Fe, Cu, Zn,M n, Se I 54. 0, 9. 2, 11. 0, 66. 5, 0. 08, m ggkg, 100%, 200%, 300%

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1 31 2 ( ) V o l. 31 N o Jour. of N o rthw est Sci2T ech U niv. of A gri. and Fo r. (N aṫ Sci. Ed. ) A p ṙ 2003 Ξ 1, 3, 1, 1, 2, 3 (1, ; 2, ; 3, ) [] , 3, (P > 0. 05), %, 4. 30% 4. 30% (P < 0. 05), Fe, Cu, Zn,M n, Se I , , , , 0. 13, m ggkg [] ; ; ; [ ] S [ ] A [ ] (2003) ;,,,, [1, 2 ],, [3 ] [4, 5 ],, , 3, 12, 15 7 d, 60 d 3, ( 1, 2)N RC (1994) [6 ],, Fe, Cu, Zn,M n, Se I 54. 0, 9. 2, 11. 0, 66. 5, 0. 08, m ggkg, 100%, 200%, 300%, 3, , 3, 16 h ( ), 3 d 1 10 d,, 3 ( ) , 6, 3 d, 5 d 06: 00 16: , 1 d,, 1 d [7 ] Ξ [ ] [ ](99SM 01) ; (99KG12) [ ] (1963- ),,,,,

2 2 : = ( - ) 100% SPSS 1 T able 1 Compo sition of basal diet ggkg M aize Yeast m eal B ran Bone m eal 6. 7 Soybean m eal CaH PO Co tton2seed m eal Ca F ish m eal Shell m eal B lood m eal 8. 2 Salt 2. 3 F ish o il 3. 3 Compound p rem ix V egetable m eal : (1) 3 (2) ( ) Fe m g, Cu 7. 6 m g, Zn m g,m n m g, Se m g N o te: (1) T he contents of vitam in p rem ix, sodium biocarbonate and m edicine in the compound p rem ix of the th ree diets are the sam e. (2) T he contents of trace elem ents in the basal diets (no t including compound p rem ix) are as fo llow ings, Fe m ggkg, Cu m ggkg, Zn m ggkg,m n m ggkg, Se m ggkg. A pparent m etabo lic energy 2 T able 2 N utrient contents of the experim ental diets ggkg T P A P C rude p ro tein Ca V al A sp Ser L eu Ile Glu T yr Phe P ro T h r L ys A la H is M et Cys A rg :, ; M Jgkg N o te: The content of available pho spho rate is calculated from the diet constituents, the contents of o ther nutrients are determ ined by tradi2 tional m ethods; T he unit of apparent m etabo lic energy is M J gkg. 3 T able 3 T he contents of trace elem ents in the experim ental diets m ggkg Group Fe Cu Zn M n Se I Group Group Group , g, g (P > 0. 05), g, (P < 0. 05) g, g (P > 0. 05), g g, (P < 0. 05) (P > 0. 05) ( ) g,, g, g (P > 0. 05), ( ) (P < 0. 05) g,, g, g (P > 0. 05), g, g (P < 0. 05), g mm, 3. 70% (P < 0. 05) 2. 2 (P > 0. 05) ( 5) % (P < 0. 05), g (P > 0. 05)

3 38 ( ) 31 Group g% laying 4 T able 4 T he effects of trace elem ents on the perfo rm ance of laying hens g (g - 1 ) Egg w eigh t g (g - 1 ) Feed intake ( ) g% broken egg g (g - 1 ) Egg yield per day feed to egg gmm T h ickness of egg shell b b a ab a a ab b a a b a a b a b a a a a a : (P < 0. 05) N o te: D ifferent sm all letter in sam e co lum n m eans significant differences (P < 0. 05). T he fo llow ing tables are the sam e. 5 3 T able 5 A pparent m etabo lizabilities of air2dry m atter, crude p ro tein and energy % N utrients A ir2dry m atter C rude p ro tein Energy a a a a ab a a b a % (P < 0. 05), 3. 61% (P < 0. 05) % (P < 0. 05), 3. 78% (P < 0. 05) % (P < 0. 05) 5. 17% (P < 0. 05), 3. 67% (P < 0. 05) g 5. 64% (P < 0. 05), 4. 93% (P < 0. 05) Am ino acids 6 3 T able 6 A pparent m etabo lic rate of am ino acids % A la a a b A rg a a a A sp a ab b Cys a a c Glu a a a H is a a b Ile a a b L eu a ab b L ys a a b M et a a b Phe a a c P ro a a a Ser a a a T h r a a b T yr a ab b V al a ab b N onessen2 tial am ino acids E ssential am ino acids To tal am ino acids a ab b a a b a a c

4 2 : ,, ( 7) 7 T able 7 T he econom ic benefits of the th ree group s Group g (kg - 1 ) D iet p rice g (g d - 1 Feed intake g (g d - 1 Egg yield g (d - 1 Gro ss p rofit :, 4. 6 gk, = - N o te: T he p rice of feed is the sam e as current m arket p rice, and that of egg is yuangkg. T he econom ic p rofit= daily egg yield egg p rice- daily feed intake diet p rice. 3, Item [8 ], (P < 0. 05), 8, N RC [7 ] (+ ),, (P < 0. 05), (P > 0. 05),, +,,,, 8N RC T able 8 T he comparison of the intakes of crude p ro tein and am ino acids to tho se of N RC requrim ents C rude p ro tein T h r M et M + C Ile L eu L ys H is gg(d) N RC Group Group Group A rg : g, g, gn RC (1994) 110 g 90% N o te: (1) D aily feed intake fo r group 1, group 2 and group 3 is , and g, respectively. (2) N RC (1994) standard is dai2 ly feed intake 110 g and ratio of laying 90%. M n, Se I N RC [7 ], Fe, Cu Zn, 3 N RC [7 ], g N RC [7 ], Fe, Cu Zn, M n, Se I, 4,,, Cu m ggkg, Fe m ggkg, Zn m ggkg, M n m ggkg, Se m ggkg I m ggkg [ ] [ 1 ]. [J ]., 1998, (1) : [ 2 ]. [J ]., 1998, (13) :

5 40 ( ) 31 [ 3 ],. [J ]., 1998, (10) : 5-6. [ 4 ],. [J ]., 1997, (5) : [ 5 ]. [J ]. (), 1999, (2) : [ 6 ] N ational A cadem y of Science of the U nited States. [M ]. 9.,,,. :, [ 7 ]. [M ]. :, [ 8 ],,,. [M ]. :, Effects of dietary con ten ts of trace elem en ts on the perfo rm ance and nu trien t apparen t m etabo lic engergy of laying hen s YAO Jun-hu 1, 3, ZHANG X in-yang 1, ZHANG Tao 1, ZHANG Nong- tian 2, ZHANG J in-xuan 3 (1 College of A nim al S cience and T echnology,n orthw est S ci2t ech U niversity of A g riculture and Forestry, Yang ling, S haanx i , China; 2 S haanx i P iny uan Co. L td., F up ing, S haanx i , Ch ina; 3 S haanx i Y ang ling F irst F eed Co. L td., Y ang ling, S haanx i , Ch ina) Abstract: 540 laying hen s w ere equally divided in to 3 group s. 3 levels of trace elem en ts w ere added in to the sam e basal dieṫ T he experim en t show ed that the dietary con ten ts of trace elem en ts do no t affect ratio of laying, feed efficiency, egg yield and the apparen t m etabo lic rate of air2dry m atter and energy (P > 0. 05). T he h ighest level of trace elem en ts cou ld increase the apparen t m etabo lic rate of crude p ro tein, to tal am ino acids and essen tial am ino acids %, 4. 30% and 4. 30%, respectively (P < 0. 05). T he suggested dietary con ten ts (m ggkg) of m ain trace elem en ts be as fo llow ing, Fe , Cu , Zn , M n , Se and I Key words: laying hen s; trace elem en ts; m etabo lic rate; diatary con ten t (35 ) Study on affin ity relation am ong m ain Ch inese ass b reeds GAO Xue, SH IM ing-yan, HOU W en- tong, ZHANG Y ing-han (College of A nim al S cience and T echonology,n orthw est S ci2t ech U niversity of A g riculture and Forestry, Yang ling, S haanx i , China) Abstract: Genetic variation s of th ree donkey population s w ere estim ated by u sing average heterozygo s2 ity and efficien t alleles. T he resu lts show ed that average heterozygo sity and efficien t alleles w ere h igher in L iangzhou and X in jiang donkey (H xinjiang donkey = , E ϖ xinjiang donkey = 2. 96, and H liangzhou donkey = , ϖ E L iangzhou donkey= 2. 85). T h is show ed that X in jiang and L iangzhou donkey seldom had artificial selection and their genetic diversity w ere better. T he m in im um distance system clu ster m ap of gene frequencies at 2 b lood p ro tein p loymo rph ic loci in 8 donkey b reeds show ed that the 8 b reeds w ere classified as tw o group s. A c2 co rding to the resu lts of b lood p ro tein po lymo rph ism, X in jiang donkey firstly sp readed to L iangzhou, Gan2 shu p rovince (Todayπs W uw ei) and fo rm ed L iangzhou donkey. T hen som e of them sp readed to N ingx ia, N o rth of Shaanx i, Shanx i, Inner mogono lia, L iaon ing and fo rm ed equ ivalen t b reedṡ Som e reached to Guanzhong p la in acro ss Gan shu p rovince and la st ly fo rm ed Guanzhong donkey. T hese donk ies of Guanzhong d ist rict g radua lly d ist ribu ted to m idd le and ea stern d ist rict, fo rm ed la rger donkey. Perhap s Yunnan donkey w as largely affected by b reed of sou th2eastern and sou thern A sia. Key words: ass b reed; affin tity relation; genetic variation; clu ster analysis

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