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Transcript

1 -3 :,noa(t)al;>dou y :'13A3AOl(Y)du ':'3l.d;>X :'nol. AnOU -?Q nou :'138!d)( A(y)A9AO)( A(y)l. uof?aa U1OAj3!1.1U -13 Yl.OAnQ Ud3l.r;JyoA3rl Ul. 3rl A,!,>l.doX A(Y)A(Y)At;ldou U3l.A(1 Ul. O1A (1orlO11.orlOl.nO nolo lloydx Y8do AU1.O 1lo389U()odu Y)(lD Q 13X? :'o!dmdaol.dox :'UA -?rlulouol.orlol.no :'Ul. O?rlOl. AOl.O OQ3U!U3 9)(11.UAn3d -3 1)( 9)(11.)(OQ1Q 3D :'Ol.Ul.91dU1.OodQ :'Ul.!d13Url3 H ljf!luy!d3u ":,od'!'>x :'1rl :'U3nwt;lAO :'3l.?Y3rl :'11. :'3Y9 3D 1)( :'13t;ldl :'11. :'3Y9 3D 'OU]3 :'(Y)U -9 ']31.Oorldodl3 OA 3(1odourl 8 nou :'Ol.orly1.Ono (1)( -ldlodaol.dox noa?rl(y)aoado t;l1.o(y) 1)( no]1a3 '(1)(Y -OAno :'9A3 :'Ur113YY? :'Ul. :'313U?AnO 1 :'3d3l.<?)(11.Aorl -llo r;jyou lda]3 (Y)2]rlOA t;lyyo ':'?)(11.Aorlllo OA13 no!aoy -Ol.OrlUl.)( nolo :'Ur113YY? :'Ul. :'313U?AnO 1 '18?8 ld)1 "3rlnorl1?ynoQ OA O1A :'3l.dt;lX 3l.r;J O1A9YOl.OrlUl.)( 3l.(1 ':'orl O1d?X 1. yrl -All.O Ul. Yl.no 3rlnOX? AUrl OA Orl3Y?l.OUO AOO 3X13 '1A -9YOl.orlUl.)( Ol. 3rl 3rlt;l 9l. A,!,>l.doX A(y)l.1lo3QA(1 U 'ur1?)(o O1rl (Y)?Y :'(y)] ':'(Y)1 'ld)( :,od'!'>x :'1rl :'U3nl.Ut;lA - :'Ul. :'13r;>dl :'11. :'3Y9 3D 1Ol.Ar;JlUOrllDUdX '3l.32]d -(Y)AA r;>yo)( (1YOU :'(Y)U9 'nou 'A(Y)(l;>rllY)( A,!,>d)(lrl 1)( A(y) -j3rl :'31.dr;>X 1 AnoXdl;>un ':'(T)rl9 'od?u 1)( 13)(3 9UV "1A9Y l.orlul.)( Ol. ]3yoAd3 AOO :'(T)O] 13lOUorllDUdX Ul. ' :'Ul. yaorldodl -3 1X9 AOYYt;lrl Y 'oa9yol.orlul.)( 1. OA!3 OA9rl 1)( :'Ul. yaorldodl3 O!rl ]l.1a 'UrlY1.1U3 AOO 'YQOYUQ 'o]dlodaol. -dox Ul. 'A'!'>l.doX A(y)l. OYOA(1 1. r;>dodlo 11.9 UO(Y)Ur;Jl.A -3 AUl. 13A1Q norl 'o]dlodaol.dox UlOl.3d?dlOAO nou9:'1lo -UAYO3 :'Ul. oyl.!l. 1. 1l.1A 'no!aoyol.orlul.)( :'9A3 13)( -dt;lq Ul. "l}1.o)( 1Ol.Ar;J1UOrllDUdX Y Ol.A29rldodl3 Y orl -yrll. A(1Y3l.UO "l}a81u nou A,!,>l.nO 1X9 1)( (T)Y9Ano A3 A'!'>l.doX A(y)l. 'Af?l.dOX A(T)l. :'138]d)( ~Ul. orlul.y2 Ol. ':'?)( -AorlU1.1U3d3Un 1)( :'3)(OYU(1YOU 1X9 1)( :'3l.A?8no)( :'?YUO 3rl :'(Y)O! 'OU9dl. 1OU;>)( 1;>1.)( '3rlnOOYlOUOl.Orl -U1.Ono OA Ol. loa]3 :'Yl.no :'llouayd13 :'Ul. OA3rlj3)(11.AV "e"u"v DldlUAUeO}f "}flli3 'DdnOlnOllW 'dx :oldluallo13,..,.. 'OA3riOX31d -311 Q)fld13riOO3A 3rilud9X noaooa9d111)f ~QOA3AolOOdu Dl381dwv' :Dr1~e "" Ul.d"l}X nol. n OA?rl -OX31d3U (1)(ld1.3rl(y)3A noa(y)ar;>dou 1)( :'r;joa3aol.(y)du 138]dw'lt" :orl?8 3rl ':'U)(!AOY38 :'Ul. nolrly1.1u3a -ou no3y?1.1.oldv nol. :,yyox:s :,y)(lax3l.nyou :'Ul. O1dl. -yau8)( :'odno)(]u3 'odnol.(1oult ")( UOA]3 8 1lo]dQ -3Ano YA11.orln3Aouo AU1.O O1dl.YYlrlo ul.,!,>du 'orlrloda -9du 1. 3A1A? nou yaoyyo AUl. 3lt1 "uooldq3ano ya11. -orln3aouo AUl. 3rlnoo]Xdo OA O1A 3l.3Y8)( OA 'UA(1 -oyo)( AUl. 3l.3X? AO ''!'>YO)(odoU :(:,oyr;jonl)!>odg3c;>du "!)O,{ 1 "V '!)r;mou u :O!3dQ3dU oli n3ac;)llf

2 54 T XVKO XPOVKO 211 EKTaKTl ekoool'] '95 vaaoylkf] i) ljllcplaki) ~o pcp i). a OlacpoplO~Oe; TWV xapn ov OE Y W W:TplKOU e; Kal 8 ~a Tl KOU e;, Ka 8we; Kat OE rrpwtoyev le; Kat rrapaywyoue; onon:ae:t paolki) rra po ~ ETPO mov Ka8 p to~ o TO U ~ y e 8ue; TWV ocpaa~ OTWV rrou avarnuooovtol KOTa Til ouvta ~ i) TO ue:: Kal TWV Q Voxwv akpip lae; rro u TllTP rr 1 11 KAi~aKa Kat 11 xpi) Ol'] TOUe;. :TlV pyaoio avamuooovtat 1 OUVlOTWO e; TT]e; akpipe:la e; TWV xaptwv Y W~ETPKOU Ka8apa m: p( Xo ~ evo u, ~ POOl'] KUp[We; TlV Ta~ V O~lOl'] TOU rr pu;;xollevou au TOu oe: rrpwtoye vee; Kat rrapoywyo. H ~teo 6e; OU V TO~l e; TOU XOPTl KOl 1 rrpoolaypacpee; - KpipE: lae; TWV etllcmwovlkwv rreploxwv rrou ~rra e KO VTOl, anaoxo AO UV eniot1e: eow oav paolkoi rrapayo VTEe; mov unoaoylopo TWV ocpaa~atwv KaTo 8tOll Kat U ljjo~e:t PO TWV Olw e:iwv Kat TWV 1ljJWV Ka~rrUAWV nou anelkovil;ouv uno K Ai ~aka Til YEW~ TPlKtl Oo~i) ~l ac; n ploxi)c; mo XO PTT], evw rreplypocpovtat arrote AEollOTa O UY K KP l ~tvwv cp ap~oywv Aeyxou Tile; a Kpip lac; rrp wtoy voue; XOpTT] nou XPlOl~ orrol Ehat Yla xapto -l ETPlKOUC; u rroaoylo ~OUC;, amo KO oav POOl'] Yla TT] OUVTQ ~ 1l rropoywyo u a UTo~OTOnOT]~evou XOPTT]. 1. Elo avc)v~ H OToTOTKi) evvoa Tlle; akpip lae; ~nope:t va ~ Tacp p8ei OTT] ~ AETll xaptwv, ~tow TT] e; 6 1aolKooiae; OU YKPlOl']C; 8eo wv oe OUO olacpopetlko "leoa», nx, 1 i: ~a cpoc; Kat OTO X6.PTll, r, OE eva xaptl KO O OAAO X6.PTll, ~E ~ e Tp i)oe l c; TWV olacp opwv 8eOl']C; rrou avo YOVTat O t va EVlQio o U OTT] ~a avqcpopoc;. Eno~tvwe;, T] tvvola TT]C; okplpelo c; XciPTll, ou~nukvwv Tat OTOV n p6(o P lo~ TT]C; eyyutt]tqe; TWV Tl~WV TWV eeoewv A rnole:p WV TOU XOPT1 le Tle; avtimolx e; rrpay~a TlKec; Tl ~ tc; TWV 8eoewv 1 Miacpoe;, OTav 1 Tlllte; au Tte; n po61pil;ovtal OTO iolo OUOTTWa avacpopo e; (Maling 1989). AUTOarwa[VEl OTl, OV OUO Ol']~ ia oxe Olcil;OVTat OE eva XOPTll x wpie; M81l, TOTe: T] urro KAi ~aka onootaot] ~e TO l; u TWV Ol']~dwv, OLO p ew~tv1 AOyw TT]e; yp all ~ K i)c; rrapallopcpwot]e; nou OOY 1 T] npopam, 8a npem:l va Elval n iola l Tllv npay~atlki) a nootaan 1 eoacpoc;. Ecpooov 1 olacpop ec; 8eoewv nou rrpokumouv ana TT] OUY KPlOl'] O c uo.. ~ toa» ivat ~ Tpi)Ol~ e;, TOT Ta ocpoalota eeoll e; lrropouv va Kcppamouv ap8~t]tl KO Kat va urrootouv OTaTlOTKtl ne~ pyaoia. 'ETOl, 11 OUYKPlOTJ ~ Ta ~u npaypatlkotlta e; Kat XOPH i) P TO ~ U Xcip TT] Kat XOPTll pnopel va yiv 1 OTa rraoiolq opiwv, napa6e:ktwv avoxwv KQt ou~l3a o w v, nou eivat ouvi) ewe; 1 npol5lcypacpe«;, P6 1 TWV onoiwv E:tVOl Ouva TO! 1 rrolotlkoi eaeyxo TWV xaptoypacplkwv rrpo'io VTWV, n pwtoy VWV r, nopoywywv. AUTOU TOU Turrou 1 akpil3ete e; Eivat at Ae:yo p vee; rroootlke c; akpipelec; XOPTT], Ol orroiec; ouv6ual; ~ev c; ~ e Te; n OlOTlK e; a Kp ipel C; Kat le TT] V n Al POTT]Ta TOU XaPTT], avoaoya ~e TT] V KA i ~ a Ka Kat TT] 8EllaTlKi) TOU, rrpool5il5o uv Tl OUVOAlKn TOU a~ia we; OTJ pavtlkou Tl::XVlKOU npoyovtoe; Kal a~ 1 6 Tll OTOU pioou lletacpopae; nat]pocpoplwv. E6w, 8a neploptotoulle OTO Stlla He; noootlki)e; Q Kptpelac;, rrou evto rr i~eto l OTT] OT]~f,laKi) QKpil3elQ 8 oewv KO uljloll TPW V, Ka8we; Kat OTllV akpip la TOU yi) VOU OvaYAUCPOU, 6nwe; avanapimatol arro Tle; 1 uljleie; KallrrUAEe;. EiVQl rrpocpav e; OT TO 8ella auto a v cpepetol rrpwtloto m oue; xapn:e; YEWl TPlKOU m: pt XO l vou, rrpwtoyevd e; Kat napaywyo ue;, Kat Xl OTOUe; 8EllaTlKOUe;. 'ElCPOon l5ivetat mlc; KAillaKEe; rrou ev~itacpepouv TT] paolki) e: 8VlKJ1 XapTOypa cpt]ol'], arr' nou ovtaouvtat Kal OXETlKO napa6eiylota. To Stlla Tile; akpip lae; XaPTT] Kat a TporrOe; l TOV noio auti) avtl~ Twrri l;etat OTlV EpyaoiaauTi), ex l o ~e:t] oxeo'l l Til i515aktlki) KOl EpeUVlTlKi) llrrelpio O'TlV autollatorrolllll Vl xaptoypacpia arro TO SaolKi) OlarrioTwoll OUTi) e; Til e; vaoxoalolle; arrot : AEoe 'l ~ yaall Ol']llaaia TT]e; YVWOl'] C; TWV napayovtwv n ou errllpeal;ouv Tllv akpi[j O TOU Y E W~ E TPKOU neplexollevou TWV xaptwv, EiTe auto! arroteaouv TO pa OtKO rrpwtoyevee; UAKO O avaaoyl K ~ 1lpcpi) nou U n OKe:tTOl moue; KaVOV e; Tle; y wcs Oloiae;, Tile; CPWTOypallllETpiae; Kat TT]e; TOnoypacpiae;, ite anot Aouv Tllv napoywyl ljlcploki) OOli) rrou avacp petat moue; Kov6vE e; Tile; xaptoypacpia e;. AM wote, 11 yvwoll TWV napall Tpwv akpip loe; emtpem:l Tlv rrpayl-iatonoit] OTJ Tl e; TEPOOOTEPO, lowe;, K p iol~le; Yla TOV autolo TlOlO151a61Kaoiae;, OUTflC; TT]e; a~ loa6ylloll e; TT]e; ( rrp w TlC:: UAle;» Kat TOU au To pa TonO lll~tvou «npo'(ovtoc::". no paolktc; XapToypacptK e; VVOl e;, ploloue; Kat a VOM O e; K.Arr., avayvwo't'le; rro porrellrretol OTl 131 paloypacplki) avocpopa oaou TOU O'l~ OOl Ul vo U Xap ToypacplKo U epyou Tile; T A utaiae; 15 Tiae; ( ) TWV ~ AWV Kat OUV PYOTWV TOU Tl~lOTOe; AYPOVOlWV Kat Tonoypacpwv M'lxaVKWV TOU Aplm oteaeiou na VE TllOT'l~iou 8eaoaAoviKl1 C:: (P... Livieratos & Myridis 1993). 2. To V WlJtTPKO n pl xojj &VO XciPTl KO l EVVOO Tilt; OKpiP Ot; nc:: Y W ~ TPKO n plex - VO voe; XOPTll EVVOO UlE va ouvoao molxeiwv rrou n poepxovtol ana KOTOAAT] A'l ).lo 81l1lTlKi) ne~ pya a ia KOll ETaOXl~aTlOlOLe; Ke:ivwv TWV y woaltlkwv, Tonoypacpl KWV Kat CPW TOyp a ~l TplKWV arrotea olotwv rro u Eivat anapaitt]ta Yla va rrpooowoouv ata npoe; arr KOVlOT] SellOTa TOU XOPTl Til etol'] TOUe; OTO Y WYPOCPKO xwpo. Me oaaa AOYla. Sa lrropouoe vo nel Kaveie; OT TO Y Wl TPlKO rre:plex6 ~ vo EVO C; XOpTT] eivol t va rre6io OPlOj,lOU stoewv TWV rrpoe; anelkov lot] 8 e: ~6T WV TOU YEwypaqll KOU xwpou. To Y WlETPlKO m: plexo ll VO XOPTl cruvlle i ~E Ta l va AtY TQl anao'(ko, OTT] v EMol5a, «unopa8po xaptll" ij «unol3a8po». To YEWlETPlKO neplexoll VO XUPTl O rr Tat ana TOUe; KQVOV e; Kat Ta xapoktlplotko EOWTEplKt;e; avayvwplolle;, KaTa akpipela, YEviKeUOll Kat TllKOlVWvia (Sertin 1967, Pl potoe; 1989) av e ~ O P TllTa an6 TOV Tpono OUVTQ~i) e; TOU, ana TO eov 6llAaot; npojia8 e Q rro npwtoy vde; i) rrapoywy Ee; 61i5Kooi e; (MnOUTOUpo 1987). LTOV npwtoy&v~ xaptl, 'l i5lo1kaoia oua AOy~ C; Kat rre~epyao iac:: TWV YEWlleTplKWV molxeiwv, ylvetoll 13l'] Tle; lleso6ue; Kat Te; TEXVlKee; Tile; y w6loiae;, Tile; Torroypacpiac:: Kat Til e; CPWTOypallll Tpiac;. ErrollevWe;, 11 akpij3&la TOU yewlletplkou neplexolle YOU TO U npwtoy voue; XaPTll, E ~a ptot Ol O")( i5ov ano

3 TeXV1Ka XpOV1Ka 55 KAelmlKa ana n<; akpi~elee; nou enltuvxavouv 1 ~e 8l autee;. LTOUe; npwtoyeveie; «Tonoypa(j)[KOUe;" xaptee;, oe KAi~aKee; nou ouv~8we; anoteaouv Tie; Aeyo~evee; KAi~aKee; TWV ~aolkwv e8v1kwv XaPTWV, 11 yevikeuoll eivat ouv~8we; neploplo~evl ~OVO OTlV ano 11 TWV 1U4JWV Ka~nUAWV, ollaao~ Tllv anooool1 TOU y~vou avayau(jlou. To napaywyo yew~ TpKO neplexo~evo, Ola<jlepel ano TO npwtoyevee; OTO OTi 11 OUAAOy~ TWV yew~ TplKWV molxeiwv yiv Tat ~e TlV 4J1l<jllaK~ enel;epyaoia mol Xeiwv Tile; yew~ TplK~e; unooo~~e; Kat neplexo~evou TOU npwtoyevoue; XapTl. n.x., ~e TlV 4J1l<jllonoilloll, yeyovoe; nou Kavel TOUe; napaywyoue; ~la Ka8apa a vel;aptltl xaptoypa<jllk~ epyaoia. H akpij3&la TOU napaywyou XapTl el;aptatat, Kupiwe;. ana TlV akpi~elq TOU npwtoyevoue;, aaaa Kat ana TlV akpi~ela Tile; OUA Aoy~e; Kat anooool1e; TOU yew~etplkou neplexo~evou ~eoa ana Tie; avtimolxee; la1kaoiee; Tile; 4J1l<jllonoill Olle; Ka l Tile; auto~qtle; O)(eoiaOl1e;, Ol onoiee; eivat ~ ~epa lolqitepa akpl~eie;, TlPou~evwv TWV O)(eTlKWV npoolqypa<jlwv. Enelo~, o~we;, 11 akpi~ela TWV napaywywv xaptwv el;aptatol, Kupiwe;, ana TlV nolotlta TWV npwtoyevwv, Ol onoiol, TouAaXloTov OTlV EAAaoa, oev exouv unootei TOV anapaitlto nolotlko e Aeyxo, 8a npenel Ol napaywyol xaptee;, Kat av ako~1l exouv el;ao<jlaalo~evll TlV nolotlto Tile; 4J1l<jlLQK~e; OUAAoy~e;, va eivat ~lkp6teplle; ~ iole; KAi~aKae; ~e TOUe; npwtoyeveie;. aaaa note ~eyaauteplle;. napayw VOl xaptee; ~eyaauteplle; KAi~aKae; ana TOV npwtoyev~, evvoouvtol ~ovo oe elolkee; e<jlap~oyee; 8e~aTlK~e; xaptoypa<jliae;. OTOV Kat ~OVOV OTOV Ol anatt~oele; TOU yew~etplkou neplexo~evou eivat ana ~lkpee; ewe; a vunapktee;. H yevikeuoll mov napaywyo yew~ TpKO XapTl eivat noaunaokotepl ana Til yevikeuoll mov npwtoyev~, loiwe; OTOV napaywyoe; XapTle; eivat ~lkpoteplle; KAi ~akae; ana TlV KAi~aKa TOU npwtoyevoue;. H noaunaokotlto O<jleiA Tat mo on oev exou~e ~OVO TO npo ~Al~a Tile; yevikeuole; TWV loou4jwv (TOU y~vou ava YAU<jlOU) aaf-a Kat Ola<jlpWV aaawv yew~ TplKWV mol Xeiwv. Eow. npenel va TOV1TeL 1aiTepa OTl oe eva npoypa~~a e8vlk~e; xaptoypa<jllole; Yla Tllv napaywy~ n.x., evoe; ~aolkou e8vlkou xaptl, 11 ouvtol;~ TOU ei Vat avel;aptltl ano TO eav OTllpi~ Tat oe la1kaoiee; npwtoyevoue; ~ napaywyle; OLQ1Kaoiae;. Luv~8we;, e vae; veoe; ~aolkoe; e8vlkoe; xaptle; npenel va eivat ouvouao~oe; Kat TWV OUO Ola1KaOlWv. napaywyoe; xaptle; ~nopei va 8ewPll8ei Kat i:vae; ~Oll U<jllOTa~evOe; xap Tile; nou ava8&wp&ital KaTa onolovo~note Tpono, n.x., KaTa npo~oalko ouotl~a, KQTa datum, K.An. H &VHl pwol1 elvat ouv~8we; ~la npwtoyev~e; olaolkaoia, Tav np8f:tel nalpo<jlopiee; mo xaptl, evw ~eta ~aaaetat oe napaywyl, OTOV a<jlatpeitat nalpo<jlopia. 3. AKpiP lc npwtov vouc; n pl XOJ VOU To ~epoe; auto Tile; eowteplk~e; avayvwplole; xaptl dvat Ka8plOTKO Kat moue; npwtoyevde; Kat moue; napaywyoue; XapTee;. Eav elvat el;ao<paalo~i:vll 11 a Kpi~ela TOU Xa ptoypa<jllkou naatoiou Kat KaVVa~OU, E +1 u ~.<) ;) d ;1 -< 1 :a: '" x.h~qxq x.6p"c1' '" - 11'1 ~ N 11' ~ 1n ix TOlO TOlO Xr7/-1a 1. MiyLOTO Kat t:aoxloto ocpoa/-a ei OT]C; ana ronoypacptkr7 Kat CPWTOypa/-l/-lCTptKr7 anaooot]. e 4 +1 :> g... J '" ;1 ~ :> g 1 ~ x 2 1 XAlUQXQ 1(6."C1)..... '" -_min -max N '" '" ~QTO ~QTO TOno Xr7/-1 Q 2. Meytoro Kat t:aoxtoro ocpoa/-a u (jjo/-lerpou ana TOnoypacptKr7 Kat cpwroypa/-l/-lctptkr7 anaooot].

4 56 TE:XVKO XPOVK 2T] EKTOKT T] E K ~O OTJ '95 TO KUplOTE:pa OTOlxe[o OKp i~e:l OC; nou npem:l va e ~e TOOTOUV, OE evov npultoyevli XOPTT], eivol (mhof 1982) T] akpif3e la geoewv, 11 okp i ~elo uljo~bpwv Kat T] Kpi~eto OOUlJ WV ( ok p i ~eo OVOYAUepOU ): 1. H okpi~elo Ton o8&t'lcj'lc; OTOxapTT], TWV OTJ~eiwv voepo poc;, TWV OTJ ~ e[w v n UKVWOTJe;, Kat TWV OTJ~e i wv AenTO~E pe:lw V, TWV onoiwv T] npay~otlkti geotj, OTT] YJiVT] emepovem, n poo~lo pi ~ETal ~E: YE:W6alTlKee; ~E: 9~o u e; (l l!3 1EpoToe; 1992, 1 1 ~l,;potoe; & CllWTiou 1993), ~E: TonoypoqllKec; ~ e 86ue; (KOATOiKT]e; & Cllw Tiou 199, PwoolKonouAOe; 1991, ile:p~ov l1e;, PWOOl KonouAOe; & CllWTiou 1993) KO ~e epwtoypa~~ et plk ee; ~ E:S6~ou e; (nona 1991). 2. H okpil3elo U jjo~&tpwv OTO XaPTT], nou n po o~hop i ~etal ott) yr; VT] em<pave lo, ~e Te; YVWOTe c; ~e9 6oue; XWpOOTO e ~l KW V KO UlJo~eTplKWV npoo61plo ~ WV, yew6ltlkou, TOnoYPo<plKOU, epwtoypo~~e: TPKOU Tunou (~ A. Te; (31(3t..loypaeplKee; avaepopee; TT]e; npot]yo u ~ evt]c; nepimwole;). 3. H okpi!3ela TWV CJouljJwv Ko~nuAwv, TWV onoiwv T] OXe~ i aotj yivetat ~E Kanolo ~e86 nape:~~ome; OTJ~ EO K WV n ~w v, (~ep l1 avt] C; 1987, napaoxakt] C; 1985) nou npoepxovtol ana Tonoypa<plKTi anotunwotj Ti ~ E ouvexr; an66tj epwtoypj.llletplko. 1 Mo npwtec; «akpif3elec;" anoteaouv TT] O'l ~ & OK~ OKpip&O TO U npwtoyevoue; XOPTT) yewlletplkou m: Pl X..EVOU, vw T] TpiTT] anon :Ael TT]V okpij3tlo avayalllpou TOUxOpTT] rujl:lak~ akpip&la (8ia&llv Kal uljjol rpllv) E: EVa xaptt], 11 OTJlleloKli okpi~ O, evw Yla TO UlJOl1eTpa e~op T6T a l anokaelotka ana TlV akpi~ la TWV /-leso~w v, (36El TWV onoiwv n pool5lopiott)kav TO u ljolletpa, Yla n c; 8EoelC; TWV OlllJelWV e~a pt 6 TOl KO a no Tll v akpi (3 la TWV lleeol5wv, ~aoel TWV onoiwv npool5loptotlkav 1 SeotC;, aaaa Kat ana TT] ypa<plkr; okpi(3 la ~ E TlV onoia OX 151aOTlKOV OTO XaPTi. Eno levwc;, lnopoul va loxuplotoulle on T] TeAlKr; 11 l-e lakr, okpi(3elo oe eva Xo.P TT] E: ~a ptotol ana Tuxaia O<pOAllaTa, nou OUVMOvtO 1lE: Tllv eepapllovrl TWV YE: W6lTlKWV, TonoypaeplKWV Kat epwtoypol-l TPKWV 1lE: 8o~ wv npoo61oplollou eeoewv KO uljoletpwv KO a na CJUOT 'l~ O T KO oepaallota nou v6exolj VWe; CPelAO VTOl oe npo (3AiwaTo OXETlKa J TO Y W5OlTlKO JOvtE AO ovacpopae;, nou XP T] O-lOnoleiTal OTOUe; unoaoyl 1..l UC; Yla TT] O U VTO ~T] TOU XapTl (n.x., yewjetplko Kat XwpoOT8 11lKO datum) KO oe npo(3ali loto ~81lvo -noewv TWV opyavwv nov XPlOlllonolouvTOl YO Te; ~ TpTiOtl<~ KOt Te; ono~6e lc;, K9we; Kat OE: nopollopepwoec; TWV lleowv u no~oxr;e; TT]e; T AlKTie; on6l5otj e; (n.x. xapti ox ~ i aotj e;). Xov6po 5Ti O<PaAlOTO (TplnAoOla TWV Tuxoiwv) CP AO l vo m: om:lpio Ti yvw OTKeC; AA iljj te; TWV ljna KO~tVW V, l5 v voeitat va u nopxouv O EVa n:xvoaoylka npollyljevo OUOTT]~O XOPTOYPOCP KWV <popl-loywv. m:pintwot] nou u nopxouv, npenel vo avtll- TwmOTouv OTO E:nin 15 TT]C; eknoil5euat]e; KOl TT]C; KaTapT lotj C; npoowmkou. Ta OcpQAlOTa, n ou ouv5eovtat 11 Te; E:<pOp~OYEe; ye W5OlTlKWV, TonoYPocplKWV KO epwtoypo..l~ TPlKWV wv ouhoytie; Kat en ~ pyooio e; OTOlXdwv, nou XPlll11nOlOUvTOl OTC; XopToy pacplke C; CPOP-YEe;, vaauovtol ana Te; OvtiOTOlXE:e; autee; m OTTil e; (~ p -OVT]e; 1986, il PllaVT]e; & CllWTiou 1992, PwoOlKonou AOe; 1991, notlae; 1991, il PlOV 1e;, PwoOlKonouAOe; & CllWTiou 1993). E:VlKa, ~nopoulle va Y VlK UOOUl on Yla TT] OUVTO~T] npwtoyevwv xaptwv Y Wl TPKOU nepl xollevou OXUOUV TO ~Tie; (MnouToupO 1987): 1. no KAi~OKE:e; xaptwv 1l1KpOT p e; Tile; 1:5., nou onon:ad 61 8vwe; TT]V KAilJOKO TOU (3lKOU 9VKOU XO PTT] TWV KPOTWV, (n.x. 1:1., 1 :25., 1 :5.), T] T AlKr; a K pi ~ e lo 8EOlle; OTO XOPTT] nou ouvtaooetat ana cpwtoypall~e: Tp l K Ee; onol5ooe lc;, ei VOl KaTO 4 %-5% KOAuTepl1 ana ek ivt] TWV TonoypaeplKwv onomoewv ( ax ~ lla 1). 2. ita OUVTO~T] Xo.P TT] oe KAillaKa 1 :5., T] epwtoypallll TplKTi Kat TOllOYPOcplKn anmoat] napouola ~O UV OXecSov TT]V il5la okpil3el np O O~ OPOlOU 8t Olle;. evw, ~E:yOAWVE: l T] KA il-la KO, TOOO naeov KTel, YE:VlKO, T] TOnOYPocplKTi on6t] TT]e; epwto YPOll TplKTie;, novtote we; npoe; TT]V on6ooll Seo wv. 3. LXeTlKa ~E: TOV UlJl..leTpKO npo o~ loplolo OllllelWV, 1 y wcsoltlk tc;-tonoypo<pk ec; lle961 elvat, ana nolj1l akpi(3 loc;, ouvtplmlka KOAUTepec; ana TC; <pw Toy p a ll~ TplK e e;. KaTa m:plnou 6%-75% OTC; KAt ~ak C; 1 :25., 1 :5., 75 %-8% OTll v KAillOKO 1:1. Kat KOla 8%-9% OTl1 V KAi~oKa 1 :5.. H OUYKPlOl ~en pvoel KOla noau TO 1% 11 KAllloKa lleyoawv 1 Kat xp la ~ TOl 161iT Pl npoooxn OTOUe; <PWTOYPOlllleTpKouC; npoo61plo~o U C; U 1jJl-lhpwv OTe; noau ~ yaaec; KAlOKec; (oxtillo 2). EivOl npo<povee; on OTT]V noponovw a~loaoyt]otj 6ev e lnaekovtol OKovollK ee; napall&tpol, TOU Tunou KO OToe;-anol5oOll, nou lnop i va OAAOlWOOUV TT]V a ~ lo AOyT] at], OlOV TO (5 18eOl1l OlKOVO!lKo. lleyest] eivq KpiOl ~O Kat uno.pxel nai)pt] e; Kep POO-EVT] ouv icsl Oll, ana TOUe; onoepooi~ov T ee;, YO TT]V nmott]to TOU OVo.. VOl VOU onotea o~ot OC;. EniOll C;, 1 nopanovw ou YKploe lc; eivat npo<povtc; OTt l5 v ovaepepovtat O e cpoplloyee; onou uljolletplkoc; npoo151p11le; 6 v eivol KpiOllOC;, AOYW OVOYAUCPOU (n.x., n plntwof:c; e cpapl-ovrlc; op8cpwtoypol~ T pioe;) Kat OUTe, ~ ~ at O, oe ecpaplloyee; TT] e; eniyeloc; <PWToypO~ll et p ioe; ( onw~, n.x., ivat 1 PXlT KTovKec;. OPXOlOAOYlKee;, ~loll ll xa VKte; Kat OAAee; onotunwo e;), aha onoka OTKa Ttc: neplntwo e; TWV XOPTOYP<PlKWV e<pop~oywv TT]C; a epoepwtoypalllletpioc;. ~ cp 6 A1ll 8eoewv OT]lleiwv OTO xa ptt], emepepouv l)&ut& P OY&V~ Ocpo.A-OlO oe -ltikl Kat npooovotoalolo YPOllWV nou Opi~OVTOl on6 OUTa, K8we; Kat OepOA!lOTO OTOell ~ocsov Kat OAAO WOf:l(~ OTllllOPepTi TWVOXT] l-atwvoto Xo.PTT]. ~cpaal OTO UlJ -lf:tp WV embpouv. oe ouv6uooll ~e 1 OCPOAlOTO geoewv, OTOUe; xo pto ~e TPKOUC; unoaoyolouc; TWV e6<plkwv KAio wv Kat TWV e6aqllkwv OYKWV. o eaeyxoc; TT]e; OT)~ OKTiC; okpi (3eloc; xaptt], KOla 8eaT] KO uljolletpo, yivetat le Til l-e8(5 Tl~ l) Y~ o ToAl'1 tjjiac; OTO ne6io. AnD TOV Aeyxo auto e~ay TOl 11

5 TeXVlKO XPOVlKO 57 kl.luqmq X6.CH') '*,,, nt ')O 'lc E:{OO) 1 r ,,71 SOOOOO,,,,,/' (2)> 5,,, / / t: : 5 1: 1.,! 1 25 <: ct>oko<; AVOTAR, film 18x18 em, f=21 em /Zl: ct>oko<; AVOGON, film 18x18 em, f=11,5em <3) : ct>oko<; AVOGON, film 23x23 em, f=1,5em, / 1' 1" ("') Em<pav lo KaAuljJT1<; vo<; <puaaou XapTl O mpelllloto Em<pav lo KQAuljJll<; vo<; ~ uyou<; O po<pwtoypo<plwv O mpellqto. LX~J.1 3. EmcpaVE:LO KaAut.jJT}e; E:v6e; cpuaaou xaptt} ae: alacpope:e; KAiJ.1KE:e; KO ovtiarolxt} wcpia1j.1t} E:v6e; ~E:uyoue; QE:POCPWTOYPOCP1WV (E:ntKaAut.jJT} 6%). LTT}V KAiJ.1KO 1:4.1 auo E:mcpaVE:1E:e; clvql iae:e;. TeAlKrl ekt1~'1at] He; OUVOAlKrle; akpl~elae; lou XOPT'1 '1 onola en'1peo~el T'1V akpl~ela anoooo'1e; TWV 1U LjJWV Ka~nuAwv.:Le va a~lomoto OUOT'1~a xaploypo CP'1 at]e;, OWe; OTaV npokeltql Yla TO ~aolko esvlko Xop T'1 T'1e; xwpae;, 1 a posteriori ekt~rloele; He; OUVOAl Krle; at]~elakrle; akpl~elae; XOPT'1, np nel va avaypo CPOVTQl OTO uno~v'1~o TOU, we; "e~wtepikeuo'1» TOU O'1~aVTlKOTepOU OTOlxeiou eowteplkrle; avayvwplo'1e; TOU XOPT'1. AVaAUTlKO apls~'1t1ko OTOlxeia KQl avt1otolxee; npoolaypacp e;, oxetlko ~e Te; analtou~evee; akpi~elee; S at]e; KQl uljjo~ TpWV xaptwv yew~etplkou neplexo~ VOU KAl~OKWV and 1:5 ~ XP 1:5., ~e ~cpao'1 OTa XapToypacplKo npo'lovto ano cpwtoypa~~etplkrl anoooo'1, KaSWe; KQl 1 KaAuLjJele; eoacplkwv ektooewv Yla cpwloypa~~etplkrl XapTOYPOCP'1'1 O olocpopee; KAi~aKee; (oxrl~a 3), olvovtal and T'1V MnoulOupa , AKpiP lo &ZiOCPKOU ovoyaucpou (okpip O OOUl!JWV) H olaolkaoia xopa~'1e; 1ULjJWV Ka~nuAwv, eivql ~la at]~avtlkrl KQllOlO~OPCP'1 epyaola. Evw moue; npwtoyeveie; xoptee; nou npo PXOVTal and TonoypacplKrl a noo at], anoteaouv napoywyo yew~etplko OTOlXelO, ecpooov oxeolo~ovto ~e T'1 ~ Sooo T'1e; nap ljljoa~<;, and o'1~eio oe at]~eio, avti8eta OTOUe; npwtoyeveie; xoptee; nou npo PXOVTa and cpwloypa~~etplkrl ano at], anoteaouv npwtoyev e; yew~etplko otolxeio, ecpooov oxeolo~ovtql aneuseiae; Kal ouv Xw<;, avo u LjJO~ETPlKrl OTOS~'1. Eow, np nel va unoypa~~lotei TO e~rle; evolacp pov ~rlt'1~a: Evw Ol loouljjeie;, nou npo PxoVTOl ana ~la auot'1prl ~as'1~atlkrl olaolkaoia nape~~oarle;, ~ ow olakpltwv S oewv KQl uljj-l TPWV, ~nopouv va owoouv T'1 ljasl1jatkcl avtlnpoown UTlKCT P'l avanapootao'1 TOU YrllVOU avoyaucpou, olloouljjeie; nou npo PXOVTOl ana T'1 ouvexrl cpwloypal-l~etplkrl anoooo'1, ~nopouv va OWOOUV ~la CPUOKcl avtmpoownwtko T P1 avanapootaat] TOU YrllVOU avoyaucpou, AOYW T'1e; CPUOlKO o~eat]e; alos'1'1e; nou oivel '1 otepeookomkrl opao'1 OT'1 ouvexrl ~opcprl OTOU YrllVOU avoyaucpou. EivQl OUVOlOV va ololunwsei '1 yevlkrl napolrlp'1o'1 T OllOOULjJele; nou npo PXOVTQl and TonoypacplKrl OlaolKaola anoooat]e;, uneptepouv OTle; ovl-laotlk e; T ~ e; TWV ULjJO~ TPWV, nou Te; npooolopl~ouv KQl lkavonolouv Te; anqltrloele; akpl~eiae; KOTO S at], olvo VTQl ~la OUVOAlKO ou~~~aotrl Kal avttnpoowneutlkrl avanapootoat] TOU avoyaucpou, aaaa ~e msav e; TOntK e; anokaloele; and T'1V npay~atlkot'1to, AUTO en'1 peo~etol o~wa ana TOV aayopls~o nape~~ome; nou XP'1l1-lnOleiTQl Yla T'1 xapae,'1 TWV LOOULjJWV. AVT1Se Ta, 1 loouljjeie; nou npo PxoVTO ano T'1 cpwtoypa~ ~ETPlKrl olaolkaola anoooo'1e;, ~nopei va uotepouv OTle; ovo~aotlk e; T~ e; TWV uljjo~ TPWV nou Te; xapakt'1pi~ouv, xwpie; l-lwe; va napa~lo~ouv Te; anqltrloele; akpi~elae; KOTO S o'1, amo oivouv ~la cpuolkote P'1 avanapoot'1 T'1e; ~opcprle; TOU avayaucpou, ako ~'1 OTle; lontk e; ouv xel e; TOU. Ol napol'1prloele; au T e; loxuouv Yla Te; ~ oee; KQl ~eyoaee; KAi~aKee; ~ XPl 1 :5., evw Yla Te; noau l-leyaautepee; KAi~aKee;, '1 TOnoypacplKrl avanapoota'1 TOU avayaucpou, oe ouvouao~o -le vav KaAo aayopls~o nape~~oarle;, unep Tepei T'1e; cpwloypa~~etplkrle;, AOYW T'1e; OUYKPlTlKO l-lelw~ V'1e; akpi~eloe; T'1e;, KaTo ULjJ-lETPO KQl S O'1. H akpi~elq TWV loouljjwv eivql OUVOlOV va eaeyxsei KQl KOTO S at] KQl KOTO uljjol-letpo. H olaolkaoia eal':y XOU eivql ~la noau O'1~aVTlKrl epyaoia. Eov '1 akpi~ela TWV ~e~ovwl-l VWv O'1~eiwv OTO XaPT'1, TO ~rlk'1 TWV ypa~l-lwv nou TO ouvo ouv rl Ta e~~aoo TWV emcpavelwv nou Opi~ovTal and auto, eivql O'1~aVTlKO OTOlxeio Yla Te; lontk e; yew~etplk e; akpi~elee; TWV '1 ~eiwv, avtiseto, '1 akpi~ela TWV loouljjwv KaSopi~el TO OUVOAKO KPlTrlPlO a~lomotiae; TOU XOPT'1, we; npoe; TO avoyaucpo T'1e; Yrl1V'1e; emcpavelae; nou anelkovi~etql ' autov. AeYXoe; TWV loouljjwv eivql noau mo no AunAoKOe; and TOV Aeyxo TWV ~e~ovwl-l VWV at]~eiwv, aaao OT'1pi~ETQl, KOTO ~aat], ' autov. :L'1~elaKO OCPOA ~ato S o wv, nou xp'1ol~onolouvtol Yla T'1 xopa~'1 1 oouljjwv, ~etocp povtol ' aut e;, -la~i ~e TO xapaktrlpa TOUe;, we; Tuxaiwv, OUOT'1~aTlKWV rl xovopoelowv. Ta AOS'1, KOTO S O'1, O'1~eiwv TOU avayaucpou, npoka AOUV AOS'1 ULjJO~ TpWV us we; avoaoya -le T'1V eoa CPlKrl KAio'1 1 O'1~eio. :LlOV npwtoyevrl XOPT'1, nou npo pxeto ana TonoypacplKrl anoooo'1, TO ocpoa~a npoooloplo~ou TOU ULjJ-l TPOU O'1~eiou, nou npoo OLOpi~ETQl, KOTO S at], ~e nape~~oarl ana oma at]~eia YVWOTrle; S at]e; KQl uljjo~ Tpou, e~aptotal: 1, Ano TOV aayopl8~ napel-l~ome; nou xp'1ol~onolei Tal.

6 58 TeXVl KO XPOVKO 211 EKTOKTTJ l::k~oat) '95 4 1m' JO 2 1, t t ( 1ft ), orono ---;, 3 -'il, t ----~ -'H 1 t, lo t..,, ""'", ", ", """" 1 L, "' ----~ "~~ ~-.--~ 1,OOiYl -._ , t "'-.. _ 1: XrJfJa 4. Meoo ocpaafja eeo17c; Kal u!jjoj.1erpou O1JfJe[ou looo!jjau c;, Drrw c; u na Aoyi~e ral Ov Tuna rou Koppe Yla ouicpop ec; KAioelC; (%) Kat KAiJ.1aK ec;. and 1m) (m) ) / 2 1. '---- +c - p - H., LO 1 1 LO ] rxrj J.1a 5. Meral3ArJ OU J.1eoou ocpaaj.1aroc; ee1jc; Kat UjJJ.1erpOU rwv 17J.1e[ wv 1auljJouc; KaJ.1rruA17C; oe Xo.pr17 KAifJaKOC; 1:5.. xrj J.1 a 6. AnDTJ.117 J.1eral3oA rj rw v ocpaaj.1o. rwv eeo17c; Ka l UjJOJ.1erpou, raurdxpova J.1e r17v arrc; roj.117 J.1eral3oArJ r17c; KAio17 C; oe jjrj, oe Xo.pr17 KAiJ.1aKac; 1: Ana Tllv KA[1lKO TOU xaptl 3. Ana TTJv an oxil TWV OOU lvwv -leto~u TOUe;. 4. Ana TO O<POAlOTO Tl<; onotunwotl<;. 5. Ana TO YPO<PKO O<pOA-lOTO oxe6iaat)<;. o E:Aeyxo<; T'1<; UlVOl TPK r,c; okplf3el<; at) l-lelwv TWV 1 OOU lv WV KOl-lnUAWV, nptnel va yivetol ~ t:lyl-l otomml- KO, OTOOUVOAO TWV <puaawv XOPTT], n.x., -llae; e:svklie; xaptoyp <Pl1 OTle;. H 6&Yl.laToAll ljia npenel va Y[VETO ae nepox C; OTC; onoiec; KTl -lotal atl ~ev unopxouv a UOTT) -lotko i xovlipo e l ~r, a<poa -lota. 1 neplox <; 6ElY-lTOAllmlKou emyxou npenel va n poolilopiz;o VTOl Kotel O!-lOla-lOp<p ec; Z;WV E<; KhOT]<; TOU OVOyAUtpOU. Ana Til OUYKPlOT] TWV Tll-lWV nou tpo[vovtol OTO XOPTl1, -le EK e:lve <; nou npokumouv ono TO liely-lotoal1ntka

7 T xvlka XPOVlKa 59 A YXO, unoaoyi~ovtol TO AaSl U4JOf./ TpWV nou OVTloTOlXOUV OTl~ KAio l~ TOU OVOyAU<POU. To AaSl U4JOf./ TpWV KOl 1 KAio l~ OVOYAU<POU TiS VTOl O YPf./f./l K~ OXEoll f./ TO~U TOU~, -EoW npoot'iloplotewv oyvw OTWV OTOS pwv ouvt A OTWV. 1 ouvt A ot ~ outoi f./nopouv va npoot'iloplotouv f./ i3aoll Til OXEOTl AO XioTWV T Tpaywvwv. X= (ATA)-' AT Y onou Ta t'ilovuof./oto x Kat y n pl XOUV, ovtiotolxa, TOU~ ayvwotou~ ouvt A ote~ Kat TO AaSl TWV U4JOf./ TpWV, onw~ OpiOTlKOV noponavw, Kat nivako~ A n plex 1 Tl~ KAlo l~ TOU t'io<plkou OVaYAU<POU, nou VTlOTOXOUV 1 ollf./ lo unoaoylof./ou TWV AOSWV u- 4JOf./ETpWV. H noponavw t'ilot'ilkooio, nou i3oi~ Tat otlv nopat'ioolok~ f./esoeo TOU Koppe (192), (OX~f./a 4), f./o~i f./ KanOl ~ nopohoye~ Tl~, ~OKOAOUS i Kat o~- PO va ivat onaouot PO~ EA YXO~ nolotlto~ TOU XOPTOYPO<PlKOU Y~lVOU OVaYAU<POU, nou XPllOlf./onol ltol UpUTOTO OTl~ XapTOYPO<PlKa npollyf./ V ~ XciJp ~. n plooot PO n ~ pyaof./ev ~ f./esot'iol, onw~ n.x., 11 f./ Sot'io~ Raab (1935) f./nopouv nioll~ va <PP-OTOUV, t'iiw~ otlv n pimwotl TWV <PWTOYpf./ f./ TPlKWV onot'ioo wv TOU avoyau<pou. LUf./<PWVO f./ Tl~ f./ Sot'iou~ OUT ~, TO AaSO~ U4JOf./ETpOU ollf./ iou Tl~ 1U4JOU~ ~OPTaTOl: 1. Ano TO o<paaf./o Tl~ U4JOf./ TPlK~~ onotunwotl~, nou lvat av ~aptlto Tl~ KAiOll~ TOU t'io<pou~. 2. Ano TO ocpaaf./o onotunwoll~ SEoll~, nou ~OPTOTOl ana Tlv KAiOTl TOU t'io<pou~. 3. Ano TO OPlO ocpoa-oto~, AOYW OX t'ilootlk~~ ovo X~~, OVaAOYO f./ Tlv KAif./OKa, nou nllp a~ Tat, nioll~, ana Tlv KAloll TOU t'iocpou~. no n plooot P ~ A mof./ep ~ YlO TO SEf./a auto i3a. n.x, MnOLJTOUpO 1987, vw YlO S f./oto okp i i3 lo~ 1 U4JWV O nopoywyou~ XOPT ~ f./lkp~~ KAlf./OKO~, 1-1 Til XP~Oll npollyf./ vwv - Sot'iwv OVaAUOTl~ TWV ocpoaf./o TWV, f./ OW, n.x., t'ilt'iloototwv f./ TOoXlf./OTlof./WV Fourier, CPOof./OTlKWV OVOAUo WV K.An., i3a. nopooxa Kl~ 'Onw~ lnof./ noponavw, TO AOSl, KOTO S oll, OTf./ lwv TOU OVOYAUCPOU, npokoaouv AaSl U4JOf./ TpWV u S w~ OVOAOYO f./ TlV t'ia<plk~ KAiOTl oto OTlf./ lo (OX~f./o 5). AUTo O1f./oV l OTl t'i t'iof./ Vl~ Tl~ Tlf./~~ TOU AO SOU~ U4JOf./ETPOU f./lo~ LOOU4JOU~, 11 f./ Toi3oM TOU ocpaaf./olo~ TWV O1f./ lwv KOTO S O1, lvat avtlotpo <PW~ avaaoyl Tl~ f./ TOi3A~~ Tl~ KAiOl1~ TOU ~lvou VayAUCPOU. Et'iw t'ilokpivouf./ Tl~ ~~<; n plmwo l<;: 1. Eav 11 KAOl1 TOU t'iacpou<; lvat otos p~, av ~op TlTO av lvat f./ yaal ~ -lkp~, TO AOSO~ SE O1~ TWV O1f./ iwv Tl~ loou4jou<;, nopf./ev l OTaS po. 2. L OnOTOf./l OAAOY~ Tl<; t'iocplk~<; KAioll~, f./ TOi3aH TOl OnOTOf./O Kat TO AOSO~ S Oll~ (OX~f./a 6). 3. Eov 11 eocplk~ KAiOl1 au~ls l OnOTOf./O, So unop~ l Kat f./lo OnOTOf./l mwotl T l~ T.l.1')<; TOU AaSOU~ S O1e; Tl~ loou4jou~. 4. Eav 11 KAioll f./ lws l OnOTOf./O, So UnaP~ l anotof./l OU~lOTl TOU AOSOU~ S O1e; Tl~ loouljjoue;. AUTo OUf./ i3aiv l, n.x., ylo Tlv loou4j~ Kal-inUAl nou n plypa CP l TO OPlO -lo<; nin t'ill~ mcpav lo~ (nx., f./lo KOl Aat'iO) nou t'ilokom Tat ~OCPVlKa ono -lo OnOTol-ill ~OpOTl TOU Y~VOU OVayAUCPOU. AvoAoyo f./ Tl~ npooeloplot ~ otos p ~ Tlf./ ~ TWV ouvt A OTWV X Tl~ noponavw AOXlOTOT TPOYWVlK~~ ~iowoll~, nou loxuouv w~ npolilaypaq>&<; O f./lo xop TOypaCPlloll, XOU- KOl Til ~WVl ai3 i3olotlto~ TWV 1 oou4jwv (OVaAOYO Kat f./ TlV t'iacplk~ KAOl1), TO upo~ Tl~ onolo~ OP~ TOl W~ TO t'imaaolo TOU AOSOU~ S 1~ ollf./ lou Tl~ 1U4JOU~. unoaoylof./o~ TWV ~W VWV Oi3Ei3atOT~TWV TWV 1UljJWV lvat noau XP~Olf./O~ YlO Til t'ilot'ilkooio Tl~ XOPTOYPOCPlKTi~ YEvKEUO1~, l TE oe npwtoyev~, lte oe nopaywyo XapTl f./lkpoteplle; KAif./OKO~ TOU npwtoyevou~. 4, AKpi~tlc rrcpaywyou rrtpltxolj&vou LE ovtiseo1 f./ TlV nepimwoll TOU npwtoy E vou~ YE Wf./ETPKOU nepexf./ VOU XOPTll, OTOV nopaywyou ne PlEXf./ VOU XapTl, TO npoi3alf./o Tl~ okp ii3eloe; EVTOni~ETat otlv okpii3elo S O1<; Kat OTlV okpli3elo TWV l oou4jwv Kat OX otlv okpii3elo U4JOf./ETpWV, ECPOoOV auto. (a po KOl 11 okpii3elo TOU<;) f./etacpepovto OVOA AoiwTO ana TOV npwtoyev~ XOPTl. To ocpaaf./o 9&'1<; otov napaywyo XOPTl E~OPTOTOl, YEVKO: 1. Ano TO OVTiOTOlXO ocpoaf./o OTOV npwtoyevr,. 2. Ano TO ocpoaf./o otlv 4Jl<PlonolllOTl Kat Til f./etat'ioar'] TOU 1 - ETOoxrlf./OTlol- TWV YEWf./ TPKWV nalpo CPOPlWV nou ouaa YOVTOl ono TOV npwtoyev~, YlO va onot'iosouv otov nopoywyo. Eav 11 akpii3elo TOU npwtoyevoue; XapTl lvat f./eyo AUTEPll ono Tl~ OVOX ~ okpii3eo~ nou npooolop~el 11 KAif./OKO KOl ov i3 ATlOTOe; f./ TOOXll-OTlOf./O~ TOU Y Wf./ TPlKOU n pl XOf./ VOU TOU npwtoy VOU~, O ovti OTOlXO 4JlCPlOKO, OiV l okpli3 l ~ - YOAUT p e; TWV voxwv okpli3 la~ nou op~ l 11 KAif./OKO, TOT lvol ou VOTOV va onooos l 4JlcpLOKO nopaywyo~ XOpnle; otlv iolo KAlf./OKO f./ TOV npwtoy V~. L n pimwo1 onot'iooll~ TOU npwtoy v~ O nopaywyo, f./lkpot Pll~ KAif./OKOe;, TOT lvol t'iuvmov va XPllOlf./OnOlllS l Kat npw TOY V~~ XapTll~ f./ OKPli3 ~ 1 OPlO TWV OVOXwv, aha OKof./ll KO f./ f./lkpot P ~ okpli3 e; OVaAOYO 1-1 TllV T AlK~ KAif./OKO TOU nopaywyou XapTl. T AKO~ A YXO~ Tl~ okpli3eia~ TOU nopaywyou XapTl, w~ npo~ TlV npoyf./otlkotlto, yiv Tat onw~ OKPli3W~ YO TOV A YXO TOU npwtoy VOU~, t'illaot'i~ f./ t'i Yf./OlO AlmlKo AEYXO 1 n t'iio. L f./1 nopaywyll t'ilookooio, TO all f./ovtlkot PO POAO nol~ 1 11 npooopf./oy~ TOU npwtoy VOU~ XapTll otlv 4JllCPlonOlllf./ Vll onoeoar'] TOU. 'EXOVTOe; unoaoyio 1 Tl~ nopof./ TpOU~ f./ TOOXlll-lanol-lU TOU Y Wf./ TPKOU n Pl XOf./EVOU TOU npwtoy VOU~ XapTll OTOV ovtiotolxo TOU ono 4JllCPlonolllOll, ouvop9wvovta<;, Tl WOT 1 OOCPOp ~ TOU~ va lvat AaXloT e;. ivol nhov UKO AO va f./ TOOXllf./aTlOT l i3 ATloTO Kat TO Y Wf./ TPlKO n pl Xf./ VO TOU npwtoyevou~ XapTll. To ocpaaf./olo YEWf./ TPlKOU n pt Xf./ VOU TOU i3 ATlOTO npooopf./o

8 6 TeXVKO XPOVKO 211 EKTOKTTl Kooan '95 ~Oj.l V O U napoywyou xaptn OTOV npwtoyevti, 8 e ~a pt(.i)vto ana TO O'POAJOTO TOU j.l TOOXTlj.lOTlOj.lOU Kat 1 Tlj.lee; TOUe; SO npi:ma va eivat KOHl noau j.lkpotepee; TWV OnOOEKT<.iJV ana Te; npoooypo'pee;, OVOAOYO j.l TTlV KAij.lOKO. Ano OUYKEK plj.li:vee; E<po pi-loyee; nou txouv yiv 1 j.l TTl XPTlOlj.lOnO[TlOll XOPTlllV 1 :1. TTle; EnA (MnouToupO 1987) Kat j.lovteao j.letaoxtlllotloj.lou O-lOOTTlTOC; (ylq nopa j.loee; Y VKEulli:v e; <paplloyec; l 1lVT AO a'pt VKOU letooxtl llanolou 3A. nopooxoktle; & <l>wtiou 1988), exouv npokuljj 1Ta E ~TiC; : H ljjtl<p lonoitloll TWV KOVVOl3wv npu>tatunwv oolootaatwv olo'pav Hilv KO Tl EAaXOTOT TPOYWVlKTi ouvop8woti TOUC; OTC; npoyj.lotki:c; OUVTEToYj.l EVec;, towo olo'popec; nou OEV u nepl3aivouv TO 2 em, nou EiVQl TO aplo, OUj.l'PWVO j.l TC; OESvele; npoolaypoq>i:e;, Yla TTlV KAij.laKa 1 :1.. H OUYKEKPlj.lt VTl q>oplloyi) lieixv 1 OTl, ov 8eAOUj.le t vav nopaywyo Xa PTTl 1:5. nou 8a npo KUljJel ljjtl <poko ana TOV npwtoy e v~ EnA 1 :1., TOTE Tl OKp[ 13 la A6yw ljjtlq>lonoillolle; TOU npwtoy vti 1: 1. elval KaHl noau lkpotep'l TOU 2% TTle; j.leyottl e; nl TP nolevtl C; akpi(3eloc; st ane;, Yla TTl V KAillaKa 1 :5., nou ElVa! 1 m OTO tlioqloe;. Eov Tl okpi l3elo 8eoTle; TOU n pwtoyevouc; XOPTTl Kavonolei TC; npooloypo'pt e; TTle; KAillaKae; TOU, n.x. 2 em YO TTlV KAillaKa 1 :1., TO T : KQl le m:: poootepo ana 2 em, AOYW ljjtl'plon oitlane;, 8 illaote OPK TO KOTWono TO OP lo ovoxile; TOU napoywyou XOPTTl KAilOKOC; 1 :5.. Ano TO onoter..eoj.lota Tile; noponovw E<POPlloyTi e;, 'PO VTlKe, enian e;, OT Tl XPTl OllOnoiTlOll TOU npwtoyevou e; 1 :1. T'le; EnA, eov 3tl3olO TTlpei TC; npooloypoq>te; akpil3eloe; 8t Olle;, nttpen l TTl ouv Ta ~11 nopoywyou XOPTTl j.lexpl KAl j.lokoe; 1:2., q>8vovtoe; :TO ato mtpemlll va apa TWV n pooloypoq>wv okpij3 eloe; 8eane; Tle; KAi j.lokoc; auttie;, nou e[vol nepinou 5 em. Au TO ea loxuel q>ooov OTllV a priori enltpwoj.levtl Kp ij3e:lo 8tOlle: TOU npwtoyevoue; 1 :1., nou eivol n pinou 2 em, npate8ouv Kal TO n pinou 2 em, AOyw ljjllq> lonoitlotle;. H okpij3 elo l oouljjou~ oe ljj'lq>la Ko XOPTll napoywyou yew j.l Tp tko U n plexollevou, ~a ptw VTOl, onwc; KO Tl okpil3ela 8EOEWV, ano TlV QVTiCJTOlXTl TOU npwtoy VOue; KO ana TTJV akp lj3 la TWV napallerpwv leto OXTJ j.loto.lou, nou q>opjo ~ T Ol Ylo TTlV npoooplloyti TOU ljjtltp lonotl levou Kovv613u OTC; npoyj.lotlktc; Tlj.lec;. 1 ouvn:toylevec; TT']e; 1iJ'lq>lonOlTlllt VTlC; loouljjouc; lletooxtj j.lotl~ovtat OTO 3EATlOTO n poooploolevo KOVvoj3 o Kat h O l TOq>tpouv TO OV"TOTOXO oq>oallota. Ana TTl V n potl y oull vtl Eq>apj.loyTi O q>uaao EnA 1:1.,!3pe8Tl KaV TO e ~Tie; onotem oj.lota: To Oq>OA loto StOlle: TT'] e; 1U ljjo Ue:, A6yw ljjtlq>lonoitlollc;, KUj.lOiVOVTO ana 2 em t we; 2 cm KO eivol npoq>avwe; v ~ap TTlTa TT'] e; KAian e; TOU emq>oue;, an' anou n pvoel Tl loouljjne;. EE;apTwvTol ana TO O<POAl OTO EKelVWV TWV KOlj3wv TOU KaVVaj3U. n ou j3piokovtol nal11t OTepo oe anlleia TTl C; 1uljJ OUe;. To j.ltye8e; TWV Oq>OAj.lOTWV TT]e; loou ljjoue;. A6yw ljjtlq>lonoitlane; KOTO 8toTl, oev ett'j P a~ l TO OVTiCJTotXo enltpenoj.levo Oq>OAj.lO. nou o p i~o u v 1 npoolaypaq>ec;. Yla TTlV KAillOKO 1 :5.. o eaevxoc;, EnOllC:, TTle; okpil3eloe; UljJOj.ltTPWV, le [3 Oll Tf] 8EWpio Aeyxo u TTlC:: UljJOlETPKTi c:: akpi j3 loc;, e 6woe T11lec; noau XalTlAOTepee; ana Te; nltpmol vee; TJ.lee; TWV oq>oaj.lotwv UljJOj.lETPOU YO TTlV KAilla KO 1 :5.. 1 e<po Plloyee; t l5 ~O V, En iollc:. OTlljJTlq>lOnOll;oele; KOlVWV q>wtot umwv ou ~avouv Oll llavtlko TO oq>oallato 8toTle; KO Ul! l-letpou TT']e; loou l! OUC;, OXEoov TO un potnaaolo~ouv, KO Yl ' OU TO 6ev VOdKVU VTO. EUXOplOTW. B~A.J ovpaq)lk&~ ava<p op &~ Bertin J. (1967): Semiologie grap hi que, Mouton G utier-villars. ~EPJ.lOV f] C:: A., (1986): Luvop8woe le; nopottlptioewv KOl 8ewpio EKTilTlOTlC;. TOil 1, ZilTTl. ~e p -av Tle; A. (1987): Luvop8woele; napottlptio wv KOl 8ewpia EKTilTlanC;. TOil. 2, ZilTTl. ~ep-ov Tl C:: A. & A. <l>wtiou (1 992): Me8l ouvop8wanc: nopotll PTio wv KQl eq>oplloyec::, ZTiTTl. tlepllovl1 C:: A. l':::... PwoOlKonouAoc; & A. <l>wtiou (1993): Tonoy poq>lkoi unoaoylolloi KOl ouvop8wo lc:: 5lKTuwv, ZnTll m hof E., (1982): Cartographic relief presentation, de Gryter. KOATOi KTle; X. & A. <l>wtiou (1 99): r evkti Tonoypoq>ia, bitt). Al j3lepoto c:: E. (1989) : revkti xaptoypoq>ia KO elooy wvil OTTl 8ElOTlKTi XopToypaq>io, Z~TT]. Al[3 tepot Oe; E. (1992): eewpio TTl C; YEw6llo C;. (S' 'EKOO on), b ittl. 11j3 epotoe; E. & A. <l>wtiou (1993): EAA lljjoellirie; y w 1Sola KO YEwOalTlKO l5iktuo (8' 'EKlSoffil), ZilTTl. Livieratos E. & M. Myridis (1 993): 15-years ( ) of cartographic activities in Thessa!oniki, Greece. Maling D.H. (1989) : Meas urements f ro m maps, Pergamon. MnouTo upa Xp. (1987): AUTOj.laTOnOlTll v Oe; j3aolkoe; E8vlKOC:: XO PTTlC; 1 :5-1:1. n pultoyeveic:: KO napaywyec:: xaptoypoq>kee; OlOolKooiec:: KO npooloypo <pee;. ~ OO KT OPlKTi OlOTP3Ti. TlTilO AYPOVOlWV & Ton oypoq> wv MTlXOVKWV. Ane. napaoxoktle;. (1 986) : l':::..lolootote:e; nopej.lj3oaec::. E~O j.loauvo te;, npooopj.loyee; KO q>ooj.latlkee; eplltlveiec:: atllv outo llotonotlllevtl XopToypa q> io. Ll looktopl K ~ OlOTP j3ti. TlTillo Aypovoj.lWV & Tonoy poq>wv M'lxaV KWV, Ane. n apaoxoktl e;. & A. C!>wTiou (1988): npoj3atilloto leto OX'llOTlOlOU OUvT TOYj.leVWV OtlC; ljjtlq>lonollioelc:: xop TWV. EpO"Too8tvTlC::. No, natloe; n. (1991) : Eloaywy~ CJTT] q>wtoy pallj.letpio, Zi) "TTl PwooK6n ouaoe; Ll. (1991) Tonoypo q> lko OiKTUO KO u noaoyloj.loi, ZTiT'l.

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10 62 TeXVlKO XPOVlK6. XaT~6nouAoc;: 'OXl, avq(pepollq( Yla TO n:alko npo'iov avel;opt11ta Tl Exel XPllOlllonOl11 8d, Tl AE VE Ol npoislaypacpee; Y' au TO TO x6.ptll. MnouToupa: Ma, e~opt6.t at an a TO X6. PT11, E~O PT6Tat ana TlV KAilloKa, el;optchol ana napa noam npoylla Ta, 6ev lnopw Twpa va oae; nw ouykekpllleva. np6 ~poc; (ToouAoe;): NO ll i~w, Kuple XQT ~OnOU Ae, av 1lU emtpeneh:, OTl auto lnopeh e va TO ou ~l1ni oete: KaT' 16iav le TlV Kupia MTlO UTOUpa Kat va KaAucp8d TE. EuxaploTw. eo napakaaouoa TOU e; eotly11te e; nou 8a akoaou8ij OOUV, va TllPi]oouv TO XPOVO le npoan8ela va TOV lelwoouv Yla va 1111 ~YOUl E: e~w and TO npoypalllla. rt'l ou v XEla, 11 EnollEvll ELoijYllOTl Eival TOU Kupiou nwpyou XOAapll, ouva6 Acpou aypovollou Tonoypocpou ll11xavlkou Kat xel 8 11: «Ta npotuna avtaaaqylie; l1jllcplakwv 6E6ollevwv Yla XPr1Tl OlO YEwypacp Kcl ouonillata nallpocjloplwv. YnoPxouoa KOTO Olao11, npo~m llata, npoontlkee;". &Jja: Ta npotuna QVTaAAQy~C; 4Jl1CJ>LaKWV 8~tvwv Yla Xpn al1 ata Y8 wypacplkq auol~~qtq nal1pocpoplwv. Ynapxouaa KaTOOTaOT'), npo ~A~ llatq KaL npoontlktc;. ElOTlYTJT~~: r. Xa AapllC;. ATM, r.y. ~. n&piafllilfl H avaykl YO 61XUOll TTle; XWPKijC; nallpocjlopiac; au ~clve l le yopyoue; pu81lue; A6yw au ~Tl OTlC; TWV ecpap 1lYWV 1 onolee; E~apTWVT at an a Ti:TOlac; 1lP CPTic; 6EiSo jj.evo. To np O~ All ll ovtoaaayijc; 6E6oll VWV ylve Tat OAO Kat mo l1lla VTl KO KOl OlOV EAAllVlKO xwpo. r Tllv e:pyooio au Tr1 yiv TOl apxlko lia avclau OT) Ta U npol3ali lotoe; Kat lia OUOll1 ltlki] KaTaYP ocp,; TTl C; u napxouoac; KOTOOlOonC;. TOOO OTOV Eupwno'iKo Kat OlO isle8vti xwpo. AVa),.UOVTOl ploll vec; enlkpa Tou oec; lopcpec; npotunwv KOl OXOAlO~eTa Tl EAATlVKij npaylotlkottlto OOOV acpopo TTlV una p ~Tl npotunwv OlO KpiolllO auto Se lla. T Aoc;, 61aTunwvovTOl OP J.l v C; npotoo e; Yla TT'fV avtle:twnl OTl auto u TOU npo~m l OT Oe;. Eloavwv~ oro npoparlj.la 1 aoxoaoulle:vo l TTlv nopaywyij, amo Kdlll TTllE TOiSoOl1 TllC; XWplKnc: nallpocpopiae;, natlpocpopiac;, is11 AoiSi], n ou avacpepe:tol oe: y ewypacpkou Tunou OVTO TTlT e:e;, OVT lll e: T w ni ~ o u v (5tocpopo npol3mlloto OTOV Xpe: O~ET Ol va 6l13l138ei n}'llpocpoplo Tholae; 1lPcptic; oe 6laCjlOpeTlKOUe; x pijolee;,; va AllCP8 e:i natlpocpopia ana E:~WTEpl Ke e; nllyec;. Tholec; m:plntwoele; dvol 11 6lovoj.l'; l1jllcplakwv 6EiSoj.levwv ana isopucjloplke c; Anl1JEC;. ano xaptoypacpl Kec; l1jllcjllakec; KQTaypacp e;. ana l1jllcplako u6poypacp KO OlOlXEia, ana ~ O OEle; yewypocplkwv nallpocpop lwv nou np oo p i~ovtol Yla E: liske e; Ecpaplloyec; K.An. To n pwto np o ~ATllla elvol Ko8eauT'; 'l ~ &TaiS o o'l, 611 AQiS,;, '1lETOCPOpa Tlle; natlpocjloplac; n poe; TOV nopo AliTTTll. 'Eva 6euTE po np6 ~ ATHl Q dvol ylo TOV ano6& KTTJ va KOTO VOr; O&1 T EiliouC; na'lpoqlopia X Aal3&1 KOl tva TpiTO npol3atllla d vat 11 a~oa6y'lo" TTl e; AT)!p8eioae; nallpocpopiac;, av 6T)A6ti e:[vol KaTaMllAT) Yla TTl ouykekplll VT) ECPOPllovti 'Caov acpopo TO npwto np O ~ A'lll a, TT) , 611 AO5i], Tll C; nallpocpopiac;, on olo6,;note 1lPCP'; C; Kl av elvol autti, 8nLTUVXOVeTal l OW 6laq>opwv T&XVKWV, 1 onoree; 8~apTw v T Oi ana 5lo!popec; nopall TpOUe;, 6 nwe; OYKOC; TWV lletoq>epole:vwv 6e6ollevwv, Tl anou 15loTllTQ loue;, 1 anoltlioele; TaU napamtlttj, TO KO