SelJa: TEXVOAOYLK~ QVanTU~l1 KQTQAUTlKWV ~ETQTpOnEWV QUTOKLV~TWV.

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1 SelJa: TEXVOAOYLK QVanTUl1 KQTQAUTlKV ETQTpOnEV QUTOKLVTV. EIOTlYT\TC;: K. $IAinnonouAoc;, XM, ETllK. Kae/TC; EMn. 1. Elaay(j)y 1.1. rtviko H xpno'l'\ KaTaAUTV Kan:Pvaoiac; Kauoaepiwv exel e TllKpaTnOel anllepa wc; Il 1lVIl TexvoAOVlKn AUO'I'\ OTO npo[3alllla eatvxou TIlC; atllooq>glplknc; punavo'i'\c; ano TlC; IlTJxavec; eowteplknc; KaUO'I'\C;. Me Tllv ano i5ekanevtaetiac; XPllolllOnOLTJOTJ TV KaTaAuTlKwV lleta TPonewv txel anoi5elx8ei Il anoi5otlkotilto TOUC; OTOV eaeyxo TV eknoi"ltlv TV Kauoaepiwv. onwc; enio'l'\c; Kal TJ avavkalottjta l3eatiwanc; TOUe; (1), (2). H xpno'l'\ noautillv lletoaawv we; evepvwv OUOTaTI KV TV KaTaAUTlKV lletatponev Exel etllkpatrioel Mvw Tile; u!ljtjar;e; anolloo'l'\e; nou npooi5illouv OTO Ile TaTponEa VIa lletatponf) TV punwv TV KauoaepIV OE OXETIKO xalltjaee; 8Ep\lOKpaoiEC; KGl TTJe; 1IIaTnPTJ O'I'\C; TTJC; EVEPVOTllTOC; TOUC; VIa llakpoxpovla AElTOUPvia, otav [3ef3alwe; XPTJOl\lOnOlEiTal a\loauf3i5tj (3evi VTJ. Ta \leptj nou unopxouv anost\lata noauti\lwv \le ToAAwv OTOV KOO\lO Eival 1 HnA, Kavai5oe;, Il rof3letlkn 'EvwO'I'\ Kal TJ NOTla Aq>PlKri. ETllO'l'\\laIVeTat OTl ana TTJ Ncma Aq>PlKf) eovetgl TO 9% TIle; navkoo\ltac; napavwvnc; noauti\lv \letomwv, Ka8we; EnIO'l'\e; OTl TJ avaaovia Pt:Rh OTTJV npwtil UATJ EiVQl nepinou 12:1 (nlvakac; I). nivakae; I. AvaAoyia noautipwv pttoaawv ora PUKTO Tile; Nemae; AcpPIKqe;. Pt Pd Rh Merensky UG PIatreef H avaaovia Pt:Rh OTa OPUKTO i5ev elval OU\l[3aTn \le autn nou XPTJOl\lOnOleiTat OTOUe; KaTaAuTlKOUe; IlETa TponEie; (PtiRh = 5:1). AUTn TJ aoullf3atottjta olltjvei oe ouvexn autjo'i'\ Tile; Tt\lne; TOU Rh Kat ouvenwc; OTTJV autjo'i'\ TOU KOOTOUe; TOU KaTaAUTIl. npoanoaela, nou navkoollla an\lepa etllxelpeital, aq>opo OTIl lleiwo'i'\ n avtlkatootaoil TOU XPllolllOnOtOU\levou nooou Rh OTOV KaTaAUTIl. \le napoaatjatj i5latnptjo'i'\ TTJC; anoi5o TlKOTTJTOC; TOU. revlkotepa, 1 epeuvlltlde; KaTeUaUVOetC; nou OTOxeuouv OTTJV ektillllo'l'\ oullneplq>opoe; (3), (4), (5), (6), onwe; enlo'l'\c; Kal Til f3eatlotonoiilo'l'\ TTJC; AelTOUPviac; TV KaTaAUTlKV lletatponewv (7), (8), etll[3oaaovtal TOOO ano OlKOVO\lIKOUe; Kat OTpaTIlVlKOUC; oxei5ta O\lOUC; 1IIQBeO'l'\C; TV noauti\lv \letoaav, Kal a no TlC; OUV8nKec; KivTJO'I'\e; Kal xpno'l'\e; TV autokivn TV, \le opalla TOV nepiopio\lo TTJe; at\looq>alpiknc; PUnavO'I'\C;.. 1.2, MovoA,81KOi j.lttgtpontic; Ol\lOVOAI8IKO[ KEpalllKoi \letatponeie; XPTJOI\lOnolOU VTGl an\lepa ana TIC; neploootepec; f31\ltjxavlec; au TOKIVnTV. AUTOi anon:aouvtal (oxn\la 1) ana TOV KU!lJEATO KEpa\llKO q>opea Kal TTJV EniOTpO'I'\ (ETllKO AU!lJTJ) aaou\livae; KGl npoosttwv, OTllv onoia EXOUV i5laanapei Ta noauti\la \lttaaaa. 1 KU!lJEATOi KEpa\lIKoi q>opeic; ouviotavtal ano TE XVTJTO KOpi5lEpiTTJ Mg14Si51B' \likpoe; ouvteaeotne; 8Ep\lIKnC; i5laotoanc; TOU KoplIlEpiTTJ npooi5ii5el TTJV a napaitlltil avtoxn OTIe; anoto\lec; 8Ep\lOKpaOlaKEe; \le Ta(3oAte; nou uq>iotavtal 1 KaTaAuTIKOI \letatponeic;. H \lopq>onoiilo'l'\ TOU \leiv\latoe; TV npwtwv UAV oe KU!lJEATo \lovoai9 npav\latonoleital \le EKf3AJi. AKoAou9Ei npavo'i'\ Kal t!ljtjo'i'\ Vla TTJV napavwvn TOU TEAlKOU npoiovtoe;. 1 KU!lJEAToi KEpa\lIKol q>opeie; napouoloouv \levoatj ve\letplkn etllq>ovela. \llkpn

2 1UAlOe;-AuvOUOTOe; '95 TEXVIKa XPOVLKa 77 alatomh MONOAI8IKOY METATPOllEA AAOYMINA IXJ1a 1. MOVOAIBIK6 J1eraTpOnea (axi1j1atik napaara17). mwo'1 nieo'1e; KOllllKPrl eepiloxpllt1kot'lto, To ovoq>epoilevo XOPOKT'lPlOTlKa El;PTVTOI ono TO naxoe; TV TOlXllaTV KOI TllV nukvot'lto TV KuljJEAi15wv TOU IlOVOAI8u, H ETtlKaAUIjJ'l TOU KEPOIlIKOU IlE OAOUlllVO ETtlTUVXa- VETOI Iltow EVOe; U15TlKOU OlwPrlIlOTOe;, To OlP'lIlO ouvn8we; npoepxetai ono uvpn aaeo'1 OAOulltVOe; KOl OnatTElTat VO EXEI XOIl'lAO ll;w15ee; KOI uljj'larl OUVKt VTPO'1 OTEPEV, nopalletpoi nou Ko8ptOUV TO PE OAOVlKa XOPOKT'lPlOTIKa TV OIPllIlaTV OAOUIlIVOe; EtVat TO nooooto TV ollon15lwv KoMoEI15V 15tO OTaOEV, 'l m:piektlkot'lto TOU OtPrlIlOTOe; OE OTE PEa Kat TO ph, To nooooto TV OIlOTl15iwv KoMoEl 15wv 15tOOTaOEV Ko8plEl T'l OTo8EPOT'lTO KOt T'lV 1llOIlOPq>io TOU atpnilotoe;, onwe; EnIO'1e; KOt T'l15U VOTOT'lTO npooq>uo'1e; OTO KEpolllKO (9), I'lIlEIVETat OTt KEpOlltKOe; q>optoe; Elvol nopw15'le; IlE nopoue; T'le; Tal;'le; 2, - 3, A H Ton8tT'l'1 TV EVEPVV OUOTOTlKV VIVETOlllE noppoq>'lo'l TV noautlllv IlETaAAV ono TO ont OTOlXO U15T151AUTQ aaoto rllle ouvton8i:t'l'1 TOU KOTOAUTlKOU IlETaAAOU IlE TO unootpilo OE tvo OTa OlO (1), ITov nivoko II nopouolaovtoi TO XOPOKT'lPlOTIKa EVOe; IlOVOAI81KOU KOTOAUT'l nou XP'lOlIlOnOlElTat ono TIe; EupwnoTKte; OUTOKIV'lTOalOIl'lXoviEe;, H 15laPKElO wne; TV KOTOAUTlKV IlETOTpontwv nou XP'lIIlOnOlOUVTOt OnllEpO VIO TllV Kon:Pvoolo TV KOUOOEpiwv TV OUTOKlVnTV OnOTEAeL Kpiolll'l nopalletpo VlO TO OXE1511l, T'lV ETtlAOVn TV 15POOTl KV UAIKV TOU KOTOAUT'l KOI TEAIKa T'lV EKTillllO'1 T'le; OIKOVOlllKOTllTOe; T'le; 15lEPvooloe; EAtVXOU T'le; OTIlO Oq>OlpIKrle; punovo'1e; nou npokoaouv 1 KIV'ltrlPEe; E nivokoc; II. XOPOKTr'JPIOTIKO KOTOAuTIKOU IJOVOAI81KOU lj&totponio. IUOTaOIl <l>opeoe; EniOTpw11 Ev&pyo OUOTOTlKO <l>atvoilev'1 nukvotilto Iuv8K&C; A&IToupyiac; eepilokpoolok n&plox Xwpoe; XPOVOU OVTlOpOOTPO (space velocity) AVOAOyio KULoIlOU KLV'1Ttipo npoc; OYKO KaTOAUTLKOU I.I&TaTpOneO XapaKTI'JPIOTIKO A&IToupyiac; Pu9IlloIlEVOe; ETtlTuVXOVOIlEV'1IlEToTpon M'1 pu9illoil&voe; ETtlTUVXOVOI.IEV'1IlETOTpon KOpotEplTLKtie; ouotoo11e;, llovoat9lkt;e; 1lpq>tie; IlE 4 KOVOAlO ovo TETPOYVlKn ivtoo KOL noxoe; TOLXI.IOTOe;.15 mm. 2% y-aaouillvo (pseudo - boehmite) nou neplexel onovtec; YOiEC;, ylq vo OU'19Ei '1 9EPlllKt; OTo9EPOTllTa TOU unootpwllotoc; Kat '1 npooq>uoti TOU OTOV KEPOIlLKO q>opeo Pt+Rh: 35-4 glcu ft ( gil) OE ovoaoyio Pt/Rh 5: 1.45 kg/l 3-9 C h A= HC: IlEYaAlhEP'1 TaU 8% CO + NO: IlEYaAUTEP'1 lou 7% A= HC: &AOX. 5% lle11 7% CO: EAOX. 2%, l.ieo'1 55% NO: EAOX. 1%, lle115%

3 78 TeXVlKC:t XPOVlKC:t IOUAlo-AuyOUOTO '95 OTeplKli Kau1l. H I5lopKela wli eva J.lVOAISI KOU KepaJ.llKoU J.leTaTpOnea J.lelwveTat ana I5T)AT)TT) pla1l TaU KaTaAUTT) nou npokaaeltat ana OUOTaTlKC:t TaU KauoiJ.lou Kat ana TT) AeLTOupYla TaU KaTaAUTrl oe SepJ.lOKpaOla J.leyaAUTepT) TV 9 C (11), (12), (13). H AeLToupyia evo KaTaAUTlKOU J.leTaTpOnea oe ulpt)m SepJ.loKpaoie ol)rwei oe anwaela TT) ell)ikri emq>c:tveta TT) y-aaouj.llva nou anoteaei TO unootpj.la TOU KepaJ.lIKOU q>opea TOU KaTaMTT) Kal OTO onoio e xetl)taonapei TO eve pya OUOTaTlKo. H anaela TT) ell)ikri emq>avela TT] y-aaouj.liva Oq>eiAeTal OTT] J.le TaTponri TT] oe a-aaouj.liva (KOpOUVOIO) nou anoteaei TT]V nmov OTaSepli KpUOTaAAIKri J.lOpq>ri (14). H avavtiotpemt] autri J.leTOTpOnr; exel w ouvenela TT] J.leiw1l TT] ell)ikri emq>avela ano 15 oe 1 m2/g J.le a noteaeoj.la TT]V IOXUpri mwot] TT] l)paotlkott]ta TaU KaTaMTT], onwe:; eni1l Kat TT] J.lelwon TOU eloikou YKOU TaU UnOOTpJ.laToe:;, nou ol)t]yel oe J.leiwoT] TT]e:; npooq>uot] avc:tj.leoa OTO KepaJ.lIKa Kat TO UnOOTpJ.la. H ota8eponoirlot] Tile:; y-aaouj.ltvae:; oe UlPI1Aee:; gep- J.loKpaoiee:; enltuyxc:tvetat J.le npo8likt) avopyc:tvv OTOtXeiwv, onw aakaatke yaiee:;, tpkovio, SOPIO, onc:tvlee:; yaiee:;, TLTC:tVLO, nupitlo Kat J3C:tplO (15). 2. ntplypaqnl Kal AtlToupyia ntipaj.lat1krlc; i5liltai'jc; j.l1'jxavrlc; autokivrltou - nii5i'jc; 2.1. rtvikej H nelpaj.latlkri olc:tta11 napouotaetat OTO l)taypaj.lj.la porie:; TOU OXnJ.laToe:; 2. To Kupiw J.lepoe:; Tile:; nelpaj.la TtKlie:; OIOTaT]e:; anoteaeitat ana: TTJ J.lT]xaVn autokivritou (engine), TT]V nel)t] (dyn), TOUe:; KaTaAuTIKoUe:; J.leTaTponeie:; (C1, C2) J.le TO Aomo J.lepOe; Tile:; eotj.li- 1le;, TT] ouokeuri avc:tau1le; TV Kauoaepiwv Kat TO OU OTI1J.la KaTaypaq>rie; meoewv Kat gepj.lokpaoiv. Ta Kauoaepia nou napoyovtal ana TOV KIVI1Tripa XpiOVTat oe Mo peu\lata nou Ol)l1youVTal OTOUe; Mo KaTaAUTLKOUe; J.leTaTponeie;. evae; (C1) neplexel TOV KaTaAUTI1 Tile; OPEL (nou ouvooeuei Til J.ll1xavri). Ka- DYN ENGINE t-'-... A: AvaAuTrie:; aepiwv, AMP/AD: EVIOXUTri, J.leTaTponeae:; on\lotv, BFM: napoxj.letpq q>uoaail)ae;, CT: Ilupyoe:; lpui1e;, DYN: nel)t], ENGINE: Ml1xavri eowteplkrie; Kauone;, I: evoelktlko apyavo nel)t]e;, Pdl: Evl)elKTlKo l)la<popoe; nieol1e;, PI: EvoelKTtKo nleone;, S: illaq>payj.lota S.C.: Ynoooxee; l)elyj.latoarimt], T: nayloa uypaoiae;, ThV: gep\loj3aaj3ioa lput]e:;, TI: EvoelKTIKa SePJ.loKpaoiae:;, ws S,P,T R R: AnoPPllPl1 vepou lpui1e:;, S: Tpoq>ol5ooia vepou lput]e;, TM: napoxj.letpo. IxrlJ.la 2. lluiypaj.lj.la porle; KQI opyavwv.

4 1UALOe;-AuYOUOTOe; '95 TExvlKO XPOVlKO 79 TaAUTT]e; EXEl EMEtnTIKT] OlOTOIlr;, Ilr;KOe; 15.2 em Kat YKO 14 em 3. re OUTOV EXOUV Tono8ETT]8Ei ETlTO 8EPiloOTOlXEiO TUnou K, Ilimo TV onoiwv KaTOypOq>ETal TO 8EPIlOKPO OlOKO npoq>ia TOU KOTaAUTT] KOTO TT] OIOPKELO TT]e; AEI TouPyioe; TOU. OEUTEpOe; neplexei TOV KaTOAUTT] nou nopookeuoooile KUKAIKr;e; OIOTOIlr;e; olollhpou 2.6 em KOI Ilr;KOUe; 15 em. KOI OE OUTOV Ton8ETr;8T]KOV ne VTE 8EPilOOTOIXEio IlE TO onoio KOTOypOq>ETat T] 8EP 1lKpooio. nplv KatllETO ono Ko8E IlETOTponeo unopxouv 8eoEIe; OEIYIlOTOAT]tlJioe;, Kat OTOV npto (C1) unopxeliletpt] Tr;e; TT]e; nieot]e; ELOOOOU OTO IlOVOAl81KO IlETOTponeo KOl TT]e; TlTOT]e; nieot]e; nou OT]IlIOUPYEi OUTOe;. AKOIlT] unopxei OUOTT]IlO nou onoteaeitoi ono q>ioat] NO, 1lVOIlETPO. nopoxolletpo q>uooaiooe; (KAEIOTO) Kat pu81l1tlkn I3EAovoElon 13Al3ioo, TO onoio XPT]OI 1lnolEiToI OTT]V IxvT]9hT]T] TV KOUOOEpiwv Kat TOV o KOTOAUTT')e; nou Ton8Eni8T')KE OTO IlEToTponeo C2. exel TT] XT]lltKr; OUOTaOT] nou nopouolal;etoi OTOV ni VOKO V. KOI Ylo TI1V nopookeur; TOU XPIllIlonoli]8IlKOV 1 npwtee; UAEe; nou EV ouvexeio ovoq>epovtol: To IlOVOAI81KO KEPOIlIKO unootpwllo elvat ono KOp OLE pitt') (Corning). KOI exei YEIlETPIKa XOPOKTT')PI OTtKa 4 TETPOYVIKa KEAla ova in2 Kat naxoe; TOIXllaTV.6 ins. H Ton9hT')T] Tile; OAOUllivoe; OE OU TO ETllTEUX8T')KE IlE EllnOTIOIlO TOU KEPOIlIKOU ono at PT')IlO OAOUllivoe; nou npoepxetai ono uypi] OAEOT'). H Y-OAOUlllVO nou XPIl11lnOlT]8T')KE OTT')V uypi] aaeot] eivat TO npo'(ov 8EPIlIKi]e; KOTEpyooioe; EVUOOTlleVT')e; OAOUllivoe; nou nopoyetoi (oov EVOlallEOO npol:6v) no TO OAOUllivlO Tile; EMoooe;. H EIOIKr; TT')e; ETllq>OVEIO IlETpi)9IlKE OE 176 m2/g (BET) Kat ELOLKOe; OYKOe;.61 em 3 /g OUIlq>VO IlE IlETpnOELe; OUllnLEOT')e; Hg (nopooi IlETPO Hg). Xrll.lIKT] OVaAUOT] eoeie OTI 1 npooillele; TT')e; oaouilivoe; EivOL OE noooato 1.7% {Na 2 :412 ppm, Fe 2 3 :35 ppm, Si 2 : 336 ppm, CaO:214 ppm. nivaka III. XOpaKTpIOTIKa f.ixoy OPEL 1.Si. f '-.".---." " MeYlOTl1loxUC; 55 k (75PS) LTpo<pec; / i\smo Porn; mpe4jl1c; 52 (MAX) 125 N.m (26 rpm) 9.2 nivoka IV. XOPOKTPIOTIKa n I5. MtYlOTI1 anoppocpouilsvi1 IOX U<':; 25HP (186.5 k) ano 22-8 rpm MtYlOTI N.m ponti -8 TaXUTI1Ta rpm elllleoo unoaoylollo TT]e; 1ll;IKne; TOUe; nopoxr;e;. To ou OTT]IlO OUTO npooopllol;etoi OTT]V eooo TV KOTOAU TlKV IlEToTponEwv. nopoilolo OUOTT]IlO IlE Ol;TO vti 1lVOEloiou XPIlOlllonolELTOI ylo TT]V opoiwot] TV OEIYIlOTV KOUOOEpiwv ono TT]V eooo TOU KIVT]TnpO. OTE vo KOTOOTeL OUVOTn T] IlhpIlOr; wue; OTO ovo AUTtKO opyovo MIJXavrl ton:p1krlc; KaUOIJC; nelilj XPIll1lnOln8T]KE evoe; KIVIlTr;pOe; OPEL 1.6i, TOU noiou TO 13lKO XOPOKTT]PIOTIKa OtOOVTaI OTOV nivo KO III. K9v TO AEITOUPYIKa XOPOKTT]PIOTtKa Tile; IlT]XOvr;e; ET1T]PEOl;OVTOI ono TT] 9EPIlOKpooio AEITOUpyioe; TT]e; T]tlJu1l TT]e; ETllTUYXavOVTOV Ileow EVOe; nupyou tljut]e;. H llt]xovti ouvi:8t]ke IlE neot] ylq TT]V npoyllotonoit]ot] AEITOUPYIKV OOKLIlV navw OE TU TllKee; OuvolllKee; EnovoAolll3ovollEvEe; q>optioeie;, YEyovoe; nou ETllTpenEI TT]V npooolloiwot] IlE TIe; npoy 1lTtKee; ouv8tikee; AElToupyioe; EVOe; OUTOKIVr;U. To XOPOKTT]PlOTlKa TT]e; ntot]e; nopati8evtot OTO nivoko IV KaTaAllT C; o IlETaTpOnee; C1 neplexel TOV KOTOAUTT] nou oloti 9ETOl ono TOV KOTOOKEuOOTti TOU KIVT]TtipO. H XT')lllKi) TOU OVaAUOT] eooe TO OTOlXeio nou nopouolal;ovtol OTOV nivoko v AKOIlT') IlETpT]OEle; OE nopooliletpo Uopopyupou eoeiov OTt ol8etel ETllq>aVElO 25.5 m2g-1. EIOl KO OYKO mm3g 1 Katlleoll OKTLVO nopwv 152 A. MgO:458 ppm). H Tono8eTT')T] TI1e; naotivoe; Kat TOU pooiou eylve IlE onoppoq>t')ot] ono ovtiotoixo UOOTIKO OIOAUIlOTO. 1 ooklllee; TV KOTOAUTV OTI1 Ill1xovi] EOwTEpIKi]e; KOUOT]e; EKTEAEOTT')KOV TOOO OTOV EllnoplKo KOTOAUTT') (C1). 6 Kat OTOV EPYOOTT')PIOKO (C2). To KouooepLo nou TPOq>OOOTOUOOV TOV KOTOAUTIl C2 onoteaouoov TO evo EIKOOTO TV nopoyollevwv ono TI1IlI1XOVr;, KO 9v OYKOe; TOU C2 OUYKPIVO!lEVOe; IlE OUTOV nou XPT')OlIlOnOlEi Il KOTOOKEUaOTPlO ETatpEiO Eivat EiKOOl q>opee; IllKpOTEpOe;. niyoko V. Xf.lIK ovaaua KOToAuTcilv. %w/w Pt Rh CeO EllnoplKoc; (OPEL) EpyaOTI1PlaKoc; IUJ.'n&paoJ.'aTa and T J.'&A&T auj.'n&plq>opac; TOU Ka TaAuTIKoU J.'&TaTpOn&a 3.1. IucrraolJ Kauoatpiwv no TO OUYKEKplllevo KlVT')Ti]pO KOl ylo TT')V neploxi] OTPOq>V - pont]e; nou eylvov 1 OOKIllee; TO EEPXO!lEVO KouooepIO EIlq>OVLOOV lleyloti1 TlIli] punwv: 85 ppm CO Kat 18 ppm NO, onwe; nopott')peltat Kat no TO OXi]IlOTO 3A Kat 4A, onou nopouolol;ovtoi 1 Tt

5 8 TeXV1KO XPOV1KO IOUA1C;-AUyouO'1'OC; '95 Eo6t; 1(tVT)'t1\pu ()\ '" A E K 6 9 8: Qi 1\: s::- s::- '() t) t) :3 3 Q. Q... 'I i :>- ':f J;: :> R R B IXT1I1Q 3. CO nptv (A) KQt J.1tTQ (B) TOV KQraAuTIKo J.1tTaTpontQ. IXr1J.1Q 4. IUYKtVTPOl] NO nplv (A) KQt /lttq (B) rov KQTaAuTtKO J.1tTaTponta.

6 1UAlOe;-AUyouOToe; '95 TeXVlKO XPOVlKO 81 Kfy\O'f'l 8cPIIOICPCO'c K.c1:cl:u'fuco6 IfftcTpodcc. Ixi1l1a 5, MeYlaT17 BepI1Kpaoia ato I1STarporrea (C). Ixi1l1a 6. nieo17 eloo5u (A) Kat mwo17 rr{eo17c; (8) l1e: Tarporrea, Ilee; TV punwv (CO, NO) OTllv eioooo TV KaTaAuTl KV lletatponewv oav ouvoptiloil TV OTPO<jlV Kat Tile; ponne; TOU KlVllTnpa. 'Onwe; <jlaiveml am OtaYPOllllaTa auto, KIVIlTnpae; oe XallllAn <POPTlOll napoyel Kauoaepla Ile uljjllar; OU YKeVTpwOll CO, 11 onoia lloalom auovelooo auovo VTat 1 OTpo<pee; AelToupyiae; TOU KIVllTnpa. 'Omv elle; AelToupyei Ile <poptloil, Kat elolkotepa OTT]V nepimwoll nou 11 ponn eivallleyaautepll ana 2 ttlb, 11 ouykevtpwoll TOU Ilovoeloiou TOU ov8paka llelwvetal Kal KUllaiveTat OTllV neploxn 4-5 ppm. EVTeAe; ola<popetlkn eivatll elkova nou napouoloel 11 ouyktvtpoll TOU NO. 'Omv KlVllTnpae; AeLToupyei xwpie; <poptio, 11 ouyktvtpoll NO OTa Kauoatpla eival Tile; TOIle; TV ppm ylo oxe6v TT] OLa KUllavOll TV OTpO<pV. Me TT]v aui1oll TT]e; ponne; 11 ouykevtpwoll TOU NO auovel Kat ota8eponoleital OTIlV neploxn ppm ylo ponte; lleyaaute pee; ana 2 ft.lb IUllm:plCpopa KGTGAuTIKV II&TaTpOn wv eplloKpoaio AelToupyioC; LTO oxnlla 5 napouoloemlllllemr3ar; Tile; lleylotile; Tlllne; gepllokpaoiae; TOU KaTaAUTIl C1 ouvaptnoel Tile; ponne; Kat TV OTpO<jlV TOU KlVIlTnpa oe Ilovlllee; ouv 8nKee; AelToupyiae;. H 8eplloKpaoia TOU IlOVOA19lKOU lletatponea eivat novta lleyaautepll ana Til 8ep1l Kpaoia elo6i5ou TV Kauoaepiwv AOYw TOU ewgep Ilou Tile; avtiopaolle; Kat 11 lley1til Tllln Tile; napou OloeTat lleto TO Ileoov TOU lletatponea. H lleyaau TePIl Tllln Tile; gepllokpaoiae; nou lletpn81lke OTO eupoe; ouv81lkwv nou olei]x81lav Ta nelpollota nmv 738 C. H 8eplloKpaolaKi] autn uoteplloll eivat Olllla VTlKn oe ouv8i]kee; XallllAV OTpO<jlV Kat <jloptlolle;. nou 11 gepllokpaoia TV KaTaAUTV elvat oxetlko xa IlIlM Konpyoaio Kouaoepiwv - to6oc; ona li ToTponeic; Ano Ta anoteatollata TV lletpi]oewv nou napouolo ovtal OTa OXrlllaTa 38 Kat 48 (a<jlopouv OTO C1) olanlotvetal OTl Yla TO ouvoao TV neplmwoewv 11 e nltuyxavollevll lletatponrl TV CO Kal NO Eival IlEyaAUTepll ana 85%. 'OAee; Ol IlETpnOele; nou napou OlOOVTat txouv AIl<jlgei oe Ilovlllee; ouv8i]kee; Ael Toupyiae; TOU OUOTrlllaTOe;. onou 11 8eplloKpaoia TOU KaTaAUTIl Elval lleyaautepil ane 3 C. :rrlllelwvetal OTl xpovoe; nou anatteital Yla Tllv tvap1l AelTOUpviae; TOU KOTaAUT1KOIJ IlETaTpOnea elval Tile; Talle; TV 3-8 Aemwv. L8 autrl Til XPOVlKrl nepiooo Ta Kauoaepla oev u<jliotavtat KaTaAuTIKrl KaTepyaoia. AKollll. 11 napatilpoullevll oxetlko UljJllArl ouykevtpwoll NO Yla xallllate; OTpo<pee; I ponti TOU KlvllTrlpa anooioetal OTIl XallllArl 8eplloKpaoia AelToupyiae; TOU lletatponea Yla autee; TIc;" OUV8nKee; (OXrllla 48). napollolee; ektlllnoele; eylvav Kat Yla TOV KaTaAIJTIl C ntlila'l niea'lc; onlilaelo IOIUOC; H nieoll OTllv doooo TOU KaTaAUTlKOU 1l8TaTponea e aptotat ana Tle; OUV8rlKEe; AElToupyiae; TOU OUOTrl

7 82 TEXVlKO XPOVlKO 1UAlOe;-AuyouOToe; '95 IlOTOe; KtVIlTnpa - nel>lle; Kat KUllaivEml IlEmu 15 Kat 71 mmh 2 (OX.rllla 6A). H ntoil nieolle; TV KauoaEpiwv OTO IlOVOAl81KO KamMTIl IlETpi]8IlKE OTllv neploxn 1-35 mmh 2 (oxnl-la 6B). ME autee; TIe; IlE TpnOEle; 11 lleylotllioxue; nou KamvaAwvETal OTOV Ka TaMTIl ano Til pon TV KauoaEpiwv unoaoyiotilke OE.2 k (Yla IOXU KIVIlTnpa 29.5 k) n Tile; TOIle; TOU 1%. 4. Elaay(J)y 4.1. n lpaljatiko IJ PO Sa npool>lopl8uv Ot KtVIlTlKee; nou aq>opouv TIe; a KOAOu8Ee; l>pooeie;: 1 I. CO+ 22 ::::::} CO2 1 II. CO+ 2NO::::::} N2+C 2 H nptil Eivat oeil>woll TOU 1-IVOEtl>iou TOU ov8pa Ka OE OIOEioIO TOU ov8paka Kallll>EuTEPIl dvat Tau TOXPOVIl avaywyr; TOU 1-IVOEll>iou TOU atou Kat EioOll TOU 1-IVOEll>iou TOU Ov8paKa. EniOlle;, OTO KEq>OAatO auto I-Ial;i I-IE TIlV KlVIlTlKn oeioolle; TOU 1-IVOEIOiou TOU ov8paka 8a EKTlI-I1l8d OUVTEAEOTtie; I-IETaq>opOe; I-Iol;ae; OE l-iovoai8ue;. ouvn:aeottie; I-IE Taq>opo.e; Ilol;ae; 8a XPlll1-inOlll8Ei apyotepa KaTO TO OXEOlaOI-iO TOU KamAUTlKOU I-IETaTponea. 4.1.a. KIVTIK 1I&A&r &i6wa 1IVO&16iou TOU ilv8paka o avtlopaoti]pae; nou XPIlOll-InOln8IlKE Yla TIlV KlVIl TIKn OUl-inEplq>OpO Tile; oeil>olle; TOU I-IOVOElmOU TOU o.v8paka ntav evae; avtll>paottipae; CARBERRY, (Carberry, 1964), onoioe; anoteaei evav avtlopaotti a XpnOll-iO OE m:plntoele; ETEpoyevoue; KaToAuOlle;, onou Ta avtll>pwvta Kal npo'iovta EiVat aepla Kal Ka TaMTIle; OTepeOe;. KaTaMTIle; nou XPIlOtl-lonOlti81l KE ntav Pt/Rh OE UnOOTpwl-la y-a12s Kat I-IVOAl8IKO KEpal-ltKO q>opea. napaokeu81lke OTO EpyaOTi]plO TExVIKne; XIlI-IIKV lllepyaolwv TOU E.M.n. I-IE Til OUvepyaoia TOU EUIlVIKOU KevTpou EPEUVV TOll-leVTOU " Au I t?' I.. 3. ci a.1i '-" 2. CJ w 1.1I,,' wl.o a w O 1I a :l1. :tr'"i:"'"1:"'"'...t"'""...i""""'...,..., _i. 1. ' ulYPoO 4.1. nslpj1tlko oeooj1evo OVTlOPOOTllPO Carberry. (EKET). Ta m:tpallatlka OllIlEia napouolol;ovml ypaq>iko. OTO a KOAou8 l>laypal-ll-la (4.1), onou napouolol;etat oe l>laq>opetlkee; 8epI-IOKpaoiee;, OUOTooele; Kat oxetlkee; Ta XUTIlTee; KaTaAUTIl - aepiou I-Ieoa OTOV avtll>paottipa o pu81-1e; Tile; KIVIlTlKr;e; Tile; oeil>olle; TOU 1-IVoeloiou TOU o.v8paka. Ano TO l>loypallila (4.1) napatllpoul-ie OTl auiloll Tile; TaxuTIlTae; TOU aepiou I-Ieoa OTOV KaTaMTIl (aulloll TV OTPOq>V TOU aova TOU avtll>paottipa CARBERRY) exel we; anoteaeol-ia Tllv eaottwoll TOU pu81-1u Tile; l>poolle; Yla piol-ievee; ouv8i]kee; 8EP1-I Kpaoiae; Kat OUOTaOIle;. H altia Yla TO napanovw q>al VOIlEVO EiVat Il il>la 1l1-lpq>ti Tile; KIVllTIKtie; Tile; l>poolle;, 11 onoia anol>elkvueml Ile TOV Tpono auto OTI napouoloet avooxeoll j3a81-1u Kal pu81-1e; Tile; KlvIlTIKtie; Tile; l>poolle; el-lq>aviel I-lia l-ieylotil TII-iTl Yla KaToUIl All Tll-ln Tile; ouykevtpolle; TOU I-Iovoell>iou TOU av 8paKa OTIll>lentq>ovela aepiou - OTepeoU. H ektil-illoil TV KIVIlTlKV napal-letpv TOU I-IVTeAOU eyive Tau ToXPova I-Ie TIlV ektil-illoll TOU OUVTeAeOTn I-IETaq>opOe; I-Iaae; I-Ie Til j3n8ela KaToAAIlAOU l-ia81ll-latikou 1-1 VTeAOU Kat Til I-It8l> j3eatlotonoiilolle; Levenberg - Marquardt..J:: VI SII-J.Oo(1.+.ote..Rood!t.s<»'" Sh-O'7Mo(Rood/l)...SIc..,,_1 Sh-o.75+O.33o(_/ll SII-o.7I1eo(ltood/'L.SIc) II """""'" 51...,.1+.z5-<-/'LoSc)'"., t2-c ,.rr------s.s-4. illoypoo 4.2. IUYKP1l1 J1eracpopac:; J1oc:;. EKTlI-lr;8IlKe I-Itow I-Ilae; npooeyyiotikne; oxtolle; auvt&a&otiie; p&taq>opae; pai;ae; Kal napouolol;eml OTO oloypal-ll-la (4.2), onou enioile; l>ioovtal Yla OUYKPIOll Kat Tll-lte; TOU OUVTeAEOTn l-ietaq>opoe; I-Iol;ae; ane Til j31j3aloypaq>ia. 1 napanovw Tll-lee; IOXUOUV Yla 15<Re<15. H 1-Ipq>i] Tile; KlVIlTlKtie; eiooile; Kal 1 Tlpee; npoaapljovlie; Via Tie; KIVIlTlK&e; napapetpoue; Tile; oeil>w Olle; TOU 1-IVOEIl>iou TOU ov8paka nou l>il>ovtal eivat 1 akoaou8ee;: KIVIlTlKn eiowoll: -E ko.exp (CO) Reo ::: :...:...=---- [1+k,.exp [l (CO)J2

8 1UAtoe;-Auyoumoe; '95 TexvlKo XPOVIKO 83 Kal Tlll&<; Yla TI<; KlVT'JTlKEe; napalletpou<;: ko: 2.55xlB cm3/s/g KaTaAUTT'J k 1 : 1.88xl7 cm 3 /mol E: 134 cal/mol L1H: 18 cal/mol H npooaplloyn TV isei5llevwv <paivetal mo napako T isloypalllla (4.3): H akpij3ela TT'Je; npooaplloyn<; eival nepinou ± 1%. 4.1.p. K'VI1T'Kr1 IIdeTI1 avaywyljc; 1IVO 16iou TOU atou H netpallatlkn islotat'j nou XPT'JOIIlOnOln8T'JKe Yla TOV npooislopioilo TT'J<; KIVT'JTIKn<; TIl<; oeiiswotl<; TOU 11 voelisiou TOU atou EKave XpnOTl evo<; avtli5pamnpa ellj3oaikn<; pone; (auatc,<; avtli5pamnpa<;). Ka TaAUTT'J<; nou XPT'JOIIlOnOln8T'JKe ntav ii5lo<; Ile autov 5 U I C 4..!;;: I-' UJ ::i: 3 I Z UJ ::i: K ::i: K 6Ato6t. 415 K 1DDJ473 K UJ neipamat'kh METATPonH co Lltoypo/J/JO 4.3. npoaop/joytj nttpo/jorwv amv ovrt 6poarTjpo Carberry Z 6 I C..!;: I-' 4 UJ ::i: D 6OKIIIO 2.. 6OKINIO 3 6OKIMIO 4 6OK1MIO 5 8 -I' 2 LltoYPo/J/JO 4.4. nttpo/jottko 6e6o/JtvQ OUAwTOU'OVrt 6poarTjpo.. 1 -,f 9 o. z: 8 Ii c. 7 o..:!;;:i 6 1-': UJ' ::i:. 5 I: ZI 4 UJ; ::i::,.3 ::E: i=: ::,::1 2 UJ.., I' oa aoklmlo 2.. aoklmlo J aokllotlo... 1 aoklmlo!i a 1 2." neipamatikh toaetatponh NO LllOYPO/J/JO 4.5. npoaop/joyrj 6e6o/Jtvwv OUATOU vn6poarrjpo. nou XPT'JOlIlOnOln8T'JKe Yla TIlV KlVT'JTlKn lleaitn TIl<; l;eiiswotl<; TOU llovol;eli5iou TOU ov8paka. Ta nelpallatlko i5eisolleva napouolol;ovtal OTO i51 ypalllla (4.4): H npooaplloyn TV oeoollevv yivelqi Ile TT'J XpnOTl KaTaAAriAou 1lVTeAOU Kat Ilia<; lle8oisou anotoilou KAioew<; Kal eloikotepa TOU aayopi81lu Levenberg - Marquardt. (Marquardt. 1963). To npooaplloollevo IlEye8<; (KpITnpIO npooaplloyi)<;) eivat T'J lletatponi) TOU NO OTT'JV eooo TOU avtlispamnpa ouvapti)oel TV nelpallatlkwv OUV8T'JKV nou eival TJ napoxi) Kal T'J oumaotl TOU lliyllatoe; Kal T'J 8eplloKpaoia TOU avtlopamnpa. 1 Tllle<; Yla TI<; napallitpou<; k o,e.k 1.L1H Kal TO <pal VOllevo ouvteaeorn OIOXUOTl<;, De.NO-N2 oivovtal napa KOT: ko = 1.53x17 cm 3 /s/g KaTaAUTIl E =129 cal/mol kl = 5.7x1OS cm 3 /mol L1H = 24 cal/mol DeNO-N2 = 4.28x1-2 exp (-35/T) (cm2/s) (T.K) o <patvollevo<; OuvTeAeOTi)<; isioxuotle; Yla TO IlLwa NO N2 Ilnopei va XPTJOIIlOnolT'J8ei Yla TTJV ektillt'jot'j TV e oteplkwv <palvollevv lleta<popo<; oe 1lVTeAO Yla TOV KaTaAUTlKO lletatponea. H npooaplloyn TV 8e PIlTIKV ektlllnoev Ile Tl<; nelpallatlke<; TlIlE<; oivetal mo oloypalllla (4.5): H akpij3ela TT'J<; npooaplloyn<; eival nepinou ±15'7'. 4.1.y. npoo6,opioiic;,alvollevou ouvt A OTIj 6,oxuol1C; CO-N2 napakotw Sa oosei Il olaislkaoia Ile Tllv onoia npooolopiott]ke nelpallatiko <palvollevo<; ouvteaemn<; oioxuotl<; Yla lliylla CO-N2' XPllolllonOli)STJKe 11 iola OIOTa1l auawtou avtlopaoti)pa Ile autnv Yla TOV npoooiopioilo Tile; KIVIlTlKi)e; OUllnepl<popo<; TIl<; ava

9 84 TexvlKa XpOVIKa 1UAloe;-Auyouerroe; ' :,-:;. if - c?j'-,', - :6 I /_ It' l 5.r z ::t: t: 4 a. < JO t-' ::E 2 1 q illaypa/i/ia 4.6. nslpa/iotika 6s6o/i va /is o6povtj u Ttoarpw/iara. ywye; TOU NO ana TO CO. 'EYlve XPOll KaTaAUTtKV aoklj.llv j.le alaq>opetika naxil aapavwv unoerrpwj.la TV aaouj.llvae;, Ta onola evanote81lkav navw errllv l ala paoll KaTaAUTlKOU UAIKOU (Pt, Rh). Me TOV Tpono auto netuxaj.le va elvqi erra8epo TO noaa TOU KaTa MT'loe KQge aokij.lio Kal va exouj.le j.letopailto TO naxoe; TOU KaTaAUTIKOU unoerrpj.latoe;. Ta nelpaj.lqtlka aeao Ileva napouolaovtal erro alaypaj.llla (4.6). Ano Ta nelpaj.latlka aeaolleva napatilpouj.le OTt ana Ilia 8epiloKpaoia Kal avw 1 lletatponee; errllv eoao TOU avtlapapa eae:vxovtal ano Ta q>alvoj.leva lje Taq>opae; 8eplJoTIlTae; Kal Ilaae: j.letau TOU KaTaAll Til Kal T1le: KUptae: ljaae: TOU aepiou OTOV avtlapa pa, aouljmtlk oui.meplq>opa 8ePlJoKpaoiae: -Ile TaTpOm,e;. alaypaljlja (4.6). AVTi8eTa. oe xallllme: 8epj.loKpaoiee; TO ouerrllila emvxetal ana T1l alaxuoll Kal TTJv KaTaAUTlK avtiapaoll. Me j3aoll TIe: napanavw napatilpoele:. 8a eneepyaerroulle Ta nelpallatlka aeaolleva errllv neploxn 8ep 1 9 l 8 (.) 7 ::t: t: 6 a. < 5 4 ::E ::t: z JO w ::E 2 C ::E 1 w o o.. l1oioiiio AOICIIIO fi l1oioiiio illciypa/i/io 4.7. npooap/ioytj 6s6o/i vv UTtOAOYIO/iOU De, CO-N2' 1lKpaOlV. onou TO eatvxov erraalo elval 11 alaxuoll erro aapavee: unaerrpwila Kalil apaoll errllv emq>avela TOU KaTOAlITIl. evw Ta q>alvolleva lletaq>opae: aev nai ouv ouoiaerrlko POAO Kal j.lnopouv va aj.leail8uv. H neploxtl aun; TV gepj.lokpaolwv eivqi ana C. H j.le8aoe: nou XPllOlj.lOnOll;91lKe Yla TIlV npooapj.loytl ntav aayopl81le: Levenberg - Marquardt (Marquardt, 1963) KQI KaTaMIlAo j.la91lj.latlkoilovteao. H Ttlltl TOU CPOIVOIJ&VOU OUVT&A&OTrl ljiclxugrt<;, nou npooalopi81lke Ile TIlv napanavw alaalkaoia. aiae Tal akoaou8we:: D. CO N2 = 3.86x1 2exp (-4fT) (cm2/s) (T.K) H npooaplloy TV 8ePllTlKV ektlllnoev j.le TIe: nelpallatlki:e; Tlj.lee; napouolaetal OTO alaypallj.la (4.7). H akpij3ela Tile; npooapj.loyf]e; eival nepinou ±15% nopatllpqo U;. OUlJn paoijoto ITa npollyouj.leva napouoiaoalle TIe; j.le9aoue; j.le TIe; onoiee; eylvav 1 KIVIlTlKee; j.lemtee; Yla TIlV oeiaoll TOU j.lovoelaiou TOU av8paka KQI TIlV avaywytl TOU 1lVOelaLOU TOU awtou. eylve ektilllloll TV ewte PIKV q>alvoj.levwv lletaq>opae; oe j.lovoai8ue; (ouvteaeerre; lletaq>opae; Ilaae;) Kal eniolle; npooalopierrllkav Tlj.lee; Yla TOUe; q>alvollevoue; ouvteaeerree: ala XUOlle; TV CO Kal NO oe N 2 ElalKa Yla TO j.lovoeialo TOU av8paka TO q>aivoj.levo Tile; napej.lnoaiolle; f]tav lalaitepa evtunwolako KaTa TIlv emnwoll TOU pu81lu T1le; apaolle; Til errlyilf] nou auavoulje TIlv TaxuTIlTa TOU aepiou j.leoa errov avtiapaerrripa CARBERRY. ITa enoj.leva 8a yivel XPOll TV KIVIlTIKV elowoe V Kal Tile; npooeyyiolle; Yla TO OUVT&Ae lletaq>opae; j.laae;. npokelllevou va yivel npooolloiwoll Tile; A&I Toupyiae; TOU KaTaAUTlKOU j.letatponea Kauoaepiwv Kal axealaoljoe; autou va avtanokpivetal erra KPI TriPla TOU axealaoj.lou Yla aeaoj.levee; ouv8rik&e; Ael ToupYLae; TOU KlvIlTripa TOU autoklvtou. 1 ektij.lrioele; Yla TOUe: q>alvoj.levoue; ouvteaeerree; alaxuolle; 8a XPllOlj.lOnOlll8uv oe lleaaovtlkf] enektaoll TOU j.lovteaou. 4.2, MOYTCAonoil'lol'l KaTaAuTIKoU j.leratponia ITO Ollileio auto 8a XP1lolllonolf]oouj.le TI1V KIVI1TlKf] nou npooalopioaj.le nelpaj.latlka Yla TIlV oeiaoll TOU j.lovoelaiou TOU av8paka. Ka8we; Kal TO ouvteae Il&Taq>opae; Ilaae;, Il& okono va npollmij!ouil& Til ou Iln&ptq>opa TOU IlOVOAI81KOU Il&TaTpOnea & alaq>op&e; ouv8rikee; AelToupyiae; TOU Il&TaTpOnea Kauoa&piwv. ea yivel. Aomov. XPriOll evoe: j.lovteaou, TO onoio 8a n&ptypaq>el Ta q>alvoljeva nou Aaj.l!3avouv xwpa oe e vav KaTaAuTIKo lletatponea (npoaolloiwoll) Kat ako Aou8we; 8a XPl"Jolj.lonOIOOUIl& Ta anotemoj.lata Tl"Je: npoooljoiwolle:. werre va &nttuxouj.le TO erroxo TOU axealaollou TOU Il&TaTponea. napakatw aiv&tal TO 1lVTSAO Yla TO IlOVOAI9. TO noio errl"j auvexela Sa enel"jyll8ei avaautlkot&pa.

10 -3ll nol 1DOd)lOrld3S Ul 3rlUD11D)I :'O)ll,trl I?lO)l uebdorl -91rlO 111]3 nos1yo/\orl nol 1DOd)lOrld3S 1,t)l1Xdo U j(l)ll 3rlnolsollA ":'UDOlDI?lO)l :,I,t)l11813rl :'Ul nod -9 no! (l)a9y U)lI,tSMD 1,t)l1Xdo 1rl1) Oll :,lto1ll3 l=x D1A ( G"8) xpxp[ /1- (x) vm1]"(x-x)>t3 ls3 "' =((lylj!l" '8 "'d"n (GG"8) OIS 9TO Q=x D1A XplXp[ :l(x) :1] "(lx-x)ijj" 'D =(() 1 1-1) "fd O "Id"n 9TO :(:'D13Ad/\3 O1AQ2D -1) 1/\13 O/\I,tY(I)D ()lisiyo/\orl nol od)li? OlD :,l,tllo :'/\ -oyrl 1Y8/\I1)1 /\Ul ola :'3)1I,tSMD :')ld1do OQQ 1 l=x 'O=X OlD = XP IM.1P v' TO :I,tQoyuQ 'nol od)li? OlD :'/\rl(l)/\orllo/\13 :'OSIY<;>/\Orl 119 3rlnolsolln '(:'oq3-1)1 :'oqod13) nol od)li? OlD nos1yo/\orl nol Q3d31D no! 1DOd)lOrld3S Ul 3rln21d(l)/\A /\3Q QoebV "(Odl,tlDodQ -11/\ QO)lISIYO/\Orl nol od)li? OlD :,l,tllo :'o/\oyrl 1Y8 -/\11)1 /\Ul 9ll) :'odrl 9)111(1)duY)loyo 1 D1A :'3)1I,tS -/\nd :')ld1do oqq 1)1 :'Ul :'odrl 9)11doebD1Q 1 D1A :'3)1 -I,tSMD :')ld1do oqq :'(I)/\rlOll3 1132I?13dX "UDOlDI?l -)1 url1l\9rlurl 3D :'U3I?l,8 lto(l)d133l,t)lldoeb1q-oduy)loy - 1,t)l1rlrlodA url D1rl /\QOlDldoll (6" -9" ) :'13DC!'DI33 1 O=X OlD U!.1 = '.1 G""O :1/\13 (9"8) /\Ul D1A U)ll,ts -/\nd 1,t)lD1do U '/\(I)1d3DnO)l /\(1)1 1DOd)lOrld3S 1,t)l1Xdo /\Ul 3rl lto11o)i I,td3SDlD 1/\13 Odl,tlDOdQll/\O nol OQOD -]3 /\UlD /\(I)]d3 /\(1)1 ]Dod)lorld3S U 119 ]3S31lln /\v O=X OlD u'oo = ' TO :1/\]3 (9" ) /\Ul D1A U)lI,tSMD l,t)loldo U 'Odl,tlDOdQll/\O nol OQOD]3 /\UlD 1 D1A /\Qurll,tllodl13rl :'Ol/\OlSOllA ":'rlo/\ -1)1 :'3/\3rlQ1U2:'11 :'1/\oXdoll13snYlll3 /\ ]3dOllrl noll 'OYl/\Orl :'3dl,tYll 1 /\QOY31ll :'3)1l,ts/\nD :')I -DIdo :'11 3rl ]2rl noyl/\orl nol (6"8- "8) :'13DC!'D133 1 (6" ) (8" ) :'3)!9AnO :'?)!IXdD ID)! :'?)!DldO +xa j\ +xa =(x):i 18( +xa) G -=(x)i ( +xa)lxal noll9 o 'xp (IX_X)I M1 J+ [(x) M 1 _ P P (L" ) "1 - (- g):i '1 + ():i l]'n =(x) pel::j X P X P :(I)lI?)lodollI13Q1Q '(x)pel:::l '1Y8/\I1)1 /\l..tl ola :'od9 (Sv) (P V ) o= (x) pel:::ld - (M.1'MO) J (HV-) (8 V ) (v) ( 'V) (9" ) M:e My MS - (i.1- M.1) 4D + Me M"dO Md MS (8J ) :'DlU19rld3S I?dOebDl3V\1 (J) ('J) (9" ) o=to - Je 1 ) '>/' t 1 'MO) re'o + - IS Moe (8a) :'2I?rl I?dOeb13V\1 U1QY1)l - no]d3 D13/\I?eblll31V (a) ('a) (v" ) =f/1-m1)" (/,- xe Is"n+ Je Is"n+ Je 1'd,..,"ldoiS I. 'le 'le 'lev all = v M (M+alll = s v,all ='s :'1U19rld3S I?dOeb13V\1 (8 V ) (v) ('v) ( " ) = to -1)" '>/' + Is"n + IS :'2I?rl I?dOeb13V\1 :ltoi?eb D1dV :noy?ll\ort :'1313 ":'3)1I,tSMD :')lll8dl3rl 3D 'Odl,tlDOdQll/\ - ()lisiyo/\orl nol :'O)ll,trl I?1)l113YYI?8Dl3rl O]OllO U '(rx) M.1 = M.1 noslyo/\orl nol Q3d3lD nol 1DOd)lOrld3S H "Q ":'3)1I,tSMD :')I -I1813rl 3D 'Odl,tlDOdQll/\O ()lisiyo/\orl nol :'O)ll,trl I?lO)l (l'x) '.1 = '.1/\(I)1d3DnO)l /\(1)1 1Dod)lorld3S H "A ":'3)1I,tSMD :')lll813rl 3D '(l'x) " = " 'U1QY1)l - /\(I)ld3Dno)l D13/\I?eblll31Q UlD () o)lods/\i? no! nolq133l\orl nollto(l)dl/\)land H "8 ":'3)1l,ts/\nD :')lll813rl 3D '(l'x) ' = ' 'oldodno)l OlD () o)lods/\i? nol nolql33/\orl nollto(l)dl/\)land H " ::'rlo/\ -1)1 :'ld3dd1 (l)li?)lodoll 1 1/\]3 noyl/\orl nol :,lto -ny1ll3 :'Ul OrlD3YjlOllV "nos1yo/\orl nol (93d31D) UD -I?eb I?3d3lD U 1/\]3 UYYI? U 1)1 Odl,tlDOdQll/\O 9)11S1YO/\ -orl OlD 11/\OXdDI3 noll /\(I)1d3DnO)l /\(1)1 UDI?eb Old -o U 1/\13 UDI?eb O]rl nos1yo/\orl no! lto(l)lll1d3ll /\Ul "/\(I)3DI?eb /\(I)ll,tld33/\ onq I?doebld3llrlnD U1MOebI?dA -ld3ll noll :'13DC!'DI33 3D 113debo/\ I,tQOYUQ 'OYl/\Orl 9)11DOeblQ O/\ 1/\13 3rlQOSUYoXoo os noll OYl/\Orl.1 noo!yollort Oy?.lIlOrt 9111.lDrtlloD "D'l!"t> 98 I?)ll/\odX I?)ll/\X3.1 96, :'oldnoaqv-:'oiyqoi

11 86 T&XVlKa XPOVlKa 1UAlO-AUyouOIo '95 Pll3aAAOVTO:.I.7 T",(x) = Tn P Yla t=o, O<x<L 4.2.p. EniAuOlIlIOYTiAou II&TaTponia OL &LOO&l (3.3)-(3.9) anot&aouv oucmllla OAOMll POl)lO<POPlKV &loo&v & ll&tal3atlkfl 1lP<Pfl Kal & Ilia I)laOlaoll xwpou n&plaalll3avovtae; opoue; 1111 ypalllllkoue;, y&yovoe; nou anoka&i&l TllV &niauoli TOU & KA&LOIfl avaautlkfl 1lP<Pfl Kal eml3aaael Til XPflOl"J 1l&8Mwv Tile; apl81l11tlkfle; avaauol"je;. H IlE815e; a pl81l11tlkfle; avaauol"je; nou XPllOlllonOlli811Ke litav 11 Tal8eoia Ile op8yvla noauvulla, evw OAOKAll PTlKO opoe; unoaoyi811k& 11& Til l3ofl8ela eva oxlillatoe; OAOKAlipwOlle; Ile OIa81llollEVa unoaoma. H e niauoll eylve OTOV KeVTplKO unoaoylotfl TOU EMn Cyber CDC y. AnoTtAioliaTa tniauoiic; 1IniAou KOTaAuTIKOU IItTaTponto, poolkic; IItTapAIIT&C; ox&6laoll6 IIOyoAI81KOU IItToTponio a) XPOVOC; napapovrjc; TV Kauoa&piwv 1 OUOIll Ila, nou &K<PpaeTal Ile Tllv OYKOIl&TplKr; napoxr; TOU a&piou npo TO Ilr;KOe; TOU avtll)paolflpa (OIL) (m 2 /s), anot&aei l3aolkfl napall&tpo oxel)laollou TOU KaTaAUTlKOU lletatponea. 13) H 8 PPoKpaCJia ICJo8ou TV Kauoaepiwv (Tin) eivat eniolle; nom Ol"JllaVTlKr; lletai3atltr; oxel)laolloll, a <poll Ka8piel TllV emxlotfl 8eplloKpaoia ylq TTIV noia apxiel TI KaTaAUTlKr, I)paOl"J Kal oxetietat. Il&oa Ile TllV TeAIKr, lletatponli Kal TTIV KaTavOIlr; 8eplloKpaOlwv 1 1lVOAI91KO ouoilllla. H Tin entl P&ael TOV ek8etiko OPO TTle; &ioolle; TOU Arrhenius Kat etol exel enil)paol"j 1 pu91l T1l Ka TaAUTlKr,e; I)paOl"Je;. y) H CJUYK&VTPCJIl ICJo8ou TOU CO TV Kauoaepiwv OIOV avtll5paotr,pa (CO)in eivat apketa Ol"JllaVTtKr" YlaTi Ilae; I)ivel TO lletpo TOU noooolou lletotponr,e; nou xpelaollaote. npok&tilevou va emtuxoulle OTflV eol)o TOU avtll5paotijpa Tl"J ouykivtpol"j nou opil;ouv OllOXUOUO& npol5laypa<pi Yla KlVTlTflpee; autoklvr,tv. g 93 91,J.F 89 I>" 1 87 Ie; 85 It;;.< 83 i t 'w 1(1) 75 I 77 1 ( 73 6 T... eook C.,co=2,..1.2 Q A.t.IAITATO MHKOI,!; fllaypal1l1a 4.9. Erri6paolJ Xpovou rrapal1ovryc; as espl1okpaoia OTepsou. Eni8paCJIl TOU xpovou napalaovrjc;, (OIL) H OXiOl"J xpovou napallovr,e; Kal KaTavOIlr;e; OUYKevTpwoewv (lletatpomie;) l5ivetal ana TO napakat 151. ypalllla (4.8): na apxikfl OUYKEVTPOl"J CO 2% Kal 8&PIlOKpaoia elool5ou TV Kauoaepiwv 6 K auilol"j TTle; YKolleTpl Kne; napoxne; KaTa 3 <popee;. (n avtiololxll auilol"j TV OIPO<pV TOU KlvllTflpa) ol)tly&i & autlol"j Tile; T&AI Kne; Il&TaTponr,e; KaTa 3%. H KaTavOlln 8&PIlOKpaOlwv Yla I'll atepea <paol"j l5ive Tal ana TO I5taypalllla (4.9). ' xpovoe; napallovne; auavel, pu81le; Tile; KaTaAUTlKne; I5paOl"Je; auavel Kal KaTa ouvenela auav&1 TI npoo<pepollevll ana TflV ew8eplltl avtil5paol"j gepllotflta Kat napattlpeital a vul\jol"j TV 8ePIlOKpaOlV OIepeae; <paol"je;. H gep 1lKpaOlaKn I5la<pOpa lletao &lomou Kat e615ou TOU lletatponia KUllaiv&TatlleTau K, evw TI Ile YlOTfl 8ePlloKpaOlaKfl I5la<popa lletall elool5ou KalTOU 8ePIllltepOU Ol"JIl&iou nallolal;el TOUe; 2 K. 1, T.=5K.9 C.,co =2 / o.a.7 l.6 5 J: t:.4!!.3!;( I-'.2 ::E Q o.a.9 1. A.t.IAITATO MHKOI.!; flulypal1l1a 4.8. ErriopaOTl rou Xpovou rrapal1ovc; OTlJ I1srarpoTTl7 CO, 1.9 o.a.7.5 t.5 : J:.4 t: Q..3 1!;( I:i::.2 :i.1 O.O C co=2 /o Qtot" 251t/s 55.1 Q2 Q3 OA OB.9 1. A.t.IAITATO MHKOI.!; fllaypal1l1a 4.1. ErriopaOTl TOU XpOVOU rrapal1ov"i/c; OTlJ I1srarporrry CO.

12 1UhI-AuyoUOTO '95 TeXVIKO XPOVIKO , 65 6;:==:=;55=K:::=J 55 ;1 Q2 3 Q4 5 Of) 7 OB 9 ld MIAITATO MHKO:r, l; g o Q. «:, o ::::E Q. (!) T 6K 9 a =251tts 85 c..co 6.1 Q2 3 OA OB.9 1. MIAITATO MHKO:r, l; IlIOYPJ1J Erri6pooT] Xpovou rropofjovry OTT] SepfJOKpoo[o orepeou. Eniapaall Tile:: 8&pJ.lOKpaaiae:: &IOOaOU TlI)V KaUOa& pill)v, Tin To taypalllla (4.1) napouoloel TI1V enlpaol1 TI1 8epIlOKpao[a eto6ou OTI1 lletotpom; TOU CO. Ano TO loypalllla auto J3Mnoulle nw Yla apxikri OUYKe VTpwOl1 CO 2% (v/v), oykolletplkri napoxr; 25 lis Kat 8epllOKpaoia elo6ou IlIKpOTepl1 ana 553 K ev e xoulle evauoi1 heltoupyla (light-off) TOU KaTahUTlKOU lletatponea evw avti8eta Yla 8eplloKpaoie elooou aul1lleve KaTo 2 K (T in >573K) TO KaTahUT1KO OU OTl1lla etoepxetat OTI1V neploxri evauan Kal napou OlOetlleTaTpom; TO CO TI1 Tal;l1 TOU 75%. 1 KaTavolle 8eplloKpaOlwv TOU KaTaAlJTI1 (OTepea q>aan) ouvaptrioel TI1 8eplloKpaoia<; elo6ou io VTal OTO loypalllla (4.11). EniapaOIl Tile:: OUVK&VTPlI)OIle:: &IOOaOU, COin To loypalllla (4.12) neptypoq>el TI1V eaptl1an TI1 Ile TaTponri<; ana I'll ouykevtpwol1 etooou TOU CO. IlloYPOfJfJO Erri6pooT] ouyktvrpot] COin - SepfJOKpOO[O OTepeOU. LTO laypalllla (4.13) napouolaetal 11 enipaan 1'11<; OUYKeVTpwOl1 elooou TOU CO OTI1V KaTavollri 8ep 1lKpaOlV TI1 OTepea<; q>aol1<;. Ana TO laypalllla (4.13) ouvoyetalotl ahhayr; 1'11<; ouykevtpan eloo OU ana 1 % OE 2% emq>epel 8eplloKpaolaKri lletaj3o At1 28K. Eniapaoll TlI)V cpalvoj.livli)v aktlvopoaiae:: H napaoxij TI1 avtaahayri evepyela Ile aktlvoj3 hia OTI1V nep[mwol1 TOU 1lVOhl8tKOu avtipaan;pa eylve, enelij TO TOIXllaTa TOU exouv uiiji1at1 8ep1l Kpaoia (T>6 K) Kat unapxe1 ornlkri enaq>r; lletal;u TOU<;. H ouveloq>opa 1'11<; aktlvoj3ohia<; OTI1V OhtKt1 vtamaoo()ilevi1 Vepyela Ileoa OTOV avttpaan;pa vepxetol OTO 25-35% 1'11<; OUVOhlKiJ<; lletaq>opo<; 8ep 111'111'<;. H IlETaTponri eivol aveopti1ti1 ana TO av TO 1lVTehO neplexei opou<; aktlvoj3ohia<; ri eov ev hall J3avEI unolljl1 TI1V aktlvoj3ohia (empo jjohl<; KaTo 3 4%), loypalllla (4.14). LTO Iaypalllla (4.15) ivetal Yla OUYKplan 11 KaTavo 1..9 OB.7 6 t Q5 U ::r:.4 c::.3 Q. I-'.2 IN ::::E.1 T. =6 K tot=25itls C..CO.1 Q2 Q3 C\4 Q _.A1.iA±fAfo MHKoi, t u ::r: c:: Q. I-' IN ::::E 1..9 o.a..7.6 Q T 6K C. co.2,. tot" 25 Itis.1 Q2 Q3 OA 5 Of) 7 OB.9 1. AIAITATO MHKO:r, l; IlIOYPJ1J Erri6pooT] OUyKtVTPOT] COin OTT] fje TQTpomj CO. IlIOYPOfJfJO Erri6pooT] tpolvofjevwv OKTlvofJoAlafJeTOrporrryc: CO.

13 88 TexvlKo. XpOVlKo. 1UAlO-AUyoucrro '95 g 6 w a.. w f IN o ::!' a.. w (Il 93 T.=6o.o.K C.co=2,. 91 tot=251t1s (),4 OS.6.7 o.b.9 1. MIAHATo. MHKo.. LJ/oypa/l/lO Erriopoory qjo/vo/ltvwv OKTlvooMoC; Bep/lOKpOoioC; arepeou. MIAHATo. MHKo.. LJ/oYPO/1/l MeraOTlKr7 AUory ylq Try BepIJoKpooia otplqc; qjooryc;. Ilr; 8eplloKpaOlwv OTepeo.e; <po.oi1e; Yla eniauoi1 Ile/r; xwpie; aktlvol3oaia. H aktlvol3oaia enl1peo.el Kupiwe; TI1 OTepeo. <po.oi1 TOU avtlpaotr;pa a<pou ex8r;kalle OTl 11 aepla <po.oi1 ev anoppo<po. aktlvol3oaia (la<pavr;e; OTI1V aktlvol3oaia). AnoTeAeolla TI1e; lleta<popo.e; Ile aktlvol3oaia eivql 11 ell<po.vlol1 lleyiotwv (8epllwv Ol1lleiwv) OTle; KaTavollee; 8eplloKpaOlwv OTepeo.e; <po. l1e;. 'Exoulle I1Aar; lleyo.aee; KAioele; (gradients) 8eplloKpaOlwv Ileoa OTOUe; KaTaAUTlKOUe; avtlpaotr;pee; (11 la<popo. eivql TI1e; To.l1e; ana 3-5 K/cm), yeyovoe; nou npenel va AI1<P8ei unltll1 KaTo. TI1V emaoyr; TOU <popea TOU KaTaMTI1, wote va avtexel OTI1 8eplllKr; KaTanOvl1Ol MuapaTIKIl KaTaOTaO'l - npoooljoilllo'l KaTaAuTIKoU IJ Ta- TpOn&a ::ekivo.lle TI1V KaTaAUTlKr; lletatponr; TV Kauoaepiwv Ile TOV avtlpacrrr;pa (IlOVOAl8) oe 8eplloKpaoia ne Pll3oAAOVTOe;. LTI1 8eplloKpaoia autr; (Tenv = 3 K), nou eivol nom xalll1aotepl1 ana TI1 8eplloKpaoia e vapl1 TI1e; KaTaAUTlKr;e; po.ol1e; (T=6 K), Kallia XI1 IlIKr; POOl1 ev Aalll3o.vel xwpa. Ta Kauoaepla eloepxovtal OTOV avtlpaotr;pa oe Ultll1Ar; 8eplloKpaoia (6 K) KOl apxiouv va 8epllaivouv TI1 crrepeo. <Po.Ol1 TOU Ile ouvaywyr; aepiou Kal crrepeou, laypollllata (4.16)-(4.18). Ta laypollllata auto. neplypo.<pouv TI1 lletal3atlkr; KaTocrraOI1 TOU IlOVOAi8ou. 4.2., IUYKpl'llJovoAi9u Kal KAiv'lC; OllllJaTIilllv EmAuovTOl Ta lla8rlllatlko 1lvTeAa Yla TO IlOVOAl8 KOl TI1V KAivl1 OllaTliwv Yla ilee; Tlllee; TV OUV811 KV AelToupyiae; Kal KaTomv yivetql 11 OUYKPlor; TOU XPl111lnOlwvTae; ilee; noooti1tee; KaTaAUTlKOU UAl KOU, ilo OYKO avtlpacrrr;pa. Ta lleye811 we; npo Ta onoia 8a yivell1 ouykplol1 eivoli1 TeAlKr; lletotponr; e Mou, xpovoe; 8epllavol1 TOU KQ8e avtipacrrr;pa KOl 11 mwol1 nieol1e; oe Ko.8e avtipacrrr;pa. KaTo. TI1 lalkaoia autr; er;x8i1oav Ta er; OUllnepo.ollaTa: a) IlOVOAI8e; iellleyaa,hepl1lletatponr; emou ana TI1V KAivl1 ollatliwv, 13) xpovo 8epllaVI1 (ltluxpr; ekkivl1ol1) r;tav apketo. IllKpoTepOe; Yla TO 1l VOAl8lKO lletatponea Kal y) IlOVOAl8lKOe; lletotpo > l <..l E a. > c > ::1 '" 1. T 6 K.9 C.co=2,. as tot,251t1s.7 t(see).6 OS..4 Q3.1 Ql Q2 Q MIAHATO MHKo =::=:::::::.;?==-1 91 g 86 >' o w a.. w f IN «56 ft 51 CD Q2 3 OA as 6 7 OB 9 1 MIAHATO MHKo.. LJ/oYPO/l/lO MeraOTlKr7 AUory ylq Try /leratporr1j TOU Co. LJ/oYPO/1/l MeraOTlKr] AUory ylq Try BepIJOKpOoia otepeou.

14 1UAIOC;-AuyoUOTOe; '95 TsxvIK6 XPOVlK6 89 ni:ac; napouolosi IlIKPOTSPI1 mwol1 nli:oi1c; ana TI1V KAivl1 OllaTloiwv. 4.2.T. TeAIKo ouijnepaoj,loto LTI1V SVOTI1Ta aun) napouoiottlks TO llasl1llatlkollovti:ao Yla TO 1lVOAISIKO IlSTaTponi:a, TO onoio KQl s mausi1ks apisill1tik6 IlS IlSSOOOUC; opsoywvlac; Tat;l Seaiae;. AKOAOUSe;, i:ylvs 11 npooolloiwol1 TI1C; ASI Toupyiac; TOU KaTaAUTIKOU IlsTaTponi:a Kauoaspiwv XPllolllonolwvTae; TI1V KlVI1TIK st;iowol1 TI1C; syysvoue; op611c; Yla TI1V ot;siowol1 TOU 1lvot;sloiou TOU 6v SpaKa Kal TIe; SnLlli:poue; OUVSKSe; ASIToupyiae; KQl YSIlSTPIKO xapakti1piotik6 TOU 1lVOAISIKOU IlSTa Tponi:a. illsupsuvnsi1ks 11 sniopaoll TV IlsTal3AIlTwv ASLToupyiae; OTI1V anooool1 (llstatponn st;ooou) Kal TI1V KaTaVolltl SSPlloKpaOlwv TOU KaTaAUTlKOU IlSTa Tponi:a. Ta anotsai:ollata nou npoi:ku41av ano TIlV npooolloiwoi1 autn Sa XP1111lnol116uv Yla TOV TSAI KO oxsoiaollo TOU KaTaAuTIKoU IlSTaTponi:a osoolli: vwv TV OUVSI1KV ASIToupyiae; Kat TV TSXVIKV a namioswv. EniOl1e;, i:ylvs ouykpioil TOU IlOVOAI61KOU IlsTaTponi:a IlS IlSTaTponi:a KAivl1e; OllaTloiwv. Et;ri X611 TO oullni:paolla OTI IlOVOAI6e; napouolosi oac:pwe; KaAUTSPI1 anooooi1 ano TI1V KAivl1 OllaTloiwv, npoksiili:vou va XPl111lnol116si we; ouotlllla KaTaAU TlKe; IlSTaTpOnr;e; Kauoaspiwv KIVI1TnpV autoklvri TV. LTa snollsva 6a XPl111lnOll16uv Ta OUllnSpaOllaTa TV npoi1youilsvv SVOTtlTV Kal 6a yivsi npoono SSla Yla nspalti:pw I3sATiwOI1 TI1e; OUllnsplc:pOp6e; Kal a nooool1e; TOU IlOVOAI6lKOU IlSTaTponi:a nou 6a 11 yrioouv OTOV TSAIKO OXSOlaOIlO TOU KaTaAUTlKOU IlS TaTponi:a BtArlaronoilloll II&rOrpOn&o Kouoo&piwv lit xplioll oviklic; Korovolllic; KoroAurlKou UAIKOU LTO OI1llsio auto 6a yivsi npoon68sia l3eatiwoi1e; Tile; anooool1e; (aut;i111 TI1e; lletatponrie; TV Kauoaspiwv ri sa6nwoi1 TOU XP1111lnOlOUllSVOU KaTaAUTIKOU U AIKOU Yla OTa8spn IlSTaTponri st;ooou) TOU IlOVOAI6l KOU IlSTaTponi:a. Ec:pooov IlOVOAI8IKOe; IlSTaTponi: ae; ASlTOUpysi 1l1l-18sPIlOKpaOlaKa, Ilia aut;ilol1 TOU KaTaAUTlKOU UAIKOU OTIlV eioooo TOU IlsTaTponi:a m 6avwe; 8a Ilnopouos va aut;riosl Til IlSTaTponn KQl TO Xpovo 6i:PllavOIle; TOU IlSTaTponi:a. H napanav U n6soi1 OIKatOAoysiTQl ano TO OTl aut;ilol1 TOU KaTa AUTIKOU UAIKOU OTtlV sioooo TOU IlsTaTponi:a aut;avsi TO pu61l Tile; OpaOl1e;, TO OUOTl1lla IlnaivSl TaXUTspa OTO OToolO Tile; evauoi1e; Kat c:p6avsl os IlsyaAUTsPI1 IlsTaTponri TV Kauoaspiwv OTllv i:t;ooo TOU IlsTa Tponi:a. LTl1v i:t;ooo TOU IlsTaTponea, ens Ion i:xsi npo11yll6si i:vauoll TOU ouotllatoe;, 11 noootilta TOU KaTaAUTlKOU UAIKOU nou analtsital npensl va sival apksta IlIKPOTSPIl ana autnv OTllv SIOOOO TOU IlsTa Tponi:a. H OUVOAIKtl noooti1ta TOU KaTaAuTIKoU UALKOU un6i:toulls OTl napalli:vsi OTa6spri KQl amosiilovo 11 at;ovlktl KaTavollri TOU Ili:oa OTOV KaTaAUTlKO IlSTa Tponi:a MOVT&Ao oovikric; KOTOVOJ,lriC; KOTOAuTIKOU UAIKOlJ To 1lvTi:Ao nspiaal-ll3ovsi 1uYla IlsTac:popOe; 6sp IlOTI1Tae; Kallloae; os i:va olac:poplko YKO sai:yxou os IlOVOAl81KO avtlopaotripa os 1lllllVIIl11 KaTaOTaOl1 Kal Aalll3avsI uno!jj11 TIlIlSTac:pop6IlaaC; Kal svepyslac; Ils ouvaywyri, Ka8we; KQl ilia st;w6spllll KaTaAUTlK avtiopaol1 os K6nolo KaVaAI TOU IlOVOAi6u. 1 st;lowosle; TOU 1lvTi:Aou Ils KaTavoll Ilaae; ivql 1 LOiSe; IlS au Ti:e; nou M61lKav IlS 1lvIl olac:popo OTIl 1l6a TOU Ka TaAuTIKoU UAIKOU, 11 onoia opistal we; ouvaptiloil Tile; at;oviktle; IlsTaI3AIlTe;, Ka6we; sniol1e; OTl OSV Aa1-l136 VOVTal uno!jj11 C:PQlVOIlSVa aktlvol3oaiae;, ac:pou, onwe; anoosix811ks napanavw, OSV S"I1pSaOUV at61lta TI1 IlSTaTpon st;ooou TOU avtlopaotripa. LTr]V napouoa IlsAi:TI1 smai:x6llks ilia OlKoyi:vsla napal3awv Yla Til OUVOPT1111 KaTavolle; KaTaAUTIKOU UAlKOU, m (t;) m(t;) =: a.t;2 + b.t; + mill 1 napallstpoi a, b Ilnopouv va skc:ppa8uv ouvap TriOSI TV min nou SiValllllaa/llOVooa IlKOUe; OlIlV d TOU avtlopaotpa KQl TOU t;m nou sivat TO 11 Ilelo IlsyiOTOU ri saaxiotou Tile; napal3oaike; KaTavo 1lC;: min-ma --_.. 2 t;m (min-mo) a= --- b=- (4.3) t;m -"3 1 t;m -"3 1 na Tllv eniauoi1 TOU 1lvTi:Aou 1XUOUV Ta ooa avac:pepsllkav OTO olllleio onou nsplypoc:pstal avaautlko o TponOe; sniauoi1e; TV st;lowoewv TOU 1lVTi:Aou Yla npooolloiwoil. 1 unoaoylolloi l3aoioti1kav OTle; ako Aou8se; napalli:tpouc; oxsoiaollou: a) TaxuTI1Ta xwpou avtlopaonipa, T-1 (GHSV,h 1). nou sival avoaoyoe; Ils TOV OYKOIlSTPIKO PU61l SIOooOU ava OYKO avtlopaotnpa KQl Ka8pisl TO Xp6vo nou napi:xstal OTIe; XI1IlIKi:e; ouoise; npoe; avtiopaol1. 13) H 6sPllOKpaoia SIOooOU TV aspiwv, Tin (K). Ano TSASi ilia nom l1llavtlkr; IlsTaI3AIlTr;, snslori Ka SOpiSI TI1 8sPlloKpao[a i:vauollc; TI1e; KaTaAUTlKtle; opool1e; (ignition temperature). y) H ouyki:vtpwoll SIOOOOU TOU 1lvOt;SIOiou TOU ov 6paKa, CeO.in (% v/v) nou SnLOPO llllavtlko OlO pu6 11 OpOOl1e;. na va OUYKPl8si 11 anooooll TOU IlOVOAi6u IlS napa 13AlKri KaTavollr; KaTaAUTlKOU UAIKOU (ri OUVTolloypac:pIKa nkky) Ils avtlopaotripa Ils OIlOIOIlOPC:P1l Ka Tavollri KaTaAUTlKOU UAIKOU (r; OuvTolloypa(j)lKo OKKY), ul6stri611ks 11 akoaou81l olaoikaoi.a: 1. 8swpr;811KS ilia l3aolkn nspimwoll (ndpalla 13l1e;), onou 1 OUV6r;KSe; ASLToupyiae; npoka6pioli1kav Kal napi:llslvav OTa6spi:e;. LTIlV nspimwoll Tile; nkky 11 ljacjik napaljoaik Ka TaVOIJ txsi Tie; TlIli:e;: ma = 2., t;m= 1. Kat 11 st;iowol1 TI1e; napal3oalie; sivai: 2. EKTsMoTIlKav avst;opti1tse; IlsTal3oAi:c; TOU CeOin a no Tlll3aOlKri nspimwoll. 3. na osoolli:vse; OUV8riKSC; ASLToupyiae; eylvav OOKI Ili:e; IlS OIOc:pOpSe; napal3oaikte;

15 9 TEXVIKa XpOVIKa IOUAIOe;-AUVOU1"oe; '95 m () = % (4.5) KOTOVOIJEe; KOI unoaovi1"nke n I3EATI1"n nopol3oalktj KOTOVOIJTJ VIO OUTee; TIe; OUV8TJKEe; AEITOUpvioe;. H l)1 l)ikooio EnovaArl<P8nKE VIO amee; Tlllee; TV ouv8nkwv AEITOUpvioe;. 4.3.,. AnonAtallara tniauol1c; Kal Our'111 anonatollcltli)v I. Enil5paoll Tile; ouykivtplilolle; lool5ou TOU CO,CCOIn H Eni6poon Tne; OUVKeVTpone; EIOQl)OU TOU CO,CeQ,ln. 1"11 Mon TOU 1lVTEAOU, l)iot11pouilevv TV T1, Tin, AFR 1"8epwv l)i6etoi ana TO 61VPallllOTO (4.19), (4.2), (4.21). H nopol3oaikt! KOTOVOIlT! (nkky) nopouolaei KoMTEpn onql)oon ana TnV OIlOloIlOP<P11 KOTOVOIlTJ (OKKY) 1"1e; neplmwoeie; ekeivee;, onou 11 apxiktj OUVKEVTPon TOU CO I3pioKETal OTnV neploxrl J..IeTau % 61aVPollll (4.19). EIl)IKoTEpa, OTnV nepimwon onou CeQ,ln =2.% Via TllV ". 4. 6i.a.ICr.ICOj.If.U:.V'I/ OKKT lug El:UX nki<t :r.6 lug :r. t co,.(sv/v) 6 a.1io O(X)Q) <I 3. _2. III lug a:eil? 1.5 Z.OO _ /.6 ::r:: IN C.. 1. /. I Z -- ::.c: l-. r IN.. 1 & XPONOI(s) illoypal1l1a Eni6paoIJ TIJ OUYKeVTpOIJ TOU CO eioo6o I. 8 8 g 7fiO 7O _3" _... - {j.a.i(uj.l...ii1) OKKT [""eta. nkkt co..("v;v) :i: 7 7 o 4. tj , eao 1. II «, ;reon ::.c: :i 11.. CD AatAITATH AnOITAIH, illoypal1l1a 4.2. EnUjpaolJ TIJ OUYKtVTPOIJ TOU CO ejoo6o II. eno 111 g :i :$ ::.c: :i.. CD & o 54/74 s onnup 7 lli.wct;icoj.if.u:.vf/ Ewua 3..1 M.lAITATH AnOITAIH, OKKT nkkt illoypal1l1a Eni6paoIJ TIJ OUYKeVTpOIJ TOU CO eiooooe; III. 3. a.715 t 2.11 r <I III 1.'/6 U 1.11 ::r:: IN C I 1. Z w ::.c:.7 l /54 s 3/3 s 116 2/2 s 1/1 s,\ \\'\ \\ \,\\\ \\ \.\1\ i\\11 \",,\ \\\\.\,.\ A 6 \,,\,., '.\\\ \\'\..... ".' "" "' <14 III XP6NOI() :r & O.?G O.lIO "" D.!!O _ 1.7fi :IlI 1. _1. 1. illoypal1l1a EniopaolJ TIJ 11pej)J1<:; TIJe; napaf3oai Krye; KaraVOl1ry a. nkky Ml3aJ..le CeQ,exit ::::.6%, (l)na. 7% IlETaTponti), evw VIO TnV OKKY Ml3lle CeOexit:::: 1.2%, (6nA. 4%!.IE TOTpOnn) DTav CeO.ln :::: 1.5% n nkky i5ivei Ceo..xit :.6% (l)'la. 6% J,1eTOTpOnn) evw 11 OKKY l)ivel Ceo.exit : 1.%, (l)'la. 33% J..IeTOTpOnTJ). Doo ouavouv 1 OUYKEVTP OEIe; elo6ou TOU Ilovoell)iou TOU av8poko (navw a no 2%), Kal Ta Mo OUOTtil.lOTO nopouolaouv IlETpia onmoon (xal.lnme; l.ietotponee; CO OTnV EOl)O), Ka 8we; n 8epI.IOTnTa nou EKMETal ana TnV oeil)won TOU CO Eiva EAaTTJ..Itvn. H KOTavollti SEPl.loKpaOlwv Tne; OTepeae; <paone; nopouolaetal OTO l)lavpailj..l (4.2) VIa Tie; neplmwoele; l.ie napal3aiktj KOI OIlOIOIlOp<pn KOTaVOJ..lTJ J..Iaae;. 1 KaTOVOJ..lte; autte; oxel)ov TOUTi OVTat VIO m; nkky Kat OKKY, OTav Ceo.;n < 2% (v/v). l:e uljj'laee; OUVKeVTpOEIe; elomou CO, n nkkv napouolael neploootepo enine6n 8EPllOKpaoiaKti KaTavo IlTJ ano T11V OKKY. H l)la<popa 8EPllOKPOOlV EIOOl)OU - EOl)OU VIO CeQ,in :::: 3% (v/v) eivol: nkky LlT:: 1 K OKKY at =16 K

16 IOUAIO-AUYOliO-CO '95 TexvlKo XPOVlKO == , _ l.oo._.uo.2.so 2.2. _ L75 U I.SO (J) _1. Z I." 1.& c X 1 XPONOI (sec) llulypollllo EnilJpoory frye; 1lp(f)r}e; frye; napa{3oai Kr}e; Koravollr}e; II H KaTavol.n; KaTaAUTIKOU UAIKOU ae aunl Tr(V ofjoa TV npoypofjfjotv ev q>aivetal va empo Or(fJaVTlKO OTO auvoalko xpovo 9EPfJavOr(, I3A. loypafjfja (4.21). II. Eni5paoq TqC; J,lop<pqC; TqC; napapoaikqc; KaTavoJ,lqc; To loypofjfjata ( ) neplypoq>ouv Tr(V enipoar( nou Exel TO OXnfJa Tr( nopol3atkn KaTaVOfJn atr( auykevtpwar( eoou TOU fjovoeliou TOU OV 9pOKO. EivOl npoq>ove ana TO anoumafjata auto nw otav r( TOXUTr(TO TOU auan1fjoto emyxetol ana Tr(V KtVr( TlKr; Tr( poor( (xofjr(m gepfjokpoaie n fjeyoaou xwpou xpovou avtipaotripc), fjia nopal3oaikri Ka TavofJri fje fjey6:ao noaooto KaTaAUTr( OTr(V eiaoo TOU avtipaan1pa eaaq>aaiel KaAUTepr( an66oor( ana KOnOla our( KaTaVOfJn fje fjlkpotepo KOTaAUTIKO q>optio OTr(V eiaoo TOU OVTlpOOTnpa, laypofjfjata ( ). H aur(or( Tr( noaotr(to TOU KaToAlhn OTr(v eiaoo TOU avtlpaotripa npokaaei eukoaotepn Evau Or( TOU auatnfjato Kal n ekauofjtvn gepfjotnta u ljjwvel nepoltepw Tr( gepfjokpaaic Kal auvakoaou9a fjeylotonold Tr( fjetatpom; OTr(V EOO TOU avtlpaatnpa.!e neploxe KOVTO OTr(V eoo TOU avtlpa \"\;.... uo ",,... l.8... l.oo.5 \";:,,, '- " \\., 2. "\.,", I." 1. <I 1." I , \:...'\' "\ !O 1. 2.,," l.8g 1M > \':..,... " III 1.2.,'\... \ ', '.",'" 1. LOD "..\ "'...\'..., (.) ",,:, ''t:: :r: G.eG '.: ':.-::-.,,;;,:-n.,...8 C ',' c.. ', t- G.eo _.. o.eo Z 41,"." I. > XPONOI (sec) lllllypalllla EnilJpaory frye; 1lp(f)r}e; frye; napa{3oai Kr}e; KafaVOIlr}e; y. E? a.go E :i' GO ::iii :r: 1. z w ::iii I. ::t:.111 Z «. o...,... oaaeiq3.1 _3.5 _Z Z..5 _2.1 _ =lii.1 - AAIAITATH AnOITAIH. E llulypalllla napa{3oaikee; Karavollee; nou XpryOl 1lnOl r}brykav. OTnpa TO KaTaAUTlKO auotnfjc tv I3piaKeTal uno Kl Vr(TlKO eaevxo Myw TV UljJr(AV gepfjokpaalwv nou napoualoel. 'OTQV TO auatr(fja taevxttal ana Ta e TepIKO q>alvofjeva fjetcq>opo (fjoa Kat evepyela), TO OXrlfJa Tr( napal3oalkrl KaTaVOfJn ev q>aivetal va empo 1laiTepa atnv cnooor( TOU avtl paatripa, yeyovo nou lkaloaoytital, aq>ou OTr(V nepirnwor( autr; r( KlVnTlKrl (nacrl n noaotr(ta TOU KaTaAUTlKOU UAlKOU) ev naielllaitepo poao. Ol napolloalke KaTaVOfJe nou OKlfJOaTnKav ncpoualoovtqi OTO loypafjfja (4.2) 4.4. APX t; oxe61ao'i.iou KQTaAuTIKoU l.i&tatponta KauO'a& piwv o avtlpaotnpa nou ea emaeyei ym va TonogeTr( 9d ae Konolov Klvr(Trlpa autokivntou fje OTOXO Tr(V e AOTTOr( TV punwv OTa Kauaaepla laq>oponoleitol Or(fJavTIKo ana TOU KaTaAUTe Tr( Xr(fJlKti I3lofJr(xavia oaov aq>opo OTTJ OTagepOTr(Ta TV auv9nkv Ael Toupyia Kal emnatov npenel va nanpoi TOU napa KOT opou: 1. Na or(yti ae emttwor( TV punwv fjeyaautepn a no 9%. 2. Ol laotoael TOU ovtipaatrlpa va eivol apketo fjlkpe, wote va fjnopei eukoaa va TonogeTngei ae eva autokivnto. 3. Na napoualoel emxlotn mwor( nieor(<; (fjepiko em H 2 ), OTe va fjr(v napefjnoiel TnV OfJaAr; Ael Toupyia TOU KIVr(Trlpa. Av r( rnwor( nieor( OTOV a vtipaan1pc elval fjeyoar(, exoufjt anaelc IOXUO AOY TOU epyou nou npenel va KOTcl36:Ael KIVn TTlpa Yla va w9jiaei E Ta Kauaoepla. 4. Na exel fjeyoar( fjnxavikn avtoxrl Kupiw Myw Tr( auvexou atpfjlkn KaTanovr(an (auotoar;/lo OTOAr;) KaTO Tn lopkela AelToupyia TOU KlVr(Tnpa. Aoyw Tn auvexou auotoarl/laotoaji KO TaOTpeq>eTal enior( Kal r( an6gean KaTaAUTlKOU U AlKOll fjeaa OTOV avtlpaotjipa.

17 92 1UAIO<;-AiJyouerro<; '95 5. To Koerro<; TOU avtll)paerrtjpa va eival oxetlko xa IJT]AO. 6. Na eival eukoat] T] ouvttjpt]ot] Kal avtlkatoerraoji TOU. 7. H m:piol)o<; KavovlKTj<; AelTou pyia<; TOU ljexpi TT]V a vtlkatoerraotj TOU va eival apketo ljeyoat], neploootepo ano 5 Km nopeia<; TOU autoklvtjtou. 8. KaTaMTT]<; ljeoa otov avtli5paerrtjpa va IJT] l)t] AT]TT]ploeTal eukoaa. 9. To UAIKO TOU avtli5paerrtjpa va eival TSTOla<; gep IJOXPT]TlKOTT]Ta<; nou va gepijaivetal OXeTlKO ypr; yopa, werre va <p9voulje errt] gepijokpaoia ekkivt] OT]<; TT]<; KaTaAUTlKr;<; i5poot]<; oe IJlKPO Xpovo ano TO ljjuxpo ekivt]lja TOU KlVT]Tr;pa. Ano TT]V OAAT], IJw<;, ljeplo va napouoloel oxetlktj al)pavela oe gepljlke<; ljetai3ae:<; nou oxetiovtal lje Tl<; auv- 9r;Ke<; AelToupyia TOU KlvT]TTjpa (ennoxuvot], ljam KivT]OT]. eml3pol>uvot], peaavti). 4.4.a. Iuv9rlK C; A&lToupyiac; KaTaAUTIKou IItTaTponta Ol ljetai3at]te<; nou neplypo<pouv Tl ouv9tjke Ael Toupyia evo<; KaTOAUTlKOU ljetatponea eival: a. H ljoplakil napox'; Q M TOU ljiyljato<; TV Kauoaepiwv (IJnopei va unoaoylerrei ana TT]V OAlKr; oykolje TplKr; napoxr; oe yvwote ouv9r;ke P KaL T), T] onoia eival avaaoyt] TOU KU131oIJOU TOU KlVT]Tr;pa Kal TV errpo<pwv autou. 'ETol, KaTO TO oxei5laoljo TOU KaTa AUTlKOU ouerrr;ljato npenel va Ka9plerrei KUl3loIJO TOU oxtjljato<; nou 9a TongeTT]9ei, Ka9w Kal ljeylerro apl91j errpo<pwv TOU KlVT]Tr;pa, onote unoaoyietal IJla avtatt] TlIJr; Yla TT] 1JplaKr; napoxtj. 13. H 8 PIJOKpaoia rwv Kauoa&piwv, Tin anou:aei nom OT]lJaVTlKTj ljetai3at]tr; AelToupyia. H TllJr; TT] SeplJo Kpaoia elooi5ou eaptatal ana Tl ouv9r;ke Ael Toupyia TOU KlVT]Tr;pa (ljjuxptj ekkivt]ot], unepgepljavot]), ana TOV Tuno TOU KlVT]TTjpa, Ka9w Kal TT] ge OT] oto oatjva eaywytj, onou ljetpalje TT] gepljo Kpaoia auttj. El)w 9a Sewpr;oOulJe TT] gepijokpaoia TV Kauoaepiwv otagepr; (Yla l)ei5tjevo Tuno KlVT] Tr;pa, KavoVlKr; AelToupyia Kal erragepr; geot] TOU lje TaTponea - ouvtj9w 1.5m ana TT]V nomanar; eaywytj). y. H ouyk&vrpwol1 & punouc:; C eol " erra Kauoaepla e apt(ltal ana TL li5laitepe ouv9r;ke<; erro xwpo Kau OT] TOU KlVT]Tr;pa (av emj3pamvel r; emtaxuvel r; epyaetal erro peaavti K.An.) Ka9w Kal ana TOV Tuno TOU KlVT]Tr;pa. ' T] ouykevtpwot] TV punwv EAaT TVeTaL, TOoO l)uokoaotept] eival T] anoljakpuvor; TOU Yla Kanola l)ei5ollevt] IlETaTponr;. Ei5w Sa gewpr;ooulle Kanole eaaxlerre ouykevtpwoel CCOIn KaL 9a yivel oxei5laoljo TOU lletatponea lje j3aot] Tl ouykevtpwoel<; aute. naparllpl1ol1: AOyo aepalkauoillou (AFR) l)ev Aallj3aveTal unoljjt] i5ei5ollevou ClTl gewpouile AFR?: napall&tpoi OXt:laaliou KaTaAuTIKoU IItTaTponta Ol napaljetpol oxeo1aoijou evo KaTaAUTlKOU lleta Tponea eival: a. To UALKO TOU ljetatponea Kal TOU unoerrpljato nou eival ouvr;sw Kopl)lepiTT]<; oe y-aaouljlva. 13. To KaTaAuTlKo lletaaao TOU lletatponea. Ei5w gewpoulle TO AeUKOXpuoO (Pt) KaTaAUTLKO IJt TaAAO. y. To yewtjetplko OXtllla TV KavaAlwv TOU ljeta- Tponea KaL T] i5latotl TOU. 15. To ewteplko yewlletpiko OXr;lla TOU ljetatponea. e. To IJr;KO TOU ljetatponta. err. H etepiktl i5laljetpo<; TOU ljetatponea.. H ouvoalkr; nooott]ta TOU KaTaAUTlKOU lletaaaou. T]. H aovlkr; KaTavOIlr; TOU KaTaAuTlKoU lletamou (ylo l3eatiwot] TT] an6oait TOU). 4.4.y. KPITrlPIO OX&laOIiOu KOTOAuTIKOU IItTaTponta A<pou Ka9pl9uv nar;pw<; 1 ouv9tlke<; AelToupyia nou ava<pep9t]kav napanavw 9a ektlljt]9uv 1 napaljetpol oxei5laoljou TOU KaTaAuTlKoU ljetatponea. npoooloploljo<; TV napalletpwv 9a yivellje l3oot] Ael ToupYlKa, OXEl)laerrlKa Kal OlKOVOlJlKa KplTr;pla. Ta KPl TtlPla nou XPT]1IJonOlr;9T]KaV el)w eival: a. H eaaxlotonoit]ot] TOU KOoTOU TOU ljetatponea nou EapTaTal Kupiw ana TT]V nooott]ta TOU no MTllJoU KaTaAUTlKOU lletamou (Pt) ouykevtpwoel TV punwv errt]v eol)o va nat] pouv Tl<; TexvIKe<; npoi5laypa<pe<; val Ta apia ekno Ilnr; TV Kauoaepiwv. y. H mwot] nieot] TOU lletatponea va eival oxetlka IllKPtl (lleplka em H 2 ). ' eyylltepa nat]olaoulle TO napanavw KplTr;pla, TOoO neploootepo emtuxr; gewpeital oxel)laoijo Yla TOV KaTaAuTlKo IlSTaTponta. 4.U. IXt:laaIlOc; KOTaAuTIKoU li&tatponea na TOV TSAlKO oxsl)laoljo TOU KaTaAuTlKoU IlsTaTponea ulgetr;9t]ke T] akoaou9t] l)lai5lkaoia: 1. Ka9piovTal 1 ouv9r;ke AelToupyia. 2. Ka9piovTal Ta KPlTtlPLO oxei5laoljou. 3. EAanwvoulle TOV apl91l TV lletaj3at]tv oxel)laollou, Aall!3avovTa<; unoljjt] IJOVO Tl<; j3aolkateps. El)w <; l3aolke<; ljeta!3at]te oxeolaollou 9swpr;9T]KaV Ol s r;: a. To Ilr;KO<; TOU lletatponea. 13. H i5laljetpo TOU lletatponea. y. H nooott]ta TOU KaTaAUTT]. 15. H aovlktl KaTaVOlltl TOU KaTaMTT]. 4. H i5lal)ikaoia TOU npool)loploljou TV ljetaj3at]tv oxel)laoljou yivetal Ils Tpono SnaVaAT]mIKo. YnoSe TOUIJS Kanole apxlkt Tlllt Yla Tl IJSTa!3AT]Te TOU oxei51aoijou KaLllE j3aot] Tl ouv9tlke ASlToupyia<; e mauoulle TO 1lVTeAO TOU KaTaAUTlKOU lletatponea. KaTomv emyxoulle av nat]pouvtal Ta KplTr;pla TOU oxei5laollou KQl oe avtigett] m:pimwot] IlsTO!3aAAou