et~a: rtpatl1ylke~ eti LAOYE~ Yla TO VaUTIllye(a OTl1V EM6~a.

Transcript

1 et~a: rtpatl1ylke~ eti LAOYE~ Yla TO VaUTIllye(a OTl1V EM6~a. EIOTlYlln1~: x. liiapauti1~, Ka8/T~~ TI-l~I-lQTO~ NMM, EMn. KUPIOI auvmehcpol, KUpCee:; KOI KUPIOI, Xa(p0I-lOl nou I-l0U lhvetol " EUKOlpia va Eil-lOl an64je I-la ~i oae:; Yla va au~rrn'iooujl Yla eva TOOO 0Tll-lOVTlK6 Se I-la. IKonoe:; 11le; IOTlYllaf)e:; 1-l0U e:(vol va EmXElp~ ow va p(~w KOnOlO cpwe; OlO npo(3h'll-la TWV VOUTllWdwv OTllv EMMa. cpwe; TO onoio (owe; (30'lS~OEI Ol'l islotunwotl npotooewv. EKnpoownwVTOe; tva AEI, So npoonos~ow vo OKOhOUST')OW(000 l3e130la e:lvol isuvoto) I-110 «EmOTllllovlKT')" l-lesocsohoy (O OTTJVnapouoiamll-l0u, IllOlEUO VTOC; OTl KCm TeTolo So 130T]8~ Oel OTllv nh'lpeotep'l KO Tov6110Tl TOU npol3n'iilotoc;. ITO naoiolo Olfr6. T] 0IlLA(O I-l0u So KOAU4JEl TO e~t')e; st I-lOTa: 1. IOTOplKn avaispol-l~ DE noyk601-l10 enlne To rrp613hll1-l0 OTllv EMMa. 3. flo ilia esvlkn VOUlllwlKn noaitlkt'). 4. Tl rrptnea va YIVEl KOI Tl isev npenel va yivei. 1. ICJTOPI K~ ava~po~~ at "avk6~lo t"int~o AC; isoui-le npwta DE KonOlO mo aq>mplko nhoiolo Tle; OlpOTTJYlKEC; E~EA(E, le; OTllV naykoolllo vounllylkt') I3lo IlTlXOV(o. To aml-lo 11 onelkov(~ei 11lV E~thl!;l1 11lC; VOU IlT]YlKT')c: nopoywyfje:; islocp6pwv xwpwv DE noyk00l-110 KAi!JOKO ana 11lV eno~ TOU IlWOnoMI-l0u IltXPl TO GO REST OF WORLD REST OF DEV ELOPIN G CO UNTRIE S t\j c\ ~ c:: 50 OJ ~ OJ a.. 40 REST OF WESTERN EUROPE U.IC 10 0 HJ ~ 1. 0 Ixr7J..1a 1. E~eAl ~Tl r TlC; nayk6o/lloc; VaUnTlYIKryc; {310J..lTlxav{ac;. 1. nr\yrl YlO TO OXl'liJQTQ t<.ql5; Porter. M., Competition in Global lndustri 9, Harvard University Press, 1966.

2 Maloe; - louvloe; '97 TC)(VlKO XpovlKa 35 H ncp(o(5oe; ana TO TEAOe; TOU B' noyk00l-ilou noa I-I0U I-IEXPl TO To-,'l TIle; (5cKonloe; TOU 1950 ~TOV ncplo(5oe; KO TO TIlV onolo 'l McyOA'l BPCTOVlO nope(5woc nptlno 0T1l Aom~ 11. Eupwn'l KOl KOTomv OT1lV lonwvlo TIl OKUTOA'l TIle; 'lywloc; OT'lV noyko0l-ilo voun'lylk~ ~loi-l'lxovlo. H ncplo(5oe; oun'] ~TOV ncplo(5oe; ovomu~'le; KOl OVOVEW 0Ile; 6AWV TWV Cl-lnOplKwv OTOAWV. KOTO TO TEA'l TIle; (5CKOCTlOe; TOU '50 0PXlOC va CK(5'lAW VCTOl oo~opo 'l (5ldo(5uOIl TIle; lonwvloe;. 'EXOVTOe; c~o OCPaAlOCl EVa OT08cpo uljjoe; nopoyycalwv YlO TIlV ovo VEwOIl TOU KOTCOTP0I-II-IEVOU Cl-lnOplKOu OTOAOU TIle; 10 nwv(oe;, TO lonwvlko voun'lydo I-InopCOOv myo - myo va I-Inouv OT'l (5lc8vf] oyopo, npoocpepovtoe; naoio oc TlI-IEe; 0PlOKOU KOOTOUC;. nopom'lao, I-Ic KPOTlK~ cmmt'loll, TO lonwvlko voun'lydo CKOUYXPOVlOT1lKOV CK ~o8pwv KOl I-Inopwov va OVTll-lcTwnioouv TIlV OU~'lI-lEVTl noyko Ol-ilO ~~TIlOll YlO naolo. mce; I-IE80(50l 1-I0~lK~e; napoyw Yr'le; KOVOV TIlV lonwvio va EXCl TO mo I-ICYOAO KOl 1-10 VTEPVO vou~ydo TO 1960, va I-Inopd va voun'lyd TO I-ICyaAUTCpO naoio, KOl va nctuxo(vcl TOUC; mo YPrlyopoue; TponoUe; nopo(5oolle;. TEAOe;, TO lonwvlko voun'lydo, oc ouvcpyoolo j..lc lonwvlkee; Tponc~Ce;, npoo q>cpov OTOUe; oyopoot e; nom CAKUOTlKO noketo XP'lj..lOTo(5oT'lO'le; VEWV voun'lyrl0cwv. To XOPOKT'lPlOTlKO T'le; ncplo(5ou ono Tle; CVCPYClOK e; KpioCle; TIle; (5cKocTlOe; TOU '70 I-IEXPl arlj..lcpo rltov 'l (5ldo(5uOIl uno ovomu~'l xwpwv OT1lv oyopo. AllinOM'l A8e; VOUTlAlOK e; KpioCle; OUVCTEACOOV OT1lv Ko8n'l mw OIl TWV Tll-lwv TWV naoiwv (VEWV KOTOOKCUWV KOl I-ICTO X8lPl0I-IEVWV), KOl ove(5cl~ov xwpce; onwe; 'l N. Kopio, Ol onolce; j..lnopcoov va CKTOnlOOUv TIlv lonwvlo OTOV TOj..lEO TOU KOOTOUe;, KOl I-Ic nopom'la'l ovomu~'l KOl CK OUYXPOVl0I-IO c(5polw8'lkov OT'lv noykooj..110 oyopo. o "X0I-I VOe;» TIle; (5lelo(5uOIlC; oun']e; rltqv T AlKO 'l11. Eupwn'l, oq>ou 'l lonwvio KOTOp8wo va (5lOT'lP'l8d no YK00l-IlO OVTOYWVlOTlKrl amo~ovtoe; npoo(5cutlko OTpO TIlYlKrl, on6 OTPOTllYlKrl nopoywyrle; q>8'lvwv naolwv, O OTPOT'lYlKrl nopoywy~e; naolwv uljj'laot P'le; TC)(VOAOyioe; (nx ono(50tlka oumrll-loto npowo'le;, OUTOI-iOTl Ol-lO t. K.An.). nola dvol 'l KOTOOTOOll TIle; oyopoe; arll-l PO; r VlKO XOPOKTllPlOTlKO: YnoPX l KPlO'l, 1-1 TIlv npooq>opo voun'lylkrle; XWP'lTlKOT'lTOe; ooq>we; I-IlKPOT P'l ana TIl ~rlt'loll H noyko0l-ilo KOl 'l KOlVOTlK~ nopoywyrl TO 1994 nopej..l lvov OT08 pee;, j..l TO 1-18pi(5l0 T'le; EupwnOlKrle; KOlvoT'lTOe; va Tono8 TelTOl OTO 21 % T'le; no YK00l-IlOe; oyopoe;. LC xwp e; TIle; 11. Eupwn'le;, onwe; 0T1l Cl>lvAov(5l0, TIl Nop~'lyio KOl TIl Lou'l(5io, 0Il1-l lw8'lk u noxwp'loll T'le; nopoywyrle; H lonwvio KOl 'l N. KopEo, ovti8 TO, OU~'lOOV TO noyk00l-ilo 1-18pi(5l0 oyopae; TOUe; % KOl 17% ovtiotolxo. To axr'lj..lo 2 (5d)(VCl TIl (5l0xpOVlKrl8~EAl~'l TIle; OTPOTllYl Krle; nou XP'lmj..lonoi'loov Ol (5l0q>Op e; xwp e; OT1lv no YKOOj..110 voun'lylkrl oyopo. To A Y0I-I VO "cost leadership" (OTPOT'lYlKrl XOI-l'lAOU KOOTOUe;) OMO~8 XEplO ana T'lV AYYAio 0T1l11. Eupwn'l, I-I TO OT1lv lonwvio KOll-lCTO OT1lv KopEo. M TIl (5ldo(5uOIl TIle; Kop oe;, 'llonwvio 6M0~8 OTPOT'lYlKrl O "global differentiation ", (5'l Ao(5~ nopoywy~ naoiwv uljj'lawv npo(5loypoq>wv oc I-IlO I-I YOA'l YK0I-I0 Tunwv naoiwv. H Eupwn'l OKOAOu8'l0 TIl OTPOTllYlKrl TOU "global segmentation", ls'laolsrl ~ lls i - Period Western Euro e Ja an Korea before mld-1950s mld 1950s presenl presenl Nationalization Closure of Shipyards A \:::J

3 36 TeXVlKCt XpOVIKQ MOloc::; - 10UVIOe; '97 KeuOTl OTTjv nopoywyrl el~lkwv Tunwv nao(wv uljjllarle; Te XVo~o y( oe;. To axr'l~o 3 ~eixve l nwe:; TO KeOTOe; evee; OUYKeKpl ~evo u MOlOU (OTT} OUYKeKpll-leVll nep(mwotl, evee; handy size bulk carrier) am6~1 ano xwpa ae xwpo. H TlI-lTi TOU nao ou OTO ouykekpilj VO nap6l5ely~ a Ko8 o pi~ To l ane TllV lanwv(a (nou EXel oplako Keplloc;), evw 11 Kopea txel neploootepo KEplloe; KOl 11 l:!.. Eupwnll txel ~11~[a. Xwpec; nou llev ~no p o u v va OVTOYWVl080uv we; npoe; TO KOOTOe;, ovayko~ovtol va KOTa<puyouv oe 0Mee; OTpa- Ship Price -_-1o-~ i"~- Losl o.,~ Western Europe 70% 36% 5% Japan Korea 70% 3% 11 % 2.8% Material cost Commlslon Labor coat General & admn. expenses ----' Design C08t IxfJJ.1Q 3. floj.1r7 K6arouc; VQ UTlr,Y17017C; TT)V lkte;, anwc; TTl VaumiYllOTl naoiwv uljjllarle; Texvo}..o Viae; (~e e~elll{keuotl oe oplopevoue; -runouc; nao(wv), TT)V <<TlpOOToo(a»TWV vaumwelwv TOU e; lje TllV anokaeiotiktl ova8eotl epywv OTpCmlYlKTle; Oll~ao(Oe; (noae~iko nao(o), rl. TeAOe;, TllV napomilml avoallljjll OMWV 1310~l1xavlKw v KOTOOKeuWV (n.x. nawt&c; e~ro p ee;. TpEva, K.An.) ~e OKOn6 TTlVKQTaVo~ rl TOU KOOTOUe; KOl oe omee; 5paOTTjpl6 TTlTec;. 'Oaee; xwpee; llev KOTOpeWoav va ulo8etf}oouv emtuxw e; napo ~ OIee; OTPOTllYIKEC;. OvaVKoOTTjKav va neplop(oouv OTl l-lavtiko TIC; vauttllyikee; TOUe; 15paOTT}pI6T1lTee;, ttpay ~ a nou o15rlvl1oe OTO Me(Ol ~o nomwv vaurtllye(wv a nayk6a~la M IlJaKa. H EMa150 evtooaetol okpll3w e; oe aurti TTlV KaTTlyop(a. To OXl'llJa 4 e(vol lowe; TO avt(otolxotou OX1'l ~OTOC; 3 KOl l5ei)(v 1 eva ouljffiw~a TOUnpoI3M~OTOC;. To napol5elylja a<popo TO nao[a - ljjuye(a nou KOTaOKeuaOTT)Kav OTO IKapclJaYKo Yla AoyaplaolJO TIl e;!ol3letiktl e; 'Evw OTle; nplv ano ~eplko )(pavia. Ko8e tva ana TO 4 naoio nou KOTOOKeuOOTIlKOV noum8l1ke Yla 16 ek. esoa., evw TO Ke OTOC; TOU rltav 31 ek. 150A. 2. To np6parwa at'1v EAA6 ~ a 'Onwe; rltav <PUOlKO. 11 nay K6o~J.l a vaunllyikrl KP(Oll e nall~e Kal TTlV emllvlkrl vaurtllyikr') I3lol-1l1xav(a. Ta onol

4 MOloe; - 10UVlOe; '97 Te:)(VlKa XPOVlKo 37 REEFERS BUILT IN GREECE FOR USSR... SHIPPRICE LOSS $16 million $15 million SHIP COST = $ 31 million Lxfll.1a 4. TIJ.1r7 Kal KOOTOC; nao[wv I/Juydwv Yla ELM. o~~non: auykpltlka na80vekt~iloto nou KOVOV Tl'lV EMa~o OVTOYWVlaTlK~ ana naeupae; KOaTOUe; atle; ~e KOeTfee; TOU '60 - '70 Olya - Olyo e~ovellfat'lkov, KOl TOl ~Ilepo ~ev IlnOpOulle va at080uile OVTOYWVlaTlKa at'l ~le8vt] oyopa (TOUAaXlaTOV ana naeupae; KOaTOUe;). nopom'lao, 'l taa&ilih! J.l0Kponp69&0J.l0u O}(&~loaJ.lou KOl &KOUYXPOVI0J.l0U ellno~laov T'lv em'lvlkt] VOun'lYl K~ ~loil'lxovio va npoetollloatet YlO va ~lela~uael at'lv oyopa naolwv nmov e~ealyil V'le; TexvoAoyfoe; KOl uljj'l AWV npo~loypoqlwv. To Mo lleyoaun~po voun'lyeto T'le; xwpoe;, TO EM'lVlKa Noun'lydo TOU LKOPOIlOYKo KOl TO Noun'lydo EAeualvoe;, T'lV neplo~o nou ~TOV l~lwtlka AelToupyouaov neplaaotepo ylo T'lv lkovonof'lo'1 TWV voun'lyo-emakeuoatlkwv OVOYKWV TWV atoawv TWV KOTOXWV TOUe;, xwple; va txouv evtox8et ae KanOIO naoiolo Ill0e; auykekplll V'le; e8vik~e; VOun'lYlK~e; noaltlkt]e;, T] atw evoc; auyke KPllltvou "business plan" Ile atoxo T'l llokponpo8wll'l e~pofw~ TOUe; ae KanOlO OVTOYWVlaTlK~ 8tO'1 OT'lv no YKoalllo oyopa. nepoaov ~~'l 10 XPOVlO ono T'lV mom onou TO Ileyo AUTepo KOllllaTl TOU voun'lylkou ~UVOIlIKOU T'le; Xwpoe; Te8'lKe KaTW ana TOV Aeyxo TOU EM'lVlKOU bo'llloa[ou..ho 10 auto XPOVlO ~ev YIVOV KOl noma npalloto ono naeupae; ~eatiwo'1e; T'le; OVTOYWVlaTlKOT'lTOe;, ~ eatw, axe~loallou 1l10e; e8vik~e; noaltlk~e; YlO TO voun'lyefo, KOl ~Ilepo ~plakoiloate eket nou ~plakoiloate. 'ETOl, KOl OTO nopea8ov, ema KOl Ilexpl TWPO, TO ~UO lleyoalrrepo em'lvlka voun'lyeto (KOl KOTo Ild~ovo A6yo KOl IllKpOTepo) ~ev KOTop8waov va ~IOTunwaouv Ill0 aoqlt] KOl auykekplll V'l atp0t'lylkt] OVamU~'le; npo'iovtwv. H auvexi~ollev'l AelToupYlo TOUe; ~OOl~OTOV neplaaotepo ae neplatooloka pyo KOl orrl ~OUA'lO'1 T'le; noaltdoe; va TO evlaxuael YlO atp0t'lylkoue; A6youe;, napa ae vo uylee; npoypollllo ovamu~'le; KOl enevmaewv nou KanOTe 80 TOUe; e~oaqlaal~e Ill0 OVTOYWVlaTlK~ 8 a'l (niche) OT'lv oyopa. nopmelyllo: H aoqll']e; O~uvollia (~ lawe; KOI 'l onp08u Ilfo) TWV voun'lydwv va ovomu~ouv ~lk6 TOUC; axe~lo (designs), KOl'l emelljj'l uno~oil~e; OTOV TOIl O peuvoe; KOl ovomu~'le; (R&D) txouv aov onot AwllO T'lV nmpl1 e~opt'lo'1 TWV voun'lydwv ana ~evoue; oikoue;. 01 auv nelee; dvol 'l auveme; ~onov'l lleyoawv noawv YlO oyop e; axe~iwv ana TO e~wteplko KOl 'l onwaelo neaotdoe; (nou npotllla va oyopaael KOT' eu8dov TO f~lo TO TeAl KO npo'iov ana ~tvo voun'lyefo). KOl Ol Mo txouv OPV'l TlK e; emmwaele; OT'lv e8vlkt] OlKOVOllio (onwaelo auvemayilotoe;). H na~p'le; e~apt'lo'1 ana ~ voue; OiKOUe; auvenayetol KOl T'lV O~UVOllfo TWV voun'lydwv va KcAUljJOUV out6v0j.l0 Tle; ovoykee; TOU noaelllkou NOUTlKOU. nx, Ol qlpeyotee; KOToaKeuo~oVTOl <eqloaov» ono T'l repllovio. AUTO au VmayeTOl a'1l-lavtlk~ anwaelo 0IlUVTlKT]e; ave~apt'laioc;. AMo, ae; e~8t6 ao ull e ouvtolla Tle; etllaoyee; nou nopou Olo~OVTOl O1'Tlv em'lvlkl'] vaun'lylkl'] ~loil'lxov(a ano naeupoe; OTpOT'lYIKl']e;. 1. H OTPOT'lYlKl'] TOU X0J.lI1Aou KOOTOUC; auv(atotol ato va IlnOPet TO vaun'lyeto va npoaqlepel at'lv oyopa TunOnOl'lll va et~'l naoiwv ae IllKpOTepo KOaTOe; an' OTI 0 ovtoywvlailoe;. Avnlll atpat'lylkt] en TpeljJe ~lo ~OXlKo oe xwpee;, onwc; 'l bo. Eupwnll, 'l lonwvla, KOl 11 N. Kopto va ~Iela~uaouv KOl va e~polw80uv OT'lv oyopo. Me Ta O'1llePlVo ~e~oll vo OT'lv EMo~o, Ol npoomlkee; atov TOIl O OlITO ~ev napou0l6~ovtol KOl Toao euoiwvee;, akollo KOl av e~olptael Kovde; Tle; no AU IllKpte; 1l0Va~ee; TOU nepoilotoe;, nou ttol KOl ca AlWe; ~ev Xouv T'lv uno~oll~ Yla 1l0~lKll nopaywyl'] naoiwv. Elo dvol MaKoAo, (awe; amvoto, va Ilnop aoulle va ovtoywvla80uile xwpee;, onwe; 11 N. Kopeo, 'l Kiva, 01 xwpee; T'le; AVOToAlKIle; Eupwnlle; (nx BOUAyaplo). 2. H atpot'lylk~ T'le; ~loq>oponoil1ol1c:; auviatotol ato va Ilnopd TO voutlllydo va ovtaywvl~8toi 0Xl we; npoe; TO KOaTOe;, emo 15l0qlOpOnOlwVTae; TO npo'iovto TOU, npoaql povtoe; nx OT'lV oyopo naoio nmov npo'ly 1l V'le; Te)(VoAOYloe; Ta onoio va ~IKOlOAOyOUV uljjlla6 Tep'l Tlllll KOl uljj'la6tepo nepl9wplo Kep15oue;. rla KanOLO vaunllydo at'lv EMo150, 'l atpat'lylk~ OUTl'] d vollle Ta O'1llePlVo oec'50il va aveqlopllootll, A6yw ea AelljJ'le; T'le; KaToM'lA'lC; UnO~OIlT]e; 'OIlWe;, Ile KOTOA A'lAO npoypollj..lo Ovamu~Ile;, e~uylovo'1c;, KOleKauy

5 38 TeXVIKQ XPOVIKO M 610~ - I OU V10~ '97 XPOVIO~OU, So ~nopouoav (OW~ va ~ru.lloupy'l8 ou v IJnOpIKO, akton~o'ik6) n~o(a. 01 KaT6M l1 he~ npo (j noseof:l(~. H ouvepyao(a ~e TO 3. l:e no p amayt~ TWV M o ovwtepw OTPClTT1YIKWV, '1 a noheljlko NaUTIKO eo IJnopouoe va ouij~6~el anovrlotolxll OTpaTllYIKTl e<po P IJ 6 ~ T at yla auy K&K pl~t q>ooiotiko OTT'] ~ l1ij IO U PYIO TeTO la~ uno~o~ fj c;, nou Sa voue; TO~&lC; Tile; ayop6c; (n x. n~ o(a containers, oal ~nopo u OE va Xp 'lol ~ o nol 'led Kat Yla omo (n.x. e eutiko, OKTon~o'[K6 n~ola fj Kpoua~ lep 6n~OIa). Ttrol- TABLE 8-5 Top Fifty Korean Industriesin Terms 01 World Export Share, 1985 Share of Share 01 Total Export Import Total World Value Value Korean Industry Expo rts ($ millions) ($ millions) Exports Iron, steel wire , Monochrome TV r ceivers , Off fi ne data processing equipment ,310 73, Men's shirts of synthetic fi bers , Men's jackets, blazers , Other cargo vessels , , Containers including road-rail ,798 11, Jukeboxes ,531 9, Women's coats, jackets of synthetic fibers , Leather clothes, accessories , Travel goods, satchels ,005 1, Sweaters of synthetic fibers , Nonpile continuoussynthetic weaves ,906 69, Railway sleepers ,050 18, Women's blouses of synthetic fibers 16.4 t49, Frozen Ish, excluding fi llets ,784 58, Cotton yarn, km/kg , Woven silk fabries ,845 35, Men's ootton shirts , Articl s of furskin , Iron, steel structu res and parts ,826 28, Leather footwear , Knitted clothing accessories ,430 1, Tankers , Knit undergarments 01 wool, fibers , Imitation Jewelry ,207 6, Handbags 13. ~ 133, Discontinuous synth etic fiber yarn ,440 23, Iron, steel cable, rope ,856 8, Nitrogen phosphate fertilizer ,588 9, Men's overcoats, outerwear , Other radi oreceivers ,529 9, Dresses of synthetic fibers , Sweaters of cotton, fibers ,388 5, Textillearticles ,546 2, Men's suits , Toys, indoor games ,254 7, Men's shirts of other synthetic fibers , Steel and copper nails, nuts ,652 2, Men's trousers, br eches , Steamboilers ,391 17, Non-eletric stoves, heating apparatus ,942 12, Shellfish prepared, preserved ,820 2, TV picture lubes ,286 41, Aircraft, motoreyel tires ,212 3, Synthetic pile fabric ,567 4, Women's dresses of wool, cotton B.B 57, Cutlery B.B 109,536 2, Motor vehicle radio receivers B.6 182,887 5, Woven cotton fabric ,745 2, TOTAL NOTE: No import data ara reported if import value is less than 0.3 percent or tolal trade tor IXr7/lo 5. To 50 TIlO ovroywvlarlko rrpof6vra rrye; Kopeoe;.

6 MC1l0e; - 10uvlOe; '97 TE:)(VlKO XPOVlKO 39 E:e; OTpmllYlKee; 80 npene:l vo E:~ETOaeOUV nom ao [3op6, Ylmi onwa~r)note: UnapXE:l 11 OVOYKIl KclAuLVIle; E:l~lKWV OVOYKWV ae: nomoue; TOllde; TWV 80Mamwv IlE:TO<pOpWV. LOV nopo~e:lyilo, E:V OLVE:l TIle; OPOlle; TOU npovolllou TOU cabotage TO 2004 (am6 KOl TWV vewv Kovovlallwv TOU IMO YlO TO AO/AO KOl E/r - O/r), 11 olleoll OVOYKIl ovovewolle; TOU OKTOru\o'iKOU OTOAOU ~Ililloupydillo lleyoail eukolp(o YlO TO vounllye(o. rlo vo Ilnopeaouv, 0IlWe;, vo TIlV ekiletameu80uv (KOl vo 1111 ~lo<peuyouv nopoyyemee; npoe; TO e~wteplko, 0 nwe; r)~11 exouv ~lo<puyel), xpelo~etol Pl~lKr) OVO~lOp 8pwOll KOl ekauyxpovlailoe;, 0Xl 1l0VO ono naeupoe; eykotootoaewv, amo KOl ana naeupoe; TOU OAOU no KeTou opy6vwolle; - ~loikilolle; - XPllllatoMTIlOlle; - u nomr)pl~lle; TOU nemtil 3. ria ~Ia evik~ vaunr1vik~ no"itik~ To axr11l0 5 ~d)(vel TO 50 mo «OVTOYWVlOTlKO» npo'iovto Tile; Kopeoe;. To KUPlO KPlTr)PlO ovtoywvlotlkotiltoe; d VOl TO "share of total world exports", ~IlAO~r) TO noao OTO nou exel 11 Kopeo en[ TWV auvoalkwv e~oywywv TOU i~lou npo'iovtoe; ono OAO TOV Koallo. 'Onwe;, elmwote, 80 IlnOpOuaolle vo TO neplll voulle, I3Mnoulle OTlIl vounllylkr) [3lollllxovio <plyoupopel nepiomo OTIl AiOTa ou Tr), enoilevwe;, 80 Ilnopouae vo nel Kovde;, OTlll vounll YlKr) [3lollllxovio dvol I3l01lllxovio «OTPOTllYlKr)e; aioe;» YlO TIlv Kopeo. Ynapxel nopolloloe; KOTOAoyoe; YlO TIlv EMMo; NOl. Ano TO Ynoupydo E8vlKr)e; OlKOVOllioe; npoepxetol TO axr11l0 6, nou ~d)(vel Tle; KuploTepee; e~oywyee; Iloe; avo KOTllyopio KOl d~oe; ellnopeuilotoe;. eo npenel vo LVo~el Kovde; nom OTOV KatOAOYO aut6 YlO va I3pel TIl vaunllylkr) I3l01lIlXOV(0. H KunlYopio «1111 xovr'jllata KOllleTO<popaIlEao» OVTLnpOaWneuel TO 0.75% TOU T~(pOU TWV e~oywywv Ilae;. 'Iawe; ekd dvol KOl TO vounrlydo, Ilo~i Ile evo awpo elmo npayllato. Ae; ~oulle, 0llwe;, TO 8ell0 ana KonOlo elmll omlkr) ywvio. rlo va ~OUIlE ov evoe; KAO~Oe; TIle; OlKOvOIl(Oe; Ilnopd vo XopoKTllPla8e( we; «OTPOTllYlKr)e; OIllloa(Oe;», IlnopOulle vo pwtr)aoulle eav lkavonold evo r'] neplaa6tepo ana 0 plalleva KPlTr)PlO. MeplKa ana TO KPlTr)PlO OUTO dvol TO e~r)e; : KPIT~PIO 1. AVTlnpoown&U&1 0 KAo~o<; Ol]jJaVTIKO noooaro TOU AEn; rio TOllde;, onwe; 11 YEwPyio KOl 1l131OIlllxovio TPO<p(llwv, 11 onovtlloll llelmov dvol 8eTlKr']. no TIl vaunlly1kr) 1310 IlIlXOV[O 11 onovtlloll dvol 0PVllTlKr). KPIT~PIO 2. Eival 0 KAo~o<; ana TOU<; KaT' &~Ox~V &~aywyi- KOU<; ~ O'1jJaVTIK~ n'1y~ ouvaaaoyjjato<;; o TouplallOe; KOl 11 VOUTLAio lkovon010ljv OUTO TO KP1Tr) plo, amo 11 vounlly1kr) I3LOIlIlXOV(O 0Xl. KPIT~PIO 3. Eival 0 KAo~o<; anapaiti]to<; y,a TI]V ojjaa~ A&I- TouPyfa TI]<; OIKovOjJla<;; T 0 Tpone~IKo OUOTllIlO a(youpo evtaaaetol OTIlv KOTllyop(o 0l1Ti1, amo 11 vountly1krl 13101lTlXov(0 0Xl. KplT~plo 4. ElVa! 0 KAMo<; anapaiti]to<; y,a TI] y&wypaq>ik~ OUVOx~ TI]<; xwpa<;; H oktonaolo dvol 0 KAO~Oe; nou lkovonold OUTO TO Kpl Tr)PlO, omo 11 vounllylkr) [3101lllxovio 0Xl. KPIT~PIO 5. E~apToTal ana TOV KAMo I] &Knar~&UOl] ~ I] u- y&ia TOU nal')euojjou; 01 KAO~OI TIle; nol~doe; KOl TIle; uydoe; e:ivol 0Il1l0VT1KOi e~w, ama 11 vounlly1kr'] 13101l1lXov(0 0Xl. KpIT~PIO 6. Eiva! 0 KAMo<; anapaiti]to<; y,a Konolo oaao arpati]yiko KAo~o; To Tpone~IKo OUOTTlIlO dvol KAMoe; onopo(tiltoe; YIO TIl VOUTLA(O, omo dvol 11 vountly1kr) 13101l1lXOV(0 onopo(til TIl Y10 KonOlov omo arpotlly1ko KAO~O; H epwtilcjl'] OUTr) 1l0e; <pepvel OTO TeAeuTo(o KP1Tr)P10. KPIT~PIO 7. Eival 0 KAo~o<; anapaiti')to<; Yla TI')V &evik~ 6 jjuva Kal av&~aptl')oia TI]<; xwpa<;; E~w OIlKwvel nomr'] au~r)tiloll. To noaelllko NOUT1KO e:i VOl 6VTWe; 0Il1l0VTlK6e; neaotile; TWV vaunrwdwv. NounTlyei, llaa1oto, KOl 0plallEvo naoio (<ppeyfuee;). AUTO d VOL EVO yeyovoe;. Ano TO OIllldo OUTO, ollwe;, llexpi vo nel Kovde; OTl xwp(e; TO vountlydo Tl e8vlkr) 0IlUVO TIle; xwpoe; 80 unootdlleyoail ~TllllO, unapxel KonOlo on6mo 011. 'OA&t; 01 VOU"'lYIKtt; ovoykee; TOU nn KoMmoVTOl OE lleyoao on6 TO E~WTE:PlKO, dte olleao dte ellllf> ao. To aevoplo onou TO vounllydo KaAUmOUV OUTOVO IJO autee; Tle; ovoykee; dvol OK61l1l evteawe; un08et1ko. AUTO auil[3oivel, nx mle; HvwllEvee; noa1tdee;, onou TO 1l6vo vounllydo nou EXOUV Konolo OT08EPr) neaote:io d VOL OUTO nou vauntlyouv noaq.llko naolo. AAAo unopxel Kon010 ~la<po p o lleto~u OUTWV TWV vounllydwv KOl TWV ~IKWV 1l0e;, TO ono(o ~ev exouv KOV ~lka TOUe; designs. Ave~OPTllTO ana OAa auto, dvol ao<pee; 6Tl 1110 nopote TOlleVTl KP(OIl mo lleyoao vountlydo auvenoyetol CJI'] 1l0VT1KOUe; K1VMvoue; YlO TIlV 0IlUVO TIle; xwpoe;, ov 0UT1"J Exel ov08eael a' OUTO 0Il1l0VTlKEe; apilo~l6t1ltee;. LUllnepoallO: H OnOLVTl nou Exel okoumd nollie; <popee;, ~TlAO~r) OTl TO vounllyda dvol 13101l1lXOV(0 mpotll YlKr']e; OIllloaiae; YlO TIlV EMo~o dvol, KOTO Til YVWIlTl Ilou, KOTI nou OIlKwvel nomr) au~r)tilcjl']. 'Iawe;uno ~lo <popetlkee; auv8r)kee; 90 IJnopouaav vo dvol. 'Iawe; ea tnp&n& vo dvol. AAAo uno Tle; arllleplvee; auv8r)kee;, aaq>wt; l5&v dvoi. 'Evoe; ana TOUe; m80voue; A6youe; Yla TIlv KatoOTaOll ou Tr), dvol TO yeyovoe; OTl {Jev EXEl note unop~el KanOlo & 9VIKrl VOU"'lYIKrl noaitikrl. '0 Ilwe;, OTOV Mile OTl xpela ~etol va ~ I OTunw8d emteaoue; Ill0 TETOIO noaltlkr'], noa Me; <popee; TO AElle ETm KonWe; ol3oaovlmo, xwp(e; vo ~E poulle OKpt[3we; Tl ewooulle. EnoIlEVWe;, Ill0 0PXlKrl e PWTIlOll dvol KOTO noaov npoyilotl 9tAoulJ& va unap X&I Ill0 T8TOlO noaltlkr). rloti TO Mw OUTO : Ae; ~oulle TO nopo~elyllo TIle; vautl Aioe;. H EMllvlKr) NOUTLA(o KOTExel TTl ~TlAeUT1"J 8eOll nou KOTexel mlllepo ae noyk6alllo enine~o, okpll3we; enellsr) 0<pE81lKe eaeu8epll ana noolle; <puaewe; KPOTlK6 napell I3OTlallo. MlMw, [3EI3OLo, ylo TTlV novtonopo vautlaio, YlOTi moue; TOllde; ekdvoue; OTOUe; onoioue; unapxel E VTOVll KpaTlKr) nopeil[30oll (nx OTIlv OKTOnAol'o) unap

7 40 TeXVlKO XpOVIKQ MClloe; - IOLJVloC; '97 IWlYno nahpomqn 2 XXIII: 4. AVOAUOTl ~oywyr.ijv (fob) KQ1'O KatT\yOp!O KOI I~o<; qmop u~oto<; Exports (fob) by commodity and commodity group It YIfl.I(I6l)c Oo,uOD,O HnA Thousand US Dollars Kgmyop(o ~~B9_ Item I. TPOqllfiO KQl nota n4.204 I. Food and beverages KOPlV6l0Kri Currants l OUATQvivo Raisins EAle<; Olives EA0l6~ooo Olive oil KpOOlo KOl noto n Wines and spirits EOT1 Pl15o&l15~ Citrus fruit 'MAo vwn6 (jipouto Other fresh fru~ 4lpOUTo KOl AOXOV\K015ICITllPrW VO Frurt and vegelables preserved 4lpoUTOXUflOi Fruit Juices lltlfltltpiok(i (orr(ipl, Kpl8apl, pu~l) Cereals (whear, bartey, rice) Tup\a Cheese 1I00na TpoqHflo Other food II. KOr1VO<; II. Tobacco III. np!int<; uf.&<; KOl!]fllKcrrepyOOfI vo npoiovto III. Raw materials and semifinished products BOflPOKI Cotlon lltpfloto , Skins and hides IcpouYY(IplO Sponges KO}.OqlWViO, T8 P8~ lv6t! }.OlO Rosin, turpentine nup~ V&h QlO Sulphur oil 1I00n~ Other IV. OPUI<TO KOl!l STaM U~OTO IV. Minerals and ores Bw~ftn c; B ' Bauxite MoyvTjoio KO IJ ClT IK~ , Caustic magnesia MO'fl!]oia 6in up ~ Dead burnt magnesite Mo}'u~oo u fl TaMeuflaro Leadore MaPIlOPO Marble 1I0ina Other V. n T pta QlOe lli~ V. Petroleum products Bev~iVT] Gasoline Aotna , Other VI. Bl O~~XOVIKO Kal ~ IOTtXVU<a npoiovto VI. Manufactures KAWClTOU qlovtoupyiko Textiles TOI fi8vto Cement AVTlKPOTI KQ S Antiknock compound me XtlfllKOKO\(jIOPIlOJ<eUTIKo T Chem icals, pharmaceutial MOU~I(VIO KOl aaou~ iv a , T Aluminiu mand alumina NlK&hIO Kal Ol~~POVlKt~IO Nickel, ferro nickel Il~!] PO(jlU'\'\o (}.aflap (ve ~) Steel plate 'MAo ~amo KOI el15!] 0T16fltraMo T Metalsand metal arricle MllX~ floto Kat fl TQ CP OPIKO ~oa Machinery and means of electrical 'Opyovo Eqlap flo y ~ c; ~~Ki P IOfiOU ,Q appliances rouvapik Furs Yno15~ fl ClTo KOI em!] an6 ~tp flo Footwear, leather article Eili!] AaiK~~ TeX'J1l<; Handicraft urticles Aotna Other VII. Aotna Ei15~ (I) , VII. Unallocated (1) r &V1K6 OUVO ho 5.613, Grand total n"yi\: M~vlalo ITOTIOTIKO Ilt.>..Tio TI1 ~ Tp6ne~oc; TI1~ EA.\Mo~. Source: Monthly Statistical Bulletin of the Bank of Greece. (1) ntp taafl~6vovtoi 01 ekkpe lj.d~ EVToM~ (1) Including orders for unspecified commodrties. IXr7J1a 6. nfvakac; KupLorepWv em'1vlkwvee,aywywv.

8 MOlOe; - 10UVlOC; '97 T )(VlKO XPOVlKO 41 XOUV oo~ ap ~ c; ~UOA ITOUpyi e; Kat npo~mn.lata. LTIlV EM6I5a dvol OUV118 e; 'l KpaTlKI'] napej-l~oo'1 va ~a- 4lTi~ Tat «8VlKf] nontlkf]». BE~ata, 'l aktonaota dvat TO J-leae; OTpaTllYIKI']e; O'1J-laoiae; Kat unopxouv OUYK KplJ-le VOL MYOI Yla TOUe; onoioue; xpel6~etoi KonOla KPOTlKf] napej-l~ao'1. AJ\A.o aut!'] 8a npen l va dvat 0Tll owatf] KaT u8uvo'1. H YVWJ-l'l J-lOU dvat OTl ~Ia KaK~ noaitik~ elval n6vtote xelpotepl') an6 Ka~16. En0J-levwe;, J-lOVO av avamux8d J-lla OWOT~ 8VlKI'] noaltlki'] Yla Ta vaun'lyda npok ITat va EXOUJ-l 8 TlKO anot MoJ-lOTa, amlwe; (~'laa~1'] ov 'l no AlTlKI'] dvat KaKI']), KaMT pa va Adn l. Ae; ~OUJ-l, OJ-lWe;, nola dvat Ta OTOlXda J-llae; TETOlae; no AlTlKI']e;. a. ITpaTI1YIKoi aroxoi npen l va ~ Ka8apioouJ-l nolol npen l va dvat Ol OTpa TIlYlKOi OTOX0l. nx, 8EAOUJ-l OTOXOe; va dvat 'l ~un'lpetllo'1 TWV vaun'lylkwv avaykwv oaokal')pl')c; T'le; EM'lvlKI']e; NaUTlAiae;; T'le; aktonaolae;; Tou noa J-lIKOU Nau TlKOU; M6vo TOU nn Kat TinOT OMo; Na KOVOUJ-l J-lOVO mok UEe; ; Na J-l YlOTonoll']oOUJ-l T'lV lopoi'] ouvaa MYJ-lOTOe; ; 'H Tl 6M0; p. Ayopt~ npo~ ~1&i(J~u(J11 npen l va ~ Ka8apioouJ-l Tl npolovtq I'] un'lpeai e; npen l va avamu~ouj-l. OPTllYO naoia; E/r - Olr; naoia nn; LKO<P'l avatvuxl']e;; nawtee; ~e~p e;, K.An.; y. ITpaTI1YIK~ av6mu~l1~ npo'iovtwv npen l va ~ Ka8apioouJ-l Ta ~f]e;: nou exouj-l OUYKPl TlKO na QV KTf]J-lOTa. nwe; J-lnopouJ-l va Ta a~lonoli'] OOUJ-l KaAUT pa. nolol dvat 01 avtaywvlolee; Kat nwe; e <ptaoav we; Kd nou e<ptaoav. nwe; J-l lwv Tat TO KOOlOe; nwe; au~ov Tat 'l napaywylkotllta. nwe; anoktoj-le au TovoJ-lia OTO design. Tl R&D XP lo~ Tal. ~. IXt~lo uaonoil1(jl1~ e a npen l va unop~ l Eva oa<pee; nmvo uaonoi'lo'1e; TIle; nontlki']e; nou 8a ~latunw8d. To naovo auto (nou J-lnopd va dvat 5 TEe;, 10 Tee;, av6aoya J-l TO nola dvol 'l no AlTlKf]) 8a npen l va xapo~ l npoo KTlKO TIl ~la~poj-lf] a no TIlv napouoa KOTOOlaO'1 J-lEXPl TOV m8uj-l'lto OTOXO, Ka8we; Kat Tle; anapaitllt e; VEPY l e; Yla va <ptooouj-l Kd nou 8EAOUJ-l va <ptooouj-le. To J-ll']vuJ-la nou 8eAw va n poow MyoVTae; OAa auto 1 VOl anm. XP lo~ Tat lile~oliik~ av6auol') Yla va ~lotunw8d J-lla TeTola 8VlKI'] noaltlki']. t::.. v J-lnopd va ~lotu nw8d au8aip TQ, a~aoovlota Kat npoxelpa. t::.. v J-lnopd va ~lotunw8d v J-lia VUKTi (I'] eolw, O 1-2 ~~0J-l6l5 e;). XP lo~ Tat oo~apf] ~OUA lo. 4. TI nptnei va ViVEI Kal TI ~EV nptnei va ViVEI Ae; apxioouj-l npwta J-l TO Tl l)ev npen l va yiv l. Ta OUOOWp UJ-lEVa xpe'l TOU LKapaJ-laYKO dvol 90 ~lo. T'le; EA uoivae; eivat Alyon:pa, amo i~lae; TO~'lC: J-l YE 80ue;. Ta MeiJ-lJ-lOTa J-l yaawvouv Kat Ta na'lpwvel 0 'EM'lvae; <POPOAOYOUJ-l Voe;. AUTOi 01 nopol 80 J-lnopouoav va ~lox Teu80uv O omoue; TOJ-lde; TIle; M'lVlKI']e; OlKOvoJ-liae; nou exouv J-l y6a'l avoyk'l Kat onou Ol nopol auto( J-lnopouv va mooouv Tono (nx ~poj-lol, NJ-l0vla, VOoOKoJ-lda, axoaeia, nav matf]j-lla). AuTf] dvat Kat 'l npayj-latlkf] ~IOOTaO'1 TOU KOOTOUe; va ~latllpouvtat npo~a'lj-latlkee; mx lpi']o le;. 'OTl KonOlOl OMOl na'lpwvouv T'l ~'lj-llo. M Ta~u autwv nou na'lpwvouv T'l ~'lj-110 elvat KOI 01 J-l'l npo~a'lj-lotikee; mx lpl'] Oet<~ Voe; KA6~o u, 01 onoi e;, Ka8000v ~ v na(pvouvt'lv viaxuo'1 nou naipvouv Ol npo~a'lj-lotikee;. KlV~UV UOUV va yivouv Kat autee; npo~a'lj-lotlkee; Myw a8ej-lltou a VTaywvloJ-lOU ana Tle; npo~a'lj-lotlkee;. ea dx voqj-la va ~o~euovtav Tooa Ae<pTO OTa vaunl') vela, ov unl']px KonOla YYU'lO'1 OTl Ta Ae<pTO auto 8a ane~l~av. t::..'laa~l']. OTl 8a nl']yalvav oe en vmo le; Kat 8a unl']px KonOlo naovo va el3yatv KonolO Kep~Oe; ana au TEe;. Mexpl OTlYJ-lI']e;. 0J-lWe;, TETOIO naovo oa<pwe; liev u nopx l. npo<pavwe;, 8a unop~el Konolo O'1J-laVTlKO KOOTOe;. OVTQ J-l yoaa vaun'lyda TeAlKo OUPPlKVW80uv I'] KAeioouv. To KOOTOe; auto 8a dvat Kupiwe; KOIVWVIK6 ('l av pyia TWV av8pwnwv nou anaaxoaouvtat OTOV KAO~o). EniO'1e;. 8a unop~ouv oiyoupa apv11tlkee; emmwo le; OTO OAO nmy J-la TWV ~paotllplot!']twv nou OUVMOVTat J-l Ta vaun'lyda (neplaaj-l~avoj-levou Kat TOU n p0j-latoe;). Eov ouj-l~d TO oevoplo auto (nou OAOl ~El3ata an uxo J-l 8a), TO nn 8a avaykao8ei va KaAUm l J-lOVO J-l plkee; ana Tle; emokeuaotiktc; TOU avoyk e; OTllv EMo~a, Kat 8a KaAUm l OAee; Tle; UnOAOLn e; avoyk e; TOU (vaun'lyl KEe;, nx <ppey6t e;. avtltopnlalko, unol3puxla, K.An.) Ka T u8dav ana TO ~WT plko. ea xa8d, ~'laa~f]. 'l ~uva TOT'lTa J-l Ta<popOe; TeXVoyvwoiae; nou unopx l Twpa. MeplKoi Mv OTl 8a unop~el enio'1e; J-leyOAO mnpoo8 TO KOOTOe; an6 TIlv av08eo'1 epywv OTO e~wteplk6. 'AMOl, oj-lwe;, Mve OTl TO KOOlOe; 8a neo l, ona~ Kat TO nn 8a eivat A u8 po va tvwvi~ l ana onou aut6 KPlv l okom J-l0, Kat Ta naoia 8a napa~(~ovtat mo ypl']yopa. t::..uotuxwe;, eivat nom m8avo va EXOUJ-le <ptooel OlO 0'1 J-ldo onou TO KOOTOe; TIle; OUppiKVWO'1e; I'] akoj-la Kat TOU KA loij-lotoe; TWV J-ley6Awv vaun'lydwv va eivat J-llKp6n: po ana TO KOOTOe; TIle; auvexl~oj-l V11C: ml3(wo'1e;, eov auv Xla8d'l CJllJ-l Plvl'j VOO'1Prl KOTOOTaO'1. AUT~ ~e Kavtva Tpono l)ev nptnel va ouvexlogel. Ta J-l y6aa vaun'lyeia 8a m~f]aouv J-l6vov a<pou unop ~ouv yyuf]aele; OTl npayj-latlko 8a ~uylav80uv Kat 8a KOTaOTOUv avtavwviotik6 Kal Keplio<p6pa. H O'1J-leplvl'j KaKI'] KOTOOlaO'1 ~ev eivat ~UVOTOV va ~latwvl08d ae 130 poe; TIle; 8vlKI']e; OlKOvoJ-liae;. lo ivw T'lV oj-llaia J-lou J-l ~Ia npotao'1 Yla TO Tl nptnel va y(v l. Na ~lotunw8d, mteaoue;. J-lla 8VlKf] noaltlki'] Yla Ta vaun'lyeia. 'OXl n plotamako Kal npox lpa, amo op 80AOYlKO Kat J-l aol3apotllta. H avoauo'1 amf] 8a npen l va MI3 l aol3apo unotv'l T'le; Tle; ukatpi e; nou 8a napoumaolouv OT'lV ayopo Ta n6j-l va 5-10 xpovla. LTO naaimo auto, 'l avoyk'l avavewo'1e; TOU aktonao'lkou OTOAOU OTllv nep io~o amf] elval (awe; 'l J-l YaAUT P'l nou napoum6~ Tat Ola vaun'lyeia Yla va avamu~ouv ~lk6 TOUe; TunOnOl'lJ-lEVa designs Yla va KaAUtVOUV TIlv avoyk'l

9 42 TeXVlKO XPOVIKO Maloc; - louvloc; '97 alltt']. ElJe(c; OTO EMn KOvalJe r'ji5'1 TO npwto ~r'u..la npoc; ltlv Ka Teu8uvOTl olltt'], flalpvovtoc; ltlv npwto~oua(o va rrpoe TOIIJOaOUIJ& epeuvtltik6 np6vpol nou 80 e~etoael )., mo~ epwc; ltlv rrpootttlkr'j outr'j. t\emoljepelec; VIO TO rrp6 vpoljlja OUTO 8a elvat i5 to8em~ec; OTO npoaexec; ljemov. Ev TW lj Ta~u, 8tAw va emt (~w OTI TO vou111lvela (KOl 6 AOt 01 OMOI ev l5 t OCfle p 6 ~evot <jlope(c;) 80 8eAr'jC:70uv va aul..1l..1etoaxouv oumootiko OTTlv rrpoarro8eto I..IOC; outr'j.!ac; euxoplotwnom. np6e~poc; (<t>(atnrroc;) : EUXapIOTouIle TOV KUptO \.IJapou-n, KOl napokaaoulje TOV KUPIO rouateaijo, avonailpw-n; Ka8TlYTlTf) TOU Tj.lrlIJOTOC; NOUTtAtaKWv! noui5wv TOU naventcrt;l l..l(ou nelpalwc;, va npoaeagel OTO ~ rl IJO, ~e SelJa: «H axeotl Keq>aAaiou - epvao(ac; OTTlV em TlVtKrl VOlJl1T"jYIKl'l ~IOlJllxov(a : KAEll5i VIa TO I5le6vr; ovravwvioijo 1T)C;".