9&IJa: Eq>apJlovec; Jlll KaTaOTpOq>lKWV BAevxWV OTllv BAAllVlK~

Transcript

1 9&IJa: Eq>apJlovec; Jlll KaTaOTpOq>lKWV BAevxWV OTllv BAAllVlK~ avopa. Mil KOTOOTPOCPlKOC; eaevxoc; eivol Il ec;etooil evoc; U AlKOU, ouokeutie; ri IlIlXOVlKOU ouottiilotoe; KOTO TPOno WOTe va IlIlV OAAOl(.u8ei Il AelTouPYlKOTIlTO TOU Kat lleaaovtlkri TOU XPIlOll.lOillTO. Mil KOTOOTPOCPlKOi e Aevxoll:ileC;oyoVTat Kupiwe; YlO va OVOKOAUcp80uv TU XOV eowteplkee; ri ec;wtepikee; OvwlloAiee; (oteaelee;), l l:ilotiltee;, oullneplcpopo, ri yewlletplko xopoktilplotl KO, l:iixwe; va enllpeo~ouv Til 1l0PCPri, npooopilootlko TIlTO ri AelTouPyio TOU uno eaevxo OVTlKeLIlEVOU ri U ALKOU. Mi:8ol:iOlllll KOTOOTPOCPLKOU eatvxou J3piOKOUV eupeio I3LOllllXOVLKti ecpoplloyri we; npoc; TIlV ec;oocpoaloll Tri PIlOlle; onoltoullevwv npoz>toypocpwv oc;lomotioe;, OV- 8eKTlK(>TIlTOC;, KOl oocpoaeloe; TWV nopoyollevwv npoi OVTWV. Ixr1J.1a 1. EcpapJ.1oytc; J.1eeoe5ou unepr1xwv yta J.1erpr10elC; ncixouc; UA.lKOU Kal av[xveuotjc; eowreplk(;,w avwj.1a A.1WV. Tumdc; 11 90( '1 (MKE) KaTaoTpocplKOU d yxou 1. OmlKrl t~&raor'j (visual examination) nl8ovov Il 0PxoloTepll KOl mo KOlVri Ilteol:ioe; MKE, IlE noauopl81lee; J3lollllxovlKec; Kat ellnoplkec; ECPOPlloyte;. o ec;etootric; OKoAou8ei npoko80ploilevoue; Tpc; evepyeloc; OUIlCPWVO npoe; oxetlk e; npol:iloypocp e; (eowteplkee; ri KOl opyovlollwv OUVTOC;EWC; npol:iloypocpwv). OnTIKri ec;hooll XPllolllonoleiTOI oe OAEe; TLC; l1e 8MouC; MKE. 2. M&eo~ol untpqxwv (ultrasonic techniques) Booi~ETOl 0iTJ l:il6l:iooll IlXIlTlKWV OIllloTWV (noallwv) UI.\JIlAi}c; OUXVOTllTOC; l:iuj Il OOU TOU uno EC;EioOll OW 1l0TOC; YlO TOV EVTomollo OVWIlOAIWV EVTOC; TOU UAl KOU ri IlET0I30AtC; OTlC; ll:ilotiltec; OUTOU. H mo l:ilooel:ioll vll n:xvlkri unepi]xwv EivOl Il pulse-echo, IlXIlTlKOC; noalloc; (pulse) l:iloxeteuetol OTO l:iokilllo, Kat Ol OVOKACtoele; OUTOU (echo's) nou npokoaouvtol A6yw eowteplkwv OVWllaAlWV ri YEWI1ETPlKWV EmcpovElwV, npoonimouv OE MKTIl (receiver), (J3AtnE OX. 1). Ixr1J.1a 2. Evrom0J.10c; enlkevrpou TJXTJTlKr1C; eknoj.1nr1c;. 3. AKOUOTIKq tknopml (acoustics emission) 'OTOV eva otepeo UAlKO uno13aq8ei OE cpoptio, 01 TOoele; nou 0lllllOUPYOUVTOl npokohouv TUXOUOEC; EOW TeplKtc; OTtAElEe; TOU UAlKOU OE eknollnri (emission) IlXIlTlKWV noallwv (acoustic waves). 'Onwe; KOl IlE Til TWV unepr,xwv, Of IlXIlTlKee; outte; EKnollnee; I1nopouv va evtomo8ouv ana ElOlKOUC; oektee;. To E nikevtpo TIlC; llxlltlkr,e; EKnOllnr,e; OUVOTOl va EVTom 08d ono Tllv ovohuof) TOU AllCP8eVToe; Or,110TOe;. 4. M&eo~oC; POYVIlTIKWV nt~ililv (eddy current) H llaektpoiloyviltlkr, OUTi] lle8000e; l3ooi~etol OTIlV E naywyr, llaektplkou PEUI10TOe; OE OYWYlllO UAlKO uno TllV Enil:ipooll EC;WTEPlKOU 110YVllTlKOU neoiou. Tuxou

2 46 TeXVIKa XpOVIKa Iem.-OKT.1994 Defect IXr7J,la 3. Meeo~o~ J,layvl1TlKciw TTe~iwv. oee; lslakottee; 0Tll poti TOU IlAeKTplKoU q>optlou TtOU elvol lsuvatov va TtPOEA80uv atto eooneplkee; ti e~w Teplde; avwlloaiee; (aotoxiee;) ti ljeta~oati TWV lja VVIlTIKWV IlSIOTt;TWV TOU UAIKOU ettllspouv OTO ljavvil TIKO TtelSio. 0 evtottloijoe; KaTtOlae; amavne; OTO TtelSlo UTtOlSelKVuel TIlV uttap~1l avtiotoixile; aaaavne; IlSIOTll Tae; ti 1J0pq>oAoviae; TOU lsoklljiou. 5. AI IOBuTlKG uypa (dye penetrant) 10wc; Il TtlO lslalselsoljevllljs80me; MKE. Baoi~eTal OTllV ettikqaulji1l TOU MKllJiou lje opato ti q>80piouxo ljeivlja ~aq>tie; (dye). HuTto EAeyxo ettlq>avela Ka8api~eTal TtpOOeKTIKa atto Tllv rtaeova~ouoa ~aq>ti Kal aaeiq>etal lje XlllJIKti ouola (developer) TtOU avtilspa lje Tllv TtapalJEVOUOa oe ettlq>avelakte; pwyljee; J3aq>rl. H EVTovll avti8eollljeta~u TIle; J3aq>tie; Kal TOU developer Ka810Ta eukoail Tllv OTtTlKrl e~ttaoll Tile; ettlq>avelae;. ITIlV Tte PimwOIl TtOU XPIlOllJOTtOleiTOl q>80plouxoe; ~aq>rl (fluorescent dye), Il e~ttqoll vivetallje Til ~orl8ela AQ IJTtae:; utteplwlsoue:; aktlvo~oaiae:; (ultraviolet lamp). 6. PaBloypacpia/aKTlvoypacpia (radiography) Baoi~eTal OTIl xption lslelolsutikwv aktivwv X ti Kal a KTlvoJ3oAiae:; valjlja (v) Via TOV evtottl0ijo eowteplkwv UAIKWV ateaelwv. H palslevepvoe:; aktlvoj3oaia lsloxe Tt~UeTallSla IJEOOU TOU UTtO e~ttaoll UAIKOU oe IJla rtaa Ka attotuttwolle:;. Me TIlv eljq>avlon Tile; aktlvovpaq>iae:;, Il avqauon Tile:; oklavpaq>ilijevile; attelkovlone:; TOU UAI KOU lsivel XPrlOllJee:; rtailpoq>opiee:; Via Tllv eowteplkrl TOU akepalotilta. nl8avee; aotoxiee:; TtapouO!a~ovTal we:; aaaavee:; TIle:;.EvTaone; oklae:; OTllV aktlvovpaq>la lje TOV [lsio TPOTtO TtOU TtapOUOla~eTal tva KaTaVlJa OOTOU oe KavOvlKrl aktlvovpaq>ia. Ie rtaaotika Kal TtOAUlJeprl ouv8eta uaika (plastics and polymer matrix composites) ellslkee:; lslelolsutikte:; ouoiee:; (penetrants) OTtwe:; tetrabromoethane (TBE), diiodobutane (DIB) Kal ljivlja IwlSlOUXOU ljieulsapvupou (zinc iodide) XPIlOIIJO TtOIOUVTal Via KaAUTePIl EUKpivela PlJoypacpia (thermography) Baol~eTal OTllV IlSloTllTa TIle:; VAlle:; va ektteijttel utteplwlsll aktlvo~oaia (infra-red radiation) lje EVTaon a VQAOVIl Ttpoe:; Tllv attohutil 8epIJOKpaoia Tile:; UTtO IJ& AtTll ettlq>avelae;. A1081lTt;pla utt&plwlsoue; aktlvo~o Aiae; XPIlOlllOTtOIOUVTal Via Tllv ElJlJeOll KaTavpaq>n TIle; ettlq>avelaktie; 8eplJOKpaoiae; TtOU &TtllP&a~eTal atto Ta xapaktilplotika TOU lsoklljiou UTtOlS&IKVVOVTae; TO! Tt&plOXEe; OTtOU TOTtlKti aotoxia (pwvijee;, attokoaatioele;, K.ATt.) ettllpea~el TIl lslol5ooll 8ep1JOTIlTae; (heat transfer). 8. AnOTUJT(a)OfJ nlcpav lac; (surface Imprint-replication) Eival IJla TexvlKti lje eupeia eq>apijovrlljeta~u &Ttl OTIlIJOVWV UAlKWV (material scientists). H IJE80lSoe; au Tt; ~aoi~etal OTIlV attonjttwoll TIle; UTtO ljeaetll &Ttlq>avelae; 0& Talvia atto cellulose acetate. b.laautiko OTtWe; aoetov ettaaelq>etal OTlllJla ettlq>avela Tile; Talviae; 00 OTe va Til ljaaakwoel TtpOKaAWVTae:; ljeplkrl lsiqauon H llaaakrl ettlq>avela Tile:; Talviae; TtpooapTi~eTal OTO lsokiljlo KOl OTlllSeuTePIl ettlq>avela Tile; aokeital eaaq>pa Ttleon lje TOV avtixelpa, wote va ettea8el Il KaAiJ TeplllSuvaTti TtpoOKoMllon Tile; Talviae; OTIlV UTtO lje AtTll ettlq>aveta. l)tav OKAIlPuvel 11 Talvia, attokohaa Tal atto TO lsokiljio KaTavpaq>ovTae; ETOI TIlV akptj3rl TOTtovpaq>ia Tile:; ettlq>avelae; OTllv ottoia eixe TtpOoKoAAIl8ei Via TtepalTEpw IJlKPOOKOTtlKrl e~etaon. Ol Ttpoavaq>epolJevee; IJE80MI MKE XPIlOtlJOTtOlOUVTal Kupiwe; vta TOV EAeyxo uttap~lle; eowtepikwv Ii e~wte PlKWV ateaelwv (pwvljte;, Keva, attokoaht;oele;. K.ATt.) OTO UTtO EAeyxo UhIKO, OUOK&uli Ii IJllxaVIKo OUOTlllJa. Mia QMIl KaTllvopia MKE atteu8uvetat OTlllleAETIl ou IJTteplq>opae; TOU UTtO e~etqollljllxavlkou ouott;ljatoe;. UTtO Tie; ekaotote ouv8rlkee; AelToUPViae; TOU (in-situ). Ot TexvIKEe:; autte; lsivouv TlllSuvaToTIlTa OTO IJllxaVl KO va avavavel Kal TIe; IJllxavlKte; llslotiltee; TOU UAIKOU KaTaoKeutie:; Kat ~aoi~ovtol OTIlV eq>apljovti TWV Ka Tw81 1J&8Mwv TtetpalJaTIKtie; IJllxaVlKrle;. 9. HA KTpOlJfJKUVOIOIJ Tpa (strain gages) H J3aolKrl apxrl Tile: A&lTOUPViae; TWV strain gages J3aoi~eTat OTIe:; TtapaTIlPnoele; TOU MplSou Kelvin TO 1856 oxetika lje TIlv avwvlljotilta XQAKIVOU avwvou TtOU ti Tav Ol e~rle:: a. H IlA&KTPlKti avtiotaon ljetaj3ametal avqaova lje Tllv ettlljtikuvon (strain) TOU avwvou. 13. H ljetaj30arl TIle:; avtiotaolle; e~aptatal atto TO UAI KO TOU avwvou. V. AKptJ3tie:; IJETPllon Tile; ljetaj30atie; Tile; avtiotaolle;

3 L nt.-okt T XVLKO XPOVLKO 47 I-.LnOpei va yiv L I-1EOW T]A KTpOVLKOU KUKAWI-1QTO~ Wheatstone Bridge. To strain gage anot AeiTaL ana l-1 TaAALKo EAaOl-1a 1-1 T]A KTPLK~ avtiotaot] ouv~9w~ 1200 ~ 3500, npooap TT]I-1EVO O noauai-1ll'ilko <popea ylq ukoaia l-1 TaxeipL DTj~. H TLI-1~ TT]~ avtiataot]~ TOU strain gage, Ta y w I-1 TPLKO TOU xapaktt]plotlko Ka9w~ KQL TO UALKO TOU qlopea EXOUV noaa ~ napaaaaye~, EtaL wat va Ka Aumouv K09 m9av~ <papl-1oy~. To strain gage npo OKOAAOTQL mo uno I-1 AETT] UALKO OTO ot]l-1 io vl'ila <p povto~ KQL 1-1 TOV KUPLO o~ova TOU AOOl-1aTO~ npo OaVQTOAL0I-1EVO OTT] l'il u9uvdtj TOU <poptiou ~ n p XOI-1 vll~ napai-10p<pwoll~ uno I-1ETpT]OT]. H I-1 TQ(30A~ TWV Y WI-1 TPLKWV xapaktt]plotlkwv TOU AoOl-1aTO~ npokaa i avtimolxil alv\ay~ TT]~ avtiatadtj~ TOU strain gage avoaoyili-1 TT]V napal-1op<pwdtj TOU UALKOU. H 1-1 Ta(3oM Tile; avtiotaoil~ OiV TQL ana TT] OXEOIl: R: apxlk~ avtiotaot] TOU strain gage ilr: I-1 TQ(30Ai} TT]e; avtiatadtj~ TOU strain gage sa: UQLo9T]oia I-1ETPT]OT]~ TOU strain gage KatO 1-1~ KO~ TOU Kupiw~ o~ova TaU AOOI-1QTO~ (axial sensitivity) s,: ualoslloia I-1EtPIlOT]~ TaU strain gage O l'i1 U 9uvoT] K09 TIl 1-1 auti} TOU Kup iw~ o~ova KQL OTO nin oo TOU AoOl-1aTOe; (transverse senstivity) S5: uqlo9lloia I-1ETPT]DTj~ TOU strain gage O OLO TI-1T]DTj. : a~ovlk~ napal-1op<pwot] TOU UALKOU KQL KaT ' nektaot] TOU strain gage (axial strain),: napal-10p<pwdtj TOU UALKOU O l'il u9uvdtj K09 TT] npo~ aut~ TOU a (transverse strain) Y.: l'ilati-1iltlk~ napal-10p<pwdtj TOU UALKOU (shear strain) YLa KOS npaktlk~ <papl-1oyi} LOXU L OTL S5 «sa ETOL w OT : (1 ) (2) s k,= --'- transverse sensitivity factor (3) sa o KataoK uam~e; TOU strain gage napex K09 al 091lTi}pa Tllv avaaoylki} ota9 po (3a91-10vOW' O Il ~ (calibration constant) yvwoti}~ w~ gage factor (S9) w- OT H I-1EtPT]OIl TIl~ aaaa'l~~ TT]~ avtiotaotl ~ TOU AOopa TO~ mtuyxov TQL l'ilo I-1EOOU TOU T]A KTpOVLKOU KU KAwl-1aTO~ Wh eatstone Bridge. 1ilR, ile= V --(1-n) 4 R, (4) (5) il R, R, n=--- - (6) 2+ il R, R, w A Ix~pa 6. rewpetplko x apakt'7p10tiko OOKtpiau. LTTlV n pintwotl TOU OX~l-1atO~ 9, I-10VO Tl avtiotadtj R1 TOU v Pyou strain gage l-1 Tal3oAA Tal AOYW TT]~ napal-1op<pwdtj~ TOU OOKII-1iou uno TT]V niopadtj TOU ~WT PLKOU <poptiou (F). na apxiko loo(3a9i-1l0i-1 vt] YE <pupa (R1=R2=R3=R4), LOXU I ile=o. KaTomv OOKT]oll~ <poptiou OTO 150KiI-1LO, T] avtiotaot] R1 I-1 Tal3oAA TQL 2x~pa 5. Wheatstone Bridge KUKAwpa y lo e va evepyo strain gage. Ix ~pa 7. AvoAU017 rooewv oe /lemaatko aka PVOKI.

4 48 TeXVlKO XPOVlKO I:enT.-OKT IXr1PQ 8. Zuyoara8plol1 mjal1c; aro Lockport, Illinois, USA.

5 ~Em.-OKT TExvlKO XPOVlKO r--T--~f IXr7IlQ 10. Stress and index ellipsoids. KOT<l LlR1 ETOl WOTE va aaaolwsei T] apxlk~ loopponia TT]e; YEq>upae; Wheatstone KOl va nopott]pt]sei TOOT] LlE OlJ~.l<pwva J..lE TT] OXEOT]: LlR1 1 4 LlE 1 Eo= ~ sg= V 1-r1 sg (7) Ana TT]V E~iowOT] (7) J..lnopEi va unoaoylosei T] a~ovl K~ napaj..lopq>wot] TOU isoklj..liou uno TT]V EniiSpaOT] TOU E~WTEPlKOlj q>optiou (F). 'Omv TO q>0ptio EiVOl yvw OTO, isuvatol EniOT]e; va unoaoylosei TO J..lETpo EAaOTl KOTT]me; (modulus of elasticity-young's modulus) TOU UAlKOU ana TT] OXEOT]: F -=EE (8) A 0 EniOT]e; ana TT]V E~iowOT] (8) isuvotal va unoaoylosei KOl TO q>optio (load) ~ TOOT] (stress) OTO OT]J..lEio npo OKOAAT]OT]e; TOU strain gage Yla YVWOTO (E). H EUpEia XP~OT] TWV strain gages EYKElTOl OTT] isuvo TOTT]Ta nou napexel T] J..lESoiSoe; aut~ OUOXETlOT]e; 0 (9) OKOUJ..lEVOU q>optiou KOl avamuoooj..levt]e; napoj..lopq>wot]e; KOl TOOEWe; OTO OT]J..lEio npookoaat]ot]e; TOU OloST]T~pa, napaiseiyj..lata Eq>apJ..loywv napouolo~ovtol OTa OX~J..lom 7 KOl 8. na neploootept] nat]poq>opt]ot] OUJ..l130UAEUTEiTE Ta I3ll3Aloypaq>lKo EVTuna 1 EWe; CIIwTotAaOTIKOT'lTa (photoelasticity) H J..lESOOOe; aut~ l3aoi~etol OTle; napott]p~oele; TOU <pu OlKOU Maxwell ( ) 0 onoioe; oletunwoe OTl "EvEPYEla isuvatol va islovuel KEVO xwpo islo J..lEOOU T] AEKTpOl-laYVT]TlKWV KUI-lOTWV (electromagnetic waves)". o Sir David Brewster TO 1816 EiXE OUAAOI3El KOl ola TunwoEl TT] 8Ewpia TT]e; npoowplv~e; ismme; islo8aa OT]e; (temporary double refraction). ~uj..l<pwva J..lE TT] 8Ewpia aut~, noaao isla<pav~ J..lT] KpuOTaAAlKo UAlKO, ap XlKO omlko lootponlko, EMEiljJEl T<lOEWV, napouolo ~ouv OnTlK~ avlootponia KOl XOpaKTT]plOTlKO ollola IlE auto KpUOTaAAlKWV UAlKWV omv unol3oaaovtol OE TO OlKO m:oio, To xapaktt]plotlko auto napallevouv 000 aokeitol TO <poptio OTO isokilllo KOl E~a<pavi~ovTOl 0 Tav a<polpeitol TO <poptio. H omlkll avlootponia nou avantuooetal OTO UAlKO we; anoteaeolla TWV avantuoooj..levwv TOOEWV (stresses) isuvatol va napou

6 50 TeXVlKCt XPOVlKO Iem.-OKT Alel, 01 pol. tl.tftlion An olyzl!k' rxr7"'o11. LlOKi,.,IO OS OE,O VI Kr] cpoptlot]. Err[rrs60 noaoplokomo. AlIloo' P polatlullo n rxr7"'o 12..L1oKi,.,IO ae OE,O VIKr7 cpoptlot7. KU KAIKO rroaop takomo.

7 re:m.-okt TeXVIKQ XPOVIKO 51 IXr7J,1a 13. Tum Ki; e; E;cpapJ,1oyi: e; Trye; J,1E;eOOOU MKE J,1E; cpw ro E;AaOTlKO CP1AJ,1.

8 52 TeXVIKO XPOVIKO rem. ~OKT Sr llu.coallng C:1.cks Indlcote Or dlnlc1loo (direct 10 ding) 0, 0, c, Ixrj/-la 14. lloki/-110 /-Ie eu8paugt17 errlkoa.u~ 1/117. mo~e:ta l ana e:m ltjj oellsr; napootaotl (index ell ipsoid) ollola Il autr; TOW aoewv (stresses ellipsoid). Me ~ OOTl Tllv napanovw napattlpllotl 0 Maxwell l5le Tlmwoe: TO 1890 TO tp WTOTaOlOKO VOIlO (stres -optic law) a u O)(eTi~e: l Tl~ avantu Oao ll ve:~ KU P te:~ Telae:le; (a" a~, 0,) OTO UAlKO, un o Tllv w il5paotl <poptlou, Ile: TOUe; l5e:ikte:~ 15l68AOOTl~ (n" n" n J ). n, ~ no= c,o,+c.(a.+a,) n,-no= c,a.+c,(03+a,) (1 0) nj-no= c,o.+c 2 (a,+a,) a" 0 " a.: KU P l e:~ TOOe le; (principal stresses) ae: OTlI-l e:io TO U O(ilIlOTO~. no: oe: I KT ll ~ l5lcteaootl~ (index of refractio n) u AlKOU 15ixw~ Tllv e:nil5paotl cpo ptiou. n" n 1, n,: l5e: i KTE~ l5loeaa OTl~ UAlKOU uno <POPTlOll oe: 15 l e: u 8uvoe:t~ avt IOT Olxe:~ j..le: aute~ TWV KUiwv ooe:wv. c" c 2 : OU VTe:A OT ~, (stress - optic coef icients). BaOe:1 TWV mo n ovw napotllpr;oe:wv, TO stress optic law l5lotunwve:tol Vla o llslootato TomKO ne: lsio. 0,-0,= Nfo/h N/m2 (11 ) N= 11I2n: a 15 loototo Ilt V e:8o ~ (dimensionless quantity), n o u ullo6e:lkv Ue:1 O)(ETlKr; em ~po6 u votl (relative retardation) TO U <P WTO ~ fo= Nc. l15totllto TO U UAIKOU VIa auvkekp lj..levil auxvotllta <PWTO~ YVW OTO we; TlIlTi Kpoaaou (fringe value) (N/m) A: OuxvOTllTa n poanintovto~ cpwtoe; c: TaxuTl1Ta <pwtoc; h: noxae; 150Kllliou (m) a. 0,>0, 0,<0, 0,= , 0,>0, 0.=0 0, V. 0,=0,>0, 0,=0 0, c, I! I ) I l I J 0, o 0, npaktlko, omv Eva apxiko l5la cp a ve ~ Kat OnTlKO l ao~ TpomKO UAlKO unof3a118ei ae e:~wte p l K o <po ptio Ti l5la KaTExeTal ana EaWTE:pIKEe; TOOELe; (residual/internal stresses), aul-ln epl<p&petal W~ om lkct laotpomko Kal e:1j,<povl~e l 6leu8uvoel~ n oaoplal.iou Ol onoi e~ OU I-lninTou v I-l e: OUH~~ TWV Kupiw Toaewv (principal stresses). 'OTav TO UAlKO auto Ton08eTll9e:i ae noaaplakomo, 0 llapatllplltr;c; I3Mn e:1 va e ll<pav i~ov TOl ae 15. Tonov potplo PWVI-lW V ae TeTOPTll (.lopto A1 l5o KTU Atl5iou un o l510t(.llltlkt! O'\JlJ,n ie: OTl a UTO Kpo aooi (.l e: ou ~ovta apl8 1-lo (N= 11I2n = h/fa(a, IxTjl-la 15. TUrrlKec; PWY/-ItC; Oe eu8paugt17 e 0,) VIa KUKAtKO Kal e:nlnel5o n OAaplo Komo, KOI n= 2a/n rrlkoa.ul/1l7.

9 rem.-okt.1994 TeXVlKa XpOVIKa 53 ( a ywvia anokaiotje; oleubuvotje; Kupiae; Taoewc; (01) Kal a~ova noaaploij,ou lj,e oeiktn olq8aaotje; n1), OTnV neplmwotj enineoou noaapiokontou. ruyxpovee; e~eai~ele; OTOV TOlJ,ea TWV cpwtoeaaotikcllv UAIKcllV Kal oxetikcllv opyavwv IJ,tTpnOTJe;, onwc; TO cpw ToeAaOTIKO CPIAIJ, nou MvaTal va KaMlllel onola0rlno Te IJ,n olacpavn emcpaveta (lj,etaaaa, KepalJ,lKa, naaoti Ka) Kal TO cpopnto noaaptokomo au~avouv Tnv euko Ala XPrlOTJC; Tnc; lj,eb0<5ou autrle; e~w ana TO epyaotripio. TumKee; ecpaplj,oyec; Tnc; lj,eb0<5ou MKE lj,e CPWTOeAaOTIKo CPIAIJ, napouolal;ovtal OTO OXrllJ,a 12. na neploootepee; nanpocpopiec; oxetika lj,e Tn cpwtoeaaoti KOTnTa OUIJ.!3ouAeuTeiTe Ta!31!3AtoypacplKa evtuna 2, 3, 6 Ka Mi806oC; u8pauot.,c; RlKaAu.".,c; (britle coat method) H lj,eboooe; autrl llaoil;etal OTnV TeAela npookomnon emkaaulllne; (0.05 IJ,IJ, IJ.IJ, naxouc;) lj,e eubpauotn CPUOTJ OTO avtlkeilj,evo uno lj,eattn. Me TnV aoknotj e ~wteplkcllv IJ,nXaVIKcllV CPOPTIWV OTO OOKiIJ,IO, TO uno lj,eaetn UAlKO Kat n eu8pauotn emkaaullln unokelvtal OTIe; iolee; napaij,opcpclloelc;, 01 onoiec; npokaaouv a OToxia (onlj,toupyia PWYlJ,cllV) OTnV emkaaullln. Ano Ta xapaktnplotika (oleubuvotj, nukvotilta, neploxr;, oxrilj,a, K.An.) TWV emcpavelakcllv PWYlJ,cllV avayovtal xpr; OllJ,ee; nanpocpopiee; Yla TO TaOlKO neoio OTIlV emka AUllln Kal akoaoubwe; OTO uno lj,eattll avtlkeilj,evo. TumKec; anelkovioetc; PWYlJ,cllV oe emkaauiiiil OOKllJ,iwv uno TIlV eniopaotj olacpopetlkcllv TaOlKwv neolwv napouolal;ovtol OTO OXrllJ,a 15. na neploootepec; nailpocpopiec; oxetlka lj,e Til IJ,teooo eubpauotilc; emkaau IIIIlC; OUlJ,llouAeuTeiTe Ta!3t!3AtoypacptKa evtuna. 1. Ray Grove and Brian Smith, "Compendium of Post Failure Analysis techniques for Composite Materials". Boeing Military Airplanes interim report, July 1984-Nov James W. Dally and William F. Riley, "Experimental Stress Analysis". McGraw Hill publication. 3. K. Peimanidis, "Strain Gage Method, Photoelastic Techniques, Moire Techniques and Brittle Coating". Society for Plastics Engineers, A.J. Ourelli, Phillips and Tsao, "Analysis of Stress and Strain". McGraw Hill publication. 5. R.L. Pendleton editor, "Manual on Experimental Methods for Mechanical Testing of Composites". Society of Experimental Mechanics, Prentice-Hall Inc. 6. J.F. Doyle and J.W. Phillips editors, "Manual on Experimental Stress Analysis". 7. M.E. Tuttleand, H.F. Brinson, "Resistance Strain Gage Technology as Applied to Composite Materials", Experimental Mechanics, March "Calibration of Photoelastic Coatings", TN-701. Measuremens Group Inc. 9. "Introduction to Stress Analysis by the Photostress Method", TN 702. Measuremens Group Inc. 10. "How to Select a Photoelastic Coating", TN 704. Measuremens Group Inc. 11. "Strain Gage Selection Criteria, Procedures, Recommendations", TN 505. Measuremens Group Inc. 12. "Strain Gage Rosettes-Selection, Application and Data Reduction", TN 515. Measuremens Group Inc. npoelspoc;: EuxaplOTOUlJ,e nom TO ouvaoeacpo KUPlO ne'ilj,avion, Yla Ta ooa evotacpepovta lj,ae; avemu~e, Kat Kupiwe; Yla TlC; ecpaplj,oyec; TIe; onoiec; lj,ae; eni:oet ~e. Kal KaTomv Ba r;beaa va KaAtow OTO 1lr;lJ,a TO ouvaoeacpo IJ,IlXavoAOYo IJ,IlXaVIKO KUPlO Pi~o, 0 onoioe; Ba lj,ae; IJ,tAr;OellJ,e BelJ,a: <emn KaTaOTpoqllKoe; eaeyxoc; 1J,1l XaVOAOytKcllV OUOTlllJ,aTWV Kat UAIKcllV lj,e 1J,0pcp1Kr; a VQAuOTJ" H epyaoia autt; anoteaei lj,ia npwtotunn epyaoia Kal oe olebvec; enineoo, Kat elval TO novillj,a IJ,lac; oelpae;, IJ,lac; lj,akpae; oelpae; nelpalj,atwv nou eaal3av Xcllpa OTO navemotrilj,lo natpcllv, OTn rxoar; MnxavoAOywv.