o EKnAI~EYTIKOI <l>yiikhi ArnrHI ITII NEEI E:EAI:EII npaktika 2 Y FORUM ria TH CbYIIKH ArnrH ~ J f Koorflr

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1 ~.A 1I_'_ t... npaktika 2 Y FORUM ria TH CbYIIKH ArnrH o EKnAI~EYTIKOI <l>yiikhi ArnrHI ITII NEEI E:EAI:EII Ma'Lou 2005 ATHOS PALACE KaMl8ta XaAKlOlKrlc; 'EKOOOll TTl~ EMTlVLKrl~ AKaOTl~(a~ <t>uolkrl~ AywYrl~ En(OllIlO~ xoprly6~: ~ J f Koorflr 'J) XPIITODOUnlDH 8eooaAOvlKTl 2005

2 ME8o~oAoyio L'lEiyuo: LTIlV EPWVO ou~~et ixov 66 'EMllv e; ~08flTEe; -Tpl e; nou <poltouoav OTIe; ouo TE/,WlOi e; TOS Ie; lou OIl~OTIKou O ESI ola<pop TIKO oxoa ia Tile; K \ftpik~e; 8 (JaoAoviKIle;. H OIAo V~ TOU O iv~oloe; EVIV ~ Til ~ 8ooo TWV Tuxoiwv opl8~wv ana TO ouvoao TWV ~08IlTWV TWV oxoa iwv nou nailpouoov TIe; nopokotw npouno8 0 1e;: a) IlAIKio 11 Xpovwv (±6~~v e;), ~) Xwpie; OW~aTIKEe; ~ Iov si e; ~ npo~a~~alo uv iae;, y) soip 8IlKav TO no 1010 omooanwv, KOI 0) solp 8IlKav no 1010 ~ o iktil OW~OTIK~e; ~o~oe; (L'lLM) ~26. AvoAu81lKOV TO O OOIJEVO ~ovo TWV 51 ~o8fltwv (23 avopla - 28 KopiTOIO) OIOTI OPIO~EVOI o v okoaou81l00v mota TO npwtokomo Tile; ~apllalle; 54 EMHNIKH AKMHMIA <DYLIKHL AmrHL A2. noio APAITHPIA EINAI TA naiaia TOY AHMOTlKOY IXOJ\EIOY ITO MA0HMA THI cj)yiikhi ArnrHIi AUv pivoe;, A. & B pvoookile;, N. T.E.<t>.A.A., L'l1l~oKpiT lo novmot~~io 8paKIle;, KO~OTIlV~ l1iftx; f(),e/oio: <t>uoik~ ovwv~, <puoik~ OPOOTIlPloTIlTO, OITOXUVOIO~ETPO (CSA). 01 viol ovepcunol nou ml TOU napovtoc; dvat ElloXIOTO qjumko opaarrjplol, npine/ va OUjJjJE ElooyooYrl H EM lljjll <puoik~e; OPOOTIlPloTIlTOe; (<t>l'i) nou XOPOKTllpi~ 1 TO OUVXpovo Tpono ~w~e; KOI 01 OPvIlTIKEe; Olmwo le; Tile; unoklviltik~e; ou~n pl<popoe; EivOi OTO OiK \ftpo TOU VOIO<pEPO \ftoe; OTO ~IlT~~OTO Tile; OIl~OOloe; uv ioe; 01 8vwe; (DHPHIP, 2004). L~~ PO unapxouv loxupee; vo is le; OTI Il Ko81l~ PIV~ ~naok~ O <t>l'i KOI onop KOla TIlV V OVIK~ IlAIKio EX I 8ETIKEe; mmwa le; OTllv uveio TOOO ~ (Jonp08 (J~0 000 Kal OTllv v~aikil ~w~ (Garan, Reynolds & Lindquist, 1999). QOToOO, OTIe; n plooot p e; OV OTUv~EV e; xwp e; TO VEO ato~o O V ivoi apketo OpoOT~pla Via va oloo<poaioouv OUTEe; TIe; W<pE}, I e; (Booth, 2000) VlaTi soo uouv Tav Aiva E/,ElJ8 po Xpovo TOUe; Kupiwe; O OPOOTIlPIOTIlT e; na8iltik~e; ovaljjux~e; (Auy plvoe;, Almond, LT081l & KIOU~OUPT~OVAou, 2002; DHPHIP, 2004). Mia a~ (J1l OPOl~ Oimwoll ivol Il OUSIlOIl TWV unep~apwv Kal naxuoapkwv OlO~WV, oivo\ftae; OTIl xwpo ~oe; ~IO av 018u~IlTIl npwtlo OTIlV Eupwnll TO TE/,WTaia XPovla (Rudloff & Feldmann, 1999; Krassas, Tzotzas, Tsametis & Konstantinidis, 2001). Ko8we; 01 W<p A I e; OTllv uv io ana Til OUOowPWOIl Tile; <t>l'i EXOUV naeov T K~IlPIW8 i OIOTIl~OVIKO, 01 npoo<pat e; wpwnafkee; OOllyi e; ava<poplko ~ TO Oin oo Tile; <t>l'i TWV VEWV OlO~WV IOIlVOU\fTOI OTI «... ollol 01 viol ovepcunol ea npine/ va oujjjjuixouv Kaer;jJEplVO ylo jjla djpa OE <tjl1 nou EKTuidTOI jje TOulloXlaTOv jjitpla ivtaor;. Tixouv Kaer;jJEplVO VIa jjlorj djpa OE <tjl1 nou EKTuidTOI TOulloXlarov jje jjetpla EVTaOr;». H nlkouplk~ oollvia T Aae; npot iv 1 OTI «... ToulloXlarov ovo qjopec; Tr; /3oojJooa, Konola; ana autic; TIC; opaarr;piotr;tec; npino va EKTuioVVTal jje TiTOIO Tpono djare va oujj/3ollllouv arr;v avfr;or; Kat OIOTrjpr;or; Tr;c; jjuikrjc; ovvajjr;~ Tr;c; EUKIVr;olac; Kat Tr;c; uydac; TCUV oardjv» (Cavill, Biddle & Sallis, 2001). To oxoaeio ~nopei va KaToOTEi EVa 1010iT pa onot A (J~aTlKO n pl~omov OTIl opaotilplonailloll TWV ~a8iltwv KOI OTIlV npow81l01l 8 TIKWV ou~n pl<popwv Via TIlV uv io OTOV a' auto <pop~o~o\ftal KOToMIlA e; noaitikee; (Johnson & Deshpande, 2000) KOI ~nop i va ~OIl8~0 1 OnOTE/, (J~aTlKO loue; ~a8fltee; va OITUXOUV TIe; naponovw 0 Ollvi e; <t>l'i Via uv io. LIl~a\fTIKo poao npoe; OUT~ TIlV KOT u8uvoil ~nop i va OIOOPO~OTiO 1 TO ~a81l~0 Tile; <puolk~e; ovwv~e; (<t>a). 01 npoo<pat e; OOIlVi e; OTO Healthy People 2010 npot ivouv Tllv Ka81l~ piv~ unoxp wtik~ OU~~ETOX~ TWV ~a8fltwv OTO ~08rj~a Tile; <t>a OTO anoia 80 npen 1 va ~naeko\ftoi O 0POOTIlPloTIlT e; ~ETpIOe; KOI UljJIlA~e; E\fTOOIle; Via TouAOXIOTOV TO 50% TOU Xpovou nou olopk i Il OIOaKTIK~ wpo (USDHHS, 2000). QOTooO, aplo~ev e; ~E/,E T e; oeixvouv on TO ~081l~a Tile; <t>a ouv~8we; anotuvxov 1 va opaotilplonol~o 1 OapKwe; TOUe; ~08IlTEe; (Simons-Morton, Taylor, Snider et ai, 1994; Fairchough & Stratton, 2002; Booth, Macaskill, McLellan et al. 1997). LKonOe; aut~e; Tile; Epwvae; ~Tav Il osloaoviloil Tile; <t>l'i ~a8iltwv Tile; npwto~o8~1oe; KnoioWOIle; OTO ~061l~a Tile; <puoik~e; OVwv~e; OTO TUnlKO oxoa io.

3 FORUM: 0 EKnAIlIEYTIKOL.: cdyl.:ikhl.: ArQrHL.: ITIL.: NEEL.: E::EJ\EEIL.: 55 'ORYOVO MURnone Tne; <1:>L'I: H o~loaoyr)afl TWV ~08r)TWV EYIV ~ TO OITOXUVOIO~ETPO CSA (Computer Science and Applications Inc. 7164, Shalimar), To auykekpl~evo EPYOAEio OIAE X8r)KE OIOTI EivOI EVO o~lonlmo opyovo YIO Tr)V ~upr)ar) Tr)C; <1:>L'I TWV VEWV OTO~WV (Janz, Witt & Mahoney, 1995; Ekelund et al. 2001) xwpic; vo n plopi~ei Tr) OPOmflPIOTr)Ta TOUC; TO 00 OE K08r)~EPIVEC; Klv~aEIC; 000 KOI mo anop. nopomflao, EXEI Tr) OUVOTOTr)TO VO KOTOYPO <pel Tr)V KIVr)TIK~ opomr)piotr)to TOU unokei!-jevou ae XPOVIKO Olom~~OTO nou pu8!-ji~ovtoi 0 no TOV PWVr)T~ OiVOVTOC; OKPI~EiC; nar)po<popiec; yla HI auxvotr)to, Tfl OlopK la KOI EVToar) TflC; Opamr)pIOTr)TOC;. AtloAOynan TOU L'lLM: flo Tr)V EUPWr) lou L'lLM XPr)0I~onolri8r)KE ~uyopla OKPI~EioC; (Seca Beam Balance 710) nou EAEVX8r)K ylo Tr)V o~lonjmio Tr)C; KOI TO UlIJOC; 0~IOAoy~8r)KE ~ TO EPYOA io Seca Stadiometer 208). 01 OOKI~O~O~EVOI KOTO Tr)V ~ETpr)ar) <popouoov EAOXlmo pouxo KOI ~TOV ovunoor)lol. L'llooIKoaio: LTr)V EpWVO XPr)0I~onol~8r)KOV 7 auak UEC; CSA 01 onoiec; npor)you~evwc; EAEY X8r)KOV ylo Tr)V o~lonlmio TOUC;, To OITOXUVOIO~ETPO Ton08ET~8r)KOV O EIOIK~ 8~Kr) KOI npoaop~omr)kov ~E ~wvr) oa<poa ioc; mo o ~i ~EPOC; TrjC; ~Ear)C; TWV ~a8r)twv nplv Tr)V EVOP ~r) TWV ~08r)~OTWV. KOTOYPO<Pr)KE r) KIVr)TIK~ opomr)plotr)to K08E unokei~evou ae OUO 010 <popetiko ~08~~OTO <1:>A, 01 auakwec; Eixov pu8~lm~ va KOTOYPO<pouv Tr) <1:>L'I A OTO npoc; AE mo, LUVOAIKO KomYPo<pflK r) <1:>L'I TOU O iy~oloc; ae OWO KO auvoaiko OJO<pOP TIKO ~o8ri~om nou OXEoiooov KOI uaonoir)oov E~I K08r)Yr)TEC; <1:>A. 01 ~ETp~aEIC; EYIVOV TOUC; ~~VEC; MOPTIO, A npialo KOI MaiO. LTIC; ~EPEC; TWV ~ETP~OEWV KOTOYPO<POTOV 01 KOlPIKEC; OUV8~KEC; 01 onoiec; E np O va EivOi OVOAOY C; Tr)C; OOX~C;. L'lEV KOTOYPO<Pr)KOV ~08ri~OTO KOTa TIC; r)~ep C; nou 0 KOIPOC; ~TOV ~POXEPOC; ~ KPUOC; ylo Tr)V OOX~. 'GAO TO ~08~~OTO nou 0~IOAOy~8flKOV EYIVOV mr)v oum TWV OXOAEiwv KOI OXEOlomllKOV mil ~oall TOU OVOAUTIKOU npoypo~!-jotoc; <1:>A TOU YnmG. LTO TEAOC; Tr)C; ~upr)ar)c; TO OEOO~EVO K08E auakw~c; on08r)k UOVTOC; a H/Y ylo KO 8E unokei~evo ~ExwplmO. K080Rlauoe <1:>L'I: 01 TI~EC; TOU CSA <1952 counts.min- l, counts.min- l, KOI >5725 counts.min- l, XPflOl~onol~8flKOV YIO va opiaouv ovtimolxo Tflv E},O<pPO «2,99 METs), Tr)V jjirp/o ( METs) KOI Tr)V ivrovij (>6.0 METs) <1:>L'I au~<pwvo ~E TIC; OOflyiEC; TOU KOTO akwom~ TOU OPYovou. L'lloXEiRlan TWV OEOOUEVWV - METOBAOT C To npwtoyev~ O OO~EVO TOU CSA KOTOXWp~8r)KOV KOI 0~000nol~8IlKOV ae ~ETO~Ar)TEC; ~E Til xp~all TOU npoypo~~otoc; Excel ylo Windows. 01 IJETO~AIlTEC; OVOAU81lKOV ~ TO motlmlko npoypo~ijo SPSS/PC. nepiyp0<pikri motlmlk~ XPIl 0I~onOI~8r)KE ylo OAEC; TIC; ~ETO~AflTEC;, flo Til auykplar) TIlC; <1:>L'I TWV OUO <puawv XPr)OI~onOI~ 81lKE TO Student's t-test YIO OVE~OPTr)TO oeiy~oto. H O~OIOYEVEIO Tr)C; OloKu~ovar)C; mo o~o oonolfl~evo OEOO~EVO EAEVX81lKE ~ TO Levene's test. H motlmlk~ ar)~ovtikotilto opimr)ke ae mineoo p<,05. H EPWVO 01E~riX81l ~E Tr)V OOEIO TOU noiooywyikou IvmlTouToU KOI Tfl au~<pwvr) YVW~1l TWV 0lW8UVTWV TWV OXOAEiWV, TWV Ko8IlYr)TWV <1:>A KOI TWV yovewv TWV nololwv. AnOTEAEa~CTC LTOV nivoko 1 nopouoio~ovtoi n plypa<piko O oo~eva TOU OEiy~OTOC; nivckcc; 1: MEaol OPOI (MO) KOI TunIKEC; onokj\iaeic; (TA) TWV aw~oto~etp~oewv Ayoplo (n=23) BapoC; 'Y1IJ0C; L'lLM MO (Kg) TA MO (Kg) TA MO (Kg) TA KopiTOIO (n=28) LUVOAO (n=51)

4 56 EMHNIKH AKMHrv1IA <PYLIKHL: AmrHL: LTOV nivoko 2 nopoucjl(j~ovtoi m:plypocplko OTolXEio Trle; cpli TOU eeiy~otoe; OTO ~o8rwo Trle; cpa. nivakac; 2: neplypocpiko OEOO~EVO Trle; cpli OTO ~o8rwo Tile; cpa ~E ~ooll Tllv KOTOYPOCP~ TOU (SA (counts.ljo8nwo-1) KOTO (DUAO. Avoplo (n=23) KopiTOIO n=28) l:uvoao (n=51) MO TA MO TA MO TA cpli OTO ~o81l~0 Trle; cpu- OIK~e; Avwv~e; (MO counts EVOe; Tunl KOU ~Oe~iJOTOC;) To t-test YIO ove~optilto oeiy~oto EOEI~E cm TO OYOplO EivOI OTOTIOTIKO OIl~OVTIKO nlo opo OT~PIO ana TO KopiTOIO OTO ~o81l~0 Tile; <!la (t(49)=3.016, Q<.05). LTOV nivoko 3 nopouoio~e TOI 0 xpovoe; E~nAoK~e; TWV ouo CPUAWV OTO ~o81l~0 Tile; cpa OE cpuoikee; epootilpiotiltee; EIIO CPPIOC;, ~UpIOe; KOI ulj../ilme; VTOall e;. To OYOplO OU~~ETEXOUV OTOTIOTIKO OIl~OVTIKO neplooo TEpO Xpovo OE cpli ~ETpIOe; KOI Ulj../IlA~e; EVTOOIle; OE 0',< 011 ~E TO KopiTOIO. nivokot; 3: MEeJOC; XpovoC; ejujjjjetoxrjc; (eje Amra) MO jja(}f/jjo rf/c; <PA eje <PLl OlOrpOPETlKrjc; EvrOeJf/C; l:uvoao (n=51) Ayoplo (n=23) Kopiwlo (n=28) MO TA MO TA MO TA V' EAOCPPO cpli c o > ::1.3 Muplo cpli c> ~~ 'EVTOVIl cpli La IU~rlTrlO'1 l:konoe; OUT~e; Tile: EpEUVOe; ~TOV 11 o~lomyiloil Tile; cpli ~08IlTWV npwto~o8~loe; EKnoi OEUOIle; OTO ~o81l~0 Tile; <!la. H OVOAuoll TWV OEOO~ vwv eei~e OTI 0 neploootepoe; xpovoe; TOU ~08~~OTOe; KOTOVOAWVETOI OE OPoOTIlPIOTIlTEe; EAOcppIOe; VTOOIle;, EUPIl~O nou on XE1 KO TO nom ana TIe; npotooeie; TOU USDHHS (2000). AUTO TO OTOIXEio EivOI OE ou~cpwvio ~E TO EUP~~OTO npoocpotile; EpEUVOe; 11 onoio EOEI~E TIlV oouvo~io TWV K081lYIlTWV cpa OTIl xwpo ~oe; VO OIOXEIPIOTOUV onoteaeo~otiko TO XPOVO TOU ~08~~OTOe; (AAElcpEPIl, 2005). 0 ~EYOAOe; xpovoe; E~nAoK~e; TWV ~oelltwv OE 0POOTIlPIOTIlTEe; xo~ilme; EVTOOIle; OEiXVEI ooikolomyiltil onotoail TOU Xpovou TOU ~08~~OTOe; 11 onoio ~nopei vo ocpeiaetoi OT;e; Aov8oo~EVEe; EnIAOYEe; TOU K08IlYIlT~ cpa KOI ocpopo Kupiwe; TOV ~Il OnOTEllEOIJOTIKO OXEOIOO~O, Tllv EMln~ opyovwall, TOV ~EYOAO Xpovo yla oollyiee; KOt ovotpocpol5otlloll KOI Tllv EAIIEIlj../1l POUTIVWV EKTEAEOIle;. o EIIOXIOTOe; xpovoe; E~nAoK~e; TWV ~08IlTWV OE 0POOTIlPIOTIlTEe; ~UpIOe; KOI ulj../ilme; EVToolle; KOTOOEIKVUEI Tllv oouvo~io TOU ~Oe~iJOTOe; OTIl xwpo ~oe; VO ou~~om 1 OTllv EKnA~pwoll TWV OOIlYIWV <!>Li yla uyeio KOt vo EnICPEPEI onoleoo~note npooop~oyee; OTllv CPUOIK~ TOUe; KO TOOTooll (Cavill, Biddle & Sallis, 2001). To nooooto OUTO EivOI loioitepo XOiJllf,O OE OXEOIl ~E TO 1l0piO~OTO 6Mwv pwvwv (McKenzie, Strikmiller et ai, 2000; Fairclough & Stratton, 2002). To EUPIlPO OTI TO KopiwlO I5pOOTIlPlonOlouVTol OTOTIOTIKO oll~avtiko AIYOTEPO ana TO OYOPIO OTO naoioio TOU ~08~iJOTOe; OEixvEI OTI npenej vo e08ei ana TOV OIOOOKOVTO ~opu TIlTO OTIe; npotlij~oeie; KOI TO 10IOiTEPO XOPOKTIlPIOTIKO TOU cpuaou. To KpeJTOe; npenei OUVTO ~o va ECPOP~OOEI EIOIKO npoypoijijoto EKnoioEUOIle; YIO TOUe; K08IlYIlTEe; cpa WOTE vo yivouv IlIO onoteaeo~otikoi aro OXEOIOO~O KOt Tllv uaonoiflotl Tile; MioOKOAioe; onwe; EXEI ~Oll yivei KOI OE GAIIEe; XWpEe; (Beurden, Barnett, Zask et al. 2003). BlllAlovpaq>ia AUYEpIVOe; A., Almond L., LT081l A. & KIOUiJOUPT~OYAOU E. (2002). <PumKrj LlPOMf/P/OTf/TO Ka/ no/orf/to ZUJrjc;, ( A S

5 FORUM: 0 EKnAIlIEYTIKOL <1JYLIKHl: AmrHl: ITIl: NEEl: E::EI\EEIl: 57 Booth, M. L. (2000). What proportion of Australian children are sufficiently physically active? Medicine Journal ofaustalia, 173, Cavill, N., Biddle,S. & Sallis, J.F. (2001). Health enhancing physical activity for young people: statement of the United Kingdom expert consensus conference. Pediatric Exercise Science, 13, Department of Health and Human Services, Department of Education (2000). Promoting better health for young people through physical activity and sports. A report to the president from the secretary of education. Fall Silver Spring: Department of Health and Human Services, Department of Education, Centers for Disease Control. Department of Health, Physical Activity, Health Improvement and Prevention (2004). At least five a week. Evidence on the impact of physical activity and its relationship to health. A report from the Chief Medical Officer, U.K. Goran, M.L, Reynolds, K.D. & Lindquist, C.H. (1999). Role of physical activity in the prevention of obesity in children. International Journal ofobesity, 23, Johnson, J., & Deshpande, C. (2000). Health education and physical education: Disciplines preparing students as productive, healthy citizens of the challenge of the 21 5t century. Journal ofschool Health, 70, 2, Krassas G, E., Tzotzas, T., Tsametis, c., & Konstantinidis, T. (2001). Determinants of body mass index in Greek children and adolescents. Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology & Metabolism, 14,5 (5uPPI.), Pangrazi, R.P. (2000). Promoting physical activity for youth. Journal of Science in Medicine & Sport, 3, Rudloff, L. M. & Feldmann, E. (1999). Childhood obesity: addressing the issue. Journal of American Osteopath Association, 99, A3. A:IOAOrHI.H TOY EKnAIAEYTIKOY cdyiikhi ArnrHI BOOIAEIOOOU, 0., L'.EPPfl, B., EJ-lJ-loVOUflAioou, K., KIOUJ-lOUPT~OVAOU, T.E.<D.A.A. li.fll..lokpiteio novc:niot~1..i10 GpOKfle; E. Iii~Elr; IOtElOla: 0~IO},6vrWrJ OIOOOKO},;'Or;, OUDTrJj.JOTlKrj nopotrjprjorj, onote},edj.jotlkrj 0100 okano. EIGoywyi) o 5iedentop (1991) unoot~plc,e OTI onotelieoi..iotik~ EivOI fl oloookoaio KOTO Tflv onoio I08flTEe; l..io8oivouv EKTEVWe; KOI AEnTOI..IEpWe;, ovomuooouv 8ET1K e; OnOljJEIe; Via auto nou!jo8ov KOI fl OUTOEKTil..lflO~ TOUe; OUC,OVETOI OE OAfl Tfl OIOPKEIO Tfle; OIOOOKOAioe;. 01 Arrighi KOI Young (1986) OUl..lnEpOVOv (m 01 K<D.A 8EWpOUV onoteaeoi..iotik~ Tfl oloookoaio nou nepl AO!J~OVEI olisoktikee; OTPOTflVIKEe;, oloxeiplofl Kat OPVOVWOfl Tfle; Toc,fle;, YVWOEIe; VIO TO nepie XOlJEVO KOI TIlV ovomuc,~ TOU KOI npoownlko XOPOKTrjPIOTIKO. l.ui..icpwvo I..IE TOV Castetter (1971) fl oc,ioaovrjofl TOU OIOOOKOVTO EivOI onopoitlltfl Via 111 ~EATiworj Tfle; OIOOOKOAioe;, Via va npoooioplo8ei TO OUV0I..IIKO TOU, va EVTonlOTOUV TO 1 oxupa KOI OOUVOf-lO ofll..leia TOU, va npoax8ei rj OUTOOUV0f-lrj nv UI..IOTIK~ TOU ovomuc,fl, va 0.OTEB~_o ~-::. ::WOTrjTEe; aallo KOI va npoooloplo80uv auc,~oeie; OTIe; I..IflVIOiE~ onoooxee;. TOU OIOOOKOVTO fl Nichols (1994) npoteivei OUTOOC,IOAOVrjOfl I..IE P"'~ii>~.~'-'-,I,-=--,:O~f.JOTO<;, ~ Ko81lI..lEPIV~ vpom~ O~IOAOVrjOfl, 01 Graham, Holt/Hale lje ovoaovo EPWTTl~OTOAOVIO ~ ac,lomvflofl ana TOUe; ljo (1989) 8EWPOUV w~ TrjV nlo VKUPIl, OVTIKEII..IEVIK~ KOI jjkovto TIl OUlJTTl\..lonK~ nopot~pflofl H 00 :ovro oq>opouv OTrjV O~IO 1998;