A CTA GEO GRA PH ICA S IN ICA

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1 A CTA GEO GRA PH ICA S IN ICA V o l. 55, N o. 5 Sep., 2000 : (2000) , 2 (11, ; 21, ) :, 4,, : ; ; : X91515; P33215 : A 1, 40% [1 ], , hm 2 100, 70% [2 ], 7318 km 2, 40% 35% 60% [3 ] ( ), hm 2, hm 2,,,,,,,,, 2 [4 ], 60 ( 1), , : ; : : ( ) [ Foundation Item: N ational N atural Science Foundation of China, N o ] : (19632 ),, E2m ail: chxsh i@hkusua1hku1hk

2 628 55,, hm 2, hm 2,, , hm 2, hm 2, , hm hm hm hm 2 1 F ig11 Changes in areas covered and dam aged by floods and the estim ated increase in flooded area due to sedim ent accum ulation 60 2, , [6 ] ( ) [7 ] ( [5 ] ) F ig12 Changes in annual p recip itation during in Ch ina (after Zhao, 1993),, , hm 2 [8 ] , , m 3, m 3,, ( 1) 60

3 5 : Tab11 Changes in area of waterlogg ing prone farm land and fulf illmen t of managemen t g(10 16 m 3 ga) g(10 8 m 3 ga) g(10 4 hm 2 ) Ξ g(10 4 hm 2 ga) Ξ Ξ, ; ( [ 8]),, t, t, t [8 ], t,,,, m 3 ( 115 ggcm 3 ) 0125 m ( : 250 mm [9 ] ), m hm 2, 1, 1965, hm 2,,,,,,,, [8 10 ],,, hm 2 [8 ], 3g4, 3,, , , m 3, 2 936, m 3 [8 ] , 1413%, 213%, [11 ] m 3 740, m 3, 1990,

4 m 3, 2113% m 3, m 3, 4815% [12 ] 31, (p ) (V gv s) [12 ] : p = 1184 (V gv s) r 2 = 0193 (321),,, km 2, 2715%, [13 ],,, (1825 ) km 2,,, [8 ] , m 3, m 3, m 3, m m 3,, m 3, m 3, m 3, km 2, km 2 [8 ] , ( 33 m ) m 3, % [14 ], m 3, 31% ( ), %, % [14 ] 312,,,,, 13, km 2, , m 3,, 10% 75%, 20% 80% [15 ],, t, 318 cm,,,,

5 5 : 631 7, m 3 gs 716 cm, m 3 gs [16 ],,,,,,,, a BP, 3 m [17 ], ( ) 6 8 m, 915 m, 3 7 m, 10 m ( 345 a BP),,, 1949, 10 m, 14 m m, m,, [18 ], [19 ],,,,,,,,, hm 2,,,, [8 ],,,, 1990, hm 2,,,,, [8 ], 1963,, 20 18, m 3, m 3, 711 m, [20 ] t,,, t ( ),, km 2 ga 120 km 220 m ga t ( ), t,, 9 km , 25 m ga [8 ] t, m ga, m ga [21 ],, ;,

6 632 55,,,,,,,, [22, 23 ] 314, 265 kggm 3, 10%,,, [12 ], 4,,,,,,,,, 1g3 [24 ] [3, 25 ], km 2,, t, [26 ], 1855,, km 2 ( [ 25 ]),,, cm, cm [27 ],,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, [15, 28 ],,

7 5 : 633,,, 10 m, [29 ],, 3317% 2 m, t, tga,, [30 ] [12 ] [31, 32 ] [33, 34 ] [35 ],,,,,, , [8 ],,,,,,,,, (References) : [1 ] Zhang J iacheng. P relim inary A nalysis on N atural D isasters[a ]. In: L iaison Group of Comp rehensive Study of Co smo s, Earth, and L ife, Society of Ch inese Science and T echno logy ed. P rogresses in Comp rehensive Study of the M utual R elations Among Co smo s, Earth, and L ife[c ]. Beijing: Ch inese Science and T echno logy P ress, ( In Ch inese) [. [A ]. : [C ]. :, ] [ 2 ] Ch inese Society of D isaster P revention, D epartm ent of Seism ic D isaster M itigation of N ational Bureau of Seism. Key P roblem s of D isaster A lleviation in Ch ina[m ]. Beijing: Seismo logy P ress, ( In Ch inese) [,. [M ]. :, ] [3 ] N ational Statistics Bureau of P. R. Ch ina, C ivil A dm inistration of P. R. Ch ina ed. R epo rt of the dam age caused by disaster in Ch ina, [R ]. Beijing: Ch ina Statistics P ress, ( In Ch inese) [, [R ]. :, ] [ 4 ] Edito rial Comm ission of W ater Conservation A nnalṡ A nnals of W ater Conservancy in Ch ina [Z ]. Beijing: W ater Conservancy and E lectric Pow er P ress, ( In Ch inese) [. [Z ]. :, ] [5 ] Zhao Zongci. Impacts of H um an A ctivities and Increase of Greenhouse Gases on Global and Ch inese C lim ate [A ]. In: D eng Genyun ed. Impacts of Clim atic Changes on A griculture in China [C ]. Beijing: China Science and Techno logy P ress, ( In Ch inese) [. [A ]. :. [C ]. :, ] [ 6 ] Ye D uzheng, H uang Ronghui ed. R egularities and Causation of D rough t and W aterlogging in the Yangtze and Yellow R iver Basins [M ]. J inan: Shandong Science and T echno logy P ress, ( In Ch inese) [,. [M ]. :, ] [ 7 ] Zheng Shuangzh i. Changes in distribution of flooding disasters in Ch ina [J ]. D isaster R ed uction in Ch ina, 1995, 5 (3): ( In Ch inese) [. [J ]., 1995, 5 (3): ] [ 8 ] O ffice of N ational General H eadquarter of F lood and D rough t P revention, N anjing Institute of H ydro logy and W ater R esources of

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9 5 : 635 [J ]. J ou rnal of N atu ral D isasters, 1999, 8 (2): ( In Ch inese) [,. [J ]., 1999, 8 (2): ] [ 28 ] H u Yisan, Song Yujie, Zhao T ianyi et al. F lood Contro l in the Yellow R iver[m ]. Zhengzhou: Yellow R iver Conservancy P ress, ( In Ch inese) [,,. [M ]. :, ] [29 ] Hong Q ingyu, L uo Xuliu, Fang Zheng. T he Yangtze R iver[m ]. Beijing: Ch ina W ater Conservancy and H ydropow er P ress, ( In Ch inese) [,,. [M ]. :, ] [30 ] Sun Shuncai, Cai Zeyi. Situation and Causes of the F looding D isasters in the A reas from the M iddle R eaches to the M outh of the Yangtze R iver and A lleviationm easures[a ]. In: Shi Yafeng, Huang D ingcheng, Chen Banqin ed. Situation of N aturald isasters In Ch ina and A lleviation Strategy[C ]. W uhan: H ubei Science and T echno logy P ress, ( In Ch inese) [,. [A ]. [C ]. :, ] :,,. [31 ] Q i Pu. D epo sition R eduction by the N arrow and D eep Channel and by R egulating W ater and Sedim ent in the Yellow R iver[a ]. In: Q i Pu, Zhao W enlin, YangM eiqing ed. M ovem ent L aw s and A pp lication P ro spects of H yper2concentrated F low in the Yellow R iver [C ]. Beijing: Science P ress, ( In Ch inese) [. [A ]. :,,. [C ]. :, ] [32 ] Fei X iangjun. M echanism s and app lication of long2distance sedim ent transpo rt by hyper2concentrated flow [J ]. J ou rnal of S ed im ent R esearch, 1998 (3): ( In Ch inese) [. [J ]., 1998 (3): ] [ 33 ] M ou Yuw ei. T raining the Yellow R iver Channel into T h ree2step Compound Channel and R ationally D ispo sing D epo sits in Its E stuary [A ]. In: Co llection of M odern Fo rum onm anaging the Yellow R iver[c ]. Beijing: Science P ress, ( In Ch inese) [. [A ]. : [C ]. :, ] [ 34 ] Sh i Changxing, Xu J iongxin. A study on the regularity of adjustm ent of channel cro ss2sections and direction of channel training of the low er Yellow R iver[j ]. Geog rap h ical R esearch, 1997, 16 (2): ( In Ch inese) [,. [J ]., 1997, 16 (2): ] [35 ] L in B ingnan, Zhou J ianjun, Zhang R en. D iverting seaw ater to scour the estuary a quest fo r new app roach to regulate the low er Yellow R iver[j ]. International J ournal of S ed im ent R esearch, 1999, 14 (4): 129. Analysis of Im pacts of Sed im en tation on Flood ing D isasters in Ch ina SH I Chang2x ing1, ZHAN G D ian 2 (11Institu te of Geog rap h ic S ciences and N atu ral R esou rces R esearch, CA S, B eij ing , Ch ina; 21D ep artm ent of Geog rap hy & Geology, T he U niversity of H ong K ong, H ong K ong, Ch ina) Abstract: T he flooding and inundated area in Ch ina has been increased since the end of the 1960 ṡ T he area of farm land sub jected to flooding o r w aterlogging increased at a rate of 4169 m illion hm 2 annually in , and ro se to m illion hm 2 in C lim a te cond it ion is the num ber one im po rtan t facto r influencing the flood ing disasters. How ever, changes in p recip itation in Ch ina in the past decades did no t suppo rt the con siderab le increase in flooded areas. A lso, there w as a decrease in the area dam aged by flooding calcu lated in ligh t of the disaster p reven tion level of the w aterlogging p rone farm land since lo ts of flood con tro l and w aterlogging m itigation w o rk s have been con structed in the sam e period. O n the o ther hand, abou t 112 b illion ton s of sedim en t w ere depo sited annually in river

10 channels and lakes in the p lain s, reservo irs, irrigation areas, and flood deten tion areas in Ch ina. Suppo sing the annual increase in the vo lum e of w ater flooding the farm land is equal to the annual vo lum e of the 112 b illion ton s of depo sits, there w ou ld be a good agreem en t betw een the calcu lated changes in flooded area and the actual increase in the flooded o r dam aged a rea after the yea r It suggest s tha t the sed im en t accum u la t ion in the rivers, lakes, reservo irs, etc. in Ch ina m ay be con sidered as one of the m ain cau ses fo r aggravating flooding disasterṡ T he pattern s of impacts of sedim en tation on flooding disaster are generalized as depo sition in lakes and reservo irs, depo sition in river channels, depo sition in river mou th, and h igh sedim en t concen tration in flow ṡ Sedim en t accum u lation resu lts in the decrease in the flood2regu lating capacity of the lakes and reservo irṡ It low ers the drainage capacity of the channels and canals and also raises the riverbed to fo rm a perch ing river channel. T he ex ten sion of river mou th due to sedim en t accum u lation w ill low er the slope of channel, enhancing sedim en t depo sition up stream s and deterio rating the flood p rone situation of delta areas. T he large amoun t of sedim en t carried by w ater flow s can obviou sly en large the d ischa rge of p eak flood, and the hyp er2concen t ra ted flow s show an un stab le behavio r, leading to ab rup t rise and fall of peak flood, an unfavo rab le situation to flood con tro l. To alleviate the impacts of sedim en tation on flooding disasters, so il ero sion con tro l, en largem en t of sedim en t tran spo rt capacity of the river channels, decrease of the heigh t d ifference betw een the river channels and su rround ing p la in s, and reduce of depo sit ion2 induced ex ten sion of river mou th shou ld be the m easu res. How ever, the feasib ility of these m easu res in the sen ses of econom y and techno logy is no t so clear now and they m ay have nega t ive effect s on econom ic developm en t, environm en t and society. T hu s, the feasib ility as w ell as the po sitive and negative effects of these m easu res shou ld be studied and compared comp rehen sively in o rder to ach ieve the best resu lts in reducing the impacts of sedim en tation on flooding disasters in the fu tu re. Key words: flooding disaster; sedim en tation; disaster p reven tion