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8 Q = Q 1 + Q 2 R R R R R R R R R R (9.17) ό62+ Q1 (ί.*% # 6*4*:7:ή "#8 (6%/(ί4#-#8 1 9*% Q2 "#8 (6%/(ί4#-#8 2. F -+.ά4"#-# 1ή"#-#8 (ί.*% # (9.1).!+.(6ώ8 # "%3ή "2+ 642Gό."28 $ί.("*% *6ό, P = A Q b = A Q 1 Q 2 b R R R R R R R R (9.18)?% -+.*4"ή-(%8 9ό-"2+8 "7. $ύ2 (6%/(%4ή-(7. έ/2+. "# 324Jή "#8 (9.5).!+.(6ώ8 "* 9έ4$# "7. $ύ2 (6%/(%4ή-( $%24ί12."*% *6ό, Π 1 = PQ 1 C 1 = Q 1 (A Q 1 Q 2 ) b F c 1 Q 1 RR R R R R (9.19) Π 2 = PQ 2 C 2 = Q 2 (A Q 1 Q 2 ) b F c 2 Q 2 R R R R R (9.20) Hά;( 3ί* (6%/(%4ή-# 3(:%-"262%(ί "* 9έ4$# "#8, (6%'έ:2."*8 "2 (6ί6($2 "#8 6*4*:7:ή8 "#8, '*3@ά.2."*8 "2 (6ί6($2 "#8 6*4*:7:ή8 "2+ *."*:7.%-"ή "#8 78 $($23έ.2. C6ό "%8 -+.;ή9(8 64ώ"#8 "ά)#8 "7. (9.19) 9*% (9.20) έ/2+3( ό"% 9ά;( (6%/(ί4#-# ()%-ώ.(% "2 24%*9ό "#8 έ-2$2 3( "2 24%*9ό 9ό-"28. CJ2ύ (6%'ύ-2+3( *+"έ8 "%8 -+.;ή9(8 64ώ"#8 "ά)#8 :%* "2 (6ί6($2 6*4*:7:ή8 "#8 9ά;( (6%/(ί4#-#8, '*3@ά.2+3(, Q 1 = 1 2 (A Q bc 2 1 ) RR R R R R R R R (9.21) Q 2 = 1 2 (A Q 1 bc 2 ) R R R R R R R R (9.22)?% -+.*4"ή-(%8 (9.21) 9*% (9.22) 642-$%24ί12+. *."ί$4*-# "#8 9ά;( (6%/(ί4#-#8 -"2 (6ί6($2 6*4*:7:ή8 "2+ *."*:7.%-"2ύ "2+8.?.23ά12."*% 2=%-7.ή2#"' -%.ί97-2:'. F %-24426ί* -"#. $+267'%*9ή *:24ά 642-$%24ί1("*% -"2 -#3(ί2 -"2 262ί2 %9*.262%2ύ."*% 9*% 2% $ύ2 -+.*4"ή-(%8 *."ί$4*-#8.!"2 -#3(ί2 *+"ό, 2% 6*4*:7:%9έ8 *62Jά-(%8 "7. $ύ2 (6%/(ί4#-(7. (ί.*% -+3@*"έ8 3("*)ύ "2+8, 9*% 9*33ί* *6ό "%8 $ύ2 (6%/(%4ή-(%8 $(. έ/(% 9ί.#"42 3("*@2'ή8 "2+ (6%6έ$2+ 6*4*:7:ή8 "#8. C6ό "#. "*+"ό/42.# (6ί'+-# "7. (9.21) 9*% (9.22) έ/2+3(, 8

9 Q 1 = 1 ( 3 A bc + b(c c )) R R R R R R R R (9.23) Q 2 = 1 ( 3 A bc + b(c c )) R R R R R R R R (9.24) 2 1 2!"2 D%ά:4*33* 9.2 6*42+-%ά12+3( " $%24%-3ό "#8 %-24426ί*8, +62;έ"2."*8 ό"% "2 24%*9ό 9ό-"28 "#8 (6%/(ί4#-#8 1 (ί.*% 3%94ό"(42 *6ό "2 24%*9ό 9ό-"28 "#8 (6%/(ί4#-#8 2. Ό678 J*ί.("*% *6ό "2 D%ά:4*33* 9.2, (*''ά 9*% *6ό "%8 ()%-ώ-(%8 (9.23) 9*% (9.24)) 9*% 2% $ύ2 (6%/(%4ή-(%8 έ/2+. ;("%9ή 6*4*:7:ή. M-"ό-2, # (6%/(ί4#-# 1, # 262ί* έ/(% "2 /*3#'ό"(42 24%*9ό 9ό-"28, έ/(% 3(:*'ύ"(42 3(4ί$%2 "#8 *:24ά8 *6ό "#. (6%/(ί4#-# 2. =ί.*% *6'ό.* $(ί)(% 9*.(ί8 ό"% -"# 2=++#.7")ή 4#7ί4.12:, c 1 = c 2 = c 2% $ύ2 (6%/(%4ή-(%8 έ/2+. "2 ί$%2 (6ί6($2 6*4*:7:ή8. F -+.2'%9ή 6*4*:7:ή "2+ $+267'ί2+ $ί.("*% *6ό "2 ά;42%-3* "7. (9.23) 9*% (9.24). Q D = 2 3 A b c + c R R R R R R R R (9.25) 9*% # "%3ή "2+ $+267'ί2+ $ί.("*% *6ό, P D = c 1 + c b A b c + c R R R R R R R (9.26)!+:94ί.2."*8 "#. (9.25) 3( "#. (9.10) 9*% "#. (9.26) 3( "#. (9.11) $%*6%-"ώ.2+3( ό"% # 6*4*:7:ή "2+ $+267'ί2+ (ί.*% 3(:*'ύ"(4# 9*% # "%3ή /*3#'ό"(4# *6ό "2 *."ί-"2%/ ώ'%2, 3( ί-2 24%*9ό 9ό-"28 6*4*:7:ή8. O62;έ"2."*8 ό"%, c = c 1 + c 2 2 R R R R R R R R R R (9.27) ό62+ c (ί.*% "2 24%*9ό 9ό-"28 6*4*:7:ή8 3%*8 +62;("%9ή '%*9ή8 (6%/(ί4#-#8 3( 24%*9ό 9ό-"28 ί-2 3( "2 3έ-2 ό42 "2+ 24%*92ύ 9ό-"2+8 "7. $ύ2 (6%/(%4ή-(7. "2+ $+267'ί2+, (ί.*% -*Jέ8 ό"%, 9

10 Q D = 2 ( 3 A bc) > Q = 1 ( M 2 A bc) R R R R R R R (9.28) P D = c + 1 ( 3b A bc) < P = c + 1 M ( ) RR R R R R (9.29) 2b A bc C6ό "#. ώ4* 62+ # 6*4*:7:ή "2+ $+267'ί2+ (ί.*% 3(:*'ύ"(4# *6ό " 'ί2+, 9*% # "%3ή %-24426ί*8 /*3#'ό"(4#, (ί.*% *6'ό.* $(ί)(% 9*.(ί8 ό"% "ό-2 "* -+.2'%9ά 9έ4$# "2+ $+267'ί2+ ό-2 9*% "2 92%.7.%9ό 9ό-"28 "2+ (2% -"4(@'ώ-(% *'(ί) (ί.*% /*3#'ό"(4* *6ό "2+ *."ί-"2%/ 'ί2+.!+.(6ώ8, 3%* $+267'%*9ή *:24ά 2$#:(ί -( 3%94ό"(4(8 2%92.23%9έ8 -"4(@'ώ-(%8 -( -/έ-# 3( " ώ'%2, *''ά 9*% -( 3%94ό"(4* 9έ4$# :%* "2. 9'ά$ Έ/)!"ό$%1'() 86((%*91:#ύ ;,1'#"0,ί#6 =4/ό3*-"( "ώ4* -"# :(.%9ό"(4# *.ά'+-# "2+ 2'%:267'ί2+ 3(? (6%/(%4ή-(%8. Q* +62;έ-2+3( έ.* 9'ά$2 -"2. 262ί2 $4*-"#4%262%2ύ."*%? 6*4ό32%(8 (6%/(%4ή-(%8. F -+.ά4"#-# 9ό-"2+8 "#8 (6%/(ί4#-#8 n $ί.("*% *6ό, C n = F + cq n Rό62+ n=1,2,...,nr R R R R R R (9.30) qn (ί.*% # 6*4*:7:ή "#8 (6%/(ί4#-#8 n. F 9*% c (ί.*% ;("%9έ8 6*4ά3("42% 2% 262ί(8 (ί.*% -"*;(4έ8 9*% ί-(8 :%* ό'(8 "%8 (6%/(%4ή-(%8. F 9ά;( (6%/(ί4#-# (6%'έ:(% "#. 6*4*:7:ή "#8 ώ-"(.* 3(:%-"262%ή-(% "* 9έ4$# "#8. V*3@ά.2."*8 "#. *6όJ*-# *+"ή, ;(74(ί "# 3έ-# 6*4*:7:ή q "7. +62'2ί67. (6%/(%4ή-(7. 78 $($23έ.#. H*"ά -+.έ6(%*, *6ό "#. 6'(+4ά "#8 (6%/(ί4#-#8 n, # -+.2'%9ή 6*4*:7:ή %-2ύ"*% 3(, Q = q n + (N 1)q R R R R R R R R R (9.31) ό62+ qn (ί.*% # 6*4*:7:ή "#8 (6%/(ί4#-#8 n, 9*% q # 3έ-# 6*4*:7:ή "7. +62'2ί67. (6%/(%4ή-(7..!"# 3(:%-"262%ή-# "7. 9(4$ώ. "#8, # (6%/(ί4#-# n '*3@ά.(% +6όT# ό"% 3ί* *ύ)#-# "#8 6*4*:7:ή8 "#8 2$#:(ί -( 3(ί7-# "#8 "%3ή8 -"#. *:24ά, -ύ3j7.* 3( "# -/έ-#, P = A q n (N 1)q b R R R R R R R R (9.32) 10

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12 Q N = A bc (N + 1) > 0 R R R R R R R R R (9.38) 2 C6ό "# (9.37) έ/2+3( ό"%, P N = 1 A bc b (N + 1) < 0 R R R R R R R R (9.39) 2 C6ό "%8 (9.36) 9*% (9.37) (ί.*% (6ί-#8 (ύ92'2.* $(ί)(% 9*.(ί8 ό"% " ώ'%2, "2 $+26ώ'%2 9*% 2 "έ'(%28 *."*:7.%-3ό8 (ί.*% (%$%9έ8 6(4%6"ώ-(%8 "2+ 2'%:267'ί2+. D(. έ/(% 6*4ά.* 24ί-(% 9*.(ί8?=1 (32.26ώ'%2),?=2 ($+26ώ'%2), ή.* 6ά4(% "2 ό4%2 "7. (9.36) 9*% (9.37) 9*;ώ8 "2? "(ί.(% 6428 "2 ά6(% Έ/)!"ό$%1'() ;,1'#"0,ί#6 (% <,%ύ=%9> <ί2#$# <"1?%19ή2%0/ C.*'ύ-*3( 78 "ώ4* 324Jέ8 *"('2ύ8 *."*:7.%-32ύ -"%8 262ί(8 2% (6%/(%4ή-(%8 64*:3*"262%2ύ. +6(4@2'%9ά 9έ4$#. =ά. # (ί-2$28 (6%/(%4ή-(7. -"2. 9'ά$2 (ί.*% ('(ύ;(4#, ό-2 +6ά4/2+. 6(4%;ώ4%* (6ί"(+)#8 9(4$ώ., 2 *4%;3ό8 "7. (6%/(%4ή-(7. ;* *+)ά.(%. Q* $#3%2+4:2ύ."*%.έ(8 (6%/(%4ή-(%8 3( -"ό/2.* (93("*''(+"2ύ. "%8 $+.*"ό"#"(8 9(4$2J24ί*8 -"2. 9'ά$2.!( 62%2 -#3(ί2 ;* -"*3*"ή-(% # (ί-2$28.έ7. (6%/(%4ή-(7. -"2. 9'ά$2; F (ί-2$28 ;* -"*3*"ή-(% ό"*. # 24%*9ή (6%/(ί4#-# $(. ;* 3624(ί.* 642-$29ά -( ;("%9ά 9έ4$#. =ί$*3( *6ό "%8 (9.37) 9*% (9.39) ό"% # "%3ή %-24426ί*8 (ί.*% *4.#"%9ή -+.ά4"#-# "2+ *4%;32ύ "7. (6%/(%4ή-(7. -"2. 9'ά$2. Ά4*, ό-2 6(4%--ό"(4(8 (6%/(%4ή-(%8 +6ά4/2+. -( έ.* 9'ά$2, "ό-2 /*3#'ό"(4# (ί.*% # "%3ή -"#. *:24ά. C6ό "#. (9.30) 9*% "#. (9.35), "2 3έ-2 9ό-"28 6*4*:7:ή8 $ί.("*% *6ό, C q = c + F q = c + F(N + 1) A bc R R R R R R R R (9.40) I2 3έ-2 9ό-"28 6*4*:7:ή8 "#8 9ά;( (6%/(ί4#-#8 (ί.*% 9*"ά -+.έ6(%* ;("%9ή -+.ά4"#-# "2+ *4%;32ύ "7. (6%/(%4ή-(7. -"2. 9'ά$2. Ό-2 3(:*'ύ"(428 (ί.*% 2 *4%;3ό8 "7. (6%/(%4ή-(7. -"2. 9'ά$2, "ό-2 3%94ό"(4# (ί.*% # 9'ί3*9* 6*4*:7:ή8 "#8 9ά;( (6%/(ί4#-#8, *4ά "ό-2 3(:*'ύ"(42 (ί.*% 9*% "2 3έ-2 9ό-"28 6*4*:7:ή8.? *4%;3ό8 "7. (6%/(%4ή-(7. -"#. "2*77*4ί- +# #/#ύ$#7: #ί2*9* ;* 642-$%24%-"(ί -"2 -#3(ί2 -"2 262ί2 # "%3ή %-2ύ"*% 3( "2 3έ-2 9ό-"28 6*4*:7:ή8.!"2 -#3(ί2 $#'*$ή -"2 262ί2 # $()%ά 6'(+4ά "#8 (9.37) ;* %-2ύ"*% 3( "# $()%ά 6'(+4ά "#8 (9.40), 9*% 2% (6%/(%4ή-(%8 $(. ;* 64*:3*"262%2ύ. ;("%9ά 9έ4$#, *''ά 2ύ"( 9*% 1#3ί(8. 12

13 F %-24426ί* *+"ή 6*4ί-"*"*% $%*:4*33*"%9ά -"2 D%ά:4*33* 9.3.? *4%;3ό8 "7. (6%/(%4ή-(7. -"2. 9'ά$2 642-$%24ί1("*% -"2 -#3(ί2 62+ # 9*36ύ'# "#8 *4.#"%9ή8 -/έ-#8 "#8 "%3ή8 %-24426ί*8-*4%;32ύ (6%/(%4ή-(7. "έ3.("*% 3( "#. ;("%9ή -/έ-# "2+ 3έ-2+ 9ό-"2+8 3( "2. *4%;3ό "7. (6%/(ί4#-(7..!"2 -#3(ί2 *+"ό, *. 9ά62%*.έ* (6%/(ί4#-# +62'2:ί-(% "%8 -+.έ6(%(8 *6ό "#. (ί-2$2 -"2. 9'ά$2, ;* $(% ό"% ;* 9ά.(% 1#3ί(8 9*% έ"-% $(. ;* (6%/(%4ή-(%.* (%-έ';(% -"2. 9'ά$2. C':(@4%9ά, *6ό "#. (6ί'+-# "7. (9.37) 9*% (9.40) έ/2+3(, N E = A bc bf 1 R R R R R R R R R (9.41)? *4%;3ό8 "7. (6%/(%4ή-(7. -"#. %-24426ί* 3( ('(ύ;(4# (ί-2$2 (ί.*% ;("%9ή -+.ά4"#-# "2+ 3(:έ;2+8 "#8 *:24ά8 -"2. 9'ά$2 (A), 9*% *4.#"%9ή -+.ά4"#-# "ό-2 "2+ 24%*92ύ 9ό-"2+8 6*4*:7:ή8 (c), ό-2 9*% "2+ -"*;(42ύ 9ό-"2+8 6*4*:7:ή8 (F). =ί.*% (ύ92'2.* $(ί)(% 9*.(ί8 ό"% 9*;ώ8 "2 6ά:%2 9ό-"28 F "(ί.(% 6428 "2 3#$έ., 2 *4%;3ό8 "7. "7. (6%/(%4ή-(7. "(ί.(% 6428 "2 ά6(%42, 9*% # *:24ά "(ί.(% 6428 "2. "έ'(%2 *."*:7.%-3ό Έ/)!"ό$%1'() 5#/#"0,1):#ύ +/*)'0/12(#ύ I2 +6ό$(%:3* "2+ +*%*41/"-)*ύ -%.-01%"2+*ύ 2J(ί'("*% -"2. Chamberlin (1933) 9*% *62"('(ί έ.* +6ό$(%:3* *"('2ύ8 *."*:7.%-32ύ "2 262ί2 (ί.*% (.*''*9"%9ό 6428 "2 2'%:26ώ'%2.!"2 +6ό$(%:3* *+"ό +62"ί;("*% ό"% +6ά4/(% έ.*8 9'ά$28 -"2. 262ί2 έ.*8 *4%;3ό8 (6%/(%4ή-(7. N, 9ά;( 3ί* *6ό "%8 262ί(8 6*4ά:(% έ.* 9"-A*7*4*":+έ%* 642Gό. -( -/έ-# 3( "2+8 *."*:7.%-"έ8 "#8. =6%6'έ2. +62"ί;("*% ό"% 2 *4%;3ό8 "7. (6%/(%4ή-(7. (ί.*% -/("%9ά 3(:ά'28 9*% έ"-% 9ά;( (6%/(ί4#-# ;(74(ί "%8 "%3έ8 "7. *."*:7.%-"ώ. "#8 78 $($23έ.(8. Vό:7 *+"ώ. "7. $ύ2 +62;έ-(7., "#8 +6ό;(-#8 ό"% "2 642Gό. (ί.*% $%*J24262%#3έ.2 9*% "#8 +6ό;(-#8 ό"% 2% (6%/(%4ή-(%8 (ί.*% 62''έ8 9*% '*3@ά.2+. "%8 "%3έ8 "7. *."*:7.%-"ώ. "2+ 78 $($23έ.(8, 9ά;( (6%/(ί4#-# -+36(4%Jέ4("*% -*..* ή"* ώ'%2 :%* "2 $%*J24262%#3έ.2 642Gό. "#8, (.ώ -"#. 64*:3*"%9ό"#"* *."%3("76ί1(% "2. *."*:7.%-3ό "7. ά''7. (6%/(%4ή-(7.. C6ό "2 -+.$+*-3ό *+"ώ. "7. $ύ2 -"2%/(ί ύ6"(% 9*% "2 ό.23* "#8 324Jή8 *+"ή8 $%ά4;47-#8 "#8 *:24ά '%*92ύ *."*:7.%-32ύ. F -+.ά4"#-# 1ή"#-#8 :%* "2 642Gό. "#8 (6%/(ί4#-#8 n $ί.("*% *6ό, q n = A 1 N b P n P ( ), n = 1,2,..., N R R R R R R (9.42) ό *% b (ί.*% -"*;(4έ8 6*4ά3("42% "#8 -+.ά4"#-#8 1ή"#-#8, Pn (ί.*% # "%3ή "#8 (6%/(ί4#-#8 n, 9*% P (ί.*% 2 3έ-28 ό428 "7. "%3ώ. "7. (6%/(%4ή-(7. "2+ 9'ά$2+. F 13

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17 P = P* = c A bc b R R R R R R R R (9.53) O62;έ"2+3( "ώ4* ό"% "2 (36ό4%2 3("*)ύ "7. $ύ2 /74ώ. 9*;ί-"*"*% ('(ύ;(42.?% (6%/(%4ή-(%8 "ώ4* 3(:%-"262%2ύ. "* 9έ4$# "2+8 +6ό "2. 6(4%24%-3ό "#8 6*:9ό-3%*8 -+.ά4"#-#8 1ή"#-#8, Q + Q* = 2A 2bP R R R R R R R R R (9.54) =6%6'έ2., 3( "#. *6('(+;έ47-# "2+ $%(;.2ύ8 (3624ί2+ έ/2+3( *''*:ή -"# $%ά4;47-# "#8 *:24ά8. C."ί :%* $ύ '%*9έ8 *:24έ8, έ/2+3( 3ί* 6*:9ό-3%* $+267'%*9ή *:24ά. F 6*4*:7:ή "#8 9ά;( /ώ4*8 9*% # 6*:9ό-3%* "%3ή %-24426ί*8 ;* 642-$%24%-"(ί *6ό, Q = Q* = 1 ( 2A 2bc ) 3 = 2 3 A bc ( ) RR R R R R R (9.55) P W = c A bc b R R R R R R R R R (9.56) =ί.*% -*Jέ8 *6ό "# -ύ:94%-# "7. (9.55) 9*% (9.56) 3( "%8 (9.52) 9*% (9.53) ό"% # *6('(+;έ47-# "2+ (3624ί2+ 2$#:(ί -( *ύ)#-# "#8 6*:9ό-3%*8 6*4*:7:ή8, -( *ύ)#-# "#8 9*"*.ά'7-#8 "7. 642Gό."7. "2+ 9'ά$2+ 9*% -"%8 $ύ2 /ώ4(8 9*% -( 3(ί7-# "7. "%3ώ. "7. 642Gό."7. "2+ 9'ά$2+ :%* "2+8 9*"*.*'7"έ8. C6ό "#. (9.52), # 6*:9ό-3%* 6*4*:7:ή (9*% 9*"*.ά'7-#) 64ί. "#. *6('(+;έ47-# "2+ (3624ί2+ $ί.("*% *6ό, Q A = Q + Q* = (A bc) R R R R R R R R (9.57) C6ό "#. (9.55), 3("ά "#. *6('(+;έ47-# "2+ $%(;.2ύ8 (3624ί2+, # 6*:9ό-3%* 6*4*:7:ή (9*% 9*"*.ά'7-#) $ί.("*% *6ό, Q W = Q + Q* = 4 (A bc) R R R R R R R R (9.58) 3? 'ό: $%(+4ύ.("*% # 6*:9ό-3%* 6*4*:7:ή 9*% 9*"*.ά'7-# 9*% 3(%ώ.2."*% 2% "%3έ8 "2+ 9'ά$2+ (ί.*% ό"% # *6('(+;έ47-# "2+ $%(;.2ύ8 (3624ί2+ *''ά1(% "# $%ά4;47-# "#8 *:24ά8, *6ό '%*9ή -( 2'%:267'%*9ή ($+26ώ'%2). D($23έ.2+ ό"% -( 3ί* $+267'%*9ή *:24ά 2 *."*:7.%-3ό8 3("*)ύ "7. $ύ2 (6%/(%4ή-(7. 2$#:(ί 17

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