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1 [ ],,,,,, [ ] ; ; [ ] K297. 5; B97 [ ] A [ ] (2004) [ ],, ,, 18,,,,, 1846 : ( ) ; ( ) :, 20 ( ),,,, 80 90,, ( ), 90,,,,,, (, 2, 8 ) (, 2 ) : : (, 8 ) (, 1, 1 ),

2 , ( ),,, 1993,, ( ) , (P. A n ton io de A ndrade),,, 18,,,,,, ,, , 3 10 ; , , : 41, 10 () 49 (44, 5 ) 5, 13, 31,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,, ( ) 19 20, : ; :,,, 1987 ;,, 1993 L ista delle spedizioni di M issionari per il T ibetdal 1704 al 1807, conla D ata della Lo ro Parteza dall Italia ; L. Petech: I M issionari Italiani nel T ibet e naln epal. Parte İ Introduzione, pp. CV I- CV II :, ,,,,, :, 387 ;L. Petech: IM issionari Italiani nel T ibet e nel N epal. Parte I, p. 94.,,,,L aunay, A drien, H isto ried e L a M ission D u T h ibet; To scano, Giuseppe M : A lla scoperta D el T ibet: RelazioniD ei m issionari del sel, XV g. 62

3 , 1846 (A GRA ) (F ṙ H uc) (J. Gabet),, ,,,???? 1846 (Grego ry XV I) (A GRA ),,, ( M sgr. Perrocheau),, 1847, (Charles R enou, ) 1848 ( ), 1854, (Jean Charles Fege, ) (Bonga,, ) ,, (T hom ine D esm azu res, Jacques- L eon, ) 1857, ( ) ,,, 1859, 1860,,, , (A ugu ste D esgodin s),,,,, 1862,,,, ,, ( ), ,,, 1864 ; :, 1963 ;,,, 1992, , , ,,, ,,, 1853,, ,, 1860, , 9,, ,,, 1992, , , , 9 16,,, 1854, , PAN G- M UO - TAN G , :, , 4-5 ; , , ,, ,,, 1865, 1887, 1960, 1965, ,, 9-10,, , 4-5 ; 9 63

4 , ( ) (Hou illon), (Bou rry), (Gou telle Jean Bap tiste, ), (Chauveau,D esgodin s, ) 1865,,,, 1877, (B iet Felix, ) (Giraudean) (L eard) (Genesiier) ( ) ( ), :,, : ;,, 1879 ( ) (Bele Szechengi),, 1880,,,,, : (, T hom ine- D esm azu res, Jacques- L eon) (B rieux, Jean,, , , , 9 16, 1850, 1856, 1858, 1860, 1867, 1875 ( ),, ( ), 1844, ,, 21,, : (B iet Cesar- A lexandre), , ,, ( ),, (B ieṫ Felix), , , 1865, YERKALO ( ), (V icaires apo sto liques),,,,, 1878 ( ) 1892,, 1901, 1936,,,,,, 1900,, 2000, 76 :, ( ) : , (1883?) ,, 1887,, 1895,,, 12, : 52, 280, 281, 428, 443, 728, 772, 908, 918, 1024, 1025, 1187, 1190, 1634,, : (, 1864 ) (1873 ) (1876 ) (1877) (1877) (1878) (1877) (1879) (1880) (1880) (1886) (1886) (1887) (1887) (1897) (1899) (1801) (1904) (1883, 1905 ) (1906) (1909),, ,,,,,,, 64

5 - Bap tiste - hono re) (B iet Cesar - A lexandre) (B iet. Felix ) (, Chauveau ) (Charles R nou) (Jean Charles Fege) (, Gou telle, Jean - Bap tiste) (D u rand, P ierre - M arie - Gab riel, ) (Carreau, L ou is- P ierre, ) (, Cou roux, M arie- Ben igne- A lexandre, ) (A ubert Geo rges- E leo sippe) : (1857- ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ), 20,,,, 1910,,, (1920 ),,,, ; (Charrier), , (M onbeig, ), 1917, 1919 ( ) 1923,, (Grandjean), 1944 (Guer), ,,, 1936, 5097 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( 1887 ) ; ( ) ( 1892 ) ; ( ) (1903 ), ; ( 1925 ) 1944,,, 1949,, : 13,, ,, ,, (Besangson),, , ,, , , ,,,, 1862,,,,, 1865 K IONA - TON G, 9 28, , , , 8 15,, 1873,, ,, , , , 10 29,, 1880 (A. B IET ), 1887,, , , , 8 15,,,,,, 1911, :, :, 1 2, ,

6 (Besfran_ ciscaines M issonnairesd e M arie) 20, ,, , 11 ( ), ( ) , 1900,, , 30, ( ) 1 2, 9, 19 ( 16 ) 1933, 5 ( 14, 60 ), 1, 3, 3, 58, 37, g , 40, 5, 631, 29, 14, 3583 g (, 1910, , ) 1 (1921, ) 1 (1951 ) 2, 1, 1, 4, 3,,,, 10 :, ; ;, 1, 60-70, 1,,,, 2,,,, 1923, 1, 10, 30, , 1952,, ( ), ,, Robert L oup, M artyry in T ibet: T he H ero ic life of FR. M AU R ICE TORNA Y, ST. Bernard M issionary to T ibeṫ ( ) ( ) 1927,,,,,, (1920 1, 56 ) ( 42 ), ( 32, ) ( 29 ) 4,, :, : ;, 1 66

7 ,,,, (L ille),, :,,,,,,,, 1940, 80, 50, 172, 50-60, ( ) , 600, 20, 1873 ( ),, ( ),,,,,, ( ) ( ) (L u tses ) βκ,,,, βλ ( ),,,,, , 70 ( 14, 60), 7, 3, 58, , (67624 ), 30390, βµ, :,, 1992 (Robert L oup), p. 80.,, 1993, 449,, 1996, 144,, 2000, 509,, 1995, 452,, , ( ) :, 1936 ; ( ) 1906 ; :,, 1961, ;,, 1996 βκ (Robert L oup), p. 136 p. 79 βλ :,, 1962, ;, ; (Robert L oup), p. 126 βµ 67

8 ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :, ;, ;, ;, ;, ;,, : ; ; ; ;,,, 19 20, 20 80, 19 20,,,, ( : ),, 1996 (Robert L oup), p. 167 (Robert L oup), p

9 Abstract On An ti-m anchu Con sc iousness in La te Qing D yna sty YAN G Guo2qiang Caste idea in Ch inese h isto ry and nationalism in troduced from w est convergedin the period of late Q ing dynasty, w h ich led to the an ti2m anchu con sciou snessbecom e the cu rren t of the tim eṡ But bo th of the caste idea and the nationalism didn t get to the essence of Ch inese society at that tim e. So, an ti2m anchu w ason ly idea com e from idea. Yan Fu s Soc ia l Eth ics Thoughts YU Zheng Yan Fu in troduced social eth ics though ts from w est, w h ich m ain ly discu ssed therelation sh ipamong social group s, the relation sh ip betw een social group and individual, and the hum an relation sh ip in one social group. A fter 1900, he tried to m ake o ld eth ic serve ascohesiveness of Ch ina. Comm en t on Gu J i-gang and the Cam pa ign of D eba te on Anc ien t Ch inese H istory LUO Y i2jun T h is article does no t agree to change the fact that H u Sh i and Gu J i2gang jo ined together to launch the campaign of debate on Ch inese ancien t h isto ry. T here are th ree reason s to exp lain w hy Gu T i2gang becam e a famou s leader in the area of Ch inese h isto ryby leadingthe campaign. Sma ll Pea san ts Econom y in Ch inese H istory: Production andl ife CH EN G N ian2qi F rom the period of W arring States to Q in and H an dynasties, low input and low ou tput w as the m aincharacteristic of Ch inese sm all peasan ts econom y. A fter that, it becam e m uch w o rse becau se ofh igh land tax and o ther levies. In Ch inese econom ic h isto ry, it w as impo rtan t fo r peasan ts to p lan talternate crop, w h ich cou ld rep lace grain, to m ain tain their lives. T h is led thegovernm en ts tom ake k inds of system atic arrangem en tṡ Study on the Rea son s for the Pea san ts to L eave V illage inj iangsu Prov ince From 1920s to 1930s L IU Fang It w as an impo rtan t stage from 1920s to 1930s w hen the peasan ts left village in modern Ch ina. F rom the perspective of in ten sified con tradiction betw een peop le and land, the disin tegration ofna tu ra l econom y, the im p etu s of fam ine, and the incom e gap betw een city and village, th is articletook J iangsu P rovince as a typ ical examp le, and tried to study the comp licated social ground andreason s w h ich led the peasan ts to leave village. Study on Spread of Ca tholic ism in Area between Sichuan andy unnan Prov ince in M odern Ch ina XU Jun Based on the p reviou s related research ach ievem en ts, th is article m ade u se ofnew data found in ab road to study on the sp read of Ca tho licism in A rea betw een Sichuan and Yunnan P rovincein modernch ina and tried to describe its basic developm en t th read. It also m akes som e discu ssion s abou t the local inhab itan ts religiou s belief. Law Ba sis and Character istic of W estern Church s Purcha sing Rea l Esta te in M odern Ch ina W AN G Zhong2m ao In modern Ch ina, w estern chu rch s activities of purchasing real estate in treaty po rts andin land w ere based on several treaties and conven tion s signed betw een Ch ina and w estern coun tries. T here is a great disparity in scale and amoun t of p roperty among the differen t chu rcheṡ A nd theirimpacts on modern Ch inese society w ere also differen t from each o ther On the Rela tion sh ip of Chr istian Colleges in Ch ina and Na tiona l Governm en t D ur ing Sino-Japanese W ar L IU J ia2feng D u ring Sino2Japanese w ar, the relation sh ip of Ch ristian co lleges in Ch ina and national governm en t w as m uch clo ser than befo re. How ever, w ith the cen tral governm en t strengthened the con tro l on h igher education, the Ch ristian co lleges fell in the danger of lo sing their special characters and educational freedom, th is b rough t a series of ten sion s betw een them. Fo r the ideal of freedom and liberal education, the Ch ristian co lleges had tried to comm un icate and dialogue w ith cen tral 126