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7 ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, - -,,,, 1979,,, H alliday, M. 1985, A n introd uction to f unctional g ramm ar, L ondon Edw ard A rno ld. B loonfied, L R ev iew of S ap ir s L ang uag e, C lassical W eek ly 15. pp W ells, R. S. 1947, D e S aussu re s sy stem of ling u istics, W o rd 3. pp1-31. ( 1982),, (1922), 1962; (1936),, 1982 βκβµ Introduction Gramm atical P rocesses βλ (1933) 2. 1, 9. 1, 1980 βνh arris, Z. S, 1951, M ethods in S tructural L inguistics, Chicago. βο 9, 1980 ( ) 59

8 ABSTRACTS O F M AJO R ART ICL ES Investiga ting Ethn ic ity M y Stud ies and V iews of Ethn ic Groups in Ch ina by F ei X iaotong T h is paper rep resen ts an attem p t to p rovide an overall view of the au tho r s personal ex2 periences in h is 60 years of study of ethn ic group s in Ch ina and p resen ts the w ays in w h ich he view s ethn ic iden tity. P rio r to 1949, the au tho r conducted field w o rk in bo th H an and non- H an comm un itieṡ A fter 1949, he w as invo lved in ex ten sive nationality su rveys, th rough w h ich he cam e to rea lize tha t ethn iccu ltu res w ere shap ed in the comm una l lives of their m em bers w h ich w ere tran sfo rm ative in th im e. T h is ob servation led the au tho r to em phasize the sign ificance of social h isto rical perspectives in ethno logical studieṡ In 1979 he re- start2 ed h is w o rk am ong m ino rity nationalities and he summ arized h is ideas in an argum en t w h ich finally took fo rm in 1989 that Ch ina is an in tegrated nation w ith cu ltu ral diversitieṡ T h is ar2 gum en t is based on 2 con sideration s 1) the inapp licab ility of the Eu rope- cen tric defin ition of nation- state in Ch ina w ho has differen t ethn ic group s living together fo r cen tu ries w ith in her boundaries; and 2) the Ch inese nation w as shaped in a 2- w ay p rocesṡ F rom the bo ttom up perspective, the h isto ry of the Ch inese nation is one th rough w h ich diverse ethn ic cu ltu res and social so lidarities becam e in tegrated in to a h igher level o rdeṙ F rom the top - dow n per2 spective, the h igher level o rder has never excluded low er level ethn ic cu ltu ral system ṡ T here is no clear- cu t dem arcation line betw een the Ch inese nation and "o ther cu ltu res" w ith in iṫ Ref lection s on the Form ing of the C itizen s Public M ora lity by W ei Y ingm in T h is paper suggests that there are 3 k inds of pub lic m o rality 1) the m o rality in the pub lic life of society; 2) all m o rality in con trast to p rivate of personal m o rality; and 3) the m o rality w h ich every citizen shou ld adhere to. T he last k ind covers all aspects of p rivate and pub lic m o rality. C itizen s pub lic m o rality im p lies that w e all serve the peop le, i. e., the peo2 p le serve each o ther " I serve everyone, and everyone serves m e". T h is is the unp receden ted new m o rality in hum an h isto ry, w ho se essence is equality and m u tual aid. Culture, Trad ition and the Tran sforma tion of Econom ic In stitution by W ang Y uesheng A cco rding to the theo ry of N ew In stitu tional Econom ics (N IE), the cho ice and change of econom ic in stitu tion in a society is affected by info rm al con strain ts such as its h isto ricalcu ltu ral tradition and values and hab itṡ A n analysis of R u ssian econom ic refo rm from such a po in t of view indicates that its specific h isto rical- cu ltu ral tradition, such as the concep ts of subo rdination, dependence, and equalitarian ism, the im pulsive character, as w ell as R u ssian U top ian ism, has p layed an im po rtan t ro le in the tran sition tow ards m arket econom y in R u s2 sia. O n the one hand, the theo retical analysis of info rm al con strain ts is hep lfu l in exp lain ing the difficu lties faced by the radical m arket- o rien ted refo rm in R u ssia; on the o ther hand, the R u ssian case study is also helpfu l in testing the theo ry of info rm al con strain ts of N IE. The Hom ogen iza tiona lm ovem en t of L inguistic Research in the Twen tieth Cen tury by Chen B aoy a T he 20th cen tu ry is an im po rtan t cen tu ry fo r lingu istic research. In the cen tu ry, m uch p rogress has been m ade in lingu istic research and its resu lts have influenced o ther fields deep ly and w idely. T h is ach ievem en t is due largely to bo th a view and a m ethod, i. e., the hom ogeneou s lingu istic w iew of F. de Sau ssu re and the po sitive m ethod of F. Boaṡ T hese tw o b rough t in to being a hom ogen ization m ovem en t w h ich aim s (overtly and covertly) at finding ou t language ru les ex isting in the co llective m ind. A ll o ther key catego ries and m eth2 158

9 ods are developed around th is m ovem en t, of w h ich Structu ral lingu istics is the m o st im po r2 tan t rep resen tation. T he vitality of the hom ogen ization m ovem en t lies in its pursu it of lan2 guage ru les in the co llective m ind, w h ich gives researchers som e shared criteria. T he funda2 m en tal w eakness of th is m ovem en t is its lim itation of language ru les in the co llective m ind to hom ogeneou s p henom ena. The Theory of Artistic Persona lity in Anc ien t Aesthetics by Chen D eli A ncien t Ch inese aesthetics pays great atten tion to the cu ltivation of ideal personality, and to the fo rm ation and elevation of artistic personality in aesthetic creation. T he value o ri2 en tation in life w h ich un ifies the true, the good and the beau tifu l con stitu tes the 2 aspects of the deeper cu ltu ral m en tality in the theo ry of artistic personality in ancien t aesthetics a sen se of anx iety abou t danger and adversity and a sen se of t ran scendence. It is cen tered around m an and pursues the perfection and sub lim ation of personality such is its sp iritual essence. T he inner w o rld and its artistic personality unfo lded by the sen se of anx iety and sen se of tran scendence are conden sed in to 3 aesthetic sen tim en ts in literary and artistic w o rk s social beau ty in pursu it of a nob le sp irit; natu ral beau ty in pursu it of the infin ite and the eternal; and em o tional beau ty in pursu it of fo rth righ tness and sincerity. A Study of the L ega list Argum en t in an Exam ina tion Question for X iuca i (Coun ty L evel Scholar) in Southern QiD yna sty by Y an B uke T h is paper m akes a study of an exam ination question fo r x iucai in Sou thern Q i D ynasty (AD 493). T he au tho r po in ts ou t that legalist argum en ts abound in the question, e. g., in the denunciation again st liyue (etiquette and m u sic ) and literatu re as destructive and in the appeal to the sub jects of the em p ire to go all ou t in farm w o rk and m ilitary affairs and to lay literatu re aside. It rep resen ted the po sition of bo th Em pero r Q iw u and W ang Rong, being directed again st the life style of indu lging in poetry and p ro se, in m etaphysical specu lation and in Buddh ism of m o st literati and officials that gradually enervated the em p ire. The Sogd ian Imm igran t B i Sheng s Stele in Y in shan and them an ichae ism of the Yangtze R iver Ba sin by L in M eicun T h is is a discu ssion of a Sogdian M an ichaeist stele new ly discovered in B ijia ao of Y ing2 shan Coun ty, H ubei P rovince. T h is stele w as set up in 1052 and in scribed on it are 2 Ch inese characters R i (the sun) and Yue ( the m oon) w ritten in M an ichaeist style. T he su rnam e of the occupan t of the tom b is B i, one of the 9 Ch inese Sogdian nam es, so he m u st be a Sogdian M an ichaeist believer w ho cam e from the B i- state of Sogdiana in Cen tral A sia ( today s Bukhara of U zbekestan). T here are also m any sim ilar steles of the B i- fam ily in B ijia ao of Y ingshan Coun ty, so th is m u st be a M an ichaeist cem etery. T he au tho r studies bo th Ch inese tex ts and archeo logical m aterials to find ou t the sou rce of th is Sogdian B i- fam ily. H e be2 lieves that soon after the rebellion of the tw o Sogdian generals A n and Sh iw as supp ressed by the T ang em pero r w ith the help of the U ighu r arm y, the U ighu re Kaghan sen t m any Sogdian M an ichaeist p riests to the Yangtze R iver Basin w here they w ere engaged in bu siness of m is2 sionary w o rk. T he B i- fam ily of Y ingshan m u st be a fam ily of these Sogdian s descendan tṡ Since the Song D ynasty, M an ichaeism had been u sed by a num ber of peasan t up risinge in the Yangtze R iver Basin. T he discover of B i Sheng s stele indicates that the p revalence of M an ichaeism in the Yangtze R iver Basin had som eth ing to do w ith the Sogdian M an ichaeist believers w ho cam e to Ch ina in the T ang D ynasty and their descendan tṡ 159