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47 B H@ C< N=D 5 F :B OEG; D^<>; cb < HB0D `D B! CD # `D^@ `D ;!" H@C;=<';' D^; C;' C< %D ;':<OD N=D D^<>; %>@ >BB*;=<>< 5 7 ;*@ %`D B0D^<OD B6;!`D CD^<>; E ;=@CB cb B H@ 5 7 ;B `D D ;=@ D %D!0D CD! :;'H;' H@ =E CD! H; ;=B :; =D B N=D `D D^@ 5 V 2 # 5 5 # ; ; 5 # T 5 # B D D 5! HB0D^B H< H@ H< >@ YB CB c@! D H@C;=<Q;=@ 0D^@C@C;=B 5. `D^@ OE %>@ `D ;'"c< =E! D H@C;=< ;=@ 0D^@:@C;=B %D^; E >@ B0D^<OD 0D " D H@CB `D ; BB B DaN=D ;=<! %D >D^B C;' ;=@ %D$;!ODaN=D >@ `D H< F`D$; PBB! C;' CD D >B;=@ :< D^_!ON ;UT <OD^@ Dc@ D! >@ *@"! D H@C;=< D ;=@" H@ H<>< >@ `D$;=@ 0D^@C@C; %D^; LMB H@ ;=@! D>B c@ D^B :< BE %D H<>;' H@ `D # `D :;' %D c<>< CB P;'0D^B 1; ;=@CB H@ "C;=B D ;=@ %D "ODaN=D >@ 0D *B =E H@C@`D >N # `D^@ `D KD^;! >B D^;'0D C;=@ ;=< D^B H<?A@ `D CB `D^@ `D %D^; ;=@! `D*@ " %D =E %D^; *B >@ D^;=B0D N=D! D ;=< C<>;'0D D^B YT H<CB # `D$@`D H< KD *D^B H@C@`D 0D!! ';'">< >B :;' ;=@ 0DaD?R@*; "! H@ >@ SD D %D^@! " D >B H@CB CD D! H@C;=< `D %D^; =E P;=@CB >B B H@ D " H@ # `D :;UT %D <>; *B `D HB B "c< =E SD $B ; Nc@HBCB c@! D H@:;=< ;=@ 0D^@C@:;=B 7 DaN=D ;=< ; CD %B ;'cb0d `D^@ >@! H<>B >@:;=<>< `D^B H@CDE *@! " D H@C;=< ;=@ 0D^@C@:;=B ;' D 0D N=D ;! D H@:;=<:;=@ 0D^@C@C;B B 0D 5 DY; :<OD # E D SD 0T 0D^B *; %D!>B N=D D!`D `D!`D P;=@CB >B B H@ ;=@!=D =E! D H@C;=<C;=@ 0D^@C@C;=B 5 9 SDaN=D # %D E >@!;B :<OD@`D! H; ;=B # =E 0D^@ D^_! D!>B N=D B 0D^B #%D D^B D '< ;'0D 5 F " H; ;=B ; D^B B ;'=D ;=<>< B@CD B CD ><c<#@`dad B0D^_`D^@ >;=<>< ;=@:B CD :; =D H@JD^; =E B %D^; 5 H@:B0D^_ CD^@ < #@CD B =E;@ %`D ; D D >N=D! H; ;=B :; =D B ;'! %D D^@ >@ B >@ D C@C< =D *@!! D H@C;=< ;=@ 0D^@C@C;=B 5 ZM<>B #%B0D^_`D^@ c;=< ;=@:B >B B H@ H@ DaN=D %D^; ;=<c<od 00 8.:*<; ><>< >@!`D H@ H< N=D `D^; 5&I D B " <OD P; `D %B;' >B0D 5 bq; =D B! %D!`D `D^; B ; %D >@ D < >@ 0D! D 0D ;=B ;J< c@ E ; ><! D ;' <>; =D `D >@! H< ; C@:@`D D^B B ;'c< >@" 0D!>B N=D "C;=B D 5 Z! >@! H< C;' D ; >@CB C@C; S;' D =E `D;=@ 0D^@C@:; :;' ; 0D >B B ;=@`D ; `DB ŸB 0D %D E *;=@ D B H@!>] ;=@ < 5 D! HB0D C@!CD B ;=@! `D '< ;' H@CB =E CD^B0D ; `D B H@ %D E *;=@ D =E >@! H<>B #`;=@! B! =D^B VJI

48 D %!O] ;' ^;' `D D;'! :< ;':<OD 5 D%D >@ D%0D^@!!>@! WI Z *;! H; ;=B ;' D^B B ;' E `D@`D <>; =D M;' N=D SD ;=<>< `D D0D^@"`D! H< W I Z 5 -M) N5]!E F`D! HB0D W I Z! H<%>B N=D B ><>;' `D W I Z `D^B %DD^;' < OD c@!>b :;'!0D 5 W D T H@C;=< QF 7 F 7 :; =D B;' D CB D E D^B0D N%>@ `D :;=@C@`D^< # E H<>< SD! D H@C;=< W ;' ;;=@! Z :; =D B 5 F`D*@ H@ =E W \6Z # ;=B! HB D E W I Z # cb;=<>b ;'! '< ;':<OD!cB I Z! H< 5 F`D! %D D^@ D >B :;' W I Z ">B0D^B =E ;-@`D!>B N=D "C<OD;=@! ;! H; ;=B %!C<OD # ;=BCD^B 5 W I Z *; >@ ; >@CB ; < T ;':<>D H@ ; >@">@ ]CD^<CB 0. ; 2 %*, 0 * * 0 5 `D^@ C@! ;' c@ ; B KD >] * 0. ; # W I Z H@CB C@ `D B " ;':<OD %D^; =E C@! ;' H@ 5 F`D< T ;':<OD >B; ; `D C;' >B C;'0D %D! ;=<>< 5 ZMBD '<>; >@`D <>;'0D # `D< T ;':<OD cbcb0d D OD^@ < C;=@!C<OD@ CD ">< ;' `D I Z <>; =D 5 Z6BM; D^B C< # <>; =D D *; c@cb C@C; S;' D =E `D-;=@ 0D^@C@C; C;=@! B C;' C;'! %D^@ `D^@J@ CD^B N=D E `D N=D ;'=D;' D^; =E H@`D %D^; ;=@ CD 5 W I Z ;=<>B :<OD D^@ B ; 00 8.:*<; D C;=@!>B `D^@CDaN=D >B D^_ " D B0D^@! ;! H; ;=B :; =D 5?R@ * ; # W I Z B0D^_`D^@ >;=<>< ;=@CB B `D*B ; D " H; ;=B :; =D N=D DaN=D %D^; # D C<>;' >@ ;=@ *@! " D H@C;=<! H; ;=B 5!c<OD %D E >@! ; # :; =D ;=@CB cb B H@CB6;' D@! D DCD 6.:*<; 5 9 SDaN=D # B SDaD ">@# `D C@" ;' H@ ;=@=D =E `D! H; ;=B :; =D ;=@ %D! `D C;=@ *@"! D H@C;=<%;=@ 0D^@C@:;=B #:;=@! CD D E ;'$; B ;=@ KD D^; `D 5 ;=<>@ KD DaD^@ PB;' DME D ;! D T H@C;=<" ;=@CB >B B H@;=@" D H@C;=<% D D! H@ 5 [@*B ><>;'#< c@`d^b # CD^@ CB c@ *@! " D H@C;=< ;=@ 0D^@C@C;=B #`@`D B C< %D ;=<><OD < * 0. ; B>@ D CDM< c@ CB c@ *@!! D H@C;=< ;=@CB>B B H@ ;=@" *@!! D H@C;=< D D! H@ 5 %D DaD^@ `D@`D B ;' D6E D V (

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50 B CD #'B SDaD ;=<>< $B6; B D@ %`D!cB N=D B 0D!0D^B 5 ZM<>B #!`D CD CB D =E! D H@C;=< ;=@ 0D^@C@C;=B # B0DaN=D ;=<:@! `D^B >@ `D D^<OD^B BQN% >@! ;' D ;' :;':<OD =E B C< ;=@CD CB < E ;'!>@! CD X :; =D 5 D`; :<OD #OE ;&@ %`D D D ON=D^B ; X CD / # ;=@ %D >@ B $@ B SDaD DaN=D^@! C; N=D ]:@!cb `D B $@ B DaD E C;' X '; =D 5 ZMB*; D^B C< # `D E S;'!>@ =E X :; =D B;' D %D^< >@`D KD DaD^@J@ CD^B # :;' < %D^@CB ;' c@ E CD*B DaD >@ `D^<>; D^@ H@`DD^;'P< OD 5 F 6DaNU;=< :;'0D `D^B0D ; `D B # SDB C<>;'0DB0DaN=D ;=<OD#B D^@C;' HB # " KD D^@! :;' 5 D " D^B0D^@ ]:@! ">@HB %D^< 5-6 O! "! D :;' D `D %D E *;=@ D =EV! H<>B W I Z # WW 7 # WW7 T I ;=@C;=< 5 WMW7 T I ;=@C;=< >B >@ %! D c@ N=D^B H;'0D CD %D E *;=@ D C;' ;=@ %DM;!ODaN=D OE CD %D^B AT HB B:<OD 0D^B ;' D CB0D W I Z 5 D`D 0D c@`d `D KD^B HB B '<OD 0D^B ; D^@ ;=< ad *;=@:@`D :;=B D H@ `D!>B ;=@ D^B %D SDaD^@&@ CD^B #G;=@! `D C@" ;' H@ P;=@=D^B =E `D %D^; E >@ ;=@ 0D^@C@C;=B 5 [ 'B0D N=D C;' `D KD E ;=@ D H;' %D SDaD^@ WMW7 T I ;=@C;=< ;=@! WW 7 D! D^B0D^@ B `D`D ; C;' H@!`D 00 8.:*<; ;=@! 6 -* *.:*<; 5 F`D H;' KD DaD^@ WMW7 T I ;=@C;=< ;=@! W I Z >B ; D^;=B D =E " N=D D^@ ;^N ; ><>;''<OD E CB >@!B 0D 0D^B KD^; *E >@;=@ 0D^@:@C;=B 5 -. * +* 3. 8 ;-. 0 D %D >@ JB C<>;' c@ B ;' C; c@&;=@" H< OD^B B ><>;' `D H@`D^B >@ W I Z 5 D V 5 $ & ; S;=@! B 6B `D;' D H;'0D! "!#E W I Z # WW7 # ;=@! WW7 T I ;=@ :;=< #YE :; >@CB ;=@! H< OD^B #! D^B %D ON=D^< 5 `D]! D^B # WMW7 ;=@! WMW7 T I ;=@C;=< %D E *B%D 0D C;=@ W I Z %D ; CB0D `D ;' D ;' :;''<OD =E ]'@!!>@E D SD!!0D^B 5 9 SDaN=D # WW7 T I ;=@ :;=< %D E *B %D 0D C;=@ WW 7 %D ; CB0D `D <>;' 0D $B KD PBE `D^; B;=@" ;' " D! >@ CD C;=B0D =E!0D ">B N=D 5 [ :B0D N=D C;'! H; ;=B :; =D B #SB &;=B 0D D^_ CD^B X '; =D B # ;' $<OD!=D 5 ZMB; D^B :< # `D # # cb`d^; E!>@! ;=@ H@! >@! H; ;=B # >B ;'! D ;=@ `D H@! >@ C@! ;' H@ # D D >N=D `D! H; ;=B ;' ;=<>< 5?RE :;'! %D^@CB %D H@ `D %D^B 0DE # `D^@ `D %D^B 0D ><><@ %D!>B N=D D 5 F`D DaE D # WMW7 =E 0D^@ CB0D^B6B `T " *;=< 0D^B 5 7 >@ D WMW7 T I ;=@C;=<;=< ; ŸBCB0D^B `D! ;=< 0D^B c@ 0D *B =E `T :@ #" ;!ODaN=D^B!CD >@ :;'cb H@ WW7 5 V `

51 Aggregate Throughput (Mbps) Using beamforming for routing on chain topology DMAC DDSR DDSR Manual Aggregate Throughput (Mbps) Performance of beamforming on grid topology DMAC DDSR DDSR-Manual CBR Traffic Rate (Mbps). +(% (; + 0 "$'89 "$' 0*;:-$ %&! CBR Traffic Rate (Mbps). +(% (; + 0 "$' %*. "7 0*;:-$ %&! D V 5 $ & bd E *;=@ D " N=D D^@ E C; >@;=@! H< OD^B # `D^@ E >@;=@ 0D^@C@C;=B 5 >@ CB>@ %D^; T Aggregate Throughput (Mbps) Directional routing on Random networks DMAC (beamwidth 60) DDSR (beamwidth 60) DDSR-Manual (beamwidth 60) Average End to End Delay (s) Directional routing on Random networks DMAC (beamwidth 60) DDSR (beamwidth 60) DDSR-Manual (beamwidth 60) CBR Traffic Rate (Mbps). +% (; + 0 2'( 0 ). :.. + 0"$' % CBR Traffic Rate (Mbps) + 8 0"$:' "7' - 02'(8! + 0 ) ) DSV 5 $J$ Z D H;'0D! " ;=@!;^N=D ;'=D`D^<>; >@ ;=@!! H< OD^B! D H@C;=< >@ 5 -* 8 5;-. 0 B # I 5 # ; $ 5 D D D 5 5 ; 5 D V H D-;=<cB C<>;'0D W I Z WW7 #G;=@! WW7 T ;=@ :;=<#E ;=@! H< OD^B ;=@! ; :;' 0D P@CB ZMB `DD^;' < OD B C<>;' H@CB SD CB0D]I'&@ %`D^B>@ C@"`D B _C;' D =EB `D & & & >@ %! C<! $B KD DaD^@ ;=@! *< =D^@`D ;'0D *B! T`D^B >@:;' H@ :; B DV $J$ ;=@! GB $B `D " ;=@! `D^<c; D^B C< BSE `DB C<c;' H@CB "><OD `D %D E *;=@ =E WW7! N=D^B

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53 Nodes in 1019m X 1010m, range :-$-$" ) "7*' ) ' )/+ *;0"$ ) ;. 1 -$2' Nodes in 1015m X 994m, range )/) 82*-7-$" ) "$:' ) + 0 ) ; &.). ' 4" ) 0. " + 0"$:' D V 5 $ V WW 7 B! $B%D 0D %D E *;=@ D E CD H< H@ `D 5 $!><OD SD*B!!OD `D@`D H;' >N=D :; B =ESB DaD >@# D C;' c@ ;=@ `D^;=< ;=B0D # `D %D^@`Da]! B =E!`D P;=@CB >B B H@ ;=@=D ;=BB H@!>] ;=@ 5 F!>B S;=BDaN%`D^@ E `D! YT ";=@! < "<>;'0D^@ ;!ODaN=D WW7 T I ;=@C;=< >@ DV 5 $J$ 57 :<>;' H@ P; D^B;=<>B B C;' `D %D^@`Da]! B;' D! H@ :@ D `D^@ >BB ';' B0D # `D^@ `D! 6B;' D %D DaD^@ B! D T `D^B c@c;' H@ :; B E ;' ;' :;' 5?R@ B :;' B0D D H@:B # CD "`D ;=@CB >B B H@ ;=@=D =E %D^; E >@ ;=@ 0D^@C@C;=B " N=D %D D%D ON=D >@ ">@! H<>D^B >@ 5 D V 5 $ $JB $B WW 7 >B ;' :;':<OD =E">@! H<OD^B # `D D^;=B W I Z ;!! B; < H@=D 0D ;' C@! `D %D "CD =E `D H<OD 5?A@JB0DaN=D ;=< ;=B0D^B # CD D :;' H@`D W I Z # WW 7 ;=@C;'=D *; >@ ; >@ H@C@`D >N 5 F`D D^B C< =E B! N=D H@C@`D >N D CD B H@ `D %D E *;=@ D #GD^B %D >;=<>< >@ `D D^@! D^@! <>;'0D^@ &;!ODaN=D WW7 T I ;=@C;=< 5 F!>B CB O]CD^B E CB>@ CD "`D ;=@CB>B B H@P;=@=D =EKD^; *E >@ ;=@ 0D^@C@:;=B #GD^B KD c;=<>< CD D `D*@ %`D`D^@CB D% D D^< `D^@CB D 5?R@ NOD =E!>B # D ><><%N%>B! ^;' H@CB B SDaD ">@ c@ `D^B H@ >@! T H< E %D^; E >@;=@ 0D^@C@C;=B 5 V D `D^@JB " `D :; =E@! `D ">< H@ CD %D E *;=@ D =E WMW7 5 D C<@ B C<>;'0D W I Z +;=@! WW7 T I ;=@C;=< E `D^B0D*D% %D D^@ B KD ; :B0D `D 0D^BE `D^B D! H<>B ;' D$B ;' ;=<><>D B D^@C;' HB C< D^_! D 0D^B C;=@=D H@CB ;=@ < 5 F`D D^BC< B % $

54 E CD >< D% %D B;' D " D^B0D^@ 0D >@ D V 5 $ %`5 <OD^;' < # `D %D E *;=@ D =E WW 7 `D ; CD B H@"O] ;=@ < ">< 5 F`D`D P; C;' H@ " *;'c< C;'! %D^@`D %D ; CB D WW 7 c@! >;'0D 0D ">B N=D OD^BDaN=D D ;*@CD =E ;@ %`D N=D ; ; >@ `D N=D P;'=D;' D^; =E;! KD D^@ %D^; 5 <OD^;' < # `D$@`D! H<:@`DaDCB %D; ;' D C;=@*< >@ E ; >< >@"! ;'0D!>B H@C@`D T H@ `D^@ %D^; E >@;=@ 0D^@C@:;=B;' D c@ CB D 5 D DaN>B!cB >B B `D>@ C;' "0D I#`;=@! %!OE WW 7 ; C;'0D ">< D ; DaE C<>< 5 %. D^; E >@!;=@ 0D^@C@C;=B! N=D B < >@ E ; >< D^B 5X ;' < OD B! "OD^B :;^N=DB $@ C;' `D^@CB c@ W7 #`< c@ B H@ ;!cb N=D D!0D =E 0D^@! N=D %D :@CB ;':<OD V H E <>;' =D T B ad C;' ; :; =D C@! ;' H@CB 5 F!>B >B %D ; CB D 0D^B*;' D!>B N=D D CB c@ B *;=<>< T B ad X :; =D B ;=@CB 0D ;' < C;' ; ;'0D^B C;< >@ KD B OD^@ 7?A\ ;=@CB `D^B0D X :; =D B # %DB H@D^@ E $<>;'=D T B ad C;' ; '; =D B ;=@CB 0D ;'!`D C;' ; P;'0D^B 5 WW7 ##B DaN=D^@ B SD D ;' D B >@ D 0D^B!>B N=D D X '; =D B!>B D =E W [6T < >@ YB 5 9 SDaN=D # `D^@ <>;' =D C@! ;=B :; =D B D D ;=@CB 0D N=D `D^B D < >@ YB #% `D P;=@CB 0D M;=@! `D D D ON=D %D^; E D S;' D^; `D WW T < >@ # >@ D^;=B >@ `D 7?A\ +;' `D D D ON=D 5 Z >@ E ; >< D^B "`D :;=@C@`D^< " C;' H@CB;=@" E ; ">@ D! D #! D^B C< >@ >@ D D^< >;':<>D C@! ;' H@ 5 F!cB " N=D &B ;'">< >@ 0D B0D^<OD H@ D^BC<0D c@! `D `D^< ON=D ;' =EC;' ; :; =D B 5 F`D D^B :BD% %D D^@ ;' D! D^B D^@ 0D <c;'0d 5 I D;=<>B B!! `D :; =E %D^; H@ CD %D E *;=@ D =E WW7 5 :@ 0D >@! H@! B! =D^B D %D^; B C< %D %D 0D KD E ;=@ D D D^@ C@ 0D P; `D 5 `D^@ %D^; *B ;' D D D # D*]'@! C;' `D '; =E `D^; B ;=@! `D N=D `D^; CB =E'B DaD "c@ =D `D %B0D `D%D^@`Da]! B =E:B ';' >;=< D CB0D ;=@! ;=@=D D0D^@:B H@ 5 [@ `D `D C;=@! # ;' <>;' =D %D^; CB # B :;' >;=< D CB0D`D ; CD^BSBH@!O] ;=@ < # D! >@! `D;' D H;'0D! " >@ `D6@`D 5 DDaNU;=< C;' `DN ;'>;' H@ =E! "!E >@ D^;=B >@ %D^; #H;=@" :B0D N=D C;' % I ;'! %D^;' `D %D^B # `D^@ :<OD 0DB SDaD ">@>B KD E *D %`D 5 DV 5 $ %! D^B0D^@ B `D N ;'>;' H@ =E %D E *;=@ D %D^; &E B ;' ;=@" H< OD^B 5?A@ 0D D^B >@H< # `D^@ SDDaNU;=< :;'0D `D*B ; D KD E ;=@ %`D ">< # D^BCB >B KD ; :B0D -@:;' SD %D^; CB # % $

55 `D ;' D^;=B0D^B 5 Z!`D C@" ;' H@ P;=@=D >B CB0DaE C< >@ ><OD*B D^@C;' HB %D ; CB0D `D< >E D *D =E#;-< >@ >@ D^;=B0D^B!`D ;=@CB cb B H@ P;=@=D^B 5 ZMB6; D^B C< #" 0D^B! D^; <OD^B BQE D^_`D^@ < # <OD^;!c@ E D SD!0D!>B N=D OD^B 5 F`D^B D>B B `D^BQ;' D DaNcB 0D >@ C;' "0D IE #; D `D ; ><>D B! 5 Aggregate Throughput (Mbps) Impact of mobility on DDSR 9 DDSR (beamwidth 60) Mobility (m/s) ; 8 0 "$-$"60! Normalized Throughput (normalized to omni) Performance of DDSR with varying beamwidth Beamwidth (degrees) DDSR.. '(82 1 &. " 0"$:' 5 "60 5 "740 "$' ) 0 0"$8 ' 0 5. ) D V 5 $ % ; I "c< &; KD B %D E *;=@ D "`D JE D^_`D^@ *< >@ " D^; U;'=D^B 5 bgd E ;=@ D N ;'OD^B NU;'c;' H@ >@ %D^; 5 O! F ON ;'0D `D6@`DaD *E ;=@ 0D^@C@C;UT ; ;' D >@!! H<>B # SD! HB D DYD 0D6; B :<>D >@! H<! H@-;! D H@C;=@ ;'0D;@`D ">B N=D!:<OD;=@!*; " H; YT ;=B!:<OD@CD D^B B ;' E `D c@ E C@ H@C;=< >D^B 5 D ;=<c<od!>b! D H@C;=<! >@! H< WW7 5 F`DDaN ;=< C;' H@ =E WW7 DaN=D^;=<OD CD %D^@`Da]" B =E "`D ;=@CB cb B H@ ;=@=D =E %D^; E T >@ ;=@ 0D^@C@C;=B 5 D^B :< BB C;' %D ; CB0D =E B;' ><!>B N=D *E D D 0T! 0D^B # WMW7 ;=@ ; "ODaN=D"`D! "!;=@!J< D <>;'0D^@ 5. D^@CDa]! B *; %D HB B :<ODDaN=D^@ >@ ><OD*B D^@C;' HB %D ; CB0D "`D C@! ;' H@ ;=@=D^B >@ D^;=B D `D < >E D *D =E ;-< >@ #`<OD^;!>@ E D SD 0D! D^; T ;'=D^B 5 9 DaN=D # CD N=D `D^; =E! H; ;=B >@ WW7 >B6B H@!O] ;=@ #K;=@! C@:<OD^B B " ad # ;=@ B0D `D KD^@CDa]! B c@ D ; c@ P; B D^@C;' HB 5 F`D %D E *;=@ D =E WW7 "B KD B %`D % V

56 # " *;'c< KD ; :B0D =E! H; ;=B :; =D H<>< >B H@CB 5 LM@C<OD^B B ;! D^B B D # `D^B0D>B B`D^B ;=@! DaN=D^@ ;! D H@C;=<! >@! H< E ; "ODaNc@ BE C<><OD^B %D E *;=@ D %D^@`Da]" B 5 %J%

57 Z ; ">@KD^; *E >@;=@ 0D^@:@C;=B # CDB " =E "`D $<>; =D " H<cB #">B >@CB OD^@ E D^<OD^B B YB 5 [ >@ N=D^B H;' H@ =E ; B :<OD I Z! H< >@ C;' "0D MVB! $B C;' B0DaN=D ;=< >B B`D^B ;'cb0d CD^@JB :<ODN ;'>;=@ B =ED>B >@! *@!! D H@:;=<! H<>B;' D CB D >@ H@YT C@ H@ %D^; E c@ ;=@ 0D^@C@:;=B 5?R@" >;=< KD E ;=@ DDaNU;=< C;' H@ B $B C;' `D^B0D>B B`D^B ;=@ B0D `D KD^@CDa]! B E %D^; E >@ 5?R@ :;' C<>;' # 0 * 0 ;=@! 6 8, 50 D D =D %D CD =D :;=<><OD^@=D^B;' `D I Z <>; =D 5 L6@:<OD^B B! H<>B ;' D`D^B H@`D B KD >] ;=<>< *;!! D^B B `D #% `D %D^@`D T ]! B =E %D^; E %DE :<>< -;!ODaN=D 5 $D^B H<ON%>@ `D^B D`Da] OD^@ OD^B ;=@ <OD^; B H@!O] ;=@ " N=D D^@ %D E *;=@ D 5 F!>B C;'!0D! D^B0D^@ B$;`DaD %D $DaN ;=< C;' H@ =E `D :; =E 0 * 0 ;=@! 6 38, 0 #:;=@!! HB0D^B! H<>B C;' ;' DaE C<c< *;! D^B B CD^B0D >B B CD^BS;' `D I Z <>; =D 5 F`D! H<>B #C@:; D^< F H@`D W I Z ;=@! ; W I Z #C;' D 7`I Z Z :;=B0D! H<>B :;' %D 0D D T :< `D 0D^@ c;=<>b =E %D^; E >@;=@ 0D^@C@C;=B 5 F`D! H<>B6; *; % adb :;' c;=< D CB0D c@ 5 D %D >@ ;!>B :B B H@ H@ 0 3* 0 ;=@! BCD ; ><OD :; H@ `D %D E *;=@ D =E 5. ;=B0D H@ `D >@CB B # DCD^B H@ I Z! H< *D 0F H@CD WI Z %# C;' ;=<><ODaN%>;'0D^B`D^; B #!c<od "! H<!>@ `D B :;' >;=< D CB D-;^N ; ><>;''<OD E KD^; *E >@ ;=@ 0D^@C@C;=B 5 D DaN ;=< C;'0D `D KD E ;=@ D =EMF H@`D W I Z # ;=@!!>B :B B >B B `D^B B :<OD D^@ ;' H@ 5 F`D^@ # SD N%>B CD " :<OD =E I Z ST <>; =D 6 8, 0 ;=@!E H<>< ; B ><>;' H;=@! ^;' H@ D B!! B :; %D E *;=@ D #`DaN=D^< ;! H<6@C; *D ;'!! D T Z ;' D W I Z ; W I Z %#;=@! % I

58 DaN ;=< C;'0D B D ; D! D ;'! D ;=@" CD^; B 5 7 C<c;' H@ D^BC< B`D H@CB ;'0D `D %D E *;=@ D! N=D *D^@ B; NU; c<>;':<od E F H@`D W I Z ;=@! ; WI Z 5 & F`D ;'"c< %D^; E %D^; E >@!;=@ 0D^@C@C;=BcBKD^@CDa] >;=< >@0D *B =EB ';' >;=< D CB0D;=@" ;=@=D D%0D^@CB H@ 5 9 SDaN=D #Y;=B D^@ H@`D!OD " >@ CD " DaN CB C;'!0D # B0DaN=D ;=<% ; CD %B#;' >B0D `D^@ `D^B H@!>@! H<>B E B J;=@ 0D^@C@C;=B 5 B ; CD >B 0 3* 0 5. OD " #`D^; B >B ; :B0D `D # #Q;' 0D! B c@! >;'0D ">;=< %`D # #!c<od >BD^@H;'=D >@ :@! ;UT H@ ;=@ `D # #G;=BB $@ >@ D %`5 $ 5 \ %`D E ; c<>b D D ON=D-B H@C;=<>BME B >@ D D *; >@CB %D^; E D ;'CB N=D CD " ;' H@ =E C@" ;' H@ 5 \ CD >@ 0D! D B `D ;':B0D^@ D =E#; D :< E +;=B >@"! ;' ON=D =E ; H<>< >B H@ ;' #K;=@! D ;=@CB B `D :; =D 5 F!>B ;=@ D %D^;' C< :<>D D^B #%:@ ><%@ %`D :;=B]:@!>B`D `D ">;=< 5 F`D '; =E`D^; B ;=@ %D ;=B ;!c@# ;=@! `D ; CD@`D G;=B SD^<><Y;=BQE B 5 F!cBB D H@DaNU;=< C;'0D^B `D '; =E 0 * 0 c@`d ; >< # ;=@!! HB0D^BSF H@`D W I Z ;=@ D^@!:;=@ D D^@ W I Z H;'0D `D! :<OD 5 FCD! :<>D =E`D^; B D^B$@! 6;'! %D^;' *@! " D H@C;=< ;=@ 0D^@C@C;=B 5 `D^@CB T D H@:;=<K;=@ 0D^@C@C;=B # CDM@`D B =E ; :@! ;' >@@ %`D D ; >@-; S;' D =E `D H@ >@ C@! T ;' H@ 5! DY; :<OD #>@ D %`5 $ #:@ %`D C<C; N=D D D ON=D ;=@ QF 7 %`D #C;=@" CD D >@! >;'0D ;=@CB cb B H@ Z :@ >< `D ">;=< %D SDaD^@ ;=@" >B N=D 5 9 SDaN=D #B :;' >;=< D CB D =D B; %D 0D!CD *@!! D H@:;=< C@! ;' H@ #% D^B C< c@ >@ ; %D E *;=@ D ; `D 5 D! HB0D ; H@`D T :;=B D! D H@C;=B ; CD 5 7 C<>;UT H@ D^BC< BB C;';! D^B B >@`D^; B ;=@ <OD^; B H@"O] ;=@ %D^@`Da]" B # `D D " N%>@ `D %D E *;=@ D =E :;=B! D H@C;=B :;^N=D %DaD^@ " HB0D C;'B! ;':< ; C;'! ` &$ 5 $J$ E %D^; E >@ ;=@ 0D^@C@C;=B 5 0, 5 $ %! HB0D W I Z C;' ;=@ %D^@`Da]"E ;=@:B >@! H@C< >@`D^B D! T 1= '( '! &0(. ;. &0182:- )23 "$'(8 - + "$' % 0( ) +() "$' % ". 28 0"$:' - '102'' *)23 &. 4 ) " % '(2 &) *' 0(" ) *)/)/+ ;0"$:'>= % (

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66 ..:.,/ ,/. +* ZM@ `D " H@ >B ;=@CB C< :<OD W QF 7 UW F 7 :; T D B H@CD H@ D^; %D^; MB :;' B =E `D ;=@CB 0D ;=@! D D ON=D ;' D >@`E D =E `D >@`D^@!>;=< % V 5 F!>B$B ;'0D ;=@ D^< c@c;'0d`d^; B #!c<od %D >@ B :;' >;=< D CB0D;=@! ;=@=D D%0D^@CB H@ 5 9 DaN=D # `D N=D `D^; ;=@ %DD D *D^<! >E#D^; C@" ;' %D! D T D`D \ H@ H< :; =D B 5 :<>;'0T W I Z % V >B;! HB ;=< C;' ;! B!>B`D^B H@ D;=B ; D D CD^; B #'" >@ B <>;'=D N=D CD^; #H;=BDaNCD^@ E B :<>;' H@CB <>;'0D >@!>B B D H@ 5 FCD;' N=D ">B CB B H@ <OD^; :B :B %D^< ODaN=D C;' B >@H<>D! D H@C;=< QF 7 F 7 >B! :;''< `D;' `T! ">;'0D`D^BH@ D #DaN=D^@ `D^; B ;'! %D^;' B ;=B ; ; `D B :;' >;=< D CB0D ;=@! ;=@=D D%0D^@CB H@ 5 F H@`D W I Z +; *B D :< < D^B H<>N=DCD^; B # `D D D ; >@">@ CD %D^@`Da]! B =E D CB0D ;=@! D%0D^@CB H@ 5 -, +* ). 3. +* F`D ; `D B;=B B >;'0D QF 7 F 7 # ;' DM;=B B >;'0D W ;' ; Z :; =D B;=B SD^<>< 5 [ *@"! D T H@C;=< W ;' ; Z ;=@CB>B B H@CB D! D C@! ;' H@ ;=@=D*;=@!JB :;' >;=< D :B0D 5 7 ; O] c@ CD^B0D %D^@`Da]! B >B " :;':< >@C;'!!!>;'0D #=;=@! CD DaE D! HB ;=<>B >@ $ % # $ ( # % V # $ 2 # % ( #Y;=< HB C@C;=@YT :B < ;! " D H@C;=< W ;' ; Z P;=@CB >B B H@CB 5 9 DaN=D #! HB c@ ;=@CB `D W ;' ; Z :; =D B! D H@C;=<>< <OD^; CB `D^; B;=B SD^<>< 5!><OD. ;=@! *Z >@ D %`5&% ;' DD^@H;'=D >@! D H@C;=< W ;' ; Z CD *; ;' 0D! C< T :<>D ;=@CB>B B H@CB. #'D^; ;=@CB cb B H@! D D`D ;=@ D% H@`D^@ >;=<>< < H@=D :;!! ;' H@ 5 \ #% H@ D. ]:@">B `D^B P;=@CB c@ ; '; =D Z # CB HB0D :; N ;=< `D c@! D ';' ;' H@ =E P;=@CB c@ `D@`D% _ CD `D :; =D 5*7 >@ D :;=BD H@`D^@ >;=<>< c@ D^;=B0D B :;!! ;' H@ C< :<>D D^B #" >B!:< " :;':<OD :;' `D '; JN ;=< `D. HB0D^B$E ;=@CB>B B H@ #!>B B *;=<c<od C;=@ B D ; >@!>@ '; " ;' H@ 5 ZMBM; D^B :< #. ;=@ ]:@">B C@ >@ B'; D^;'P< OD C;=@ #K;=@!! DaD `D@`D! D H@C;=< W ;' ; Z :@! ;' H@ 5 [ :B D N=D :;' `D^@ ]:@C;=<c< -]'@!>B `D^B C@ >@! $@ #. C;=B >@! >;'0D W QF 7 UW F 7 UWW ;' ; UW Z # ; :BAT ) "60 1= >3 0( 0"$ 0 0. ' ) "60. ; 8 90 ) " ). + ' *'( 0". 0( 0&0-0"$.) ' "$' %! 0 0 ; 8 90 ) = / (2' ' +. ) ) ", :. ( ) 8 ' "$'10:-$. -$:= I %

67 E ; >< ;'H; >@ 5 Z$E 0D ;, " %D =EC@CB D^B B0E :<;' 0D! B #! :B `D '; =D # ;=@! E 5 9 # 5 D B 5 >@`E *B `D! %D <>; =D =EQ;< >@ ; ><! D CD <>; =D! H<>B ><c< c@! >;'0DD^<>;' ;'0D *D C;=@!cB *B D 0D :; =D B ;=@! =D H@=D^B H@ H@ H< ;=<!*B bd E *;=@ ;=@ CB`D 0D ;'0D H@"O] ;=@ < X D S D CTS ACK X RTS Data CTS Backoff D %`5 I Z S RTS Backoff RTS Backoff RTS Channel Idle B D^@C;' ><>< :B ;' >@ :;=@C@`D^< C@!CD 0T >< ^;' H@!`D `D^; B H@:B `D ;=@ `D H@CB0D^_`D^@ D =E `D^; B 5 Z6B B!D %`D-% >@ 0D^@!CB B0D^@! :; =D B CB c@ ;=B;=@ >@ 0D D!>;'0D@ CD D %`5 I 5 `D^@ :; =D B ;' D<>;' =D # :< D ; >@ D^@!H;'=D >@ P;=@CB >B B H@ E 6;-< H@=D! ;' H@ #"!c@! % ; ;' 0D! :< :<OD D P;=@CB >B B H@CB D^; ;=@:B >B B H@! D D`D ;=@ D H@`D^@ >;=<>< >@ D^;=B >@ '; " ;' H@ 5 `D^@ ]:@C;=<c< :<>D 0D^B :; =D CD^< ON=D #';=@" >B D^; D D >N=D `D@`D% :; =D E %# cb$< =D^< C;' % C< %D C@ >@! $@-;<>;' =D'; C@ 0D 5 FCD C;=@C@CD^<! D *; c@cb C<>D N=D ">B D^@ D!! ;' H@ ;=B B $@ D^;' < OD >@ D %`5 I C@! ;' H@ D^B!*D^B H@C< `D^@ CD:; KD D% " D^B#;=@! % >@" >;'0D^B ;=@:B >B B H@ 5 F %D;':<OD C;=@"C<OD`D^; B #C; " D H@C;=@ E D^;' D^B 5 $ 5 FCD;'">< C@" ;'0D! D H@C;=<>< >@ `D >@ 0D D^B =E! `D B :;' >;=< D CB0D IJI

68 $ 5 E 5 D 5 [ F B 5 < W 7 F T 5 F 5 D E 5 F`D;'">< >@È ;=<>@*@CD BM;' ; C@" ;' H@ >@ `D >@ 0D D^B =ES; YT D^B B B?A@ ;!! H@ # CD ;' N=D H;=<cB@`DaD KD ;!ODaN=D ;*BH@!O] ;=@ %D E *;=@ %D^@C;=<! HB ;=< =E H@`D W I Z ; ;!>DaN=D CD^B0D`D^B H@ H;=<>B?A@ CD%D >@C@!c@# ;@ CD %D E *B! D H@C;=< C@! ;' H@ c@!!c@ QF UW #H;=@" >@CE B =E B >@ 0D^@!`D C@" ;' H@ SDaN=D # H@ D CD!>;=< >B N=D #% `D$@ %`D ;=@:B B#;=@ AT =E :;=@! H@`D >@È BS@`D B :;' C; %DaD^@*D^@H;'=D >@ C@! ;' H@ N=D CD D D^@ :;=B H@`D^B ;' D ;=@CB D H@C;=<>< [@CD 0D >@ CD H@`D C;' :; %DaD^@*E ; >< >@! D^B ;''< >B C@! ;' H@ ;=@`D " :;' CD ; CB D =E! DaN% CB$E ; >< D^B B H@=D^B H@ %`D ;=@ D^<>B B D *; >@!c@:; # HB0D^B ;M@`D #' D^<>;' ON=D^<>D #P;=@! :; NU;=< `D #H;=@! D^;' 0D " B ;=@CB cb B H@ 5 F`D C;=@C@CD^< c< ^;' H@>@ D^;=B0D^B # '; =D 'B6;=@! ;=@CB>B B H@ E ; >< D `D D^;=B D^B #!c<od B :;' >;=< D :B0D;=@! ;=@!=DD0D^@:B H@ >BB ><>< *; >@ ; >@`D 5 9 SDaN=D #! :B0D N=D C;' H@ ; c@c@è *;' H@ B # ;=@" CB ;' D@ CD "C<>;'0D `D ;' D H@:< `D 0D 0D! D^@CD D^B *;' H@ H@ `D D^B H@!!c@*@C;' E D^_ CD^@ :;=@! 5 F!>B '< OD^B C;'M;*@`D %D ;':<OD `D 0D >@`D `DB0D^@!`D =E#; H@`D # C@C<OD^B B$@ CD^B;' D;=B B T >;'0D -B KD >] H@`D^B 5 F H@CD WI Z! HB0D^B `D `D^@ O]CD B H@`D T E D^_`D^@ OD^B CB c@ ; B :<ODB ;' C;=B E :@ H@ 5 F`DCD ; ><>B =EQF H@CD WI Z ;' D! D^B D^@ 5 +* *.:*<; +* 6 `D^@ :B >@ F H@`D W I Z #`; ;=@:B 0D. %D^; E *B >@ CD! D H@ =E B c@ 0D^@!CD D D ON=D Z ;=@! ;' OD B0D^@CB0D^B >@ `D! D H@C;=< `D 5? E `D C;=@:@`D^< >B C<OD #" `D P;=@CB 0D MB0D^<OD B;';!P;' H@*E 1;=@ >@ 0D N ;=<" =E & B ><>;' ` &$ 5 $J$ 5 \ #`F H@CD WI Z D^_! D^B. B `D ;=@ 0D^@C@C; `D *@! " D H@C;=< %`D!c<OD %D E c@ CD :; :@ $@ 5 9 SDaN=D %`D! D^BM@ ;=@ D^< B:; H@ B0D^@CB>@ ;=@ ;' " ;' B H@C;=< 5?R@:B 0D^; # `D^@ `D@ %`DB0D^@CB0D^B; B H@:;=< # %D E *B `D; C;=<%%D^; +B ;=@ `D 0D >@CD CD! D H@ =E `D;' >N>@!MB H@C;=< 5? E!>B! D H@ >B >@*;! %D D^@! D H@*E C;' =E Z # `D^@. H@ >@ CD^B `D C@! $@ % `D >B0D. ;=@ D^<>B `D D C@ >< `D C;=@C@CD^< %D D^B :<OD 5 [ :B D N=D C;' OE CD ;' ON%>@ B H@C;=< >BB H@ D^@ E. D D >N=D # `D^@. ;=@ D^<>B `D :; D #C;=@! `D %`D^B CD :; =D 5? E `D :; =D >B D^;=@ SE. #% `D^@. ;=@ D :< `D '; =D #C;=<><ODaN%>;' >@! `D HB B "c< =E`D^; C< ;=@!`D^; B 5 I (

69 E D C A F B X Y Omnidirectional Busy Tone time Tone B Tone A B RTS DATA RTS A CTS ACK CTS Preempted Backoff C RTS RTS RTS RTS DATA Legend Backoff Duration Tones Projected Backoff Duration D %`5 ( Z6@ DY; '<OD B D^@C;' *;=@! *D^< >@`D =E `DF H@CD WI Z! H< 5 +* 0 -, F`DQF 7 F 7 C;=@! :B C; =D>B ;'OD! D H@:;=<>< CD^@CB >@!F H@`D W I Z 5 [@ D `DC;=@! :B C; =D >B D^B ;':< >B CDB D^B B0E C<>< # W ;' ;;=@!*Z :; =D BS;' D ;=@:B 0D " D H@C;=<c< ;=B SD^<>< 5 \ `D^B C;' N=D `D^;' CD W F 7 # W F 7 # WW ;' ; :; =D B # C;'0D `D D CB B! ;':< ;^N >@ 0D E D >@ :@! ;' H@CB>@ HB0D! D H@:B 5.. ;=@! Z+B :; `D *@!! D H@C;=< %`D H@ D CD WW ;' ; UW Z D C;=@=D :;=B%DaD^@ ; :< cb `D 5 +* 0 +* 0 +* ). 3. +*?A@JF H@`D W I Z # `D C;=@C@CD^< >BB :< >@ B `T C;=@C@`D^<cB ; :;' ; C;=@C@`D^<;=@! H@ H< :;=@C@`D^< 5 QF 7 # F 7 # W ;' ;%#;=@! Z :; =D B ;' D P;=@CB 0D H@ `DC;' ; C;=@:@`D^< 5 F`D H@CD^B D^B B0D^@ >;=<>< -B >@CB CB B OD^@ B %D ;=< B0D :;' ;' H@ ;' D;=B B H@CD CD H@ H< C;=@C@`D^< 5 [@ D WW ;' ; UW Z >B N=D # F H@`D W I Z D^_! D^B. ;=@! Z ;=@:B D H@C;=<>< 5 F`D E D^_ CD^@ =E `D H@CD #H;=@! `D! ;' H@E " `D H@`D>B ;=@CB 0D `D %D^@!CB H@ `D ;=@CB 0D =E CD H@`D 5 Z1@ %`D HB0D^B; H@CD =E E D^_ CD^@ E ; B D =E E D^_`D^@ >D^B # ;=@! ;=@ >@ 0D =D D!P;' H@ E ;=@ >@ 0D NU;=< *$ 5 F`D :<OD # #B D N=D^B;=B `D B H@C;'! D =E@ %`D 5 F!>B ;=<>< $B ;@CD %`D #% C;'`D 0D B `D H@`D #% `D! D `D ;=@CB 0D =E `D H@`D B D I 2

70 `D DaD =E ; ; 5 F`DNU;=< CD^B =E ;=@! ;' D*B ;' C;=B E :@ H@CB =E `D*@ %`D B `D^@ O]CD 5 D ;=B B "D C;' ; "`D #<>; =D >B ;' :;''<OD =E ;=B B H@!c@ H@:B0D ON=D `D^@ O]CD %`D^B # B C;' `D :<OD # ;=@%D C@!OE *<!>B "0D N=D CD@ %`D `D^@ O]CD 6B :; D 5 Z+B :<OD C;=B E C@ H@ >B CB0D ;=B BH@ # ;*@! `D 5 $ * $ $ \. 5 E. Z 5 % % CD^B ;=@"-Z ;=@:B CD D^B H@!!>@ D H@C;=<>< 5Q7 >@ D P;=@CB >B B H@>@ `D *@!! D H@:;=<" %`D D^; ;=<>< `D! D H@C;=<K@`D PB # CD P;=@CB SD =E CD H@CD^B ;' DMB! ;':< >@ D^;=B0D D^_C;=<" CD ;=@=D =E! D H@C;=< ;=@CB>B B H@CB F!>B D^@:B D^B C;'@ %`D^B C;' *; 0D^@ >;=<>< %DD^@ C@ 0D BE ;=@" #';' D!c@ `D ;=@:B >B B H@ ;=@=D =E `D H@`D^B +* 0 +* ,/. +* =E Z #%B ; c@ D %`5 (# :;' :;=B %DaD^@ ;''<OD C@" ;'0D Z %D ; CB0D =EGZ B C@! ;' H@. # C< D D ON=D `D H@`D P;=@CB 0D -Z 5 F %D;':<OD H@ <!`D`D^; E B;=B `D ; CB0D =E C@! ;' H@ E ; ><! D # CB $]" B `D `D CD CD >@C;' =E `D H@`D *;' `D^B B >@ 0D^@!`D D D ON=D 5 F`D DaE D ;'! :< >D^B `D6B ;' C;=B E C@ H@ H@ B >@ 0D^@!`D D D >N=D # ;=< C<c;'0D^B `D 2, B H@C;' D # ;=@" :;' D^B `D$E D^_`D^@ ;=@!!! ;' H@ =E `D D D ON=D H@`D 5?RE CD :;' >B H@ cb HB ON=D # H@ <!`D^B C;' `D D^;=B H@E C@! ;' H@JE ; c< D ;=B c@!`dad `D^; B 5?A@ `D ;^N :; %>@ C@:@`D D^B B ;'c< #! DaD! B B! D^@ :; *D # D^B0D^<>D B B*;=<><OD :; E & ;=B>@ ` &$ 5 $J$ #;=@! D^;' 0D! B P;=@CB >B B H@ 5 D %`5 ( B $B `DB D^_ `D^@ D =E#DaN=D^@ B `D D B D^B B0E C<>< c@! >;'0D^B ;=@CB cb B H@ %DaE D. ;=@ >@! >;'0D `D B0D H@! W QF 7 Z 5 [ :B D N=D >@ CD]!! D :;' # `D H@`D^B # B! D 0D :; C<%D < H@=D C;=@. B$B0D H@" :; #%;=@! `D DaE D C< D% %D OD^@ D `D^; B D %D^;'0DC< 5 +* 0..:*<; [ :B D N=D C;' `D C;=B!>@ D :;=@!>B! HB D-E F H@`D W I Z D^B$@ C;' ;=@ 0DaD C;' `D P;=@CBAT I `

71 0D =E `D ><><`;=< ; ŸB %DCD! D *; P;'0D^< 5 ZM< >;=B >@! B B =E %`D ;' D :;=B `D `D B ; D 2/, B H@:;' D D 5 5 # #:;=@" 5 %`D< =D # C;' C;=B Z ;=@" W ;=B B@`D PB # ><><@ %D;':<OD `D! D `D H@`D T B D^@!`D D < 5 D-;=<><ODaN%>;'0D!>B! '<OD >< >@ `D! D H@ >@! `D H@CD^B$;' D D D ON=D %2 5 ZM@ `D ;=B D C;' ;=@ ; CB0D >@ D `D! H@ >B CD^@ &@! `D^B # C;=B`D CD B ; D H@`D T E D^_ CD^@ # ;=@CB H@`D^B C;' N=D <>;' >@ D 5 D`; :<OD #;=B B "D C;' #;=@! 5? >B HB B:<OD C;' C< D D ON=D ; H@`D ;'E D^_ CD^@ E ;! ;' H@ # # B C;' 5?A@ B ;=B0D^B #';=@ >@ D CD! H@ B 5 ZM< >@ D `D! H@ >B HB B :<>D # SD-;' `D C;' `D H@:B0D^_ CD^@ D^B *; J@! %D`D D^@YT ;=<&%2 5 5V * #! DCB0D `D C;=<>@`D B C<>;' V ` # N=D B H@V 5 (#HE B C<c;' >@$F H@`D W I Z &;=@" ';'>@ B %D E 0T *;=@ D W I Z % ( ;=@! C<>;'0T W I Z % V 5 D H@CB`D B DaN=D ;=<%B D^@C;' HBS;=@!-B B 0D *;' ;=<>< ;=@C;=< ad `D :; =ECD^; B H@! D H@C;=< D "! ; D^B B H@ H< 5 F`D ;=B B!*D C;' ; ;'0D >B $J$ I! :B # :; =D B ad^b =EI $ $ 0D^B 5 DCB D L W b ;=@! F b ; c@ D% %D D^@ B 5 7 D^B;' D ;=< ; ŸB'; Y< =D C@:<OD^B BD^@ H@`D CD >B0D 5 D *@ H@:B `D >< 5 D %D >@ :B >@! DaDMB :<OD6B D^@C;' HB>@ `D C@!`D PB ;=@! CD >@"!ON%!C;=<%%D^@`Da]! B =E D^; `D^B H@ D*; `D >@ F H@CD WI Z 5 FCDB D^@:;' HB;' DB $@ >@! D %`5 2 0D < c@`d^b c@!! ;'0D! $B ;=@!-B H< < >@`D^B c@!! ;'0DM< >@ YB 5 D! OD! D '<>; >@!]:@"!>@HB E `D^B0D DaDB '<OD$B D^@C;' HB Scenario (i) 1 2 Scenario (ii) Scenario (iii) D %`5 2 7 D^@C;' HB; %D 0D `D^; B 5 I H

72 Flow Throughput (Mbps) Loss in throughput due to deafness ToneDMAC DMAC Circular-DMAC Sending Rate (Mbps) D %`5 ` SF! " :;'cb H@ E $B D^@C;' *.. 7 D^@C;' B $B; T! %D %`D $ V %`D $ 5 ZMB!cB CB B0D D^;' < OD #@ %`D $ D% KD OD^@ D^BCD^; B %`D $E ;'CB `D :; =D -@ %`DV#! D^B C< Bc@ C;=@:@`D^< C@!CD 0T >< ^;' H@ 5! D %`5 ` _ :;=@ O]:D^B `D`D ; C;' H@ >@! "!!`D `D^; B >@ B D^@:;' *..:. 7 D^@C;' cb`d^b H@`D *D^;=B D CD ;=B ;!>@!JD%D B =E`D^; B >@ 0D B =E :; =D < HB B0D^B # `D^<>; NU;'c;=@ D^B #SD `D^B $ ;=@! V c@ 0D^@! C@! ;'0D $ 5 \ # `D^@ H@`D =E %`D^B B %`DV >@" >;'0D^BMB D^B B0E C< C@! ;' H@ # CD CD C< D% KD OD^@ D`D^; B 5W `D `D :; =E`D^; B %`D V H@ >@`D^B c@ C;=@C@`D^< H@ 0D^@ H@ E ; < H@!! ;' H@ %`D $ D ; >@CBC@CE :@C;'0D <c;' =D :; NU;=< CD^B 5 9 SDaN=D # H@ D@ %`D $ =D BM< D^@! B 0D^;=< C;=@C@`D^< ; D^B BE V HB B '< ; E 0D! "c@ *;=@ :; =D B %`D*V%D >@CB B %D E B CB ; >@`D `D^; B 5 H@ H@ >@ CD^B `D >@C@!>@!@ %`D ;=@CB B C< '<OD '; =D B H@ D ;':B CD C;=@C@`D^< #!><OD `D < HB >@@ %`D :B C< :<>D :; =D B 5 D^B %`5 H ;=@! %`5 $ &*B `D N ;'>;' H@ =E '; >@! $B ;=@! B D^B B0E C< ;=@CB>B B H@CB W I Z ;=@! F H@CD WI Z 5 <OD^;' < # :; NU;=< CD^B D *; >@ < #C;=@! C;=@C@`D^< ; D^B B$E B>B D^;=B H@:;':< ; >@ ; c@`d F H@`D W I Z 5 W `D CD H@ =E C;=@C@`D^< ; D^B B #`D^<c; ŸBD %D >D^@ %`D^B $ ;=@! V ;=@ N ;' BH@!O]`T *0 0 0 ) 8 2'. "7 " *)/+4. ) :'-! 0(-$ )/) ) )/+.. * ' )/) 5 '(&0#, ;28 0 ;*02'10" - 2' (0 ) ". 2890"7*' - 82* + '"$8 0"$:' 28 &+() #0(. " ) ' ) 82*;. ) ; 0" -. +() := ('&

73 Chosen Backoff Values DMAC Backoff Behavior for two transmitters and common receiver Node 1 Backoffs Node 3 Backoffs Node 1 success Node 3 success 0 1e e e e e e+07 Time (micro seconds) D %`5 H ;'>;' H@ =E :; N ;=< `D^BE $B D^@:;' CB>@ W I Z 5 Chosen Backoff Values ToneDMAC Backoff Behavior for two transmitters and common receiver Node 1 Backoffs Node 3 Backoffs Node 1 success Node 3 success 0 1e e e e e e+07 Time (micro seconds) D %`5 $ & ;'c;' H@ =E :; N ;=< `D^BE $B D^@:;' :B >@F H@`D W I Z 5 ;=@ < >@ B D^@C;' 5 %`D C;'$< HB D^B :;=@C@`D^< ; D^B B -;=@ CD $@ %`D #! C; N=D ; E 6; < H@! ;' H@ %DaE D ;=@ D T D^B ;''< >B B D^B B0E C< C@" ;' H@ ; ;=B D =E B AT 0D D C@`E ; B 5 Z6<! CD 0; N=D ;'=D`D^<>; N=D $;=<>< `D :; =D B>B :;'P;':<OD # ANU;' >;=@ D >@ :; =D CD^<>; ŸB >B =E 0D^@ ; *D =E >@ 0D D^B ;=@CB " H<cB$< =DF b #CE 6D`; :<>D 5 D %`5 $J$ ';' D^B `D %D 0T :; =D `D^<c; D% %D OD^@ CD $ `D^@ CB >@! W I Z ;=@! F H@`D W I Z 5!><>D W I Z B `D^<>; >B :;' ; 0D ad <>;' =D " C;' H@:B #GF H@`D W I Z *; >@ ; >@CB ; B *;=<><>D ;=@=D =E %D 0T :; =D `D^<>; 5 F!cB D! D^B CD ANU;'c;=@ D%# " N=D^BF b! "! D^B D^@ 0D c@ % *..:.. 7 D^@C;' ; *B DaNU;=< :;'0D `D CD^; C<! '<OD!>B CB B0D D^;' < OD >@ ">B*B0D H@ 5 $D ;=<>< C;' `D^; C@ `D! D H@:;=<" %`D # ;=B! HB0D c@ W I Z % ( 5 Z6BD '<>; >@`D D^;'P< OD %`D^B H@J; C; c@ *; E ; c< C@" ;'0D D D!E `D %`D Vc@ ">B ;=B D 5 9 SDaN=D # `D^@ CB >@ F H@CD WI Z ##@ %`D^B C< ;'! :< `D ">@C;' H@ =E * ,/. +* 6 ;=@!, +*, +* 0 :;=@!C<OD`D^; B 5 F E ; # ( $ C@!CD B ;=@! CD >@! "ON!C;=< :; =ED^; =E `D^B0D B # SD`D^B H@J; NU;'c;' H@ =EF H@`D W I Z

74 Per packet End-to-End Delay (ms) Per packet delay for single receiver senario DMAC per pkt delay ToneDMAC per pkt delay Packet #! D %`5 $J$ :;'>B H@ =E`D^<c; E $B D^@C;' 5 ;=<><OD 0 +* 0 #!! D^BQ@ CB0D H@`D^B ;' ;=<>< 5?R@ `D CB #KD HF H@`D W I Z >B;CD^B H@ D :D `D >@"!ON%!C;=<%D^@`Da]" B D H@C;=< :; %>@ 5 D_C;=@ >E CD :; =E`D^; :< D^;=B>@ `D ;' D H;'0D :; =D! :B>@ `D@`D 5 W `D `D^; C< %# W I Z D% %D OD^@ D^BB0DaN=D D ;'0D =E! :; =D :B;'Q@ CD^B $ ;=@! $ 5 9 SDaN=D # ;=BGDaN%`D^@ E D %`5 $ $#KF H@`D W I Z D! BSE ;'$<>D^B B :; =D 'B #%! N%>@ CD D ; =E H@CD^B ;^N `D^; B DMAC: Sequence of packet drops for scenario (ii) Node 1 packet drops Node 3 packet drops ToneDMAC: Sequence of packet drops for scenario (ii) Node 1 packet drops Node 3 packet drops Node Identifier 3 2 Node Identifier e e e e e e e e e e+07 2e+07 Time 0 1e e e e e e e+07 Time 8 0. :; )5 " :; ) 5 "60< *'(! D %`5 $ $ bq; =D!`D `D^; Bc@ WI Z ;=@! F H@`D W I Z -. * +* 3. 8 ;-. 0 D^;=B H@C;':<ODC@!`D B ;=@!!>@ =E CD^; B '; B `D B '<OD*B D^@C;' HB # SD-B :<>;'0D :; >@ ;=@! H< >D^B 5 D %`5 $ V ; MB 6B `D! "$;!ODaN=D F H@`D W I Z c@ :;' >B H@ W I Z 5 [ :B0D N=D C;'6F H@`D W I Z! D^BM@ $D! %D^@`Da]! B >@ ; C; >@ =E#@ %`D^B # / #';=@! #!c<od / ;=@! ;' D C@! ;' %`D >B ; S;' D =E `D C@! ;' H@KD ; :B0D ;=@ D D >N=D `D ( $

75 F 7 E /5 9 DaN=D # `D^@ SD B C<c;'0D H< OD^B # CD! N=D D^@ F H@`D W I Z %D D^BDaNCD^@ 5 7 c@ D H< OD^B;' D C;' ; 0D ad B D^@C;' HBB &;=B >@ D %`5 $ V # F H@`D W I Z ;!ODaN=D^B"`D! " c@ H@ ;=B W I Z 5 D %`5 $ V_C;=@ O]CD^B `D! N=D T D^@ B <OD^;'P< #:F H@`D W I Z %D E *B ` &$ 5 $J$ ;=B D^<c< ;=B W I Z 5 Aggregate Throughput (Mbps) ToneDMAC on single flow over aligned chain topology omni DMAC ToneDMAC Aggregate Throughput (Mbps) ToneDMAC on grid with zigzag routes Omni DMAC (beamwidth 60) ToneDMAC (beamwidth 60) CBR Traffic Rate (Mbps) *'( 1 ) '(*0 2'( (0 -$" % '( 8 "$' 0*;:-$ % "$ ) CBR Traffic Rate (Mbps) *'( "$ ;. 1 ) 0( 0. +% ; + 0 "$' %*. "7 0*;:-$ % "$ ) D %`5 $ V SbD E *;=@ D =E F H@`D W I Z >@ C; c@ ;=@! H< OD^B -* 8 5;-. 0 1D% KD D^@ ;=@! H< OD^B 5 %`D^B;' D :<>; D ;=@! *< c@j; D H@ =E $ & & & $ & & & B _ C;' D T D 0D B 5&7 D T`D^B c@c;' H@ :; B;' D B0D^<OD 0D P;=@! *< ##;=@" 0D^B;' D B ;' ;=<>< ;=B B H@`D D^; =E `D " $B 5 D CB0D % ;=@! * % 5 D 5 # % H@`D T E D^_ CD^@ OD^B;=@! *;! % B < BE ;=@CB >B B H@ E F H@`D W I Z 5 F`D B C<>;' H@ D^BC< B;' D ;^N=D ;'=D N=D $ I C@CB 5 ZMB `D^B %D D^;'P< OD # SD >@ <!`D D^B C< BE KD HF H@`D W I Z >@ CD!>B D P@ `D %D^@`Da]! B =E, +* 0 E )* ,/. +* 6.:*<; 5 D %`5 $ % B 6B `D KD E ;=@ D =E#F H@`D W I Z `D^@ L W b ; >B:B0D H@ ; B %D O] ;=@YT H< 5 X N`D^@ $E `D ;' CB #:F H@`D W I Z %D E *B W I Z #KD HF H@`D W I Z # ;=@! C<>;'0T W I Z ; >@C< %D ; CB0D =E B;' >< D! D C;=@:@`D^< T C<>D D;=@! D^B H<ON=D`D^; C< YB 5 W I Z KD E B B0D C;=@KD HF H@`D W I Z ;=@!F H@`D W I Z KD ; :B0D =E B >@C;' >< ;!! D^B BD T (=V

76 `D =E `D >B B `D^B ;' N=D 5 F`D%D^@`Da]! =E *@! " D H@C;=<:; c@ >B DaN%`D^@ E `D %D E *;=@ D " N=D D^@ =EKD HF H@`D W I Z N=D W I Z 5 F`D %D^@`Da]" =E H@`D^B # D! D C<OD T :;=@C@`D^< D #>B DaN%`D^@ E `D " N=D D^@ =E F H@CD WI Z N=D KD HF H@`D W I Z 5 :<>;'0T W I Z ;!ODaN=D^B `D <OD^;=B! H@C< %D ; CB0D =E `D C< :<OD QF 7 P;=@CB >B B H@CB # " ;=<>B %D ; CB0D`D^; B ;'! %D^;' B"`D CD ;=@CB >B B H@ =E ;*B>@H<OD! D H@C;=< F 7 :; =D ;=B! HB0D >@ % V #" D! D N=D `D^; CB 5 F`D %D E *;=@ D N=D :< :<OD ;=@! H< OD^B ;' DB 6@ >@ D %`5 $ I 5 Z6BDaN% T `D^@ QE CDS]" D #HF H@`D W I Z H@:B >B 0D^@ < ;!ODaN=D^B "`D c@ :;'>B H@ W I Z 5 Aggregate throughput for multihop flows Aggregate Throughput (Mbps) DMAC ToneDMAC ZeroToneDMAC Circular-DMAC CBR Sending Rate (Mbps) D %`5 $ % F ">@ ; E >@ D^;=B >@ ; 5 Aggregate Throughput (Mbps) ToneDMAC on random networks with random flows Omni DMAC (beamwidth 45) DMAC (beamwidth 60) ToneDMAC (beamwidth 60) Topology Number D %`5 $ I F :;'>B H@ E " KD D^@ YB 5 FCD D =E H;' >@!`D^; B *;! NCD ;!! H@C;=<; `N ;=@ ;'=D^B <>; =D >B B`D^B;' D H@:B `D D 5! DY; '<OD #YE D SD :; =D AT! :B*; =D E D SD 0DMD B 57! *;=< 0D*B D^<OD H@ # ; CB D!`D C@!CD^< ON=D D 0D T!cB N=D :; =D B #; %D BD^@"YT T D^@!! " ( %

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92 Aggregate throughput (Mbps) Capture awareness with 2 spatially overlapping flows CaDMAC CicularMAC DMAC Omni CBR traffic at source nodes (Mbps) dt5b2' ; ' ' ac *a -.'! W''B2B-.2 ' E'-.0 K'?A. /5 *a M ac *a /-.`K M?% /b8' "$ %N'b / 0 /".0 #'B?% /-'2' AZ (C /' '; \^ = 0?AB-. /' b' -$ %'?A KTaC *a WMc-$B05B5 %; +[cmc-$b05b5 C(*'c 0`5B M 'B2 eg ; ;b %BV' 01b %''?% 0 'B2 LhLUG' #-$ %'HL?A JCaC *a K?AB-. /L /".05 J *ak; `J#"$?% 2 c' %' #3 ^#2?lM5?A'5B 0 M5 %' Y^(*5' 05B M 'B2 %UO Ml 3 4 '205%U "$ ' /# /' I2'`0 % M&E?AB#2?% /'BQU1 /' ] 0k' IB =' /E %E?% /-'2' M^":Y&2.-'@M2?A'5 I?/;&ä B.-:2 '05YU aw *ap?% E'2 '="$ J U 05 M.k&?% /-'2' c % %L 0?% ' %; \^ 3:`'5 '`*'2 J&aC /- % UQ M4!(!(? B'`]B2 62.'I c?% /-'2 AZ (C /' %?#?% 5'B / c'.j-.'".05,; *6!( % %Ü (* (8, '5B M 5 /^'B2 #Bl' `MQU (8 ".' %' M ' / ac *a -! M4! % *ak; 3-! 'b /' 3 % :M VKHB dt5b2' ; ' :; 3-! AZ '* '205 'B ac *a b /".`05 Ycc'2, "$ *' /6 / EK2 Mkb?ABE2.?% /'5BQU ".2 /' J?% /-.'2' M,":Yc2.-'@M2?A'5 b?ab#2?% /'BQ; Aggregate Throughput (Mbps) CaDMAC on grid with zigzag routes Omni DMAC (beamwidth 60) CaDMAC (beamwidth 60) CBR Traffic Rate (Mbps) dt5b2' ; ' ac *a `-') W''B2B-.2CH*M-$B05B5 *(*5' 5 /.!(*%;

93 3 \^ EE2.0 / 0 /' J %7(89:%U (*5' :M MB0YI-.0?A M_, -:2 /' ' %BB, 'M,; \^ 05?AI MB - 53B2?A 4 M M '` %Ü Mm'B2 I /' _'' /'?% 005Yl ''5B Mm?L -. 5!; ]'B2 3 /' #' 05?A M 4g?% /-'2' AZ (C /' 'B2 %UO.M ':2%UT' c /-.#fd B2' ; ' I?AW' *a8z 0!Y %*"$ %N'W 05B ; Ei M_ibdTdmM2 /'5BC /' J'-G?%N Mc"$ M?ABM.W' -$?A'5 05YU.(*05 K' ="$ E(*M' n ; ' 205'W /' J _ % / # -$B05B5 %; CaDMAC on random networks with random flows Aggregate Throughput (Mbps) Omni DMAC CaDMAC Topology Number dt5b2' ; ' B2B-.2K"$ %N''B?% /-.'2' AZ (C /' *a -'@?AB0= 0` /' MB % ( '9@%U (*5'"$ E(*M' n K 'B dt5b2 ; ' UG' =' 0 /'5 J"G %N'W'B ac *a / E'5B.5N.?% '05Y]Bk, % Z % 08-$B05B5 %;?% 0`0>' /#' -! ac *ap#5b %E(* f' ]B2 ]- / %3 ' %7(8'9+ /' 05 'b 05B MQUG.M4' %' %H #?% ^ % %= 2.006!(C /M^2-:M2.?A'5 JM5?A'5B (*`05 K0` #c-:m2.?a'5 M5'?A'5B.%;@?A b MB -GB0B5 W(*5',?AB Mk ]?=W059 0Y! 'TM5 %L'5 YU@aC *a 8-! ' /' W AF@-G?A MR; 0 -' /'5B3(*5'aC *a -.'! K-$ %'?A 3'05B '05Y; 3'05B b-') KK"$?% 2 #82.' a k-.?'9 %'%U ( 00Q *'I 00QM /' -.?9 %'#e ' Y LhL; dt5b2' ; ' '!(*3' k`-.?a#k?% /-'2' AZ (C /' 'IBl M ^ Ml-.?9 %IM 05 %Y 0 /?AY; 0 /?AYj-') c"g?% 2. +:M c /' &05 'c?% /-'2' MRU* M ' %' %":Y M ( &' 4j'?A 2-.':M.2?A'5 >-?'9 %'O'B 5' BV"$%; &[' % (b' WT M#-'@M2?A'?AB#2`?% /'5BQU M,' %' %H U' =?AB#2?% /'Bk0 /?AY' M2.?A %;

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98 *7$',GCBAB*7K+(0$',G,GAO^NAB92 ; iu $FEl9=?(0RT*tKG4%AO(3$'R)CO*@.D"9*7 sœ ABK0&T*-,3;>=?,GU/*76ˆYbp(+*-,3*7K3(3AB925COE?\N,3*-&)CBEIAB%2`(+= $?CBC ; {K6e $?KZ=?&%(3AO=5)$?CBCOEf&c*-,G;d=?,GU *76 RIE ` bh ABKZ9=?(ZKG4%AO(3$'R)CO*D*7AO(3"9*-,7YSn *{6%ABK3H-4%KGK (3"9*D,G*7$?K+=5%K ;>=?,0(3"%ABK 9*JMN(-\)$?%6m&),3*7K+*7X(a$?m=?&%(3ABU A 7$'(3AO=58H-$?CBCO*76 OŠ PŽ' (+=L"%$?)6%CO*{(3"9*`&%,G=?R)CO*7UmY 0=5)K3AB69*-,P(3"9*:&c=5AQp(P=?;S(3ABU/*o.@"9*78$ 69*7K3(3AB%$'(3AO=58%=I69*o,G*7HJ*7AO^?*7KD(3"%*oz%,GK+( ; fy%g@kgk34%u AB%2 ` K =?&%(3AO=5 (+=,G*-&)COE(+= $?CBC? {K-\P(3"%*j69*7K+(3AQ%$'(3AO=5 Uf4%K+(vABU U/*76%AQ$'(+*7COE&%,3*-&)$',3*<(+=,3*-&]COE R]$?H3y.DAB(3" $,3=549(+*1,3*-&)COE e ;,BChP;>=?,t(3"%ABKa,G*7HJ*7AO^?*76 ; fy%nkao(3" ` :\](3"%*169*7K+(3AQ%$'(3AO=5<Uf4%K+(@RT*7$?U/;d=?,sU AB<(3"9* 6%AO,G*7HJ(3AO=5<=?; (3"9*f%=I69*f;>,3=5U.@"%ABHG"!AO(t,3*7HJ*7AO^?*76!(3"9*? f\t$?%6j(+,g$?%k3u AB(@(3"9*?,B R)$?HGy<(+=mAO(-Y{~a"9*?,B ABK $ 4%)ABH-$?K+(/&)$?HGy?*-(-\D$?%6 9*-*76)K (+= RT*m&%,3*7HJ*76%*76 RIE$? b~t?#~@ "%$?)6%K3"%$'y?*<$'(L(3"9*jejgD CB$FE?*-,7\b$?)6 ;>=5CBCO=F.0*76 RIE $? $?H3yN9=.DCO*76925U/*7X(-Y<œtR)K+*-,G^?* (3"%$'(:= ^?*-,1(3"%*L*7X(3AO,3*L6%4%,G$'(3AO=5=?;#(3"%ABK`6)AB$?CO=?29\ (3"9*/69*7K+(3AQ%$'(3AO=5!ABK{69*7$'; (+=m$?cbcsao(3kt=?(3"9*-,o9*7ao25"xrt=?,gk-y{x; (3"9*W=?(3"9*-,o9*7AO25"XRc=?,sKDR%,G=5$?6%H-$?K+(o$?? f\c(3"9* 69*7K+(3AQ%$'(3AO=5.DAQCBCb;>$?ABC (+=j"9*7$',fao(-ympco*7$',gcoe?\bao;z=5%* =?;P(3"9*L4%)"9*7$',G6 ; ok`"%$?6 (+,G$F^?*-,GK+*76(3"9* =?&)(3ABU $?C &)$'(3"ˆ\ˆ(3"%* 69*7K+(3AB%$'(3AB=5j.0=54%CB69=?(oRT*W$'R)CO*W(+=8HG"%=X=5K+* AB(-Y1~a"9*-,G*-;d=?,3*?\w,3*-&)COENAB92l(+=8$?CBC ; {Ko69=I*7Ko9=?( *7%K34%,3*`HG"9=5AQHJ*`=?;}(3"%*`=?&%(3ABU $?CT&]$'(3" -Y œ{4%, OŠ PŽ' =?&%(3AQU A 7$'(3AO=5,3*>=I4%AO,3*7Kf(3"9*86%*7K+(3AB%$'(3AO=59=N69*v(+= 69*7CB$FE K+*7)6%AB92!(3"9*,3=549(+*L,3*-&)COEme?,B h{rxe $8(3AQU/*L6%49,s$'(3AO=5 ~o\wh-$?cbh-4)cb$'(+*76 ;>,3=5U (3"%* (3ABU/*LAB(o,3*7HJ*7AO^?*76 (3"9* z%,gk3( ; fy ~a"%aqko$?cbco=f.@k`(3"9*l6%*7k+(3ab%$'(3ao=5 9=I6%*/(+=jHG"%=X=5K+*l(3"9* RT*7K+(`$?U/=5%2j$?CBC (3"%*,3=549(+*7K:(3"%$'(1$',3,sAO^?*.DAO(3")AB!(3"%ABK (3ABU/*{~oYXn *{K3&c*7H-AB;dE ~ $?K X\I.D"9*-,G* `ABKZ(3"9*t(3ABU/*t(3$'y?*7u(+=fHJ=5U &)CO*-(+*{=59*t;>4%CQC%K+.0*-*-& \ $?%6uABKP$ HJ=5%z%2549,G$'(3AO=58&)$',G$?U/*-(+*-,7YZn $?AO(3AB92L;d=?,D$LK34 LH-AO*7X(3COEvCO=592/(3ABU/*16%49,G$'(3AO=5m~ U AB%ABULA -*7K0(3"%ABK &T=5K3K3AOR]ABCBAO(xE?Yjn *8"%$F^?*8=?R)K+*-,G^?*76(3"%$'(W.DAO(3"(3"%ABKWK3ABU &)CO*L=?&)(3ABU A 7$'(3AO=5 \ (3"9* =X4%$?CQAO(qE =?;tk+*7co*7hj(+*76ƒ,g=549(+*7k ABU/&),3=F^?*`ABmK3*-^?*-,G$?CwK3HJ*7)$',GAO=5K-Y # & " ~a"9*l=f^?*-,g"9*7$?6$?k3k+=nh-ab$'(+*76.dao(3" K+.0*-*-&)AB%2<69*-2?,G$?69*7K:(3"9*L&T*-,3;>=?,GU $?)HJ*/=?; ` :\ *7K+&T*7H-AB$?CBCBEj.D"%*7 (3"9* 9*-(x.Z=?,3yjABK@6%*7%K+*:=?,{,3=54%(+*1; $?ABCB49,G*7Ka$',3*f;d,3*>=I49*7X(-Y@gtK3K34%ULAB92 RT*7$?U K7\]K+.0*-*-&)AB92l,3*>=I4%AO,3*7K K+*>=I49*7NV (3AB$?Cb(+,G$?%KGU ABK3K3AB=5<=?;0(3"9*/K3$?U/*/&)$?HGy?*-(:AB! 6)A rc*-,g*7p(o6%ao,g*7hj(3ao=5%k-ỳ n * AQp(+*7%6!(+=8HJ=5U/&]$',3*/(3"9*/HJ=5p(+,G=5C "$# 1#@!7&%()2,('*) 1325&+-,/.10, ',/.60 0 *57 5,-7%5*1#9'< %;)*-+,- -A8) ',-7,-79;92'-+ ) 1325&+-,/.10 <,,4()-*4 :' 2'-+-,/2;252', - 1#< <<252',,1#2A=,<,/2',2'4@9*1(>4 #- 1' 1*:9*1(>4 #- 13< < 2'25,/,132?7'-$25 -,2&*1>2 45,-+1@%( *+0A7,- *4 %5*1#9'<&A ) ' *' 1*>7 *1#9B2'- * ),132 < ) '#2',-+</7,25 %*-+2') 19' 2'2C4)* 0,/254 4 :' 2'-+-&7 2') ;,251#*%;1*$54&!"' 2' 6 1*D@ 0 * A EGF

99 =F^?*-,s"9*7$?6=?; o $?)6 ` `Ybg (+,G$?6%AO(3AO=5)$?C U/*-(+,GABHLR)$?K+*76 =5 (3"9* &+X4)U:RT*-,:=?;P(+,s$?%K3U AO(+(+*76 HJ=5p(+,G=5C &)$?HGy?*-(3K (u69=x*7k@9=?(@k3*-*7u $'&%&),3=?&%,GAB$'(+*?Y#g U/=?,3*fK34%AO(3$'R]CO*`U/*-(+,GABH:ABKa=59*:(3"%$'(tHs"%$',G$?HJ(+*-,GA -*7K@(3"%*:$?U/=54%X( =?;a9*-(x.z=?,3y,3*7k+=549,shj*7k1hj=5%kg4%u/*766%49* (+=!(3"%ABK1HJ=5p(+,3=5C0(+,G$ lh'yjgt *JM9$?U/&)CO*vU AO25"X(:*JMN&)CB$?AB (3"%ABK:&c=5AQp( RT*-(+(+*-,7Y ~P.0=:&%,3=?(+=NHJ=5CBK-\ h$?%6 Ẅ\XU $FE/(+,G$?%K3ULAO( *>=X4)$?C)I4%U:RT*-, =?; HJ=5X(+,3=5C)&)$?H3y?*-(3K0(+=W$?HG"%AO*-^?*tAB69*7X(3ABH-$?C =?R+*7HJ(3AO^?*7K-\ $?CO(3"%=54925" U $7E %*-*76 (+=!(+,G$?%K3ULAO(:&)$?HGy?*-(3K/$'(/"%$?CO;#(3"9*v&c=.Z*-,WCO*-^?*7CZ=?;ẄY #CB*7$',GCOE?\ ABK K349&T*-,GAB=?,@(+= AB^NAO*-. =?;0AB(3Ko$'R)ABCBAO(xE8(+=8$?HG")AO*-^?*L"%AO25"%*-,{K3&)$'(3AB$?CS,3*74%K3* AB!(3"9* 9*-(q.0=?,3ycY/g U/*-(+,sABHf(3"%$'( ABKf,3*7K+(+,sABHJ(+*76ƒ(+= (3"9*mI4%U:RT*-,W=?;{HJ=5p(+,3=5Ca&)$?H3y?*-(3Kl$?CO=59*?\.@ABCBC09=?(WRc*m$'R)CB*v(+= H-$'&)(349,3*m(3"9*m6%ABK3(3AB%HJ(3AO=5 RT*-(q.0*-*7 $?%6ẄY#$?K+*768=58(3"%ABK#=?R)K+*-,G^_$'(3AO=5 \%.Z*169*7K3AO25u(3"9*o;>=5CBCO=.DAB92W= ^?*-,G"9*7$?6!U/*-(+,GABH Y e "!#%$'&( )+*,.-/0&21;4356,87 )+ -/0:98<;=>,.-?@*,.-/0& h e : BAC,D&E,.*,8-/0:&E1/h.D"%*-,3*GF IH3ŠKJ Ž:L MH DNO ŠMLP'šaŠML H:Q ABKa(3"9*:$'&%&%,G=7M9ABU $'(+*:HJ=5%AQH-$?Cw$',3*7$lHJ=F^?*-,3*76jRXEu(3"9*1,G$?6%AB$'(3AB=5u&)$'(V (+*-,Gƒ=?;o$ KGAB925CO*mRT*7$?UmY X(34%AO(3AO^?*7COE?\09*-(q.0=?,3y H-$'&)$?H-AB(qEƒHJ=5%K34%U *76 6%49*m(+= (3"9*8(+,G$?%KGU ABK3K3AB=5 =?;{*7$?Hs" HJ=5X(+,3=5Cw&]$?H3y?*-(oABKa&),3=?&T=?,3(3AO=5%$?Ĉ (+=v(3"9*1,3*-25ao=5<kgabco*7%hj*76<rxeu(3"%$'(t(+,g$?%k3ulabk3k3ao=5 Y0~a"%*`(+=?(3$?CSHJ=5p(+,3=5C}=F^?*-,3V "9*7$?6/ABKb(3"I4%Kb*>=X4)AO^_$?CB*7p(S(+= o R N H- DŽES>T Ž UQ +Ž J šašml HQWV F 2HGŠKJ Ž:L MH XNO HGŠMLP5YNŠML H:Q Y ~a"%abk}=f^?*-,g"%*7$?6 ABKPABv*JM9HG"%$?%2?*`=?;w(3"9*o(+=?(3$?C o R N H- `ŽES ŠQ Š/šaŠML HQWV,3*7HJ*7AO^?*76mRIEvKGAB9yL9=N69*7K#ABu(3"9*o9*-(x.Z=?,Gy]YZn *`4%K+* (3"9*t,G$'(3AO=1=?; (3"9*7K+*t(q.0= =I4%$?X(3AO(3AO*7K0$?K0(3"9*tU *-(+,GABH5 YZ #CO*7$',sCOE?\p(3"9*t=F^?*-,s"9*7$?6v=?;,3=549(+*{6%ABK3HJ= ^?*-,3ELABZ o H-$?mRT*oK3AO25%ABz)H-$?p(3CBEL"%AO25"9*-,P(3")$?4` `Y9~}=,3*76%4%HJ*{(3"%AQK#=F^?*-,G"9*7$?6jAB ` `\9.0*o&%,3=?&T=5K+*{(3"9*o;>=5CBCO=.DAB92 =?&%(3ABULA[ 7$'(3AO=5ˆY šdš' \Q+] Š J Œ^H_H(Ỳ ]au.bdc : : U ]dsao2549,g*5diy ebe $Vhs\%.D"9*7l9=N69*5f,3*7HJ*7AB^?*7K0$? ;d,3=5u 9=N69*;: \IAB(ZU $FEL9=?( RT*t9*7HJ*7K3K3$',3EL(+=1(+,G$?)K3U AO( (3"%$'(@&)$?H3y?*-({R)$?HGy<ABm(3"9*f6%AO,3*7HJ(3AB=58=?; 9=N69* : YD~a"%ABKDABKPRT*7H-$?4%K+*?\T9=N69*7KDCOENAB92 AQ8(3"9*fHJ=F^?*-,G$'2?*/=?; 9=N69* K{RT*7$?UhgI\ˆH-$?,3*7HJ*7AO^?*W(3"9*f&)$?H3y?*-(o;>,3=5U $?%6!9*-*769=?(@,G*7HJ*7AO^?*/$vHJ=?&IE<=?; (3"9*fKG$?U/*1&]$?H3y?*-(o;>,3=5U f $'25$?AB Y [ =5U %AB6)AO,3*7HJ(3AO=5%$?CZK3HJ*7%$',GAB=5K-\ (3"9*v&%,3=?R)CO*7U =?;D,G*76%4%%6%$?X(:,G*7HJ*-&%(3AO=5=?;? {KW"%$?KfRT*-*7,3*-;>*-,3,3*76!(+=m$?K{(3"9*N +Ž7Š LsŠ%V\Q5VQ Ž' <R &%,G=?R)CO*7U ig F \wk3ab%hj*fhj=5p(+,g=5cs&)$?h3y?*-(3k1$',3*/4%%9*7hj*7k3kg$',gabcoeur%,3=5$?6)h-$?k+( AB/(3"%*DHG"%$?)9*7C Ykj@KGAB92`6%AO,G*7HJ(3AO=5%$?C%$?X(+*7%%$?K-\I.0*DHJ=5%K3AB6%*-, $? =?&%(3AQU A[ 7$'(3AO=5/.@"9*-,3*-RIEW$19=N69*P;d=?,G.0$',G6)K $ HJ=5X(+,3=5C%&)$?HGy?*-(Z.@AO(3"/=5%COE $ml n0rt*7$?u K-Y gk9=n69*aab%ab(3ab$'(3ab92{(3"9*dhj=5x(+,3=5c)&)$?h3y?*-(-\9"9=.z*-^?*-,7\n;>=?,3.#$',g6%k AO(a4%KGAB92/$?CBCTRT*7$?U K-Y EMo

100 Overhead reduction with partial sweeping Sweep Partial Sweep S X #< %5-+)2 *, ",/254 '%5*1#% #43,132 1:' *= 25-+,2'4 ' "! 1#%5,<,$#,1#2A ) 5 9; < -6", 6"5, 2'1 4- *), %3% *= -:!* -+'>454?A Y Z D Overhead metric (alpha) Beamwidth (degrees) 9 & 1>2,2'4 1@%()*'>4(' ' 1#* 13%5,<,$#54 2C43252'13%,*) <,$#&4 + +,+" A dsao254%,3*>diy e-,bs$',3(3ab$?c K3.Z*-*-&)AQ92/=?&%(3ABU A 7$'(3AO=5m.DAO(3"m6)AO,3*7HJ(3AO=5%$?CB` n *f69*-z)9*/ Y Bb$',s$?U/*-(+*-,7.U $FEmRT*o(+,3*7$'(+*76j$?Kt$ HJ=59z)2549,G$'(3AO=5<&)$',G$?U/*-(+*-,7Y0n *1")$7^?*W4%K+*76. 8 ;>=?,{=549,tKGABU14)CB$'(3AO=5%K-Y@g@CBK3=9\cAB<=549,oK3ABUf4%CB$'(3AO=5)K-\%(3"9* U Rc*7$?ULK@4%K3*76<(+=u;>=?,3.0$',s6jHJ=5X(+,3=5Cb&)$?H3y?*-(3K $',3*`(3"%*o=59*7KP(3"%$'(D$',G*`6%AB$'2?=5%$?CBCBEL=?&%&T=5K3AO(+*{(+= (3"%*oRc*7$?U.DAO(3"u.D"%AQHG"u(3"9*`HJ=5X(+,3=5C &]$?H3y?*-(D.#$?KP,3*7HJ*7AB^?*76ˆY e<=?,3*/k+&t*7h-aoz)h-$?cbcoe?\tao;9. 8 \;: F e A Y *?YO\ F RT*7$?U K{I4%U1Rc*-,G*76<;>,3=5U ef(+= F hs\ $?%6 AO; $u9=n69*1,g*7hj*7ao^?*7k`$? 4%K3AB%2LRT*7$?U di\t(3"9*7$?x(+*7%%$lrt*7$?u K e'\ˆ l$?%6 gv$',3*f4)k+*76<(+=u;>=?,3.#$',g6<(3"%* ; WYc~a"%*1HG"%=5ABHJ* =?;S(3"9*`^'$?CB49*o=?;<. $?%6m(3"9*:4)K+*o=?; 6%AB$'2?=5%$?CBCBEL=?&%&T=5K3AO(+*oRT*7$?U KD$',3*:U/=?(3AO^'$'(+*768RIEu;>$?HJ(@(3"%$'(a(3"9* ; {K H-$?vRT*D;>=?,3.0$',s69*76L=54%(q.#$',G6v;d,3=5U (3"9*{K+=549,sHJ*t9=N69*?Y dsao2549,3* diy ebe $Vh0K3"9=.DKZ"%=F. $ ; hu $FEL&%,G=?&)$'25$'(+* 4%K3AQ92=. 8 $?%6>: F YWœtR)K+*-,3^?*f(3"%$'(`9=N69* :,3*7HJ*7AO^?*7K{(3"%* ; 4)K3AB92vRT*7$?Uhdv$?%6!;>=?,3.#$',G6%K{AO( 4%K3AQ92WRc*7$?ULKe'\] W$?%6gIY dsao2549,g* diy ebe>rghv&)co=?(3k8,3=549(3ab92= ^?*-,G"9*7$?6 $'25$?AB%K3(8RT*7$?U:.DAQ69(3" =?;f6%ab,3*7hj(3ao=5%$?co$?x(+*7%%$?k-y.#$?k H-$?CBH-4%CQ$'(+*76 ;>,3=5U d KGABU14)CB$'(3AO=5%K/=?;:,G$?%69=5Um\aK3(3$'(3ABH<(+=?&T=5CO=?25AB*7K-Y ^IAQ69*7p(L;d,3=5U (3"9*jz%2549,3*?\5 ` K,3=549(3AQ92=F^?*-,G"9*7$?6,3*76%4%HJ*7KL6%49*m(+= (3"9*8&]$',3(3AB$?CPK+.0*-*-&)AB92=?&%(3AQU A[ 7$'(3AO=5ˆ\0$?CO(3"9=54925"ƒAB(/,3*7U $?AB%KW2?,G*7$'(+*-, (3"%$?4` e>.d"%aqhg"8hj=?,3,g*7k+&t=5%6%k#(+= (3"9*:Rc*7$?U1.DAB6%(3"u=?;kg F? hsyz~a"9*`hj=5)9*7hj(3ao^nao(qeu=?;b(3"9*`2?,g$'&)"<69=x*7k@9=?( 2?*-(Z$_rT*7HJ(+*76A@9ABW; $?HJ(ZAB/K3=5U/*DH-$?K+*7K-\I.0*a=?R)K+*-,3^?*D(3"%$'( RT*-(+(+*-,,3=54%(+*7K $',3*D6)ABK3HJ=F^?*-,G*76 RT*7H-$?4%K+*a=?;T(3"9*D;d*-.0*-,? HJ=5CQCBABK3AO=5)K0AQu(3"9*`9*-(q.0=?,3ycY EGE

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102 10 9 Performance of DDSR in random networks Omni DSR Optimized DDSR 2.5 Delay of Optimized DDSR in random networks Omni DSR Optimized DDSR Aggregate Throughput (Mbps) Average End to End Delay (s) Topology Number 8+*+,+ >2 B2 54 *) $#! Topology Number #" +*+,+ $%C4& 'C4 4()*+, 54- ) $#! dsao2549,3*>diy - B}*-,G;d=?,GUL$?%HJ*`=?;k o =58K3(3$'(3ABHo,G$?%6%=5U 9*-(q.0=?,3yNK-Y Rc*7$?ULK-\ {AQejgDiAB9;>=?,GU K5 ` =?;Z$lCBAQ9yu;>$?ABCQ49,3*:$?%6!$l,3=549(+*f*-,3,3=?,t&)$?H3y?*-(Ie? bhaaqkd2?*79*-,s$'(+*76ˆy ~a"i4%k-\ "%$?)69='rTKo6%=89=?(`$?CO.#$7ENKo(+,GAO2?2?*-,`,G=549(+*/*-,3,3=?,GK7Y1n *L")$7^?*L$?K3KGAO259*76 uab=549,`kgabu14)cb$'(3ao=5%k,. $u"%ao25"9*-,{^'$?cb49*w=?; UL$7Ej%=?(oRc*f^?*-,3E4%K+*-; 4%CbK3AB%HJ*WAO(oABK{4%%CBABy?*7COEm(3"%$'(o9=N69*7K{.Z=54)CB6U/=F^?* $?HJ,3=5KGKo(3"9* HJ=F^?*-,s$'2?*f$',3*7$L=?;bUf4%CO(3AB&)CO*tRc*7$?ULKP.DAO(3"%AQl(3"%*o(3ABU/*`;>,G$?U/*o=?;S$/;>*-.h&)$?H3y?*-(t(+,G$?%KGU ABK3K3AB=5%K-Y # ) 0/ 21 / &43 / ) n *W*-^_$?CQ4%$'(+*W(3"9*1=?&)(3ABU A[ 7$'(3AO=5)KD=?; ` 4%KGAB92 (3"9* {4%$?CQ9*-( giy F K3ABUf4%CB$'(+=?,FY@n */HJ=5U/&)$',G*1=?&%(3AQU A[ -*76 ` $'25$?AB)K+(o=5U %AB6)AO,3*7HJ(3AO=5%$?C` `\ $?)6 (3"9*-,3*-RIE!Hs"%$',G$?HJ(+*-,GA -* (3"9* ABU/&),3=F^?*7U/*7X(3Ko=?;#"%AO25"9*-,o(+,s$?%KV U ABKGK3AO=5v,G$?92?*`=?;SRT*7$?U/;>=?,GU AB%2f$?X(+*7%%$?K-\].D"9*7u*JMN&)CO=5AO(+*76u;>,3=5U (3"%*:9*-(q.0=?,3ymCB$FE?*-,7Y8dSAO2549,G*>dIY /K3"9=.DK (3"9*P,3*7KG4%CO(3Kb=?;]=54%, K3ABUf4%CB$'(3AO=5)K-Ybœt&%(3AQU A[ -*76 o &T*-,3;>=?,GU KSHJ=5%K3AB6%*-,G$'R)COÈ RT*-(+(+*-, (3")$?/=5U %AB6)AO,3*7HJ(3AO=5%$?C ` `\NRT=?(3"uABl(+*-,GU K0=?;w(3"9,G=54925"9&)49(#$?%6v*7%6v(+=W*7%6uCB$'(+*7%HJE?Y ~D"9*@=?&)(3ABU A[ 7$'(3AO=5)KZABU &%,3=F^?*# ` = ^?*-, (3"9*:4)9=?&%(3ABU A -*76l^?*-,sK3AO=5m=?; o (3"%$'(D.Z*:6)ABK3H-4%K3K3*76vAQ< #"%$'&%(+*-,5gIY dsao2549,g* diy e>rghzk3"9=.dkz(3"9*tu *7$?K349,3*7U/*7X(0=?; $7^?*-,G$'2?*o*7%6l(+=f*7%6lCQ$'(+*7%HJE ;>=?,06%$'(3$1&)$?HGy?*-(3KaAB,s$?%69=5U 9*-(x.Z=?,3yNK-Ỳ ~a"%*1$7^?*-,s$'2?* &)$?H3y?*-(`6%*7CBAO^?*-,3E8CB$'(+*7)HJEjABKtK3U $?CBCB*-,@.DAB(3"<=?&%(3AQU A[ -*76 ` AQjHJ=5U/&]$',GABK+=5j(+= =5U %AQ6%AO,3*7HJ(3AO=5)$?C"` `Yc~a"9*:ABU &%,3=F^?*7U *7p(3K{$'&%&T*7$',@$?K{$L,3*7K34%CO(D=?; ;d*-.0*-,{"9=?&j,g=549(+*7k#e $?CB(3"9=54925"j&)$',3(D=?; -?

103 (3"9*/RT*79*-z%(3Ko$',G*/='rTK+*-(oRIE!(3"9* K+.0*-*-&)AB92m69*7CB$FEhsY/~a"%*f*7)6(+=m*7%6 69*7CB$FE!ABKo$?CQK+=mCO=F.0*-,`(3"%$? (3"%*/R)$?K3ABH ` e>&%,3=?&t=5k+*76 AQ #"%$'&%(+*-,dbhsyh~a"%aqk "%$'&%&T*7%K/RT*7H-$?4%K3*<(3"9*j&%,3=?&T=5K+*76 =?&)(3ABU A[ 7$'(3AO=5,3*76%4%HJ*7Kl(3"9* K+.0*-*-&)AB92 6%*7CB$7E?\)$?)68$?CBK+= K+*7CB*7HJ(3KaRT*-(+(+*-,a,3=549(+*7K@ABmHJ=5U/&)$',sABK+=5u(+= R)$?KGABH# o `Y n *f$?cbk+=lhj=5u &)$',3*`(3"9*fABU/&)$?HJ(P=?; U =?R)ABCBAO(xEL=5<(3"9*`&T*-,3;>=?,GU $?%HJ*`=?;S(3"9*:&%,3=?&T=5K+*76m=?&%(3AQU A[ 7$'(3AO=5%K7\)$?K K3"9=.D ABIdbAB2549,3*KdIY giyzœtr)k3*-,3^?*a(3"%$'( (3"%*a(3"9,3=54925"%&)49( =?;TRT=?(3"_e>R)$?K3ABH!hk ` $?%6/=?&)(3ABU A[ -*76X ` `\I69*JV 2?,G$?69*!.DAO(3" U/=?R)AQCBAO(qE?Y ~a"%abkl"%$'&%&t*7%klrc*7h-$?4)k+*j(3"%*j(3abu *j;>=?,u,3=549(+*6%abk3hj= ^?*-,3E ABKv$?CBU/=5K+(u$HJ=5%K+(3$?X(-Y ~}= ABCBCB4)K+(+,G$'(+* (3"%ABKmHJ=5)K3AB69*-,<$? *JMN$?U &)CO*.D"%*-,3* $ K3ABUf4%CB$'(3AB=5 ABKm&T*-,3;>=?,GU/*76 ;>=?, e?? K+*7HJ=5%6%K84)K3AB92 4 ) & ; e? 1pY gtcbk+=$?k3k34%u/*v(3"%$'(w=f^?*-,l(3"9*l*7x(3ao,3*uk3abuf4%cb$'(3ab=5ˆ\s*jmn$?hj(3coe =59*u,3=549(+*v*-,3,3=?,W=IH-H-4%,GK $'(o(3abu/*8? K+*7HJ=5%6%K7Y:g@KGK34%U/*f(3"%$'(`$v;d,G*7K3"!,3=549(+*/ABK{6%ABK3HJ= ^?*-,3*76 $?%66%$'(3$u(+,G$?)K3U ABK3KGAO=58,3*7KG4%U/*7K{$'( (3ABU/* d K+*7HJ=5)6%K-Y :@=F. HJ=5%K3AB6%*-,a(3"9*:K3HJ*7)$',GAO=L4%KGAB92 4 ) & ;? 1W$?)68HJ=?,3,3*7K+&T=5%6)AB92/K3ABUf4%CB$_V (3AO=5v(3ABU/* d? K+*7HJ=5%6%K-YZœ{R)K+*-,3^?*t(3"%$'(#(3"9*{,3=549(+*t*-,3,3=?,PABl(3"%ABK#K3HJ*7%$',sAO=1=NH-H-49,GK#$'(#e? K+*7HJ=5%6%K#(3"%,3=54925" (3"9*PK3ABUf4%CB$'(3AB=51$?%6f*7%6)Kb$'( e:dtk+*7hj=5)6%k-y 0=5%K+*>=I49*7X(3COE?\?(3"9*#(3"9,3=54%25"9&)49(S$'( "%AO25"9*-, U/=?R)AQCBAO(qÈ AQK}*JMN&T*7HJ(+*76 (+=L69*7HJ,G*7$?K+*:K3AB)HJ*`$/K3U $?CBCO*-,P;>,G$?HJ(3AO=58=?;}(3"9*:(3ABU/*Ie Dd d? hdabkp9=f.i49(3abcba[ -*76v;>=?,D4%K+*-; 4%Ĉ 6%$'(3$LHJ=5U U14)%ABH-$_V (3AO=5 e>=?r)k3*-,3^?*/(3"%$'(`$'(#4 ) & ; e? 1p\ (3"9*/;>,G$?HJ(3AO=5=?; (3AQU/* 4%K+*76!;>=?,o(+,G$?%K3U AB(+(3AB92u4%K+*-; 4%CS6%$'(3$mABK - d.e?? hsy0n "%AQCO*D&T*-,3;>=?,GU $?%HJ*{69*-2?,G$?6%*7KZ;>=?,#RT=?(3"LR)$?KGABH@$?)6l=?&)(3ABU A[ -*76l^?*-,GK3AO=5l=?; ` :\X=?R)K3*-,3^?*{(3"%$'( (3"9*o69*-2?,G$?6)$'(3AO=58ABK#U/=?,3*{2?,G$?HJ*-; 4%CT;>=?,a=?&%(3ABULA[ -*76 ` :Y9~a"%ABK#ABK0RT*7H-$?4%K+*`HJ=5U Uf4%%AQH-$'(3AO=5v;>$?ABCQ49,3*7K#6%49* (+=:"%$?)69='r8$',3*D"%$?%6)CO*76/$'( (3"9*@ejgDƒCQ$7E?*-,0RXEf=549, &),3=?&T=5K+*76 VLsŠ U@U@]WU8b U/*7HG")$?%ABK3UmYS~a"%AQK CO*7$?6%K (+=1;d*-.0*-,,3=549(+*:*-,3,3=?,GKa$?KD(3"9*:U/=?R]ABCBAO(xElABu(3"9*19*-(q.0=?,3y8AB%HJ,G*7$?K+*7K-\%.D")ABHG"mABu(34%,Gm,3*7K34)CO(3KaABm"%AB25"9*-,P&T*-,3;d=?,sU $?%HJ*?Y gtcbk+=9\t.d"9*7!,3=549(+*w*-,3,g=?,gkt=ih-h-49,f\t$?)6j,g=549(+*/6%abk3hj= ^?*-,3EjABK{AB)AO(3AB$'(+*76ˆ\c(3"9*W&)$',3(3AB$?CbK+.0*-*-&)AB92v=?&%(3ABULA[ 7$'(3AO=5 $?CBCO*-^NAB$'(+*7KoK+=5U */=?;Z(3"9* %*-25$'(3AO^?*LABU/&]$?HJ(3K{=?;06%AB,3*7HJ(3AO=5%$?CbR%,3=5$?6)H-$?K+(-YL0=5%K+*>=I49*7X(3COE?\ =?&%(3ABULA[ -*76 o $?HG")AO*-^?*7K@")AO25"9*-,P&T*-,3;>=?,GU $?%HJ*?Y 3 / n *DAB6%*7p(3AOz)*76/K+*-^?*-,G$?C%ABKGK349*7KS(3"%$'( $',sabk+*p.d"9*7wrt*7$?u/;>=?,gu AQ92o$?p(+*7%)$?K $',3*a49(3AQCBA[ -*76WAB/Uf4%CO(3AB"9=?&/,G=549(3AB929Y ~},G$?69*-='rˆK1$',GAQK+*L.D"%*7 (3"9*v"%AO25"9*-,:HJ=5ULU14%)ABH-$'(3AO=5,G$?92?*L=?;PRT*7$?U/;>=?,GU AQ928$?p(+*7)%$?KW$',3*L*JMN&)CO=5AO(+*76 (+= =?R%(3$?ABW;>*-.0*-,+Vq"9=?&,3=54%(+*7K-Y ~w=`$?6%6%,3*7k3ks(3"%abkb(+,g$?6%*-='rb\x.z*p&%,g=?&c=5k3*76/k+*-^?*-,g$?c9=?&%(3aqu A[ 7$'(3AO=5%KS(+= ` :YXœ{49,,3*7K34)CO(3AB92W$'&%&%,3=5$?Hs"9*7K-\)$?CB(3"9=54925"mK3ABU &)CO*?\N$?CBCO*-^NAB$'(+*7KP(3"9*o= ^?*-,G"9*7$?6%K@$?K3K+=NH-AB$'(+*76m(+=L6%AB,3*7HJ(3AO=5%$?CcR%,3=5$?6)H-$?K+( - e

104 Aggregate Throughput (Mbps) Impact of mobility on optimized DDSR DDSR (beamwidth 60) Optimized DDSR (beamwidth 60) Mobility (m/s) dsao254%,3*>diy g -#œt&)(3abu A[ -*76 ` i6%*-2?,g$?69*7kdu =?,3*o2?,G$?HJ*-; 4%CBCOEvABmHJ=5U/&)$',GAQK+=5m(+= ` `Y $?%69*7AO25"XRT=?,16%AQK3HJ=F^?*-,3E4%%69*-,WU/=?R)AQCBAO(qE?Ye8=?,G*-=F^?*-,7\0.Z*m$?CBK3=j&%,G=?&c=5K3*L(3"9* H J Š O H +Ž' 0Q Hm IH Y J Ov=?&%(3A V U A[ 7$'(3AB=5L(+=W&%,3*-^?*7X(0(3"9*tK3*7CO*7HJ(3AO=5v=?;wK349R%V =?&%(3ABU $?C),3=549(+*7K-YZ NAQU14%CQ$'(3AO=5/,3*7K34)CO(3KZKG"9=F.k(3"%$'(0(3"9*t&%,3=?&T=5K+*76 =?&%(3ABULA[ 7$'(3AO=5%K1H-$? ='rt*-,/$?6%6%ao(3ab=5%$?c RT*79*-z%(3K7Yj~a"9*7K3*LRT*79*-z%(3K1*7U/*-,32?*v;d,G=5U $?6%6%,3*7K3K3AB%28(3"9*v(+,G$?69*-='rˆK $?K3K+=NH-AB$'(+*76u(+=W(3"9*{"%AO25"9*-,#HJ=5U Uf4%%ABH-$'(3AB=5L,G$?%2?*t=?;wRc*7$?U ;d=?,gulab921$?x(+*7%%$?k7y@d=.z*-^?*-,7\).z*{rt*7cbao*-^?*@(3"%$'( (3"9*-,3*vABK1,3=X=5U ;>=?,1; 49,3(3"9*-,1ABU/&%,3= ^?*7U/*7X(f$'(f(3"9*l%*-(q.0=?,3y CB$FE?*-,7Y4d9=?,W*JM9$?U/&)CO*?\S(3"9*v$'R)ABCBAB(qE(+=j,G*7HJ*7AO^?* K3AO25)$?CBK`;>,3=5U K+*7CO*7HJ(3AO^?*u6%AO,3*7HJ(3AB=5%K]e H-$?CBCB*76 LsŠ<Y Q N IH +Š'Œ Š' IHU HV_V AQ #"%$'&)(+*-, gj$?%6 h`"%$?kw9=?(frt*-*7 *JMIV &)CO=5AB(+*76m$'(a(3"9*`9*-(x.Z=?,3ymCB$FE?*-,7Y %HJ=?,3&T=?,G$'(3AB%2WH-$'&)(349,3*JVq$7.#$',3*79*7KGK@ABu(3"%*o,3=549(3AB92W&%,G=?(+=IHJ=5C UL$7Eu;>4%,3(3"9*-, AB%HJ,G*7$?K+*D(3"9*{$?HG")AO*-^_$'R]CO*@&T*-,3;>=?,GU $?)HJ*?Y e<=?(3ao^'$'(+*76u;d,g=5u (3"%AQK-\p.0*@&),3*7K+*7X(0H-$'&%(34%,3*JVq$7.#$',3*o,3=549(3AQ92:ABl(3"9* 9*JMN(DK+*7HJ(3AO=5 Y, C œ{49,tabx^?*7k+(3ao25$'(3ao=5!=?; ejgdi&%,3=?(+=nhj=5cbk@4)k3ab92 RT*7$?U/;>=?,GU AQ92L$?X(+*7%%$?Kt*JMI&T=5K+*76j(3"9*f&%,3=?R)CB*7U =?; LGŠ\Y Q N 2H AB.@AO,3*7CO*7K3K:U14%CB(3AB"9=?& 9*-(x.Z=?,GyIK-Y a*7h-$?cbc ;d,3=5u #"%$'&)(+*-,Gg8$?)6 <(3")$'(fH-$'&%(34%,3*l$',GAQK+*7K`RT*7H-$?4%K+*l$j9=N69*,3*7U $?AQ%K/*7925$'2?*76kABƒ,G*7HJ*7AO^IAQ92 $ &)$?HGy?*-(l(3")$'(lABK %=?(lu/*7$?x(l;>=?,lao(3k3*7co;xy {49,GAB%2 (3"9*8*7X(3AO,3*<6%4%,G$'(3AO=5 =?;D,G*7HJ*-&%(3AO=5ˆ\ H-$'&%(34%,3*769=I6%*7Kf$',G*u4)%$'R)CO*l(+=$?H-HJ=5U &)CBABK3" (3"9*7AO,f=F.@ƒHJ=5U U14)%ABH-$'(3AO=5. $<.#$?K+(3$'2?*8=?; HG")$?%9*7CaH-$'&)$?H-AB(qE?Y #CO*7$',GCBE?\ZH-$'&%(349,G*<ABK 4%%&%,3=N6%4%HJ(3AO^?*vRT*7H-$?4%K+*<9=N69*7K AQ(3"9*8^NABH-AB%AO(xE =?;o$? =5%2?=5AB92 HJ=5U Uf4%%ABH-$'(3AB=5.DABCQC99=?(ZRT*D$'R]CO*a(+=W$?H-HJ=5U/&)CBABKG"/&)$',G$?CBCB*7C%HJ=5U Uf4%%ABH-$'(3AO=5 YSgtK0$`,3*7K34)CO(-\p(3"9*@;>4)CBC9* LH-$?HJE =?;SRT*7$?U/;d=?,sU AB92WU $7Em9=?(DRc*o^NABK3ABR)CO*@4)%CO*7K3KPH-$'&%(34%,3*:ABKP$?6%6%,3*7K3K+*76u* LH-AB*7p(3COE?Y ƒp"%$'&%(+*-, 9\.0*u*-^_$?CB4)$'(+*76(3"9*mABU/&)$?HJ(W=?;@H-$'&)(349,3*m$?%669*7K3AO25%*76$H-$'&%(34%,3*JVq$7.#$',3*jejgD &%,3=?(+=NHJ=5C -

105 e #$oejgd h (+=f$?cbcb*-^iab$'(+*tao(3kz*jrc*7hj(3k-y^z,sao* %E?\% #$oe<gd &%,3*7KGHJ,GAORT*7K (3"9*@,G$?6%AO=fCB$7E?*-,#(+=f(349,GL='rj$1KG49R)K+*-( =?; RT*7$?U K0(3"%$'(#$',3*oCBAOy?*7COE/(+=f2?*-(aH-$'&%(349,G*76LRIEL4%9&),3=I6)4%HJ(3AO^?*a(+,G$ lh'y n ")ABCO*{P$ {ejgd,3*76%4)hj*7k0h-$'&)(349,3*?\.0*<9=?(3abhj*76 (3"%$'(LK+*-^?*-,G$?C@=NH-H-$?K3AO=5%KL,3*7U $?ABƒAB.D"%ABHs" H-$'&%(349,3*<&c*-,sK3ABK+(3K-Yƒn *j,3*7hj=?25%a[ -*76 (3"%$'(l4)%CO*7K3K $'&%&%,G=5$?HG"9*76<;d,3=5U (3"%*:9*-(q.0=?,3ymCB$FE?*-,7\%(3"9*`*JM9ABK+(+*7)HJ*`=?;bH-$'&)(349,3*:H-$?%%=?(aRT*o;>49,G(3"9*-,aU AB%AQU A[ -*76ˆY ~a")abkzk3*7hj(3ao=5u&%,3*7k+*7x(3k#$+h-$'&%(349,3*jvq$f.0$',3*,3=549(3ab92f&%,3=?(+=nhj=5c \94%K3AQ92:.D")ABHG"uK+*7CO*7HJ(+*76u,G=549(+*7K#U AO25"X(0RT* CO*7K3K0&%,G=59*{(+= H-$'&%(349,3*?YBZ49(P6%A rt*-,3*7p(3cbe?\x,3=54%(+*7kahg"9=5k3*7u.dao(3"u$?m$7.#$',3*79*7k3ka=?;}h-$'&%(349,g*{h-$?<hj=5u/&)co*7u/*7x( (3"9*`RT*79*-z)(3K#=?; #$oejgdty)n *fabcbcb4)k+(+,g$'(+*t(3"%abkp.dab(3"m$/k3abu/&)cb*t*jm9$?u/&)cb*`ab,dsao2549,3*>diy 9Y _dsao2549,g* diy 9\]$?K3KG4%U/*`(3"%$'(t9=N69*>,3=54%(+*7Ka&)$?HGy?*-(3K@(+=v9=N69*:g1Y)nk"%ABCO*`K34)HG"<$,%=F. *JMNAQK+(3K-\)$?K3KG4%U/* (3"%$'(#9=N69*{ labx(+*7%6%k (+=W6)ABK3HJ=F^?*-,P$1,3=549(+*t(+=/9=I6%* fy a=549(3aq92:&%,g=?(+=ihj=5cbk0(3"%$'(#4%k+*{u AB)ABU14)U "9=?&9VqHJ=54%X( U/*-(+,GAQH-Ko;d=?,fK+*7CO*7HJ(3AB%28$m,3=549(+*?\SU $7E^?*-,3E.0*7CBC Hs"9=X=5K3* (3"9*,3=54%(+* _ XVxe8V dwv 5Yvnk"9*7 4%K3AB92u,3=54%(+* _ XV e8v dwv 5\]=?R)K3*-,3^?*`(3"%$'(tP$ {ejgd $'(@9=N69*:e U14)K+(P*7%K349,G*o(3"%$'(DAO(3KP*7$?K3(V &c=5aqp(3ab%2/rc*7$?u ABK#(349,G%*76m=5ˆ\ AB=?,G6%*-,:(+=<HJ=5U (3"%AQK{^?*-,3E e>*7$?k+(v &T=5ABX(3AB92 htrt*7$?u $'(1e ABK:K34%K3HJ*-&%(3ABR)CO*W(+= H-$'&%(349,G*:RIEv(+,s$?%K3U ABKGK3AO=5%K#;>,3=5U %=I69* (+=lg1y]gtkd$lhj=5%k+*>=i49*7%hj*?\c,3=549(+*7k 6 Vqg /$?%6 _ XVxe8V d}v /.DABCBC RT*a;>=?,GHJ*76 (+=fk3"%$',3*a(3"%*d$7^'$?abcb$'r)cb*dhg"%$?)9*7c)h-$'&)$?h-ab(qe?y,@=f.0*-^?*-,7\9hg"9=i=5k3ab%2`,3=549(+* _ XVxemV& V {&%,3=F^?*7KZ(+=:RT* RT*79*-z)H-AB$?C]RT*7H-$?4%K+*t(+,G$?%K3ULABK3K3AO=5)K =5uCBAB%yLemV& $?)6CZVqgi$',3*{;d,3*-*{=?;bU149(34)$?CcH-$'&)(349,3*?Y ~a"9*t(3"9,3=54%25"9&)49( $?HG")AO*-^?*76LRIE/*7$?HG"v=?;T(3"9*tAB%6%AO^NAB6%4)$?Cp,3=54%(+*7KZAB)HJ,3*7$?K+*7K-Y UQ ]+Q+]H J O ]au4qwp0h^y] IH\V:HÙ L\H`ŽES5R/Ž? 2H#Ž?Œ V R Ž' 2H +Ž' 0Q H\V LGŠ U Q ŠHJ <VH QWPp +Ž' Mb P QWPD] VW IH b] Ž U Œk]WQWPIŽ? Q PIŠ ]au8bq ŽV<PIŠ' IH QWP0H LPNŠ U@U H J N HQ Œ^H<HU QWP0HR Š%V J Ž U8b Š%V5QWP0HJ IH ] V@ŠU<Š_Š ] J Š NJ H ]> 2H_L:Q+] Ž UQWPIŠMQ ] V5LsŠ<Y Q N 2H S IH_H S +Ž R ŽMQWPHJ <V œ{49, H-$'&)(349,3*JVq$7.#$',3*t,3=549(3AB%2{U *-(+,GABH ABKP69*7KGAO259*76u(+= &)AQH3yv=549(D$?CBĈ K34)HG"8H-$'&%(34%,3*JV ;d,g*-*:6%ao,3*7hj(3ab=5%k=e>.d"9*79*-^?*-,d&c=5kgk3aor)co*)hs\9$?%68,3=549(+*o(+,g$ LH:$?CO=592 (3"9*7K+*16%AO,3*7HJ(3AO=5)K-Y E G E G A B A B M F M F S dsao2549,3* diy -Z0=5U Uf4%%ABH-$'(3AB=5 =5uCBAB9yWgDV H-$'&%(349,G*7K0CQAB9y/emV d0ya=549(+*7k0(3"%$'(#$7^?=5aq6v4)k3ab92`cbaq9y emv d e $?%6 HG"%=X=5K+*7K@CBAB9yuemV& AB%K+(+*7$?6GhZ*JMI(+,G$?HJ(3K@2?,3*7$'(+*-,{K+&)$'(3AB$?CT,G*74%K+*o;>,3=5U (3"9*:Hs"%$?%9*7C S - g

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107 ,3=549(+*7K`;d,3=5U!(+=f\ (3"%* HJ=5K+(:=?;0,3=549(+* _ IVxemV d}v uabk`"%ao25"%*-,o(3"%$? _ XVxe8V& V 5\SU $'ynab92 _ XVxe8V& V (3"9*`&),3*-;d*-,G,3*76u,3=549(+*o.DAB(3"u=549,DH-$'&%(349,G*JVq$7.#$',3*1,G=549(3AB92/U/*-(+,GAQH'Y #=54%p( ~D"9*m69*7K3AO25=?;t=549, H-$'&%(349,G*JVq$7.#$',3*8,3=549(3AQ92 U/*-(+,GABH'\Z(+= (3"%ABKW&T=5ABX(-\ ABKW9=?( CO=I=?&9V ;>,3*-*?Yƒ 9AB%HJ*u(3"9* H-$'&)(349,3*JVqHJ=5K+(/=?;@Rc*7$?ULK1H-$?RT*C -*-,3= e A Y *?YO\.D"9*7 (3"9*-E $',G*u%=?(W$_rT*7HJ(+*76RIE H-$'&%(349,G*)hs\ (3"9*uU $'2'V )AO(34%69*f=?;+86> 69=I*7Ko9=?(oAB%HJ,3*7$?K3*WU =59=?(+=5%ABH-$?CBCBE8.DAO(3"AB%HJ,G*7$?K3AB92uX4)U:RT*-,{=?;Z"9=?&]K@=5(3"%*f,G=549(+*?\ *WYoe<=?,3*-=F^?*-,7\ˆ.@"9*7j4)K3AB92 86> \ˆ$l,3=549(3AB%2L&%,3=?(+=NHJ=5CbH-$?!Hs"9=I=5K+*/$lK3AB25%AOz)H-$?X(3COEmCO=592l,3=549(+*WAO; (3"9* CB=592?*-,,3=549(+*aABKSCO*7KGK $_rc*7hj(+*76lrxefh-$'&%(349,3*?y NAB)HJ*0"9=?&%VqHJ=54%p( =?;T${,3=549(+*P$?CBK3={AQU/&)$?HJ(3KS(3"9*a$?Hs"%AO*-^'$'R)CO* (3"%,3=54925"9&)4%(-\%.Z*fAB%HJ=?,3&T=?,G$'(+*`"%=?&jHJ=54%X(@ABX(+= =549,tU/*-(+,GABH'Y $?Hs"jCQAB9y,v=5<$,G=549(+*:ABKa$?KGK+=IH-AQ$'(+*76.@AO(3"8$LHJ=5K3( -0/ \ M9ABK+(3AB92 U *-(+,GABH-KaK34)HG"<$?K ~D~o\9(3"%$'(@$?H-HJ=54)p(t;d=?,tCBAB9y!=X4)$?CBAO(qE?\cH-$?8RT*:4%K3*76m(+= 4%&T6)$'(+*o(3"9*o^_$?CQ49*o=?; E-0/'Y 9"%$',GAB92/gtHJ(3AO^?*6:@=I6%*7K D=549(+*7Kb(3"%$'(S$',3*Z*>=I4%AO^'$?CO*7X(wAB:(+*-,GU Kb=?;%H-$'&%(349,3*#$?%61"9=?&9VqHJ=54%X(-\5U $7E19=?(w='rT*-,S*>=X4%$?CX(3"9,3=54%25"9&)49(-Y ~D"%ABKaABKDRT*7H-$?4%K+*:ABX(+*-,GU/*76)AB$'(+*19=N69*7K@ABm=59*1,3=549(+*1ULAO25"p(D&)$',3(3ABH-AO&]$'(+*:ABm=?(3"9*-,{HJ=5U Uf4%%ABH-$'(3AB=5%K-\ $?)6<(3"9*-,G*-RXEm='rT*-,oCO*7K3K@R)$?%69.DAQ69(3"u(+=v$v9*-.DCBEu$?6)U AO(+(+*76 %=F.`Yt~w=v; $7^?=?,{,3=549(+*7K@=5!.D"%ABHs"<9=N69*7K $',G*`CO*7K3K#CO=5$?69*76ˆ\N.0*o,3*>=I4%AO,3*@(3"9*{,3=549(3AB92/U/=N6%4%CB*@$'(a9=N69* (+= U $?ABX(3$?ABu$ Y9Š' \Q+] L] YNŠQ+] Ž U 'Š' \] Š NJ H \ * -\5(3"%$'(S,3* %*7HJ(3K (3"9*a9=N69* Kb&)$',3(3ABH-AO&]$'(3AO=5WABf=592?=5AB92oHJ=5U Uf4%%ABH-$'(3AB=5ˆY<:@=N69*7K (3"%$'( $?HJ( $?K K3=549,GHJ*?\ AQp(+*-,GU *76%AB$'(+*D9=N69*7K-\p=?,ZK3AB%y1$',3*D$?KGK3AO259*76 $`&c=5kgao(3ao^?*p^'$?cb49*p;>=?,^* -x\i$?%6 $',3*tH-$?CBCO*76 +$?HJ(3AO^?*t9=N69*7K NY :@=N69*7K#(3"%$'(P69=/9=?(#&)$',3(3ABH-AB&)$'(+*tAQl$?XElHJ=5U Uf4%%AQH-$'(3AO=5m$',3*o$?K3K3AO25%*76C* -? \%$?%6u$',3*{,3*-;>*-,3,3*76v(+= $?K +AB%$?HJ(3AB^?*f9=N69*7K NY BS$',3(3ABH-AB&)$'(3AO=58^'$',GAB$'R]CO*7KD$'(t$?HJ(3AO^?*f%=I69*7K@$',3*W$?K3K+=NH-AB$'(+*76<.@AO(3"m(3ABU/*-=54%(3K-YPx; $?u$?hj(3ao^?*`%=i69*t69=i*7k0%=?(z&)$',g(3abh-ao&)$'(+*{abl$?xelhj=5ulu14%)abh-$'(3ao=5l;d=?,p$f(3"9,3*7k3"%=5cb6 &T*-,GAO=N6 =?;w(3abu/*?\n(3"9* %=I69*o,G*7K+*-(3KK* -S(+=? Y 8 & 3( % ~a"9*t4%%aoz)*76 HJ=5K+(#=?;w$1,3=549(+*?\ 7\NH-$?u9=F.kRT*D;>=?,GUf4%CB$'(+*76v$?K#$:.0*7AO25"X(+*76vKG4%U =?; $?CQC)(3"9*t; $?HJ(+=?,GK0(3"%$'( HJ=5X(+,GAOR)49(+*o(+=L(3"9*:H-$'&)$?H-AO(xEu=?;S$,3=549(+*?Y - d

108 -A/B> 8-0/ ' %* -' E-0/ e diy h.d"%*-,3* $?%6 /$',3*o.0*7AO25"p(3K@4%K+*76u(+=LHJ=5X(+,3=5Cw(3"9*:AB]49*7%HJ*t=?;b&]$',3(3ABH-AO&)$'(3AB=5v$?)68H-$'&%(349,3*?\)=5m(3"9* HG"%=5ABHJ*o=?;},G=549(+*7K-Y u=549,ak3abuf4%cb$'(3ab=5l=?;b(3"%abk0,3=54%(3ab92/u/*-(+,gabh'\9.0*`$?k3k3ab25-0/ e'y>d9=?,d(3"9*`h-$'&%(349,3*jvqhj=5k3(-\.0*l$?k3k3ao25! 3$5 7 \.D"9*-,G* ABKo(3"9*LI4%U1RT*-,o=?;#%=I69*7K`(3"%$'(:H-$'&%(349,G* 9=I6%*D=5 AB(3KoRT*7$?U! 3$5 7 YId%=?, $?HJ(3AO^?*v9=I6%*7K-\w.0*l$?K3KGAO25m* - he.d"9*7 $j9=i6%* ABK`$<K3=549,GHJ* =?,f69*7k+(3ab%$'(3ab=5 =?;P$ %=F.:Y!@=F.0*-^?*-,7\ AO;#$? $?HJ(3AO^?*/9=N69*:ABK@$?ABp(+*-,sU/*76%AB$'(+*f9=I6%*`=?; $'({CO*7$?K+(D=5%* %=.`\c.z*w$?k3k3ao25*- I\TKGAB%HJ*:AO(@RT*7$',GKD(3"%*:=5I4%K =?;SRT=?(3"u,3*7HJ*7AO^NAB92 $?%6m;>=?,3.#$',G6%AB%29Y n *0$',3* $7.#$',3*0(3"%$'(! $?%6* -%$',3* ^?*-,3EoHJ=549,sK+*JV 2?,G$?AB:,3*-&%,3*7K+*7X(3$'(3AO=5%Kw=?;N(3"9* $?U/=54%X( =?;96%AO,G*7HJ(3AO=5%$?C V H-$'&%(349,G*8$?%6CO=5$?6=5 =?;DRT*7AB92AB%K+*7)K3AO(3AO^?*v(+= HG"%$?%25AB92 (+,G$ LH`&)$'(+(+*-,G%K@ABm(3"9*:%*-(q.0=?,3y]YZn "%*78(+,G$ LH`&)$'(+(+*-,G%K )4%HJ(34%$'(+*`,s$'&)AB6%COEvABu(3ABU/*?\]K34%HG"<R)AB%$',GEL;>=?,GU K =?; AB%6)ABH-$'(+=?,GKaH-$?jRT*`4%K+*-; 4%C Y0n *fabx(+*7%6m(+=l,3*-z)9*:=549,@hj=5k+({u/=n69*7cbka$?kt$ &]$',3(a=?; =549,@;>49(34%,3*o.Z=?,Gy]\T$?%6 AB%HJ=?,G&c=?,s$'(+*o(3"9*7U AB8=549,a&%,3=?&T=5K+*76u;>,G$?U/*-.0=?,3ycYZm(3"%AQK#&)$'&T*-,7\%.0*`=5%COEv^_$',GEv(3"%*`,3*7CB$'(3AO^?*1AB)49*7)HJ*t=?; LGŠ\Y Q N 2H $?%6 Y9Š' \Q+] L] YNŠQ+] Ž U =58,G=549(3AB929\9ABu=?,G6%*-,a(+=L69*-(+*-,GULAB9*`K34%AB(3$'R)CO*{^_$?CQ49*7K#=?; $?%6 # %) n * &%,3*7K3*7p(u(3"9* 69*7KGAO25 =?;W$K+=549,GHJ*JVqAQ%AO(3AB$'(+*76kH-$'&%(349,G*JVq$7.#$',3*,3=549(3AQ92 &),3=?(+=IHJ=5Ce P$.;B hs\akgabu ABCB$',l(+= ` ige Yo~a"9*fK+=549,GHJ*WAB%AO(3AQ$'(+*7K@$l,3=549(+*f,3*>=I49*7K+(e ; =h %=X=N6<AQ<(3"9*W9*-(x.Z=?,3y.u*7$?Hs"&? $?H-H-4NV Uf4%CB$'(+*7K#(3"9*`H-4%Uf4%CB$'(3AB^?*{HJ=5K3(P=F^?*-,@$?CQC](3"%*{CQAB9yNKZAO(#(+,G$F^?*-,GK+*7K-YPœtR)K+*-,G^?*t(3")$'( ; i&)$?h3y?*-(3k@$',3*o$?co.#$7enk (+,G$?%KGU AO(+(+*7684%KGAB92/=5U %AQ6%AO,3*7HJ(3AO=5)$?CTRc*7$?ULK-YZ~a"%*:U/*7HG")$?%ABK3U =?; HJ=5K+(t$?H-H-4%Uf4%CB$'(3AO=5jAB? {KDABKa&T*-,+V ;>=?,GU/*76$?K1;>=5CBCO=.DK-Y 0=5%K3AB6%*-,:(3"9*uH-$?K+*mAB.@"%ABHG" $9=I6%*,3*7HJ*7AO^?*7K/$? AB%AO(3AQ$'(+*76 RIE $jk3=549,ghj* 9=N69*?\] cy%~a"%* ; ;>=?,3.0$',s69*76uRXEm9=N69* HJ=5p(3$?AQ%KP(3"9*`;>=5CBCO=.DAB92/AB%;d=?,GUL$'(3AO=5ˆY eee!h:~a"9*vh-4%u14)cb$'(3ao^?* LsŠ<Y Q N IH 2LGŽ%VQ $?KGK+=IH-AQ$'(+*76.@AO(3" (3"9*l&)$',3(3AB$?C,3=549(+*v;d,G=5U (+=f\}$?6%6%*76 (+=!(3"9* LGŠ\Y Q N 2HELsŽ%V\Q ;>=?,o*7$?hg" =?; K{Rc*7$?ULK-Y:~a"%AQK@ABU &)CBAO*7KD(3"%$'(o$u(349&)CO*1=?; K3*-&)$',G$'(+* HJ=5K+(3K`$',G*WAQ%H-CB4%69*76jAB (3"9* ; f\%.d"9*-,g* AQKP(3"9*:I4%U1Rc*-,D=?;bRT*7$?U K7YZ~a"9*# *7CO*7U/*7X(a=?;S(3"9*`(34%&)CO*o,3* %*7HJ(3K@(3"9*:KG4%U =?;S(3"9* H-$'&%(349,G* HJ=5K+(`=?;#$?CBCSRT*7$?U K{=5 (3"9*/&)$',G(3AB$?CS,3=549(+* _ XV 5\}$?6)69*76(+=8(3"9* H-$'&%(34%,3*JVqHJ=5K+(`=?; K# RT*7$?UmY Y -GF

109 dsao2549,3*>diy d ABCBCB4%K3(+,G$'(+*7K#(3"%ABK#.DAB(3"m$ 6%AB$'2?,G$?U8Y e Bh{~D"9*fH-4)U14%CQ$'(3AO^?* U% R N HJ ŽESLŠDL:Q+] H U]Ž HV =5(3"9*W,3=54%(+* $?CO=592u.D"%ABHs"!(3"%ABK#? 69*79=?(+*76<$?KK3/ NY "%$?Ko$',3,sAO^?*76ˆ\ e gbh`~a"9*/abx(+*-,gu/*76%ab$'(+* %=I69*7K AB69*7X(3AOz%*-,GKe A Y *?YO\b(3"9*/&)$',3(3AQ$?C K+=549,GHJ*,G=549(+*)h{$?CO=592m.@"%ABHG"(3"%*? "%$?KP(+,s$7^?*-,GK+*76j(+=,3*7$?Hs" ;d,g=5u cy%~a"%aqkpab%6%abh-$'(+*7k#(3"%*:"9=?&9vqhj=54%x(-y nk"9*79=n69*>,3*7hj*7ao^?*7k{(3"9* ; W\cAO({69*76%4)HJ*7K@(3"%*WH-$'&)(349,3*JVqHJ=5K+(o=5!(3"9*W&)$',3(3AQ$?C},G=549(+*1;>,3=5U ;>,3=5U (+= f\z4%k3ab92 (3"%*<AB9;>=?,GU $'(3AO=5 $7^'$?ABCB$'R)CO*jABƒ(3"9* ; fy>d9=?,v*jmn$?u &)CO*?\PAO;{9=I6%* 4%K+*7K RT*7$?U (+= HJ=5U Uf4%%ABH-$'(+*t(+=G f\i(3"9*7 ïk+*7co*7hj(3k0(3"9*{ 2 ^'$?CB49*@;d,3=5U (3"9*t(349&)CO*@AB%H-CB4%6%*76 AB (3"%* ; W\X$?%6v$?6%6%KZ(+= AO( (3"%*@H-$'&%(349,G*JVqHJ=5K+(#=?;c(3"%*DRT*7$?U (3")$'( 4%K+*76L;d=?,Z,3*7HJ*7AO^NAB92`(3"%*? ;d,3=5u 8 YI~a"9*a,G*7K34%CO(,G*-&%,3*7K+*7X(3K (3"9*:H-$'&)(349,3*JVqHJ=5K+(a;>=?,D(3"%*o&)$',3(3AB$?CT,3=54%(+*`;d,G=5U v(+=xẅy [;{%=I69*4 "%$'&%&T*7%KW(+=Rc*j$?CO,3*7$?69E&)$',3(3AQH-AO&)$'(3AB92 =5 $?9=?(3"9*-,u$?HJ(3AO^?*!,3=549(+*?\#(3"9*7 AO(LAB%HJ,G*7U/*7p(3KL(3"9* $?HJ(3AO^?*JVq9=N69*JVqK3")$',GAB92uHJ=5K+(-\wA Y *?YO\"3/ 8 3/ ' * PỲ ~a"%*7ˆ\c%=i69* H-$?CQH-4%CB$'(+*7K{(3"9*/"9=?& HJ=54%X(o4%K3AB92l(3"9* CBABK3(b=?;TABX(+*-,GU/*76%AQ$'(+*a9=I6%*7K AB%H-CB4%6%*76fAQ1(3"%*? fypœ{%hj*p(3"%*a(3"9,3*-*p; $?HJ(+=?,GK $',G*DH-$?CBH-4%CB$'(+*76LAB%6%AO^NAB6%4)$?CBCOE?\ 9=N69* H-$?CBH-4)CB$'(+*7K#(3"9*`4%%ABz%*76lHJ=5K3(P=?;w(3"9*o&)$',G(3AB$?Cc,3=549(+*{;d,G=5U l(+= f\ #\%4%K3AQ92:*>=I4%$'(3AO=5 e hsy%:d=n69*,3*7u/*7u1rt*-,gk@(3"9*fhj=5k3(@=?; (3")ABKa&)$',G(3AB$?C,3=54%(+*?\];>=?,{,3*7$?K+=5%K@*JMI&]CB$?AB9*76jCB$'(+*-,7Y :@=I6%*> (3"9*7!49&ˆ6%$'(+*7K@(3"9*? h.dao(3"l(3"9*@,g*>=x4%ab,3*76lab%;d=?,gul$'(3ao=5ˆ\x$?)6l;>=?,3.#$',g6%k0ao(-y dbab2549,3* diy dfabcqcb4%k+(+,g$'(+*7k (3"9*{HJ=5K+(0$?H-H-4)U14%CQ$'(3AO=5 &%,3=NHJ*76%49,G*{AQm$/&%,3=?&)$'25$'(3AQ92,? fy nk"9*7w(3"9*a69*7k3(3ab%$'(3ao=5w9=n69*0,3*7hj*7ao^?*7k (3"9* ; f\?ao( H-$?CBH-4%CB$'(+*7KS(3"9*aHJ=5K3( =?;)(3"9*P,3=54%(+*#4)K3AB92t*>=X4)$'(3AO=5 e hsya[; (3"9* ; "%$'&%&T*7%Ka(+=lRT*`(3"9*1z%,GK+(D=59*:;>=?,@(3")ABKP,3=549(+*W6%ABKGHJ=F^?*-,3Em&)")$?K+*?\)(3"9*f69*7K+(3AB)$'(3AO=5<9=N69* $?CO.#$7ENK,3*7K3&c=5)6%KS.DAO(3"/$o,G=549(+*a,3*-&)CBEe ;,BChsYVd9=?, ; {K (3"%$'(Z$',3,GAO^?*DCQ$'(+*-,7\5(3"9*D6%*7K+(3AB%$'(3AO=5,3*7K+&T=5%6%K.DAO(3"f$? ; B=5%COÈ AO;9(3"%*0HJ=5K+(S=?;%(3"%*Z,3*7HJ*7AB^?*76 ; AQK}CO=.Z*-,S(3"%$?W$?CBCX=?;%(3"9*0&%,3*-^NAO=54%KGCOEtK3*-*7 ; {K-Y (3"9*/R)$?K3AQHXo &%,G=?(+=IHJ=5C \b$? ABX(+*-,GU/*76%AQ$'(+* 9=I6%* 69=X*7K:9=?(`;>=?,3.0$',s6 $86%49&]CBABH-$'(+*? 4%)69*-,o(3"9* $?K3K34)U/&%(3AO=5j(3"%$'({(3"9*W*7$',GCBAO*-,{$',3,GAB^IAB%2? (+,G$F^?*-,GK+*7Ko(3"9*fRT*-(+(+*-,o&)$'(3"ˆYonk"%ABCO*1(3"%ABKtU $7E!RT*:,3*7$?K3=5NV $2! (" % * 4 2!)!!"!)! 4($ " :'! " 2! 54 " * 7 % 2! 4 *! D ) D %! D &7 " % 54 ) 2 :%%!94 -Mo

110 RREQ forwarded by X includes: Ksx C C C B1 B2 B3 C BN Asx h sx Beam B1 S U sx X Beam B2 Beam B3 Beam B5 Y Ksy = Ksx + C B2 + C B5 Asy = A sx + P y h + 1 h sy = sx dsao2549,3*>diy d - gth-h-4%uf4%cb$'(3ao=58=?;b,g=549(+*`hj=5k+(@aqu(3"9*o&%,3=?&)$'25$'(3aq92? $'R)CO*v;>=?, 6%ABK3HJ= ^?*-,GAB92U AB%AQU14%U/Vq"9=?&,3=54%(+*7K-\ AO(WU $7E9=?(WRT*v$'&)&)CBABH-$'R)CB* ;d=?,/=54%,f&]49,3&t=5k+*7k-ynkao(3"=549, &%,3=?&T=5K+*76 H-$'&)(349,3*JVq$7.#$',3*v,3=549(3AB%29\w$8CO=592?*-,1&)$'(3" U $FERc* $?KGK+=IH-AQ$'(+*76.DAO(3" $8CO=F.0*-,1HJ=5K3(-Yl~}=<$?H-HJ=54%X( ;>=?,1(3"%AQK`&T=5K3K3AOR]ABCBAO(xE?\ˆ.Z*v,3*>=I4%AO,3*LAQp(+*-,GU *76%AB$'(+*L9=N69*7K:(+=j,3*7U *7U:RT*-,:(3"%*vCO*7$?K3(1HJ=5K+(? (3")$'(fAO(1"%$?K ;>=?,3.0$',s69*76u;d=?,a$W&]$',3(3ABH-4%CB$',#,3=54%(+*`6%ABK3HJ= ^?*-,3E?Y [;}$/CO=.Z*-,+VqHJ=5K3(? i$',3,gao^?*7kdcb$'(+*-,7\n(3"9*7m.0*o,3*>=i4%ao,3*t(3"9* ABX(+*-,GU/*76%AQ$'(+*`9=I6%*o(+= ;d=?,g.0$',g68(3"%abk? $?Ka.Z*7CBC Y ( / & / # P"9=X=5KGAB92Lœ : $?%6jœbdTdƒ6%49,s$'(3AO=5%K ~D"9*DCO*792?(3" =?; œ/: $?)6lœbdTd 6%49,s$'(3AO=5%K CO*7$?6/(+=f$o&T*-,3;>=?,GU $?%HJ*a(+,s$?69*-='rbY%w=592?*-,#œd d}v {49,G$'(3AB=5%K *7)$'R)CO*/,3=549(+*7K:(+=8RT* CO*7K3KoH-$'&%(34%,3*76 RIE!HJ,G=5K3Ko(+,G$ LH'\SCO*7$?6%AQ92u(+=<"%AO25"9*-,o&T*-,3;>=?,GU $vk349r%v =?&%(3ABU $?Ĉ,G=549(+*16%AQK3HJ=F^?*-,3*766%4%,GAB92W(3"9* œbdtd}vt4%,g$'(3ao=5j.dabcbĉ "%$F^?*W(+=L&T*-,GK3ABK3(a&%,3=?&T=?,3(3AO=5)$?CBCOE CB=592?*-,7\ $_rc*7hj(3aq92j&t*-,3;>=?,gu $?)HJ*?Y8n ")ABCO* (3"9*l=?&%(3ABU $?C,G$'(3AO=jRc*-(x.Z*-*7 œ : $?)6œbdTdh6)49,G$'(3AO=5%K1ABK K3(34%6%AO*76 CB$'(+*-,F\}.0* =?R)K+*-,G^?* (3"%$'(`;>=?,1$m25AB^?*7 =?&%(3ABUL$?CS,G$'(3AO=9\SHG"9=I=5K3AB92m(3"%*LK3U $?CBCB*7K+(o&T=5K3K3AOR)CB*/œ : 6)49,G$'(3AO=5jABK@6%*7K3AO,G$'R)CB*?\)*7K+&T*7H-AB$?CBCBEvABj(+*-,GU K@=?;,3=54%(+*fK+*-(Vq4%&!CB$'(+*7)HJE?Yt~a"%*1K3U $?CQCO*7K+(D&T=5K3KGAOR)CO*1œ :DV {49,s$'(3AO=5 ABK/$ ; 4%%HJ(3AB=5=?;@(3"9*m(3AQU/*m(3$'y?*7 ;>=?,L$ K+=54%,GHJ*89=N69*m(+= 6%ABKGHJ=F^?*-,L$,G=549(+*?Y `9=.DAB92 (3"%*:6%AB$?U/*-(+*-,D=?;b$ %*-(q.0=?,3y]\](3"9*`co*792?(3"8=?;b(3"%*1œ :av {49,s$'(3AO=58H-$?8RT*`H-$?CBH-4)CB$'(+*76 e>.dao(3"<9*7hj*7k3k3$',3e ; $?HJ(+=?,GKf=?;aK3$';>*-(qEhsY#$?K+*76=5 $<z9mi*76œ :DVt4%,G$'(3AO=5ˆ\S.0*L*-^'$?CB4%$'(+*L(3"%*lABU/&]$?HJ(:=?;P(3"9*vCO*792?(3" =?; œd d}v {49,G$'(3AB=5%Ka=58%*-(q.0=?,3yu&c*-,G;d=?,GUL$?%HJ*?Y ~a"9*o,3*7kg4%co(3kp$',3*`&),3*7k+*7x(+*768ab< Y D=549(+*:K+EN%Hs"9,3=5%A[ 7$'(3AB=5 -GE

111 D*7H-$?CBC%(3")$'( AO;]$:K+=549,GHJ*D%=I69*aAQ%AO(3AB$'(+*7K $o,g=549(+*d6%abkghj=f^?*-,3e/ab/$?uœbdtdwv {49,s$'(3AO=5ˆ\p(3"%*7 AO(,3*7AB)AO(3AB$'(+*7K (3"%*l6%ABKGHJ=F^?*-,3E &%,G=IHJ*7K3K1AB (3"9*vK349R)K3*>=X49*7X(fœ :DV {49,G$'(3AO=5 $?K:.0*7CBC Y<0=5)K+*>=X4%*7p(3COE?\SK+*-^?*-,G$?C09=N69*7K UL$7E AB)AO(3AB$'(+*+e>&T*7%6)AB92 ht,3=54%(+*l6%abkghj=f^?*-,gao*7kf,gab25"p(f$'(1(3"9*vrt*-25ab%%aq92m=?;d$?ƒœ :av {49,s$'(3AO=5ˆYj~D"9*7K+*,G=549(+*16%AQK3HJ=F^?*-,GAB*7KDH-$?82?*-({K+EN%HG"%,3=5%A[ -*76ˆ\%$?)68(3"9*-,3*-RIEm$_rc*7HJ(t(3"9*=I4%$?CBAB(qEv=?; K+*7CO*7HJ(+*768,G=549(+*7K-Y#n *,G*76%4%HJ*/K+EN%HG"9,G=5%A[ 7$'(3AO=54%K3AQ923AO(+(+*-,GK7\ A Y *?YO\ (3"9*W&T*7%6%AB%2L,3=549(+* 6)ABK3HJ=F^?*-,GEjABKoAB)AO(3AB$'(+*76!$'(`$u(3ABU/*?\ & \)Hs"9=5K+*78,s$?%69=5U COEl;d,G=5U (3"9*fœ/:aV {49,G$'(3AB=5ˆY0œt;SHJ=549,GK+*?\&#AQKaHG"9=5K3*7<HJ=5%K+*-,G^_$'(3AO^?*7CBE?\)K+= (3"%$'(@(3"9* AQ%AO(3AB$'(+*76u,3=54%(+*:6%ABK3HJ= ^?*-,3EuH-$?8z)%AQK3"vRc*-;>=?,3*o(3"9*`%=I69*`K3.DAO(3HG"%*7KP(+= (3"9*fœd d}v {49,G$'(3AB=5ˆY gtcbk+=9\d&babk Hs"9=5K+*7L(+=oRc*a$'( CB*7$?K+( 2?,3*7$'(+*-,Z(3"%$? $ou AB)ABU14)U (3"9,G*7K3"9=5CB6W;>=?,,3*7$?K+=5%K =?;ch-co=nh3y/k+en%hs"9,3='v )A[ 7$'(3AO=5ˆYW =?(3"9*-,`.0=?,G6%K-\}K3AB%HJ* 9=N69*7KoU $FE 9=?(oRT*W$?H-H-4%,G$'(+*7COE H-CO=NH3yXVqK+EI)HG"9,3=5)A[ -*76ˆ\.0* ='rt*-,1$ 254)$',G6WR)$?%6W$'( (3"9*PRT*-25AB%)AB92a=?;c(3"9*Dœ :DVt4%,G$'(3AO=5ˆY NAB)HJ*Z(3"9*P$?H-H-49,s$?HJEf=?;cH-CO=NH3yWK+EI)HG"9,3=5)A[ 7$'(3AO=5 H-$?LRT*P;>$?AO,sCOE:"%AO25"ke CB*7K3K (3"%$?e? 1 hs\i(3"9*a254%$',g6 R)$?%6W,3*7U $?AQ%KS,3*7$?K+=5%$'R]COEfKGU $?CBC9HJ=5U/&)$',G*76/(+= (3"%*aCO*792?(3"W=?;c(3"9*@œ :DVt4%,G$'(3AO=5ˆY ~a"9*#254%$',s6wr)$?%6/$?ab6%k #$.?B ABWHJ=?&)AQ92o.DAO(3"WH-CO=NH3yWAB%$?H-H-49,s$?H-AO*7K-Y ) 0/ 21 / 43 / ) n *14)K+*o(3"9* {4%$?CQ9*-(aK3ABUf4%CB$'(+=?, ig E \]^?*-,GK3AO=5gIY F \];d=?,@k3abuf4%cb$'(3ab92w=549,p&),3=?&t=5k+*76m&%,3=?(+=nhj=5cbk-y n *1&%,3*7K+*7X( &T*-,3;>=?,GU $?%HJ*PHJ=5U/&)$',sABK+=5%KSRT*-(q.0*-*74e P$.;B ' #$oe<gd hs\$e+` 'hp${ejgd hs\i$?%6ke+` ' E? IY ee!hsy n * K3"9=. (3"%$'({(3"9*L#$.;B AQKt4)K+*76ABHJ=5%+4)%HJ(3AO=5j.DAO(3" #$oe<gd{\ˆ&c*-,g;d=?,gul$?%hj*fh-$?rt*wk349&t*-,gao=?,fyt =?(3"9*-,t.Z=?,s6%K-\%(3"9*125$?AB%KD;d,3=5U $?CBCO*-^NAB$'(3AB92 H-$'&)(349,3*:='rT*-,GKtK3AO25%ABz)H-$?p(aAQU/&%,3= ^?*7U/*7p(3KtABm(3"%,3=54925"9&)4%(D$?%6 CB$'(+*7%HJE?Y Y A X E F B V Q W R U C G (a) A small network J H L D K M Y A 1 E 2 4 U (b) Routes chosen by DSR+CaDMAC G 3 H D M Y A 1 2 E U 4 (c) Routes chosen by CaRP+CaDMAC dsao2549,3*gdiy F - I4%U/*-,G$'(3AO=5<=?;S,3=549(+*7K@.D"9*7<4)K3AB92` $?%6<=549,@H-$'&%(34%,3*JVq$7.#$',3*W,3=549(3AB%2 &%,3=?(+=NHJ=5C \)=5!$ K3U $?CQCT(+=?&c=5CB=?2?Ev.@AO(3" /=?,G69*-,3*76 %=F.DK7Y G 3 H D M ]WR5Y J H L<HU]Š' \] Ž V n */RT*-25ABj.DAO(3"!$vKGU $?CBCS9*-(q.0=?,3yc\ CB$7ENAB92v=549({(3"9*/69*-(3$?ABCB*76jABU &)$?HJ({=?; HG"9=I=5K3AB%2uH-$'&)(349,3*JVq$7.#$',3*,G=549(+*7K-Y -.-

112 0=5%KGAB69*-, dsao2549,3*>diy F \c.d"9*-,g*`$/;d*-. 9=N69*7Ka$',3*`&]CB$?HJ*768AB8$,3*7HJ(3$?925CO*?Y0[8(3"%ABKPK3U $?CQC 9*-(q.0=?,3yc\).0*:ABX(+,3='V 6%4%HJ*@;d=54%, %=.DK#AB (3"%*@;>=5CBCO=.DAB92`=?,s69*-,"- eee!h8d9,3=5u g (+= 1\Qe Bh ;d,g=5u(+=f\qe gbh ;>,3=5U@ (+= e \N$?%6&e h ;>,3=5U jh(+= ẄY%e8=?,3*o&),3*7H-ABK+*7COE?\+%=. e h0abk#ab%ao(3aq$'(+*76vaql(3"9*# œ/:av {49,G$'(3AB=5ˆ\%$?CBCO=.DAB92/#$.;Bƒ(+= Hs"9=I=5K+* AO(3Kt=?&%(3ABUL$?C},G=549(+*?YJdSAO2549,3* diy F e>rgh@$?%6 e H!h@K3"9=. (3"9*W,3=549(+*7KoHs"9=5K+*7RIE` $?%6 #$.?B,3*7K+&T*7HJ(3AO^?*7CBE e>rt=?(3"j4)k+*/p$ {ejgd $?Kt(3"9*/e<gD &%,3=?(+=NHJ=5CHhsY{~a"9*f$'2?2?,3*-25$'(+* (3"9,3=54%25"9&)49(-\c$?Kt$v,3*7KG4%CO(a=?; 4)K3AB92 (3"%*7K+*,3=549(+*7K7\)ABKPK3"9=.D8AB,dSAO254%,3*>dIY o Y Aggregate Throughput (Mbps) Comparison of capture-aware and capture-unaware routing CaRP + CaDMAC DSR + CaDMAC DSR CBR sending rate (Mbps) dsao2549,g*>diy o -# #$'&%(34%,3*JVq$7.#$',3*:,G=549(+*7K-\%HG"%=5K+*78RIE< #$.;Bb\%='rT*-,GKa"%AB25"9*-,a$'2?2?,3*-25$'(+*W(3"9,3=54925"%&)49(-Y ~a"%*@&%,g=?&c*-,g(3ao*7k0=?;w(3"9*ohg"%=5k+*7u,3=549(+*7k=e ABdSAO2549,G* diy F h0*jmn&)cb$?aql(3"9*o6%aorc*-,3*7)hj*7k0aqv$?hs"%ao*-^?*76u(3"9,g=54925"nv &)49(-Y{œtR)K+*-,3^?*f(3"%$'(t;d=?, %=. e'\c(3"9*f,3=549(+*7k{hg"%=5k+*7!rxe4` $?%6 #$.;B $',G*1AB69*7X(3ABH-$?C Y@~a"%ABK@ABK@)$'(349,G$?C \ RT*7H-$?4%K+*?\bAB!(3"9*L$'R)K+*7)HJ*/=?;#$?XE!=?(3"9*-,:K+&)$'(3AQ$?CBCOE<= ^?*-,GCB$'&%&]AB92u(+,G$ LH'\}(3"9*LU/*-(+,GAQH-K{=?;` $?%6 #$.?B %=F. /ABKPABX(+,3=N6%4%HJ*76ˆ\ 4%%CQAOy?*` `\ #$.?B $F^?=5AB6%KW4%K3AQ92<CBAB%y tv RT*7H-$?4%K3*vAO(fABK1&%,3=59*l(+=!H-$'&%(34%,3*l;>,3=5U CBAB9y ZV[tYb[)K+(+*7$?6 d0\b.@"%abhg"abkwh-$'&%(349,g*jv ;d,3*-*u;>,3=5u (3"9*u(+,G$ LHv=5,3=549(+* FgDV V[0V 5Y NABULABCB$',:(+,G*7%6%KW$',3* ^NABK3AOR)CB*DABv=?(3"9*-,aH-$?K+*7Ka$?K#.0*7CBC.L;>=?, %=F. gi\0` hhs"9=x=5k3*7kacbab9y?v (3"%$'(PABK#K34%K3HJ*-&)(3AOR)CO*t(+=/H-$'&%(349,3*{;>,3=5U ZVf\5.D"%*-,3*7$?KZ #$.?B HG"%=X=5K+*7K 'V YBdbAQ%$?CBCOE?\?.D"%*7 %=F. 1ABK ABX(+,3=I6)4%HJ*76ˆ\X #$.?B 49(3ABCQA[ -*7Kb(3"9*D4%%HJ=5%2?*7K+(+*76,3*-25AO=5=?;0(3"9* 9*-(x.Z=?,Gy!RIEHG"9=I=5K3AB92u(3"9*/,G=549(+* (3"9,3=54%25" 9=I6%*fn Y"` Hs"9=I=5K+*7K:$u,3=54%(+*/(3"9,3=54925" H-$'&%(349,3*u;>,3=5U (+,G$ LHv=F^?*-,LCQAB9y4 V WY #CB*7$',GCOE?\,3=549(+*7K/Hs"9=5K+*7RIE#$.?B H-$? *JMN(+,G$?HJ(`"%AO25"9*-,{K+&)$'(3AQ$?C},G*74%K+*f;d,3=5U (3"%*fHs"%$?%9*7C \ˆ.@"9*7j4)K+*76ABjHJ=5 +4%)HJ(3AO=5!.DAO(3" #$oe<gdty KN VH- H QWPIŠQ5QWPHJ IH ] VGV\Q+] JaJ R Ž' IHCLGŠ<YNŠDL]+Q O Š_Š] J Š NJ H ]WU QWPD]aVGVL<HU]Š' \] Ž n V\]aÙ L\H Š JWJ QWPHlŠ_Š ] J Š NJ H ]d IHIL6Q+] ŽU0V PIŠ H U]ŽQ N H_HU VJŠQ N +ŠQ H gtk@$l,3*7k34)co(-\caq<$vu/=?,3*whj=592?*7k+(+*76 9*-(x.Z=?,3yc\w #$.;Bk.@ABCBC K+(3AQCBĈ RT*1$'R)CB*:(+= +K =I49*-* -* e??

113 AB /U K+*7CB^?*7K-Y ~}=8(3"%ABK{&T=5ABX(-\w$?CBC 6)$'(3$ ;d=?,sh-aor)coe<aq%ao(3ab$'(+*76 6%4%,GAB928œ :DVt4%,G$'(3AO=5%K-Y ~D"%ABK{$?CBCO=.Z*76 4%K{(+= U/*7$?K34%,3*:(3"9*1=?&%(3ABU AQK+(3ABH{RT*79*-z%(3KD;d,3=5U U $FEf^?*-,GE/.Z*7CBC%Rc*aAQ%AO(3AB$'(+*76/6%4%,GAB92{(3"9*tœd d 6)49,G$'(3AO=5%K7Y}~a"9*@9*JMI( *JMI&T*-,GABU *7p( (3$'y?*7K0ABX(+=:$?H-HJ=54%X(ZK34%Hs" &T=5K3K3AOR]ABCBAO(3AO*7K7\%$?%6jAQ%AO(3AB$'(+*7K@(+,G$ LHW$'(t,G$?%69=5U &T=5ABX(3KD=?; (3AQU/*?Y{n *WHJ=5U &)$',3*W(3"9*f&c*-,G;d=?,GUL$?%HJ*1=?;^o.DAO(3"u=5UL%AB6%AO,G*7HJ(3AO=5%$?CT$?p(+*7)%$?K-\`.DAO(3"< #$oejgdt\]$?%6! #$.;B.DAO(3"< #$oejgdty Aggregate Throughput (Mbps) Performance of capture-aware routing in large random networks CaRP + CaDMAC DSR + CaDMAC DSR Topology # dsao2549,g*>diy E -# #$'&%(34%,3*JVq$7.#$',3*`,3=54%(3AB92 ABmCB$',G2?*o,G$?%69=5U %*-(q.0=?,3yik7y n *,s$?%69=5u COEm&]CB$?HJ*76md? 9=N69*7K{.DAO(3"%AQj$uK =I4%$',3*/=?;0K3A[ -*??? Um\}$?)6 AB%AO(3AB$'(+*76? * )=F.DK{RT*JV (q.0*-*7,g$?%69=5u CBE!Hs"9=5K+*7K+=549,GHJ*L$?)6 69*7K+(3AQ%$'(3AO=5 9=N69*7K-Yv~a"9*LK3(3$',3(3AB928(3AQU/*7K`.0*-,3*lHs"9=5K+*7,G$?%69=5U CBE $?Kl.Z*7CBC#e>.DAO(3"9=54%(L$'(+(+*7p(3AB=5 (+= (3"9*œ/: $?%6 œbdtd 6)49,G$'(3AO=5%K hsy n *K3ABUf4%CB$'(+*76 =549,L*JMN&T*-,GABU/*7X(3K ;>=?, ^'$',GAO=54%K1(+=?&T=5CO=?25AO*7K-Y œtr)k+*-,g^?*l(3"%$'(f.d"9*74%k3aq92<=5u )AB6%AO,3*7HJ(3AB=5%$?C $?X(+*7%%$?K-\ (3"%*l,3=54%(+*v6%AQK3HJ=F^?*-,3E &%,3='V HJ*7K3K AQK/$?CO.0$FEIKL&T*-,3;d=?,sU/*76=5ƒ(3"9*84%%$?CB(+*-,3*76(+=?&T=5CO=?2?E.` HG"9=I=5K+*7K/(3"%*8U AB%ABUf4%UWVq"%=?&,3=54%(+*7K AB $?)6 #$.?B $',G*L*JMN*7H-49(+*76=F^?*-,L #$oe<gd{\}(3"9*l,3=549(+*v6%abk3hj= ^?*-,3E H-$? =?;>(+*7 RT* AB%AO(3AB$'(+*766%4%,GAB92v(3"9*lœbdTd}Vq6%49,G$'(3AB=5ˆ\w$?%6(3"9*-,G*-RXEK349RT=?&%(3ABUL$?C},G=549(+*7K`$',3* 4%K3*76;d=?,`(3"%* HJ=?,+V,3*7K+&T=5%6)AB92LœbdTd}Vt4%,G$'(3AO=5ˆY D=549(+*16%AQK3HJ=F^?*-,3E8AQKa,3*JVqAB)AO(3AB$'(+*768AB<(3"9*1%*JMI(oœ :av {49,s$'(3AO=5ˆ\]$?)68(+,G$ LH1ABK,3*76%AB,3*7HJ(+*76 AO;a$j6%A rt*-,3*7x(:,3=549(+*l&%,3= ^?*7K1(+=!RT* RT*-(+(+*-,7Y<~a"%*uœ : $?%6ƒœbdTdh6%49,s$'(3AO=5%K`;>=?,f(3"9*7K+*L*JMN&T*-,+V ABU/*7X(3K $',3*P$?K3K3AB259*76W(+=oRT* ep$?%6 gtk+*7hj=5)6%k,3*7k+&t*7hj(3ao^?*7cbe?yb~a"%*0rt*7$?u1.dab69(3"1;>=?, (3"%ABKb*JMI&T*-,GAQU/*7p(S.#$?K F? Y dsao2549,g* diy E K3"9=.DK{(3"9*/,3*7K34)CO(3K{;d=?, E 6%A rt*-,3*7p({(+=?&t=5co=?25ao*7k7ywgtco(3"9=54%25" U $?XEj,3=54%(+* 6%ABK3HJ= ^?*-,GAO*7K{.0*-,3* e? e

114 AB%AB(3AB$'(+*76ƒAB œbdtd}v {49,G$'(3AO=5%K7\0(3"%*8RT*79*-z%(3K/=?;:#$.?B,3*7U $?AQƒ,3*7$?K+=5%$'R]COE")AO25"9*-, (3"%$?o `Y ~a")abk/abk RT*7H-$?4%K+*` #$.;B HJ=5U/&T*7%K3$'(+*7K0;d=?,#(3"9*oK34%R9V =?&%(3ABU $?C),3=549(+*7K#RIELHG"%=X=5K3AQ92f$W"%AB25"L(3"9,G=54925"9&)49(Z,3=549(+*oABl(3"9* ABU U *76%AB$'(+*1œ :DV {49,G$'(3AO=5ˆY e<=?,3*-= ^?*-,7\cAQmU/=I6%*-,G$'(+*7COEu69*7%K+*`9*-(x.Z=?,GyIK-\](3"9*o,3=549(+*1HG"9=5K+*7<z%,GK+(aUL$7Em9=?( RT*1K+*-^?*-,G*7COEjK34%Rc=?&)(3ABU $?Ĉ RT*7H-$?4%K+*f=?; (3"9*/$F^_$?ABCQ$'R)ABCBAO(xEu=?; U14)CO(3AO&)CO*19=I6%*7KD(3"%$'(oU $FE<K+*-,3^?*/$?K{$?CO(+*-,G)$'(+*7K-Y nkao(3"8%$',3,g=f.0*-,art*7$?u:.daq69(3"ˆ\n.z*:rc*7cqao*-^?*o(3"%$'(a(3"9*`aqu/&%,3= ^?*7U/*7p(3K@H-$?mRT*`"%AO25"9*-,FY R5YNŠDL:QPŽEStšDŠ' ŠR H:Q HJ <V n *fk+(34%69ev(3"9*`k+*7)k3ao(3ao^nao(qel=?; 9*-(q.0=?,3yu(3"9,3=54925"%&)49(-\%$?%686%*7CB$7E?\%(+=L(3"9*:CO*792?(3"8=?; œd d}v {49,G$'(3AB=5%K-Y dsao254%,3*diy - &%,3*7K+*7X(3KP9=?,GU $?CQA[ -*76v&c*-,G;d=?,GUL$?%HJ*3e>.@AO(3"v,3*7K+&T*7HJ(#(+=o ' E? IY ee!ha$'25$?ab%k+(#(3"9*{^'$?cb49* =?; Y œ{r)k+*-,3^?*z(3"%$'(w(3"9*09=?,gu $?CQA[ -*76o(3"9,3=54%25"9&)49(wAQ%HJ,3*7$?K+*7Kw.DAO(3":AQ%HJ,3*7$?K+* AQ`(3"9*0œd d}v {49,G$'(3AB=5ˆ\ R]49(D$';>(+*-,t$L&c=5AQp(Je $',3=54)%6 gbhs\c(3"9*fh-49,3^?* )$'(+(+*7)K-Y@ NAB%HJ*o(3"%*:6%49,G$'(3AB=5m=?;Z * )=F.DKt$',3* K3&c*7H-ABz%*76(+= RT*mK3"9=?,3(-\0^?*-,3ECO=592 œbdtd}v {49,G$'(3AO=5%K ;d=?,ghj*<(3"9*8ab%ao(3aq$?cbcoe 6%ABK3HJ= ^?*-,3*76 e KG49RT=?&%(3ABU $?CHh,G=549(+*j(+=(3$'y?* 49& $CB$',32?*j;d,s$?HJ(3AO=5 =?;o(3"9*j,g=549(+*jcbab;d*-(3abu *?\0='rˆK+*-(+(3AB%2 (3"9*!25$?AB%Kl;>,3=5U H-$'&%(34%,3*JV $F.0$',G*79*7K3K-Y0~a"9*{CB$'(+*7%HJEL(+= 6)ABK3HJ=F^?*-,D(3"9*{=?&%(3ABU $?Cc,3=549(+*o"%$?K#RT*-*7uK3"9=.DuABdSAO2549,3*dIY - Y0œtR]K+*-,3^?* (3")$'(a;d=?,@U/=?,3*`&T*-,GK3AQK+(+*7p(#(+,G$ lh'\%(3"9*`rt*79*-z%(3k#;>,3=5u CB=592?*-,tœbdTd}V {49,G$'(3AO=5%K@H-$?mRT*`"%AO25"9*-,FY ~D"9* 9=?,GU $?CQA[ -*76*7%6(+=8*7%6 6%*7CB$7E$?CBK+=8ABU &%,3=F^?*7K`;d=?,:KGU $?CBC œbdtdk6%49,g$'(3ab=5%k.<,3*7h-$?cbc (3")$'(o*-^?*7 (3"%=54925" K349R%V =?&%(3ABU $?CN,3=54%(+*7K $',3*a4%K+*76L6%49,GAB%2oœbdTd}V {49,G$'(3AO=5)K-\5(3"9*DH-$'&)(349,3*JVq$7.#$',3*@,3=549(+*7K K+*7CB*7HJ(+*76 AQ8(3"9*f9*JMI({œ :av {49,s$'(3AO=5jHJ=5U &c*7)k3$'(+*7kd;>=?,d(3"%*1co=5k3k3*7k-y@d=.z*-^?*-,f\c(3"%*1hj=5u/&t*7%k3$'(3ab=5<abk@9=?(@k34%;qv z]h-ao*7p(p.@"9*7m(3"9*1œbdtd}v {49,G$'(3AO=5)KD$',3*`(+=I=LCO=5%29Y Aggregate Normalized Throughput Impact of OFF/ON duration on throughput and delay Throughput E2E Delay Route Discovery Latency Equal dsao254%,3*>diy - - U/&)$?HJ(a=?; œ : Ratio of T_off and T_on (T_off / T_on) $?%6jœbdTdƒ6%4%,G$'(3AO=5%K#=5m&T*-,3;>=?,GU $?)HJ*?Y e?

115 & œ{r)k+*-,3^?*a(3")$'(8dsao2549,3* diy - H-$?LRc*@4%K+*76/RIE $`9*-(x.Z=?,3y 6%*7K3AO259*-,Z;d=?,0K+*7CO*7HJ(3AB92:(3"9*DCO*792?(3"L=?;wœ : $?%6 œd d 6)49,G$'(3AO=5%K7Y d9=?,z(3"%abks&)$'&t*-,7\p.z*d4)k+*76 gi\xk3ab)hj*p(3"%$'(,3*-25ao=5l$'&%&t*7$',3*76/(+=`rt*p,3*7$?k+=5)$'r)co* RT=?(3"8AQu(+*-,GU KP=?;S(3"9,3=54%25"9&)49(P$?%686%*7CB$7E?Y dsao254%,3*kdiy e? K3"%=F.DKS(3"9*@K+*7%K3AO(3AB^IAO(xÈ =?;T9=?,GU $?CBA -*76/9*-(q.0=?,3yW&T*-,3;d=?,sU $?%HJ*#(+=`(3"9*a,s$'(3AO=o=?; \5.@"9*-,3* e'y1œtr)k+*-,g^?*1(3"%$'(t.d"9*7!(3"9*w9*-(x.z=?,3y!abkthj=592?*7k+(+*76ˆ\ (3"%*1&T*-,3;>=?,GU $?%HJ*fABK{$?CBU/=5K+({AB%K3*7%K3AO(3AO^?* (+= ort*7h-$?4%k+*{9=i6%*7kzabl(q.0=/6%a rt*-,3*7p(z,3=549(+*7k#"%$f^?*t(3"%*7ao, Y9Š' \Q+] L] YNŠQ+] Ž U _Š? <] Š NJ H\V $?CBU/=5K+(0K3ABU ABCQ$',GCOE (3"9*l%*-(q.0=?,3y "%$?K:K3=5U/* ;>,3*-*l9=N69*7KIe U =I69*-,s$'(+*7COE CO=5$?69*76 hs\b(3"9*-,3*vabkort*79*-z%( AQ!Hs"9=I=5K3AB928$uCO=592?*-,o,G=549(+* AO; (3"9* CB=592?*-,o,3=549(+*/AB%H-CQ4%69*7Kt9=I6%*7K{(3"%$'(`69=m9=?(o&)$',3(3AQH-AO&)$'(+*/AB$?pE HJ=5ULU14%)ABH-$'(3AO=5ˆ\IA Y *?YO\IAQ%HJ,3*7$?K3AB%2 oabkz4%k+*-; 4%C Y$@D=.Z*-^?*-,F\9Rc*-E?=5)6L$`&T=5ABX(-\XAQ%HJ,3*7$?K3AB%2 `69*-2?,s$?69*7K &T*-,3;>=?,GU $?)HJ*PRc*7H-$?4)K+*DAB%K3(+*7$?6/=?;ˆCO*-^?*-,G$'25AB92:(3"9*D$7^'$?ABCB$'R]CO*aH-$'&)$?H-AO(xE/;d,3=5U $o&)$',3(3abh-4)cb$',,3*-25ao=5ˆ\x(3"9*,g=549(3ab92uu/*-(+,gabhf$'(+(+*7u/&%(3k{(+=uriex&]$?k3kt(3"9*fhj=5%2?*7k+(+*76,3*-25ao=5 \TUL$'yIAB%2l(3"9*W"9=?&9VqHJ=54)p(oK3AO25)AOz)H-$?X(3COE CB=5929YD<(3"%*f$'R)K3*7%HJ*1=?; AQ9;d=?,sU $'(3AO=5<$'RT=549(t(+,G$ LH1&)$'(+(+*-,G)K-\].0*WHG"9=I=5K+* e1;d=?,t(3"%abk@&)$'&t*-,7y gtkd$?<$?k3ab69*?\9=?r)k3*-,3^?*`(3"%$'(a.@"9*7? \%(3"9*oRT*79*-z)(3KaABu&T*-,3;>=?,GU $?%HJ*o$',3*:K3=5CO*7COEv;d,3=5U H-$'&)(349,3*?Y Aggregate Normalized Throughput Impact of CaRP metric-weights on network throughput Heavily Loaded Network Moderately Loaded Network Ratio of Wp to Wk (Wp/Wk) dsao2549,3*>diy e? -Z[U &)$?HJ(a=?;b^_$',3ENAB92/.0*7AO25"X(3KP=58(3"%*o&c*-,G;d=?,GUL$?%HJ*o=?; #$.;BbY # 3 ## ) nkao(3"m=549,th-$'&%(349,3*jvq$f.0$',3*f,3=549(3aq92/&%,3=?(+=nhj=5c \%(3"9*1HJ=5K+(D=?; $/,G=549(+*:ABKa$L;>4)%HJ(3AO=5u=?;S(3"9*:(+,s$ LHo&)$'(+(+*-,GjAB (3"9*`9*-(x.Z=?,Gy]Y [;w(3"%*o(+,g$ LH{&)$'(+(+*-,G<HG"%$?92?*7KDRT*-(q.0*-*7m(3ABU/*`AB)K+(3$?p(3K & $?%6& 8 \%$W,G=549(+*`K+*7CO*7HJ(+*76mRT*-;>=?,3* U $FE!%=?(tRT*W(3"9*WRT*7K+(V &T=5K3K3AOR]CO*`,3=549(+* $';>(+*-,o(3abu/* & 8 Y1gtKo$u,3*7K34%CO(t=?; (3")ABK{69*-&T*7%69*7%HJ*?\ˆK+&)$'(3AQ$?C},G*74%K+* =?;0(3"9* HG"%$?)9*7C U $7E 9=?(oRT*/U $_M9ABU $?C \w*-^?*7.dao(3" #$.?BbY}œ{9*/.#$7E!(+=<$?6%69,3*7KGK{(3"%ABKoHJ=54%CB6RT*W(+=<"%$F^?* e? g

116 9=N69*7KP&T*-,GAO=N6%ABH-$?CQCOEW,3*76%ABK3HJ= ^?*-,D,3=54%(+*7Ka6%49,GAQ92W(3"9*1œ :DVt4%,G$'(3AO=5ˆY T ŠMLPD]WU8b U =?R)ABCO*v$?6ƒ"9=IHu9*-(x.Z=?,GyIK-\^o 49(3ABCBA -*7K:(3"9*u=?&%(3AB=5 =?;@=F^?*-,G"%*7$',GAB92,3=549(+*u,3*-&]COE &)$?HGy?*-(3K-\Z(3"%*-,3*-RXE CO*7$',G)AB92v,3=549(+*7K{(+=m=?(3"9*-,:%=I69*7Kt.DAB(3"9=549({"%$7^NAB92u(+=86%ABKGHJ=F^?*-,`(3"9*7U8Y/ #$'&)(349,3*JVq$7.#$',3*/&%,G=?(+=IHJ=5CBK{,G*76%4%HJ* (3"9*/=?&%&T=?,3(34)%AO(qE<(+=m=F^?*-,G"9*7$',1&)$?H3y?*-(3K7\},3*76)4%H-AB92u(3"9*WRT*79*-z%(3K{=?;0&%,3=5U AQK3H-49=54%K{CBABK3(+*7%AB929Y@=F.0*-^?*-,7\SAB $'&%&)CQABH-$'(3AO=5%K K34)HG" $?K.DAO,3*7CO*7KGK U/*7K3" 9*-(x.Z=?,GyIK-\N9=N69*7K,3*7UL$?AB $?CBU/=5K3( K+(3$'(3AO=5%$',3E.1(3"%*D9*-*76 ;>=?, &%,G=5U ABKV H-49=54%KDCBABK+(+*7%AQ92fUL$7Em9=?(aRT*oK+*-^?*-,3*fABmK34%Hs"8H-$?K+*7K-Y ŠML 6PIŠ' J Š U HV_P H:Q Œ Ž' 6V {AO,3*7HJ(3AO=5)$?C $?p(+*7%)$m&%,3=?(+=nhj=5cbk`$',3*l&%,3=f^nab92u(+=8rt*/$? $'(+(+,G$?HJ(3AB^?*l69*7K3AB25 HG"9=5ABHJ*L;d=?,`.@AO,3*7CO*7K3KtR)$?HGyI")$?4%C $?%6jU/*7K3"<%*-(q.0=?,3yIK7Yt N4%Hs"<9*-(x.Z=?,3yNKt$',3*:(xEX&)AQH-$?CBCOEmHG"%$',s$?HJ(+*-,GA[ -*76jRXE8K+(3$'(3AB=5%$',3E89=N69*7KD$?)68&T*-,GK3ABK3(+*7p( (+,G$ LH'YS~a"9*Z&%,3=?(+=NHJ=5CBK}&%,3=?&T=5K+*76:AQo(3"%ABKw&)$'&T*-,}H-$?fRT* &)$',3(3ABH-4)CB$',GCOE{$?U/*7%$'R)CB* (+=@(3"%*7K+*Z(xEX&T*Z=?;%9*-(q.0=?,3yNK-Y 3 / n *aab69*7x(3aoz%*761(3"9*#&%,3=?r]co*7u =?;ch-$'&%(349,3*pabwab6)co*z9=n69*7k-\5$?)61&),3=?&t=5k+*761$ohj=5u1r)ab)$'(3ao=5f=?;]$oe<gdƒ$?%6f,3=549(v AB92L&%,3=?(+=NHJ=5C \]%$?U *76! #$oejgd $?)6! #$.?B,G*7K+&T*7HJ(3AO^?*7COE?Y0EmRXEI&)$?K3K3AQ92LH-$'&%(349,G*:=F^?*-,oK3"%=?,3(D$?%6jCO=592 (3ABU/*vK3H-$?CO*7K-\.0*u69*7U/=5%K+(+,s$'(+*76 K3AB25%AOz)H-$?X(1ABU &%,3=F^?*7U *7p(3KfAB &T*-,3;>=?,GU $?)HJ*L.D"9*74%K3AQ928RT*7$?U/;>=?,GU AB92 $?X(+*7%%$?K-Y e?

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