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1 21 4 V o l 21, N o TR IBOLO GY July, 2001,, (, ) :,,,. : ; ; ; : Q 81 ; Q : A : (2001) ,. [1, 2 ]... 1, , [3 ] ,. N ogata [4 ],,,.,, 95%, [3 ] ;.,N ogata [5 ],, ,., Α Β, Α, 18 [6 ].,.,, [7 ]. Β. [8 ],., [9 ], : ( ) ; ( ). : ; : g. :,, 1957,,.

2 [10 ],,, [11 ], 226 M N gm 2 [12 ] Barth lo tt [17 ] 8 [13 ],, 2 (Gnetum gnemon, M agno lia denudata ) ( H elicon ia. den siflo ra ) (Fagu s sylvatica). [14 ],.,, [15 ].,,,,, 1 F ig 1 SEM pho tograph s of surface mo rpho logy fo r the bulldozing p late on dung beetle s head 1 SEM [14 ]. ; 1. 4,., 1 5 Λm [16 ],, ( ), , ( N elum bo nucifera ) ( Co locasia escu len ta ) (B rassica o leracea) (M u tisia decu rren s) , , 20., ;,.,..,,.,, [18 ].,. Yakou [19 ],.,,, ; [15 ].,

3 4 : 317,, [22 ]. [20 ] ( 2), F ig 2 SEM pho tograph s of bam boo section abraded against free2abrasive m aterials 2 SEM,,.,, [21 ]., F ig 3 V ariation of friction coefficient w ith test duration in dry sliding of pango lin scale against grey iron 3,, 2. 3, ;,., [23, 24 ]., ,,.. Burtt [25 ],,.,,.. 2 Bon ser [26 ], (Stu rnu s vu lgaris), 39%., ;.,. 9% [27 ]. 3, (P ruu inu s gravis) ; ( 60% ),,, ;, 10%,, [6 ]. [28 ].

4 ,., [29 ].,,.,.., [14 ]. Barth lo tt [17 ] 9 8,.,,, 5,. 70,, 10 30,.,, 40. (L o tu s2effect ) [17 ]. 3. 2,.,.,, ( ). [30, 31 ]. [32 ]. 3. 3,.,.. [33 ], 0. 27, ,,,,.,.,,,.. U n sw o rth [33 ],, ( 20 N ),, ;, N,,, ;,, ;,,,., [34, 35 ].,, [36 ].,. 4,

5 4 : 319,.,.,. 5,.,,,.,. : [ 1 ] Jeronim ids G, A tk ins A G. M echanics of bio logical m aterials and structures: nature s lessons fo r the engineer[j ]. P roc Instn M ech Engrs, 1995, 209: [ 2 ]. [M ]. : ( ),. :, [ 3 ],. [M ]. :, [ 4 ] N ogata F. Cell2based m echano sensing system and adap tive self2 op tim um modeling in p lant tissue [J ]. M ateria Japan, 1996, 35: [ 5 ] N ogata F, T akahash i H. Intelligent functionally graded m ater2 ial: bam boo [J ]. Compo sites Eng, 1995, [ 6 ] Tong J, Ren L Q, Chen B C. Chem ical constitution and abrasive w ear behaviour of pango lin scales [ J ]. L etts, 1995, 14: J M ater Sci [ 7 ] V erbeek N A M, M o rgan J L. Removal of p rim ary rem iges and its effect on theflying ability of Glaucousw inged Fulls [ J ]. Condo r, 1980, 82: [ 8 ] B rush A H. W aterfow l feather p ro teins: analysis of use in taxonom ic studies[j ]. J Zoo l Lond, 1976, 179: [ 9 ] Tao X M, Po stle R. A viscoelastic analysis of the keratin compo site İ Longitudinal and transverse m echanical p roperties [J ]. Text Res J, 1989, 59: [10 ] M acleod G D. M echanical p roperties of contour feathers[j ]. J Exp B io l, 1980, 87: [11 ] Earland C, B lake P R, Stell J G P. M o lecular o rientation of som e keratins[j ]. N ature, 1961, 196: [12 ] C renshao D G. D esigh and m aterials of feather shafts: very light, right structures[j ]. Symp Soc Exp B io l, 1980, 34: [13 ],,,. [J ]., 2000, 31 (1) : 529. [14 ] Tong J, Ren L Q, Chen B Q. Geom etrical mo rpho logy, chem ical constitution and w ettability of body surfaces of so il anim als[j ]. Int A gri Eng J, 1994, 3 (1&2) : [15 ] Ren L Q, Tong J, Cong Q. N on2smoo th surfaces of interfacial adhesion [C ]. P roc 3rd A sia2pacific Conf ISTV S, Changchun, China, A ugust 10213, [16 ] Jeffree C E. The cuticle, ep icuticular w axes and trichom es of p lants, w ith reference to their structure, functions and evo lution[c ]. In: Juniper B E, Southwood S R (eds). Insects and the p lant surface. London: Edw ard A rno ld, year, [17 ] Barth lo tt W, N einhuis C. Purity of the sacred lo tus, o r escape from contam ination in bio logical surfaces [ J ]. P lanta, 1997, 202 (1) : 128. [18 ] Zhou B L. Som e p rogress in the biom im etic study of compo site m aterials[j ]. M ater Chem Phys, 1996, 45: [19 ] Yakou T, Sakamo to S. A brasive p roperties of bam boo [J ]. Jap J T ribo logy, 1993, 38: [20 ] Tong J, Ren L Q, L i J Q, et al. A brasive w ear behaviour of bam boo [J ]. T ribo logy International, 1995, 28: [21 ] Tong J, A rnell R D, Ren L Q. D ry sliding w ear behaviour of bam boo [J ]. W ear, 1998, 221: [22 ] Tong J, M a Y H, L i J Q, et al. T ribo logical characteristics of pango lin scales in dry sliding[j ]. J M ater SciL etters, 2000, 19 (7) : [23 ] Kennedy R J. A bno rm al feather w ear in guilleno ts [ J ]. B r B irds, 1970, 63: [24 ] Bourne W R P. Feather w ear in guillemo ts[j ]. B r B irds, 1971, 64: 236. [25 ] B rutt E H. T he adap tiveness of anim al co lo rs[j ]. B io science, 1981, 31: [26 ] Bonser R H C, W itter M S. Indentation hardness of the bill keratin of the European Starling [J ]. Condo r, 1993, 95: [27 ] Bonser R H C. Comparative m echanics of bill, claw and feather keratin in the common starling sturnus valgaris [ J ]. B io logy, 1996, 27 (2) : J A vian [28 ] L ee D S, Grant G S. A n albino greater shearw ater2 feather abrasion and fligh t energetics [J ]. W ilson Bull, 1986, 98: [29 ] Tong J, Ren L Q, Chen B C, et al. Characteristics of adhesion betw een so il and so lid surfaces [J ]. J T erram echanics, 1994, 31: [30 ] Ren L Q, Tong J, Zhang S J, et al. Reducing sliding resistance of so il against bulldozing p lates by unsmoo thed bionics surfaces [J ]. J Terram echanics, 1995, 32: [31 ],,,. [J ]., 1996, 27 (2) : 124. [32 ],,,.

6 [J ]., 1997, 42: [33 ] U nswo rth A. Recent developm ents in the tribo logy of artificial jo ints[j ]. T ribo logy International, 1995, 28 (7) : [34 ]. [J ]., 1998, 18 (2) : [35 ],,,. 2SiC [J ]., 1998, 18 (4) : [36 ],,,. [J ]., 1990, 6 (3) : Naturally Biolog ical M ater ials and The ir Tr ibology: A Rev iew TON G J in, M A Yun2hai, R EN L u2quan T he K ey L aboratory f or T errain2m ach ine B ionics E ng ineering of the M inistry of E d ucation, J ilin U niversity (N anling Cam p us), Chang chun , Ch ina) Abstract: Becau se of the natu ral selection s and evo lu tion of the respective b io logical system s th rough m illion s of years, natu rally b io logical m aterials have un ique structu res and som e ex trao rdinary p roperties. T he structu res and su rface mo rpho logies of natu rally b io logical m aterials have w idely been researched in o rder to develop b iom im etic structu re, b iom im etic m aterials and b iom im etic tribo logical su rfaceṡ T hu s the characteristics of som e natu rally b io logical m aterials and their tribo logical behavio r are review ed. Focu s has been p laced on the structu res and p roperties of b io logical compo site m aterials and keratin m aterials, the su rface mo rpho logies of so il an im als cu ticle and p lan t leaves, the friction and w ear behavio r of natu rally b io logical m aterials such as bam boo and pango lin scales, the an ti2adhesion of so il an im als, and the b io logical lub rication of an im al jo in tṡ T hen the concep t of b iom im etics in tribo logy is put fo rw ard. Key words: b io logical m aterial; so il an im al; tribo logy; b iom im etics