ *

(n) ; n 0 ( 84) ( % ( $ $*! $! ( - $ "$ (!(" ' ( $ % ( / / / ' 83 $ $ 0 " $ * $ $ $! ( (*! ) $! ( $!:! ( $ $ ( ( ( " " : "- / 0 0 0 ( * $ ( ( ) ( ( ) D 3D / 3 85 (/(!

$* * ( ( ( 5 - ( ) %! 4 Y H ( ( '! - (( " (( / - - ' ( ( (/( 85 (( : % "! "! $; "! " $ ( ( ) (!); " ( ( 0 5 ); " ( $ ; & ( (!" " ( " 5 ; & %(!; &3 D 3D!$ ( ( $ $ ( " ( : (a) " ; (b) " (; (c)! ; (d) (! "; (e) * ; (f) ( ; (g) (! * (!!$! $ $ ( ( *! ( ) " ' " $ * (!- ( $ %( ( (* : () ' ( $ "$; () " "; (3) ( / (! & 8!--

! "#-"! & ' (! %( ( (!)! &(! () ( wwwbenovengneerngcom 9 +&%') &&)0 & &' '4) + ( $ "$!$ (!((!"! $ " $ ( : (a)!!! ($! ; (b) (*!*!"$ ( $; (c) ( "$ / "$ 0 " $ &( * $! ( $!$ ' ; " "$ ( $ $ "/!$ * * ( "$ (!* (") 0 ( * $! (!"$ ( ( ( ' (

Q L K H CT m B T ( 9) ( Q T ( ' m 3 ; H CT ( m; % m; K "!(" ( -3)! $! ( L!$; * ( $ $ ( - " (" $ ' $ " ( ( $!" ( "$ (* " 9 0!!* ( $ L!' #' '!"! ( 0!!* ( L -( ( 9); $ $ "! $ (! $ ( ( ( ' " : ( ; (" : $ ( ; $ " (!";!$ ; $ "$ on lne!' '$!! ( ) "$ $* ( "$ ( - ) " ' "$ 0! ( L 9 : (a) $ " -( (( ( "$);

(b) (! -( -! " "$ : ( "$ on lne; -( " - ( $ ; ( $ "$ (" : $ ( ; (! (!"$! ;!$ ; (*!!" (( " $ $ (" / $ ( ( % $! $ " ( $ (! (! 06 08 (* 0; ( (*) " $ "( $ $ $ $ * $ * " %!! $ " -!' GS '$!! ( ) GS-! $* ( (!$) "$ " + "$ '!* "$ (!$ ) : ( "$ on-lne "; $ ; " (" : $ ( ; (*!!" ; $! - (" ( $ - (" 3' )#' ' '$!"! "! * %! ( "$ " '!* -( ( 9) ( $ $!(" ( 9) : * (!!$

(a) $ -; (b) - : $ " ( $!( $ (; ( "$!$! on lne;! " (" :! $ " ; $* "$!(; ( "$ " ( * " - /(! )#' ' &! (!!* ( $ ) "$ ( 9) : $ " ( $!( $ (; ( "$!$! on lne;! ";!(" (( ) (" : $! (!$ (( $(); ( "$ " $ $ ; 0 %(! L /( $ 9 0!!* ( $

(( $ - Z) $ $!" ( ( ( (* ' GS "!!! "! 0!* : $ ( (!$; " on lne (" : - " ; ( ( ( ( $ * '! $!"! $ ( : (a)!$! $ ; (b) ( ; (c) $ ( "$ "$!$

+/!+!%&+ % 0+&0&0 %&& 3 7 %/3: +/' ' '' +!( ( ) ( $ $ +(! ( (!(!$ "$ $ 0 ( (! $ ( (!(" ( ( "! $ * ( '$! ( " : 5 ; ( $ ( $); "$; $ $ ( ( $ $ $

$ $ + $ (! ( $!!( ; ( ( $ (( ) * $ $ ( 3)! "! * (* (( $ 3 ( (!" % $ $ $ ( ( "$ %( $: ( 5 ) ( $ (!) * ( ; " ( $!" ( ( *! ; (!" ; $ ( "$ ( "! ' (*!!(" " * '" $ ( *! ( 04 mm * [73]) $ ( ( $ () ( %! (! $ "$ m m m; = ± : = ± S ( m cosz) S + m S m + S : Z snz (3)

( m ; m ; S $; Z $ ((; m S $; m β ((; m Z (( () ( ( (3) $ () m m * * = ± m + m T = ± m + mh ( m T "$; (3) m H "$ (3) ( $ ( $ "$) ( $! $ $ (! * ' "$!! ( (! - ( "( ( " (!" $ " $! ( : $ -5 m; $ -3 m $ ( : $ * 0-0 m;! 0-05 m * - $!! ( 0 $ - $ ( : (c) (d) ( $! (* ' $ $ $ $*

4 + +< & '+'' +/= (() ( '* (! "$!" $ ( "!" $ ( $! $ / -!!! %( $ (( $ "!! " $: (5) $ $ $ $ $ (6) ' $ (*! - ( 3-5 ( " (! "(! ( (" ( ) (7) ( - $ -! " % ($! - $* ( $ (!! " (8) $ (! 70 - XX - ) (-!"$ ( " "!"!"$! ( -( ( ; $ - (! $ (* -$ -($ $ $ " ( $!" [ 73] '!" ( ( (: (f) $ $ -$! 3 ( (g) $ $ ((! ( * (- $ (h) $ $ ( ( ; ( (* ( (- () $ $ () $ ( ( p v v + p v v ; ; ; s s s mn (4) ( p β p S ( () ( ; v β v S (

(4) (a pror * ) ( p β p S ( ( $ (a posteror ** ) %! (!! " ' $ -( $ (() ( [ 36 54] (j) " % $ $! () A A (4) $ ( $) $ $ ("! (! ( ( - " $ $ ( $ (" $!"!"!(!" ( ) () ( '* ( III IV + ($ $! ' " * (!" ( " ) %!$ ( "$ ' "$ "$ (!$ " "$ '!" ( - (! ( " ( 0 "$ $ ( $ $ " "$ [ 45] $ $! / *! +' ( '* (GS-'*) $ * ( 30 - XX - 957 $! (" 0$ (0) - "!$ ($! *) + $ ( " 0 ( TRANSIT) $ ( 3 4 " ( 973 ( (" - NAVSTAR * GS %( " ( - * A pror () ** A posteror () * * NAVgaton System wth Tmng And Rangng () " $

GS * - ( ( $! ("! - 4 ( ( X Y H -$ ( ') $ XX - $ $ GS-$;! 995 ( ( $: (e) $ X Y H ( $( - cm); (f) ' $ $! $ ; (g) + (!!; (h) ( ( " ) $ $$!$ * GS (!" ' -!$:!" $ * $*!" /!( ( GS (! : (c) GS $ (!! 950 970 *! $ "! 5 $ " / (d) " $* ' " "$!$ ( 6) 5! 4 4 43 44 $!"! 4! 60 -! ' + "!! ( - 5! 4 - " 80 - ( (- 5 3 ($* - ( ' (!! " 43 - $ GS 000 8-0 * " 5 cm $ : * Global ostonng System () $ * 000 $ $ ( (*

4-4 - "! & 4! & ( '* ' ( / *! ( '* ' ( / *! & ( '* ' #' ((( )! & ( '* ' #' ( )! & ( '* ' #' ( )! & '* ' #' ( )! & '* ' #' ( ' *) 43 $ 44! (c)!!! ( (d) $ $ ( " 44! ($ $ V-VII (- $ GS! ( *! ' ( / *!! (* ( " wwwbenovengneerngcom

5 '&4'+& & '$ - $!"! ( 60 - XX - ( $ '$ ( S max $ $! " * (!"$!!" 5 (') + - " + $ ( "$ * *! ( 5) -!( $* (( - "$ ( 5 ) +$! ( ( (!"$ ) ) 5 + "$ * () *! ( ) ( 5 ( $! " S AB 5S max (5) 5 +$! ( " '!! ' (! '$!$ ( -" $ ( - GS!) $ "$ ' 0 $ "! (3)

m T m (5) m H m ( $ (c) ( $ GS (d)! (- %!$ () $! (! ; "$ %!$ (b) ( $ $ $ 5 ( ) 3 '!!" ( ( * $ "$ : (c) ( ( " (! ; (d) "$ - ( '!( " "$ $ $ ( ( 4 5 ; * $! 965 ( 3 $ $ ( 5 $ > (*! 4! ( $ ( ( $ (on lne) ( " '! "$ $ 0 $ off lne ( - $) : (c) ( 5 ( - 4); (d)!$ $!! [40] ' $ $ ( * % ( $ $ ( ( ) - (!" [7]! 5 % ( 0!" $ : + (( & % ( 53) + *! (( &% ( 53 ) * 0 $ ( $!

A a) C B A C!! : ) B 53 ( (c)!!(" (!( $ $* ; (d) $* $ $ $! $ $ $! ( ; - ( β = 0 β 0 β + β = 00 gon 54 (! 7! ( $ ( ( 54) (! ( ( ϕ ψ (( &%+ (! ϕ + ψ + β + β + γ = ϕ + ψ + σ = 400 gon (5) ( γ = α BA α BC ; σ = β + β + γ %! S B (( S S B B ( SAB = snϕ = Ksnϕ sn; SBC = sn? = Ksn? sn; (54) K snϕ = K sn[400 (ϕ + σ)] = K sn(ϕ + σ) $! K snϕ = K (snϕcosσ + cosϕsnσ) $ snϕ 0 K cos@ + K ctgϕ = K sn@ (55)! (55) $ snσ = 0 ' (c) σ = 00 gon β + β + γ = ϕ + ψ = 00 gon! ( (( ABC (d) σ = 0 gon & % + (( R = )! (! (54) snβ 0 snβ 0 ( 0 00 gon

( ( $) 0! 55 (c) β 0 β = 0 β = 00 gon $ (( α B ( S B ( 55 ) B S B B = B BC SAB = sn; sn ( A + ; ) ( 56a) & ( β 0 β = 00 gon (d) β + β = 00 gon ( 55 ) B ϕ = B S A A = B AC AC B SAB = sn; AB sn ( ϕ + ; ) ( 56 ) + $! ( A β γ ) ) C B A ϕ β β 55! B C! ( &! H = H A S A ctgz A + T A k S R ( H A &; S A = ( X X ) + ( Y Y ) ; A ' & &; A A k "( "$ (006); R $! 0$ (637 km) (57) 5!! ( B C H = H p p ( 58) ( " $ 3 ' # * & "$ (( ( ( 56) 0 -( A B S B < S A S B +&% β & < 00 gon S arcsn S ; = B A sn; AB (59)

-( ( ( X Y = X = Y B B + S + S B cosb snb B ( α B = α BA (00 β & β ) B B (50) S A < S B ( S A $ ((( β % $ (( α & α & = α A% (00 β % β ) $ $ & $ (! (- $ $ & $ ( $! A β A 56 0 (( ( ( ( 57) 4$ (( β $ (( $! X Y = X = Y A A + S + S A A ( α A = α AB + β ± 00 gon CH cosb snb A $!: CH CH A A = S = S A A ctgz ctgz A A + I + I A = S A ctgz A A ctgz T T A A A I + k + S R k + S R A I A A T + A T (5) ( 5) ( 5a) β B S A 57 $ $ "$ S B S AB = S A + S B S A S B cos; $! (57) $! B β A ' "$ H A - H A! " ( ) ' (! (5) I A = T A I = T

$ $ $ (( β! ( : (c) ( $ (! $! ( (d) $ $ *! " ( GS "$ $ " GS $ $!" " $ GS 0 : ; ( '= ( ) ( ; " GS 5 # 4 ( ( $! ( 58) %!" -$ ( (! / 4 ( $ ( /( ( -$!" ( 58 $ " 5! $ ($! v v x y = = fx S S fy S S (53) [4]: (c) ( (d) ( $ 3-4 $ (": ( ( $ (* ; $ (- ); $ $ ( " (!

$ $ $! (5) $#- '* ( '# ) / ( $ ( ( ( ( ( $ (* (- $ $ -(!"$ 0 $$ -( $ $ $ ( (4)! # ' ( ( 0 * ( 6 ( (! " ' $ - " (*!(" =( (!! " 5!' ( #' ' % *!" ( ( " ( Dahlta 00 00& 00%!$ ( $$ 00 m :300 $ ( 5 30 cm [65] / $ ( ± 0 mgon ( c ); ($ 50 00 mgon (5 0 c ) ( ( " *! ( $ 00-300 m! ( 5) ( (( ( $! ±50 ±00 $ ( (- (-$ )!"$ - - ( ' $ 0 " ( $ $ ) $ ( : $ $ (!$ $! $ ( ) $ ( * $ ( $ 3-4 m ( $!) $! H = H CT + I CT + k Ch T = H + kch T "$ I CT = 0 H = H CT + kch T ( H CT "$; ( 54 ) h $ ; ( 54a)

k! (* ; T (( $ () % ($ 0 m (* :000 - ) 005 m (* :500 -() $ (! %! $ - ( 0!$ $* $ $ ( $ (( X = X Y = Y CT CT + ScosB + SsnB ( X CT Y CT "$; ( 55) α = O CT + r ; O CT "$; r ( ; S $ (! ($ ( 8) + (! " ( "! ( $ $ $!!! "$ * $ 80 - XX - (! 90 - ) "$ $ ' " ($ :! $ ( "; $ km ; ( $ $ ;!$ " ; on lne ( -( ( "); -$ $* ( *$ (! $! ' ( (" $* $ %( "$: (c) (!("! 53!' ( * - "$ 0! $: -( ( ()) (

(d) ( $ ( $ " ( $ "$ -( $$!$!"$! $ " -$ ( (*$ - %!(" - $ " " $ ( (- ; $ $ "$ $ "$!$!$ "$ ( ( v = O CT m O op = ± n v n ( 56) O! ( ; n $! (n ) '( $$ $ $ ( m 5 mgon (50 cc )!!( ( ( $ ( ( ( 5 ' ( (!! ( ( ( (:! ($ ; ( * $ $ ( "$; (! +"! ( * : $ ;!$! ; ( " $ "!"$; * $!$!! ( 0 $ (!: $ "$ (! ); (( on lne ( );!( $ ( (( $! "$);! $ / ( ) "$ $ (( :

X = XCT + S cosb Y = YCT + SsnB k H = HCT + SctgZ + ICT T + S R ( X CT Y CT H CT "$; ( 57) r S Z $ (( ( ; α = O CT + r ; O CT "$; I CT "$; T ; k R "( "$!( 0$ ( $ "$!) $ $ S = * S snz * S ' " ( " $ $ $ (5) ( ' $ $ ( ( ) ( %( $ $! 0 50-500 m!$ (! ((!! ( * ) (6) / ( ( ( ") "!" " " : (c) $ $ " (d) $ $ ( (7) %( $ ( ' $! ( 7) (8)! ' $! ( 30 cm) (! "$ % ( 000-500 m!$ ( "$!! & 5 ( )! & 4 () (#! & ( ( ' ) (#! & ( ' (! &

' *! & ' * #! & ' * #! & ( # * '! & ( ' ()! & '# ( ( ' ()! & ( ( )! ( ' #'! ( ' (! &!!! (* ( " wwwbenovengneerngcom! & ( ' (# )')! & ( * ( ( ' ' ()! & ' '! &

6 5'+&'+& & (!!!$ ' ( $!( 0 ( $ $!" ' $ ( (3) * ( ( $! (* (4) $ $(! ' ( $ : ( ) ( ) %!" " (d) ( ) +!" ( $!" (! * $! (!!$ $ $ ( ( $ ( ( - " 965 [76] $! ( 990 ) - & %(! -!" $ +!$ &$ 80 - (!!" $ (e) %(!! ( *!! - ( ( $ (f) 0!(" $ ( $ $ 6 3' )#' ' $! $ (! () (:!( ; (( ( - -3 ); - =( " (!! " 0!"! /!$ ( ( 6) /( $!

Ymax m B = 000 fm M ( Y > B 4 mn > s Y max p k 0 ( 6) ( 6) ( Y mn Y max $$ - - m; m p $ mm; m S (! mm; M K $ * ; f! $ mm ( 0!" -$* % * [78] $ $ 6 ( ( ( * (! "$ $ ( " (!! %! $ ( C $ $ 6 - " $ ( $ 3 ( - (m s! 6) %( $ (4) 0 ( "$ $ $ ( 0 - (: $ ( 6); * % %(-!-! (!) A 6 $ B

(((! 70 30 gon - 00 gon + *: $*!$ "$ (! (5) $ $ ( $ "$ - (6) 5 $! $! - 0 $ $* ( * ( (!") $! $! ( ( (! ) ( (! () (( )! $!$ %(! ( $!!!(" 6 )#' '!$ 0!!" -$* - ( ($ $ 0 "$ (!! "!" $ (! "! ( 63) 63 %(! 64 +!! $ ( ( (

% $! H ) = fm C (63) ( f! $ ; M C $ * ( * ( 3 ( - * (*$ )!" $*!! $ $ - m H : H ) 5000 m H (63) ( ( ()! ( CH p = 60 + 5 H CH q = 30 + 5 H max ) max ) % % ( 64) ( 65) ( max (!$ (!) n c = $ " n u = S B 00 S 00 - q lm ( S ( "; S ; C ( 67) ( 68) l ( (- 33 cm) (*!* * ( 64) ( $ $ (! ; ( $ ( ( ( 65) + $ ; 000 m ( ( $ - m 5 cm /( B = lm $ " C 00 p p ( 66) 65 66 ($

& ($ ($ %(! $ - * ( ( ( 66) " ( ( $! " $ [4] $ ( * (!"$) ( ( (! ; $ * ( =(!(" $ $ $ $ -( ( ( - ( 7 /+ & '4) 7!' GS % GS $! $ ( ( : $ ( " -$* $ Stop and Go ( () $ ( ) "$ $ $!$: (d) (( - 5º ; (e) ( * ; (f) * " ( (! (* $ "$ $ $ ( "! ( (") * $ - ( ( 5 30 s; $( 0 cm $ (RTK) $ -3 s

%!$ $ (" $!"$ - 4-5 ( GDO- 8!$ $ "$ ' " - $$ $ "$ "$! "( 0 $! GS- $! "$ ($ $ 0 $ ( $! $ / $ ( ( ( $ ( ( 7) ( α (α < ϕ) CS ( H I) ctgb H ctgϕ ( 7) ( H CT (; CT CT I ; ϕ - ((( ( I α S 7 ( GS-$ GS $ (! $* $! ' " ( $! (* " " 0 ( ( -3 m) " GS-" ϕ H CT $!(" ( * %!$ $ (" 45º $ 7!' (( ) / (!! $ (?) $( ( ' ( % $!$! ( * $

* $ * *!!$ $ ( ( "! [ 3] * %! $ ( - ( $ ( $ - %! ( $ ( H $ ( ϕ $ ( 7) 7 /( ( $* /( (*! $ $ ( ( * ) $! ( $ ( $ ( ( (5) / $!$ -($ ( 73) ' $* * &$ ( $ ) ( $ *!!( * ( hals) -!( $ $(;!$! $ " $ $ (! $! $ 5-3 ( -$! $* $ ( ( $ ) (6) / - %!! ($ ($ $ $!$ ( 73 ) ' $!(" (7) $ ( 73) $ $ (! * ( (8) $ / ) 73 ) ) (: ) ) ) * "$! ( (!(" 0 ( $ $: (c) ( (d) $ ( ( - 0 m m/s ( +($

! 3 6 kg (! $ ( ( 0-0 m ' $* * ( %!!!!! ( +$ ( $!! ( S = 05tc m (7) ( c e! ( (- ~ 500 m/s) ( (! ( ( ' $ ( ( ( (! ( " $!$ $ ( $!!!$ ' ( (! ( ( ( 50 m m H 0-03 m ( %) $ ( $ ( $ ( "$ [63]) -$! ) ( $ ( ; * * ( m x = ± m + ( CtV) ( 73) ( m m; t (! ( ; V m; mru = SA + S :sn $ m (; + ; ) A m ru = S + B m : ; S A B ( 74 ) ( 74a) ( m β $ ((; m S - ( ; S p $ () ( GS $ (! (* $ $ ( $ "$ $ " ( GS $ $ ( $$!

+$! ( S) $ (m x ) $ ( ( ( CS 3m ctgd H mx mhctgd ( δ ((( ( (δ 0) ( 75) 73!' ( (* ( ' ( 5 6 7 7)!(" $ - " ' "$!! " () $ 0 ($ $ $! ($ -( - (!$ ( * "$! $ ( $ ( $ "$ ( $ ) $ ( ( " 74 ( ( (* 4)! CL = Q BH m ( % m; ( m; ( 76) Q m 3 * $ $ L = CL = Q BH m /! : ( 77) $ ( 5%); $ (% )! (76) L E E + E L = ± Q B + E H ( µ Q µ B µ H $ 74 /

$ $! $ $! (* $ [ 30 3] -!! $ ( ( () - ( "$ $ * ( % $! $ $ $! [86] )$ (! (! ( 5) 75! (55) : Kcos ctgϕ = Ksn S sn; ( K = sn; B = b sn; (; + ; ) (; + ; ) snϕ ( 78a) ( 78) B > β β $ ( " ; ; CT = F T CT = F T AB BC ( ' ( ) A 75 $ " ; * ()! $ ( ) ( 79) ( GS-! $ "$ $ (!$ [ 5 70] $* (" $ 5 m % GS - ($ )! ϕ b B ) ψ C β β

76 $ GS- $ XYH +! $ $! ( 76)! & 7! 0)' ( ' (( ')! 0)' ( ' ())! 0)' ' ' (()! & ' ( )' ' wwwbenovengneerngcom

8 &+&6/+ /) & ' 0+&' (*!!" ' (!$ $ (!) "$ $ / ; ( $!$ " 0 ($ $ $ " $: (f) (( "$ (!! " ; (g) ($ "$; (h) $ ($ ( ; () $!"!$ ($ - $; (j) ($ (! 8 ) ': (!" * :500 :000 :000; - $ * :00 :5000 -$ ($ $! $ '!! - ( ($ ( " ) '!!* ($ $! ( / ( ' - $ (! $ $ ( ( ) %(! $ ( ( - $ %(! $ $ $ $ 0 " "$ * $- * (! $ (!" * 4-5 km $ :000 * 4 km :000 - :500 $ 0!! (! "$ ($ ( 0 ($! " $! ( (! "$ (( $ $ (; : "$ (*; * (( $;!!;!!

($ * (! "$ $ ( ( ' $ $ / ( ) $!$ ( %(! $! (!) 0 ( ( * ( $ * ( ) ( -( $ -! * ((!"! (*! $ ( ( ' ( $ 0!$ $ ( ( " (!" 8! ( ( * " [37] 8!

8 5 ' ' 8 ( (*! (4) ' $ $ " ( ")! ( (5) %(! $ ( ( * (6) ($ ( ( "! ' (" (4)! ( $ ( * $ - $ * -( ' (* ( ( * (5) $ (; $ ( ) $ (! (6) -( (!! ' ( $ " "$ $ ( $ ( ' - - * * (* ( " $ $ $ : (c) (d) (! (!) ( * $ ( $ $ : (f) (! (! $ ( ; (g)!$ ( (!$ "! ; (h) $ ( *) $ ; () ; (j) $ $ ( ( ( $ * 8 $ : (3) (4)!! (! ) (" ( - "!$ % $ $

$ ( ( -(*$ (!!"!! $* " $ (! ( (!!$ ( (d) ( - ( $ () (! ($ (* ( (!! $ * ($!$ : ($ $ ( (* ( (*! ) ( '! ( ((! ) =( (!"!$ $ ( (* 3-D ) +!( ( $ (! - $ ( 8 [87]) % "( $!"$ * % $ (( ( )!!!; $! 8! [87] 4 Y ( ( N X N Y N H ( N X N Y N H "( X" = NXa X Y" = NYa Y H" = NHa H ( 8)

( "( ( (!) (( - ( $ "(! -! (! 5 0 m $ n (! $! n 3 ( (! $ $* ( $ 0% $* /! ( $ $ ( ( $ -!!! $ (!$ (! ( 83) $ (! $ ( 84) $ $* (! 4 (* $ ( 83 X*OY*) ' $ * ( N * * YN = NL Y0 = const ( L (! $; * 0 Y N = 0 ( 8) 84! $: ( ( $ 83! $: ( ( ( X H = n $ *

(n) ; n 0 ( 84) ( % ( $ $*! $! ( - $ "$ (!(" ' ( $ % ( / / / ' 83 $ $ 0 " $ * $ $ $! ( (*! ) $! ( $!:! ( $ $ ( ( ( " " : "- / 0 0 0 ( * $ ( ( ) ( ( ) D 3D / 3 85 (/(!

$* * ( ( ( 5 - ( ) %! 4 Y H ( ( '! - (( " (( / - - ' ( ( (/( 85 (( : % "! "! $; "! " $ ( ( ) (!); " ( ( 0 5 ); " ( $ ; & ( (!" " ( " 5 ; & %(!; &3 D 3D!$ ( ( $ $ ( " ( : (h) " ; () " (; (j)! ; (k) (! "; (l) * ; (m) ( ; (n) (! * (!!$! $ $ ( ( *! ( ) " ' " $ * (!- ( $ %( ( (* : (4) ' ( $ "$; (5) " "; (6) ( / (! & 8!--

! "#-"! & ' (! %( ( (!)! &(! () ( wwwbenovengneerngcom 9 +&%') &&)0 & &' '4) + ( $ "$!$ (!((!"! $ " $ ( : (d)!!! ($! ; (e) (*!*!"$ ( $; (f) ( "$ / "$ 0 " $ &( * $! ( $!$ ' ; " "$ ( $ $ "/!$ * * ( "$ (!* (") 0 ( * $! (!"$ ( ( ( ' (

Q L K H CT m B T ( 9) ( Q T ( ' m 3 ; H CT ( m; % m; K "!(" ( -3)! $! ( L!$; * ( $ $ ( - " (" $ ' $ " ( ( $!" ( "$ (* " 9 0!!* ( $ L!' #' '!"! ( 0!!* ( L -( ( 9); $ $ "! $ (! $ ( ( ( ' " : ( ; (" : $ ( ; $ " (!";!$ ; $ "$ on lne!' '$!! ( ) "$ $* ( "$ ( - ) " ' "$ 0! ( L 9 : (c) $ " -( (( ( "$);

(d) (! -( -! " "$ : ( "$ on lne; -( " - ( $ ; ( $ "$ (" : $ ( ; (! (!"$! ;!$ ; (*!!" (( " $ $ (" / $ ( ( % $! $ " ( $ (! (! 06 08 (* 0; ( (*) " $ "( $ $ $ $ * $ * " %!! $ " -!' GS '$!! ( ) GS-! $* ( (!$) "$ " + "$ '!* "$ (!$ ) : ( "$ on-lne "; $ ; " (" : $ ( ; (*!!" ; $! - (" ( $ - (" 3' )#' ' '$!"! "! * %! ( "$ " '!* -( ( 9) ( $ $!(" ( 9) : * (!!$

(c) $ -; (d) - : $ " ( $!( $ (; ( "$!$! on lne;! " (" :! $ " ; $* "$!(; ( "$ " ( * " - /(! )#' ' &! (!!* ( $ ) "$ ( 9) : $ " ( $!( $ (; ( "$!$! on lne;! ";!(" (( ) (" : $! (!$ (( $(); ( "$ " $ $ ; 0 %(! L /( $ 9 0!!* ( $

(( $ - Z) $ $!" ( ( ( (* ' GS "!!! "! 0!* : $ ( (!$; " on lne (" : - " ; ( ( ( ( $ * '! $!"! $ ( : (d)!$! $ ; (e) ( ; (f) $ ( "$ "$!$

67% % " % &3300 &%%! 0 0%&3 > +/)3' & &!" ( ( $* % $ $ ( (!$ '!!*!! $! " '! ( ( 0) %4/ $* ($!** ($ +/ 04/ +&'& %+>0& 0 ( $ $! ( $ "$ () ($ ' "$ ( (!$* ($)

0 ( ( $ $ -!$: () $ $* " () "$ (3) ( ( $ - * $! $ $ ( * ) - $ * 0 $ ( : () / $ ( ( ( ( $!) (! (! * V V ( 0) M = ( V M e ( ; V (! ($; K + "(! ( + > ) () "$ ( $!!: * % (* 3 " ( ) - -; " ( (!(")!;! 0 ( ( $* ( $ "$ -! ( (( - " 0 (-)!! $ $ $ $ (! ' % $ $ "!"!( $!$ - (*! : (a) *$ ; (b) $ "!; (c) $! *!; (d) $ $!!; (e)! " " $* ( $! *! $

" ( ) (* $ '= ( (* kwh)! $ (! "! * %! *$ ( (! + - $ 0 '$ $! #! ( (! -!" "( ( " $ ( % *$! ' $!$ $ $!$: (a)! (b)!! 0 $ $ "!$ ( '!"$ 969 [73] (!" $ ±3% $ $* $ ( ": $ $ "$!; $ ; ( $ ;! (; " -" ' " ( ( ( " ( $ $! ($* ' ( $ 0 $!" () $ $ ( $ * +!"$ x ( 03 * ) x = a x = b (a < b) y z a (x) 03 $ $! (0) b x * 03 04 / x z S 04 $ $! (03) y

V = b a (x)dx ( 0) -! $! y0z ( ( x () $ " $ ( 04) : (a) S x0y; (b) " (!*! Z $*! S; (c) (! z = f(x y) ' V = S f(x y)ds ( 03) ( $! ( ( )!$!"$ ( '!" ( $!"$ * ( V f ( L L L ) ( 04) n ( + $ * L ( $ $ $ $ m +/)3 & & > 3 ( $ * $ %( $ ( ) / $!" $ #) ' $ $ ( $ (! 5 $ $! $ * $! $ ( $* ( /! 3 $! $ (! $ (!!! ( $ $! * $ (* * (") $ * * ' $ $ -$ * $! * $ ( X + X )( Y Y ) ( ) + = 05 +!$ Y* = 05 + * * ( H + H )( X X ) ( ) + 5! () () * (! ( %

! $ $ $!* %!- () 4 ( ) $ % $ $! $ - ' " $ ( +!" $ +* - $ (* - $ + ($) $ ( +!(" * - $ $ (* $ + % ( ($) ( ($) + +!" $ * %( $!" ( ' & ' - *$ $!$ (! $ (! 0 $ $ $ $!*! (! ( $ $ ( $ $ (* ( $ $ $ $ - 6-8 $ $ $! (! $ 50 m ( $ (!!") 0 m ( ) ( 0 m! $ $!! % $!$ (! ( );! (

$ $ ( - "$ (*!! $ ( (* ) $ (!! ( ( $ ( )! ( ( ) 0! *! $ (! ( )! $ $$ ( $! $ (! $ $ ( &-&) 0! $ (! * ( )! (!$) $ * $ ($ ( ( -( * ; $ :000 $ :500 ( ( *!) V ( $! ( 3) k m Lc + k + + + m + + CVk + CV = m ( 3) ( k m $! $ ; V k V m ( $ % $!

!$! $! (3) V k V m $ n! 3 $ *! $ m V = ± L c mp + m p + + m pn mp + n ( 6) & m p = n ( ( * m p $ ( CVk = qlkk CVm = ql m m ( 4) ( L k L m $$ ( () " (; q " $ 05 q! m V = ± KL c m p + m p nm p + + m n p m p m p + = ± KL m c p n 3 ( 7) & ( ( (* $ V k ( V m ) $ $ ; CV k = 05L CVm = 05Lc m k c ( + * ) * CV ( 5 a) k m m * * ( + ) CV ( 5 ) ( ( $ * $ 0 ( ' ( $ $ - k ( n $ $; " * $ ( ) ( (* $ ( * $-! (7) (8) m V V V = L c (n ) (8) Km = ± ( n ) n 3 $ $ -$ 0 ( 9)

m V V Km p = ± n ( 0) 5! (0) $ : () "( $ * $ $ (! ( $ ; $ 0 ( 5 [33] () * $!"$ "$ (;!!( * ( (3) $ $! $ ( $ $!"$ "$ (* $ ' $ ( $ $ $ $ (- ") * ( ( $ (4) m ( $ *! $ *! (( ( = 05 = 05 n n X H ( H H ) + ( X X ) + ( ) m p = ± 05 n m x n + H + ( H H ) + m ( X X ) ( ) m X = m X = = m Xn = m X m H = m H = = m Hn = m H! m p = ± 05 m n n X + H + ( H H ) + m ( X X ) ( 3)!! (3) 4 ' 4 4 ( H H ) + = 4H CT ( X X ) = 4( B H ctg ϕ ) + + CT m p = ± CT m X H CT + m 4 * H ( B + H ctg ϕ ) '( ( ( ( $! (3) CT CT

m p = ± = ± m X m X B CT H CT + m + m H H B H CT CT + B + H CT CT ctg ϕ = ctg ϕ ( 3a) % ( ((( ( ( ( $ (! ( * ) ' m = f() $ * + &!! *! (0) $ $ ( * $ $; 5! 05 3% $ $ * *!! ( $ * ( 6) (! $ ( 6 ) '$ ( ( * $! * ( $ 5 ) B ) B B 6 : ) * - % * ; ) - L ( ( L L L 5! (3)! " %!!! (

!$!!)! ( -(- 4! " * ;! ( 4 ( $ "! ( * (*$ "! ( ( (' $ $ $ - ( $ ( (!!$ $$ ( 7) 7 +! $ $ ( $! V = m = k + + L + + CV + CV k m - k m ( 4) 5 (" ) $ ( $ $ -!(" ($ $ $ ( ( $ (! * $! * $ ( 6) ( () ( $!(" (! $ $!! + + V = G + ( 5) ( λ ( ( $ ( " * $ ( 8) & ( ( ( G + R + R + H+ F 00 ( R R + $$ $ $ $ ((! gon H + ( $*!(" ()!"! $ ( $! ( $!

8 $! $ V = + / n = n H n / = n H / / = H CT ( 6) ( n $ * n / ( ((! $ $! 9 $ $ ( ' ' * ( ( $ *!;!$ " $ $ $!("! ( $ "( *! (! ( ( $ ( $! ( 9) $ (! ( ( ( $ (! $ - (;!! ( 0) 0 $ * % * (!" ( - $

0 ( '!$ $! $! (6) * m = m H H / n! m v = ± n I n / m V m H m + v = ± + m m nh H H n n + n n / / ( 8) ( 7) * m + $ * $! (3) m X = m Y = m S ( )! m ± 05m = ± 05m S n = S S n + ( X X ) + ( Y Y ) + = = n + = ( 9) $ S '! ( ) ' n = S ( B DS ) + 4 + ' m V V = ± B m = ± m S B + + DS ' m S m + H S B H ' ( 0) ( $ $ * $ $ m V V = m H H ( ) ( $ * * (! + $ $ ( $! 4 $ ( 05-3 m - ( (

(! ) ( $! (3) V Ch + + + n = ( h ; n + + CV + CV n CV qc h Ch Ch C h CV n = n- n = qc h nn Ch nn Ch n C h ( ) h ( $ - ; h n - $ "!; q q n "! ( 05 q 067 q n > ) $ $ : (!* $ "$ (*!!; $ ( ( ( ' ( ( ( ( "! ( $ $ ( ) ( ( $! V = m = k + Ch + + CV k + CV $ (! (4)! & ( m ( 3)! & ' ' ' ( (! & ' ' ' (! & ' ' '! & ' ' '

(' /+ & 0& +/)3 & &! & ( '## ' wwwbenovengneerngcom!' )' % $! "!! %(! $* $ $ -!: ( ) V = h; (a) (( V = lbh; ( ) (( V = 3 (h +h +h 3 ); () ( ) V = 3 h; (3) ( ) V = 3 h( + + ); (4) ( ) V = 6 lh(b+d); (5)

( ) V = h[(b+b )l+(l+l )b] (6) 6 ( *! * ( b = b hctgϕ l = l hctgψ ( 3) V = h( + / + 4 C ) (7) 6 $ (! () (7) : + * ( - ); h (( ); h h h 3 ( ( ; b l ( ; b l ( ; d ( (d b); ϕ ψ - ( (' ( '* (#) () (!) $ ( (! $ $! () () + ( $ h 3 (!( $ ( b h $!! ( $ V = b n t t 3 ( h h ) m ( 8) = ( t ( ; ( ( = n)

A B C C " ( "( &!$ "(! ( "$!) ' ( b!(" ( () $* (*!" $ * (!!$ F F A E B 4 +$ $ E h h h 3 $! " D D ( ( # 0 ($! * ( ((" * $ (( () 4 $ ( ( $ $ * 0 ( $ $ $! ABCC D E F F % $ ( *! " ( ( ABE AEF BCE CC D DD E ( AFF A F E B E D ABB 0 t $ (! $!! ( " V t ( ) t 3 = V m 9 t ( V = ( h + h + h 3 ) 3 ( ( = n); + * ; * ITM Irregular Trangular Mesh (! t t- CV = V t V t ( 9a) $ () ( $ $ $ ( ( () (! ( / (3) 0 $ ( 4 FABCC B A F ) $ $ ((" (* $ ( $ ((" 655 0 m 605 5 % $ * ((" 605 655

(4) ( (( $ %!! $ 0 5 $ ( $ 5 533 m 3!$ 4 867 m 3 3%!! ((" $ $!$ $* $! - ( %$ "( (( ( 6 [ 67 8] S/ ( V S/ = h m 3 6! - ( 0) ( h $ $!!; *!$ (( (- ) $ $ ( $* "$ $ V = n V t m V t j ( V l = ( 0a) ( ) kch k 0 t V (!! t ( = n); t- V j (* t- (j = m); h k $ ( -$ ((; + * ((" ( (k = l) ' ($ ( 8) $ -! $ $ "( *$ ( n $ ; V = nv o m 3 () V o ( $ m 3 ( $:

(a) $ (; (b) ( $! " $$ ( ( $( ±0%) $ ( "$ (! 3 ' '* (#) ( 7 $ ( $ $ ( ( * (* $ $ (- ) ( [ 8] Dj+ Dj S a 7 $ &* ' '* ( ' '* ) $ ( ( 0 "( H H ( $ n 3 ( H H ) K m ( ) V = ( + * ; H ; " * ( "((! 05) %' (* $! ( (* ' ( ( $ -! ( 7)! D CV = j + D j+ n a S ( 3) ( D j D j+ $!* ; a $ ( )! ; S $

5! (3) (! D j + D j+ CV = j j+ D j + D j+ CV = as j j+ ( 3a) ( 3 ) ( jj+ e * "! ; a ; S jj+ ( $ $ $ D j D j+ ( $ (! (8) $ $ "(! /!* ( ( $! 0 $ $ (! (! : () (!$ $ ( [ 67 8] () 5!"! ($ $ ; $!! $! $ 0! $ (* ( 4) 4!# )' ' * ( $! ($)!$ y $! V = y y 0 (y)dy ( 4) ( y 0 y (y) * y! 7 $ * (y)!"$! ( $ 0 (a) $! ( (b)!$ Y ( 8) * ' 4 ' [77]

H X %!$ ( $ $!"!* j ( ) A (X Y H ) = n!* j+ (! ) A I (X I I Y I H I ) = n +! X H $ I a = X X I c = H H ( 5) I +! Y Y $ $ b *! y! (y) = + y b A 3 j + A A j y b b A 6 y A 4 A 5 A 3 A A j+ 8 (! $ ( $ Y ( 6) A 4 A 5 A 6 ( j * j = 05 j = 05 n n ( X X )( H + H ) + [( X X )( c + c ) + ( a a )( H H )] + n = + + + + ( a a )( c c ) 05 + %! ( (! (6) $ " + + (4) (6)! V b b V = (y)dy = b j + + = j + j+ 0 3 3 + 05 ( j j+ * $ () = 05 j j+ T = 05 = 05 n ( X X )( H + H ) n I I I I ( X + X )( H + + H ) T ( 7) n I I I I [ ( X+ X )( H+ + H ) + ( X + X )( H+ + H )] + +!! + ' $$!! $ 0! (7) $ : () $! $ (

() $ ($ (3)! $ $ $ ( ) ( ) & $!$ Y %(! $! : () () ( $ $ () ()!! $!* $ $ $ (7)!!! $ j j+ V L 3 + j+ + 05 j j+ + ( B H B H ) ( 8) j j+ ( L $! $; B j H j j; B j+ H j+ (* j+ j! wwwbenovengneerngcom! &! & ' ( ' '! ( (/( ( '* ( #' ' '

3 +%+>7& & & & %0+%&'& & && % % &% 3 ( ) %!" $ ( ($ 0 ( -$ $! ($ (* "! V = V K ( 3) "!! $ * " $ ( $! " $ "!; -!! $ ( ($ ( () ' $ "! * ( K = V V ( 3) $ ( $! (!(" + ( [84] "(! ( $! 0 " $ * ( $! [46] %(! $ $!! " ( 3) $ ( ( $ $ 3 "! $ "! $ Lc = L * * * K = * * c M M ( 33) * ' $ $ K $ M* Q &! * $ "! * ( = * K * M + C + C ( 34) * ( "

! (33) (34) $ $ " CK ( δ = / * M = K K * * ( K ) D = + D ( 35) 5! (35) $ * $ $ "! ( 3) () 5! (33)!(" ( ( (! K < ()!$ $ "(! $ (! & n ( 33) I II n K > K > > K! (3) (33) $ $ " K K = I p I p + K I p II p + II p II p + + K + + n p n p n p I II 0!$ " K p K p $ $ (! "!! "! ( $! ( 33 "! ( 3 0 $ + * $ "! $ : % - " [76] "!! ( K = 87K k 04 ( 36) K "(! $ ( ; k K - "(!!

0 " $ ( "(! ( ( ) '! (3) (36) K K I II = + 08 = 70 65 4 = 4 [ ( 70 + 95) 470] /90 = ( I I VB V = I I 78K 04 K VB V = 78K 04 K ( 37) I I I I V B V K B K ( ( ( ( "!; V B V K B K (* "$! (37) K I = K V I ( 78V V ) I I ( 78V V ) B B V ( 37a)! "! "(! ( ( K K II I = = + 08 I 4 K I II I I II [ K ( + ) K ]/ "! * I II = 70 m = 95 m! 3 &( ) ( ( ' ' ' (! (*! (3): I I V " I - V = M ; K II II V " ## - V = M ; K N N V " N - V = M ; K ( $! $! ( V V M = V I M + V II M + + V N M V = I II + V + + V K N ( 38) + - 4-5% $ "! -$! $ "(! ( (

( " I I V " I - V = M ; K I II II V I " ## - VM = - VM ; K N I N I II N- " N - V = V ( V + V + V ) M M M M + I N V M!$ $ % (38) "$ $ (!) M

"6%! % &%%0! 4 +&'% ''& & & % '+'' +/= +(! (! $ ($ / ((! " ' ( -! $ ; % $ $ $ $ (*$ : (a) "$!!; (b) ; (c) '$ ( () $! 4 ( (

# ' ( ( " % ($! ( $ %( $ $ ( $ " $ GS [ 5 7] ( $! V = K HK n K v m 3 ( 4) ( n $ (; K H "( ( (; K "(! (; " (; v ( $ (!$ ' $ ($ $ (! (! $ (a)! ( ( ) ( (b)! $ ( $ [ 3 5] %$ " (! (4) $ ( - $ (! 0 (! ( (!$ $ ( ( 4): ( ) 5$ (!$ ( $ -!$ [75] h a 4 $ 0 $ $! 4 (! ( b h h * ( (!) $ S m * $ $ h b

E A E = a 05L = E + S ( & (! m; (4) (4a) L m / : B = H H Eb m; = Eh m; = E h m ( V = BH L CV m 3 (43) (44a) V = 3 BH L m (44 3 ) ( V (!"$ %(! " + v [ 48 75]! $ $( $ ( - v o $! ( " $ ' V = 3 nv m 0 ( 45) $ (!)!$ (" (! " $ " # ( '$ (-! ) ( -$ ( v Q q = : m 3 ( 46) ( Q * $ ( t; q ( ( ) t; ρ - ( $ t/m 3 $ ( ( V = n v m 3 ( 46a) $ [ (45)] V = nv o = n n 0 n v 0 j m ( n $ (; n 0 $ (n 0 < n); 3 ( 46 ) v j ( $ ( j (j = n 0 ) m 3

0! ( (* $!$: () $*! $ () () " (3) $ ( (!$) ( (! ( ( (! (!!$ () (3) $ ( $ ( q t v m : = 3 (47a) "(! $ ( : K = (47 : ) ( ρ ( ( # - (! -$* $ () $ GS " ( 7 7) ( V CSH Zm ( S ; CT H CT (; 3 ( 48) Z (!! ($ ψ ϕ h -!! ( ( ( $ ( ) 0 $ (!)! ( $ (! $ 4 ( ( ( H B 4 (! ')

&' ' ' ' 06 * $ $ ( $ ( 4) * % ψ (( ϕ H ( $ *!"$ H 4 * (! = (H h) ctgϕ + (B + hctgψ)h m (49) ( H ½Btgϕ * H Btgϕ h = ( + ctgϕctg? ) = H ctgϕ (49a) % * $ ( $! ) ( $ (* γ-() % ($! (!! ($ ( $ ( 0! : (a) ( 5 0 s ; (b) ( (* γ-() $ ( $ -$ ( 4 * ')!!- 8!$ ( $ ( 5 0% $ ( (* (! $ ( " (!") + ($ $ 6 )$ "$ ') *$ $ " '! (( $!" : (a) "$ (!; (b) ( $ - ; (c) ( " ( $ $; (d) ( ( $ ( $( 500 t) ( ( ( ($ ) (*!$ ( $ $ () (d) % & ( 3%

' ( (( "$ " 5 &)& & &'& && '+) & +&'%' ''&! & 4! ( ) ' ' ' ' ( ' wwwbenovengneerngcom 5 " ' ' % 4 $!"!!! $ ( -: () $! ( () $ $ $ (" ) (3) +$! (4) $! + ($ "$ " * ' ' ' ' ' ' ' %!" $ -$ $! ($ ( ($ ' ( (* 3)

V M = V K m ( V M ( ; V (! ; + "(! 3 ( 5) & ' ( $ " -! 5 7 ' $ $ ( 5) ( $ "! + $ ( $ $ ' V J = V MC + V # V ## m 3 ( 5) ( V MC ( ; V VMC = VM + ; K # V ( $ $ ; ## V (*$ $ ρ ( t/m 3 ( ' $ * $ $( : (a) ( ); (b) ( ); (c) " ($ ( ) 6III II CV IV V MC V %! () (b) $ " -! K = CV CV n ( 53) ( V I $ - $; = n 7IV 30IV I CV 5 $ V MC ( ( Q t; Q V = : m 3 (53) n K =

$ $ $ $ 0 -$ V = K V MC m 3 ( 54) ( V *$!$ () $ (*! (-) ( ' * ( V/ = VT V + m 3 ( 55) ( V ' ( $ ( $ ); V + ( 0 ( V + $ $ ( ( $! - ( V + = V OT V B m 3 (55a) ( V B e ( ( ( ( ( (') %(!"$ $ $ ' $ (!!$ $ $ "! %(! $! $ $ (! V J = Q m : V J = I Q V + : 3 V K II 3 m ( 56a) ( 56 ) ( V Σ ( $ ( $! (5) m 3 ; Q!!! (!) t; ρ ( t/m 3 ; V I ( $ m 3 ; V I# ( $ (V I <> V I# ) m 3 ; K "(! ( $!) 5! (56) (56 ) *$! & ( (56) (56 ) ( $ Q ( "! 0 $ " $ ρ +

( $ " "! ( (( (* ( ((! 3 $ "! -!! $( V Q ' $ ( : = Q V : ( 57) "(! K = : : ( 58) +! (58) (! (56 )! I II ( V V ): t ( 59) :VJ = Q + 5 (!! $ $ (!!! (!!?! ' # (! " $ [ 85] 0 = n!! I d = V V I d = V V I dn = Vn Vn ( 50)!$! d I m c = " E c = n n d V n I d I 3 m 00 % ( 5a) ( 5 ) 0 "! d = d I m ' Σd I 0 m = ± " n d 3 m n c ( 5a)

E = ( V = V n n m 00 % V ( 5 ) 0 ( te < E ( 53) ( t " $ ( ( $ n t > 5) 0! m m : (a) ( $ (n > 0); (b) $ $ (! (!$ ) +# ( (53)! (* $* ( " " V q = V = n n V V ( 54)! ( [ 8 67 85] V V ()! $ q E E + q E q = MC + rqe MC E ( 55) ( µ µ $ ; r "$ "! V V 53 - ' & $ $ $ V = V M V + K + V' V" ( 56)! (56) (! $$ $ "! m V mv = ± mm + m + K + + K K 3 ( m' ) ( m" ) m ( 57)

( m M $ ; E m (*! ($; m K "!; m $ CV K ( CV E ) + ( E + E ) + ( CV' CV" ) E ( 58) V = M M K + ( µ $ V M V V V $!* (! (56) V = V /V V M + V /K + V V = '( µ M < µ < µ K < µ! (58) : - $ ( (µ V µ M );!! (µ V K E + EK );! " µ V µ (! (! $! $ $ " ( "$ '!$ " "!! ( $ "! V = V V K (59)!! (V ) (V ) " m ± CV ( 50a) - m ± V (50 ) 0( (! (50) $ $: (a) " $! (b)! % $ $ $ (* ( ( $)!! (50)!!!! V! (! ) $ $ $

! & 5! ( wwwbenovengneerngcom

+/!+!&7 % %!% %&0 0%6&5%&!& 6 7& 4&!$ " * -!! -!" 0 $ (!$ " ( (!! $ $ $ (!$ " $: () -!$!" () 0! "! * $ * (* " (! " [ 3]

$ [ 4] $ $ %! " (*! * $!$ 0 " - ( $ 6): "# $ a (a) ( /!! (; (b) *! ( ; (c)! (! "); (d) ; (e)!* ( ; (f) " ( $ ( f c f a!$!(( $ ( $!$ *? /& ' '!* (? b c d e % $ "!" (!$ (*!! ((? /& ( ( (? f 7 (?? /& ( c ( ($ " ( f 6 ()!$ " /&? $ - -?

7 &+&6/+ +&' + &% %0+%3%& % $ $ ( - $ ( ' " $ -!$ (! $ ( $) $! ( ) $ ((! $ $ % * $ $ ( (-! 00 50 mm) $ $ $ ($)!$! 7 ( 0 (( - (%): $ ( L % % % V + ( + ; $ * * % $!" * ( m $ $$! ( &! %! $ s 0 ; n ; (( ϕ ; $! ( ($ (( $ 3 m);!( L; ( d ( -$ (!); * (%%) $ - ( () * * W / ; %% $ m 3 q kg/m 3 (-! 03 08 kg/m 3 ); ( %% ρ kg/m 3 ; ( K ¾ ( ); (! ( ( ( ( * ( % ( * (- :500 :000) 0!! *! %! 7 $ $ $ ( * %!" $ ( * $ -$ ($ ' $ *!$! $ *

$ ( ( 7) "$ ($! $) $ $ $ $ (s 0 ) $! 0 $ $* $! " ( $ $ (! ( * CAD- $ (! ( 7) * ( L = L + CL = + ( H ) CL ( 7) 0 + ( * & + 5 $ $ $$ 7 *$! ($ - w / ;! $ (! ( CAD- ) ($ $ ( $ ( (! (!(") $$!! ( 73) -! ($ $ $!$ H + () +$! $ ( H 5 C T E/ s 0 ϕ ω ϕ C ω / E E 7 ' (7) () * 0-5% 09w / w + w / (73) (3) $! ($ $ ; ($* $ $ V + L 0 B B L B m 3 (74)! V + qjl m 3 (74 ) V + L 0 m 3 (74) L H L 0 L

( q " m ; * m & $ $ $!( ($! () $ ( ( 7) ($ V = ½AL 0 (C + E + w / ) m 3 (75a) ($! $ V = ½AL 0 (C + E + w / + L 0 ctgϕ C ) m 3 ; (75 ) $ V n = ½BL 0 (E + s 0 ) m 3 ; (75) V 3 = BEL 0 m 3 ; (75) $ "$!!! (75) V + = ΣV m 3 (76) % $! m V = V 3 + m L m ( 77) 0 $ %% V q ( k! K ¾ Fd k: 4 L ( 78) $! ( (( $ ( B B s 0 E C A L % 7 0 B 73!( ( $ ( ( "!$ $ ( % $ ( β S $ (! TRACKING [ 4] $ $ $:!$ ( $ () $ - ;

($ ( 30% ( 3 4 ); 3 4 $ $ (!) $ ( (! $ ( ( ( ( ) $ $ GS- +! $* -! $ ( () $ /! 04 m () /( - ( ( (! (! $ 0 05 m * -$* ( - ) /!!( 05 m (3) '! *! ( ( ( $ ( $*!(!! 0 (! $! "$ (! ± % (4) 5 * - /! ± 04 m! $ '!"$ [73] $ (! (969 ) - $!"$ -!$ $ $ ("$ 6) ( $ %% ' ( &!$! %% $!"$ * " $ $ ( ' ( ( $! (R > 500 m) 73 ( ( $ $! $ (* & $ $*! $ "$ $ $ "$! 0 ( ( 6 f-a f-c) $ / $ $$!

" $ - $ - $! ($ ( " (!! "(! $ ( ( $! (! "(! 3 0( (! (") ( %$ "$ - ( ( 05 m ( (! 05 0 m - $ * ( ( $ '! l 083 V m K ( 79) ( V K ( ( V K = 47 m 3 l 3 m) /! $!! ( $ *$ ( (! * $ " - -( ($ ( $ [ 3] %(! $! (! " ) $ ( - ) ( " - - $ $ " ( * - (! ( ) - D = Knp/ = 3 m ( 70) ( m $ " ; n $ ( "$ ; p * $ ( "$ (! ; " " (; + * $! (! $ ( $ $ - "$ m D = D ( 7) * ( "! p = L(lb + bh + lh) = Ll (q + q q + q ) (7a) 3 3 p = (lbh) = l (q q ) ( 7 ) ( l b h ( $ ( "$ (l b h); q q " $ b h $ ( l + l b h ( ( (! $! ' q q $!

0 ( $! ; $ [9 3] 8 +3%& & +&'&'& & '+&+'& '<&'& 0& 4&0&=3! & 7!! (/(( (! & ' (! ' ' ' wwwbenovengneerngcom 8 0 ' ( ( + $ (*!* ( ') (* $!(" [68] %$ (* "$ $ ( (!$ $ $ $ "!$ $!$ ( ' $ $ $ ' $ (! ( ) $ $ 0-0 50 m! ( (( ); $ ' $ (*$ ; ±5 cm ( ±- cm

0 (* (* $ $!$!$ ( 0 km/h)!$ -: # %!" -!(" ( ) ( ( ( $! ( $!(; $ ( ($! ( (!(! ; $! ($ $ (! $ $ (!$ $! $ $ ( ( ) 0 ') $ * ' (* $ ( () $! $ ( $ $ (*!* ( * () $ (( ( ( ( $ /( $! B T = Rtg ( 8) ( α ((( ( ( "$ (( ); R!( 8 $ (( ( ) $ ~0-5 m =$ (( $ l ( 8) 00 l ϕ = F R ( 8) ' (( ϕ $! ϕ = α/n (8) ( n "$ (( -$ 5) (( 0 $

ϕ ; = ( 83)! $ S ϕ = Rsn ( 84) $ "$ [4] 0 ' ( ( ( ( *;!( $ * ( 8 ) 8 $! ( $ 7 [ (* 74] x 0 A C O C M y M R A M x M x 0 MM O & BO!$ R β/ B R = R = x ( x x ) 0 0 M snm; + y M ( 85) ( R ($!!!(" &% % $ $ ; β ((( ( ; x M y M " + (85) x I O x = M + x M ( x + y ) M cosm; M cos M; II I x O < xo $ ( "( - % $ (! R = x I 0 snm; $ $ + R R mn 0 ( (( B = arctg m ( 86) ( /m ; m "$ 5 9

83 0 $ (! "(( 0 k ( 83) +$! t = ½actgα/ (87) ( (455 mm) /( & % ( ) 0 ( $ (* (!" ( ( (!!(" ( 84) +! R R 3 -! R 84 $ ( ((( β 0 ( ( 3 3 D tg; R = = T + L R R tgm; + L ( 88) '! (88) ' ; tg L + = tgβ R L + R tgβ = tg β + R ( R + R ) ( 88)

$ C C = R /snβ (88 ) '( " (( β $ T +L $ D (*!$!( ( 3 0 (( γ; γ = 00 + β + β 3 β (*$ *!!" * "!! $ 0 ($ $!$ ( ( * ( "$ 8 + ( ( $ ( $ $ * (! (! $ (! "$ 0 (*$ $* $ - "$ (!$ : () ( "$ ( () $ ( * (3) * 0 " (- + $ $ m) $ " (! ( ( $*! ' 85 $ [ 30]! $ " ( (! GS * ) ( " 85 "(! $ Rs [30 3] $ ( / = H 0 S cosδ + S cosδ r (89) ( S ( ( ; S ( ( ( ); H 0 0 ( " );

r!( ; δ δ ( ( " $ ( "$ $ $ (! H + - H / H (80)! $ $ $ 0 (! 0 * $ ( $ '! $ ;! $ [59] "! $ 86 )$! $ " % ( $ " ( 05 0 m) $!$! $ 5 8 $ ( " " 86 " "! $ )$ ( () ( ( $ ; $! $!! " )! * *! ( $! 0!! 0 V $!$ * ; 03 05 km! $ " $ 3 5 cm! -:

$! " ( $ ; $ ((; "! $ ( ;!!$ $ ( $! $ * (!! 0!! $ ( " ( $ ( ( GS-" $ $ $ 0 ( (" GS-! ( $ (( $ ( ( 87) /( $ " ( ( $ ( 87 (:) ( $ * $ ( 88) %!("!! (3)! (5) 83 0 '!$ $ $!" $* (* - ( $ (( $ ( $ $ 0 50 m / $! $ "$ $ $ $ " $ $

9 0)/%& * & /5+&=' & +/%' &7&'& & '+'' +/= 9 ( 88 $ $ $! ( / ( *! ($ $!$!! * ' $$ - (!" %! ( " $ $ $! (( $ $ $ $ ( ( &( $ $$ ( ( - ( " $) "( & -! " ( " ( " $$ " * $$ /" $ ":!$ ((!$ $ * %! +/)3 &)9/&%& " ( '+ ( montor! *)

! " " - ( : (a) " $*! (); (b)!! $! ((* "; (c) ( ( )! "!! "$ " - -!!$ " $ ; ( - $!$! (! $ $ $ $: () /!$ " - " ( ") * $ 095 $ $! "$ k Ck m C ( 9) ( $ k!" ( 5 cm (* 5 0 cm (*!" 0 0 m - "! $ ' $ m m = C = Ck ( 9) ( " -$ -!! $ " $! ( " (!$ -$ $ ( $! $ (! ( "$ (! ( () -$ - ' (a)! $ (b)! $ $ $ (c) $*! (3) $ ( ( ( "$ (*! " $$ (! -$ $ -( (! - (! $ m Ct V C C ( 93) ( V - (4)!$ ( $ $ ( "

9 ' ' )'!$ 0 " ( - "$ $ - *$! -: R R R 3 - ( ) / $; $* ; & % " R R ; 3! (! ) $ " & % ; 3 " & % % $ - "$ ;!"$ (( "$ $ (!! ( $ $ " [ 4] + $* $ " $ $! * : () (- () $ (3) GS-$ (4) "$ "$ $ () () (3) (4) "! 4 ( Y) $ " - $ ( * t t+ CX CY CH tt+ tt+ tt+ = X = Yt = H t+ + t+ X t Y t H t ( 94) (94) $ CS = CX + t t+ CYtt + ( B C C CY = arctg CX CH tt = arctg CS tt+ tt+ + ( 94a) ( 94 ) ( 94) -$ ( CS' = CX + + CY + + CH t t tt tt+ ( 94) $#- '* ( -!"! ( ( " $ (! ( " *! $$

( ( " $* 5 ( $ $!$ ()! " ( > ( "$ ( ( : ( 05 mgon ( ); ( ; ( 000 m 0 mm; $ $ ( on lne ( -(; 4-5 ( % ( $ 3! $ $ $ (( 0 $ $ "$ ( $ $*!! /( (! $ (! $ $ "$ - ( $ /" $! (94) ' ( $ " $ "$ $ (( $ $ ( "$ /" $! (94) $$ () $ $ " ( " -!( ( ( ) $* ' ( "$ ( ) "$ $* $ - ( "$ ( ( $ (!$ $ + $ - ' $ $! "$ ' ( (!$ ) " - (!!!!$ - ($ * " () "$ (- "! " $ - " $ ( (3) (- "$)! "$ $

0 - $ $ $ $ "$ 9 [58] (- $ -! 0 0 mm (! km 3345 5 466 #$%$&$ # % & )*# *% *& 7 89 C f(ct)!" ' ( +-/0 9 ' -$ "$ ( ($ (! $ GS-' $ $ " ( ( ") % $ "!" GS- / ( (! ( (rapd statc survey fast statc survey) + $ $: () $* ( ) $! (!* ( + "$ " () ( $*!"$ (" (GDO < 8) '(! *!! (3) " " 0 mn - ±(5 0 mm + mm/km) " ( $ RTK) "!" $ (*

( [58]) ) ' (!"! ( ( - : (a) - "! - ( (!; (b)!$ ($/!$!(" "$ ; (c) ( ( ) -$ %'+ & /%< %+'&) 4+0'&) 00 50 00 50-0 -40-60 -80 4 8 5 6 = R R R 3 ) 9 ) (! '$ ) ) 93 ( $ $ $!$ $ $$ "

93 ( ( "$ $! " $! " +! $ $ ($ $* " 0 - :! $ $ $;! / ; (* * $; ($ ;!!* $!* % (! $! " (*!*$ $ " ( " "! " +! " $ 7 $ $!" () $* ' S / H -$ (! ) $ (t-t); $ ; (! ; V V S H CStt+ = CT CH tt = CT + ( 95a) ( 95 ) ( ( ' - $ " $ ( 93) $ ( () $ ( j j+ /$ CS j j+ CSj+ = S $ C j j+ CH j+ = S CS j j+ CH j j+ j j ; ( 96a) ( 96 )! (96) $ mm/m (3)! $ %

$ (! $ $ " $ ( (4) & " (!": n- y = a 0 + a t + a t + + a n t n ; (97a) -"!"$ t = ; (97 ) at + bt + c y "!"$ y = a t b e ct ; (97)!"$ y = A e -at sn(wt + l 0 ) (97) (5)! $! ; $ $ $ (( ( * ( ); $ $! *! -$ $ $ $ ' -$!! * (!: (! - $ *! ( ( $!$! & 9! ( (' / )' ( 4! ( (() ( 4! " ( )' wwwbenovengneerngcom

0 &+&6/+ +&' + +/%& +)'%+& & '+ 0 3 (!" (*! (!! $ ( $ $ ( $ * " &!( $ (! $! "! $ * (! $ $ $ ( - - " (! $ $! " % ($ "!" # ' ( "! ( & - $ 0 $!$ * ' " -! %( $ $ : (a) *!! ( " ; (b)! ( *! " * ( ( ((! ; (c)!! (* ( ( " (!); (d) *! $ ; (e)! $ ('# 4 ( - ( $ ( "$! - $* ( ( ($ ( "$) %(!! () ()!$ $$ ( 970 &!(! * [ 45] 0 (") $! ( ( : ; ( ; - "; ; (*!* ( *

$ (! "); (( $ $ ((* ); ( " " ; ; ( $ (( ( *!! ( "$!$! / ($ $ (!!*! $! (! $! (* 0 # # ' ' - "! " ($!"$ $ $ 0 3 (" $ (!* * () * " ($ (! % ( " $ ( $!) $ $ * ( " $ % - * $ - () % * ( %( " ()!!$ (*!"! " [80] (3)!!! (4) 0 (" (5) '!"$ (6) () - " ($ * * (7) $! $ ( -!$ $!!! "!"$ (*$ * 6 0 %- "!(!$

!"$ % ( "$ ($ ( *! ' ' %! (! ( $ $ ' "$ ( : ( $ $ ( ; $ ( ); "$ " 0!!(" "$ ( (! * $ ( % $ $ / '!"$ ( $! ( = : (a) $ $$ * $!; (b) ( $; (c)!$ $$; (d)! ($ (!; (e) (!$ ; (f) $ (!"$ $ (*! (* $ ( (-!! ) "! - (! *!(" ( $! $ ( ( ' ( ( (! $ + $!!$ $ $ $ "! & (! ( " $ ( (! *!! ( '$ $ & * ( ($ * $ (! )!

+!"$ -!! $ $ ( * ( (* )!"$ $! $ $!!(" '" ( $ $ " CAD- $ $* "!" $ & "!"$! n ( ) Ch p mn 0 ( h (/( ; p $ $ (:!! A mn * H+ S H + * A max! m Ch jp = l Ch $ / k p k ; ; ( 0) ( 03) Ch Ch k j h h ( 04) 0 ( ( ' ( $ "$!" ( () *! ( * ( (* ' $ % $ ( ( 0) ( ( 87) 0 ( $ ( 0) ( ( ( ' ( "! $ [4]: 00 mm; ( ± 50 mm;! 5%! ($!!); $ ± 0% ( -!"$ $ - " $! " " * 0

h 0 0 ' () (!"$) $! % (!!"$ " ' $ " ( ( (!*!"$ () "! $ * ( " * "! --! & 0! () ( (/ )! & (/( #' ' '! &! & ( wwwbenovengneerngcom

+/!+& 35& & 0+80 +0&% % &%%&0 "0& >7' & '7' +'+& % ' $ (( $!!" ( ( $ (!!$ $ () ( "$!$ ( () ( ( $: (a) ; (b) $ ; (c) $ ( $ () "! * ($ $! (!!) $ $

!"!( %! " $ ( ( % - (* ( (!* " ( (!"!!* % $ ( $ " $ $ 0 - (! (( -(!!* -: ()!$ (* "$; () $ * "; (3) ( $; (4) $!"$ ; (5) * $ $ * / ( $ * * % ( ( - ( ) * $ $ $ [87]! [8] -$* $ $ $ $ :!$ "$;! ; "$; " $ * "$ 0!!" $ " $ 7 $ $ * ( ( 3 4) $ ( "! (!! " + (! $ 4 * ()! 5 =!! (( : (a)! ;

(b) ( ; (c) $ ; (d) -! ; (e) ( $ ( "$; (f)! (! (* ) ( $ $ $ $! (!) ()! " =! ( : (a) (!$ "$ ( / ( ( $*! (! * (b) $!!$ ; (c) $ $!! (!); (d) $! ( $ $ "$ (3) () 7 (0) = ( $ ' $! $ ($ ( ( $ *!$ $ ( "$! $ (4) $ ( ) (!!$ ( ( $ -( $! $!$! ( $!! $ (! % ( ( ( " ( ) ' - $!*$ $ ( - $: (a) ( $ " " ; (b) ( " - ; ; (c)!!$ $ 3 (* (" " ( "$ 3 )' # '- ( $ (!

$ ( (!* $ $ " ( " 0 $ ( -( 0 (" ( $ (!$ " " ( $ $!! $* " : (a)! $ ; ($!; *; "()!;! ( ); $$; ( *; (! ( *; (b) "$;! $ "$; (c)! " " *; ($ (!! % "$ ( (!!" - $: (a)! ( $ ; (b) ( " * - ; (c)!!"$ - $$ $ $ " $$ 0 ( "$ ((! 4 ' $ ( $ " $ -: ; $$ (!) *;!$; " %+ (!) ;

$&! $&! $&! $&! Σ Σ Σ Σ 0 N? Ρ $? $? $ ()? ( 3 "$ "$? ; Ρ Ρ Ρ ($ ; - $ ( ); ( $ ( ) % $: ; (* " - ;! $ " ; ; ( ) ( / ; *; %+!("! ( ( ) $ : *; ()! ; $ ; ( ( ; $! ()!*!"

+&0%' & ' +&' 0& +/ N / 0!! (*!*! $ "$ ("$) * "$ ( ( ) :! ; " ; " ; ; ($ $ ( 0! $* $ +! $ ( -! ( 8 [87]) $* $!( $ $ ( "$!$!( ( $ /(!! ( ( * $ ( $ $ "$

$ A t 0 $ ( + O D = 0 D V = m : A t 3 ( a) ( ) ( " ( $ (($) $ ; 0 "! $ ; ρ ( t/m 3!$ $ ( * ( V = K V m3 () D H D5 ( K = + ; D D D H t; D 5 t & "( K N = + H N 5 / ( $ B = V m ml ( ) ( m (*$ m; L (! m % ( H = m + m C m (3) ( m $ $ ($ ( ) ( B = n $ $ $ (a) e (( α (!$ α = const); (b)!$ * ( S mn ( (); (c) $ ( " % - ( S $ $ (( * S 3 = S mn S 4 = S mn $ ( V = H B L m 3 (4) ( H ( m;

L ( (* ( m "( $ $! n D V 5 = K + m 3 t ( 5) & 5 < + - ( $ / $! (! - ( ( * $ S 0 ' :!$! ( ( ) $ ($! ( * B 5 = S 5 + B S 0 (6) ( S 5 $ ' $ V 5 = B5H5L K 5 m 3 ( 7) ( + "(! *; L 5 ( ( * m; % 5 5 * m * $ * ( ( * H K = n V V5 m H ( Σ * * m J ( 7a) $ V V 6 $ $ "$ Q: ( Q (m + m CO )B L m 3 (8a) ( ( = n) Q V m 3 (8 ) ( * Q 6 V 6 m 3 (8) ( * ( = 7 n ) n 6 Q n 3 V V m 5 ( 8) - (8 ) ' $ * ( "$ n Q & $ ( ( ( (! n V

*!"$ ( * * ( = ( S H + B 6 - S )L m (9) ( S! " m; S!!"$ $ ( ( * m; L (! m * $ $ (!$ *$ H = (S S 5 )L m (0) ( S e " $ $ (! m; S 5! * $ $ m B Vj = m L j = j j D :m L j j j m ( ) D = K D + K D + + K n D n = D + D + D n t (3) " K $ -$! (c) $ $ ; (d) $ $ $ %!! $ ( $ ( % $ $ : (a) ( ; L ( $ ; (b) ( : ( j- ( ( * ( D j = m jl j 3 D m m L ( )

3 +&0%' & ' +&' 0& +/ ' / =& L =! ( "! ( $ $ (!! S Z % " ( $ - ($ "$ $ (* $ $ (( ) S L Z ( / ( $ ( ) j " $! d j = k j D j / t (3a) (! v j = k j V j / m 3 (3 ) ( D j V j $; k j " $ " " k j : (a)! ( (* " k > ); (b)!$ ( $ ( k > ); 3!(! ( $) (c) ( ( ( ( "$ " k = 0) %(! $ j = k j = L 5 ( 3) /( " * ( 5 Z 5

L L j = j = d :Z m v j j Z H j j j j m m ( Z j m; ( 33a) ( 33 ) m j m; H j ( m v $ " m 3 $ ( *)!$! ( (( ( *) 3 $ $!" "- ' (! 3 (* " $ ( (!- ( 3 4 -! ( * 5 ( * 5! (33) $ ' - $! %!$ q q q m ( $ " m Cv q k k ( 34) ( v k (m 3 ) q k m 3 /; m Cv k = v 0 3 '$ $ / %4/ / / $ / 3 %4/ ' - -?? + + m= Ac= / /! 0 Ac %

( ( ' $ ( * ( $ ( ) j * ( L' = V ( + K K ) m ( 35) ( V $ m 3 ; 5 + " n K = n ; 5 " (* (V 5 ) " K 5 = V V 5 ; + * m = H[C + (n )E + s 0 ] = HB % m s 0 ( 7); n $ $ * ( n' % L' L' % ( 36) ( L % ( m '( $ "$ (! ($ %( : () L % n % "$ L = n % L % ; (36) () (* n % "$ n % L = L u L % = L n % ( 36 ) % T = L% V ( 37) ( V $ m 3 / & % ( $) ' ' + ' ' (38) ( ' $ '! : (a)!$ ( ' max) (b) $ $! ( ' mn) T C = L% V Q C ( 39)

( V (! m (! (77) 7); Q C m/ 33 -! % ( +! 34 - $ ( $ (!! ( 35) $ ( * ( L % % % 5 % * %5 * %6 v %4 Hctgϕ 0 V 05 %0 * % * % * %3 * %4 $! S v B 00 0 4 6 7 0 34 () $$! * - $ 33! ( %! ($ " $ ( " 3 3) $!

"! (!(" - ( 4 (() ( % + (* (t) (( (%) " ' " 3 " " R R I- 3 4 5 6 D A C D A C D A C D A C D A C D A C D A C D A C D A C D A C D A C D A C D A C D A C II- D A C D * + (m 3 ) * " A C A A D C D C 4 (() ( ( % ' %( * A A * ' " 3 %( * A3 A4 A5 Σ R V - ΣV - - - - R4 V V ΣV - - - - R5 - - - V - - ΣV R6 - - - V - - ΣV R7 - - - - V V ΣV R8 - - - - V V ΣV 34 +!(

! & 3 * %-!: / +70; / +00; +000;! ($ %-!: ' ( ( +! (*); ' ( ( ); '!!$ ( ) ($ ( / 0!"! ( * /! " wwwbenovengneerngcom 4 +&'% )&+& & ' +&' ( ( ( ' ( (* - )!!$ ( $!! (!)! 4 3' '* ' ( %!!$ (! $ ( $ " " ( % "$ $ ( ( ) % $!!! ($ ( 4) ' ( & * % (( * ( 3 A C = 3 m A j m j Cj % ( 4)

A B co Ac = Ac = C C a) C 3 Ac = + 4 '! (* ) C C 4 +$ (( () ( ( ) (* 3 d = LZρ m j t (4) ( m j A Cj + (( j (j = 3); L m; Z m; ρ ( m 3 /t; ρ f (A C ) &! (( $ "$ $$! Z $ ( " $ (! )! $ $! $ ( 4) & Z! $ ( ( (( $!! $ ( 0 (( 43 & ( & % $ L $ * ( (( C V AB = V B V A = V + V m 3 (43)