NEVERMIND, the Problem Is Already Fixed: Proactively Detecting and Troubleshooting Customer DSL Problems
|
|
- Ἀδάμ Παπάζογλου
- 7 χρόνια πριν
- Προβολές:
Transcript
1 NEVERMIND, the Problem Is Already Fixed: Proactively Detecting and Troubleshooting Customer DSL Problems!u Jin, Nick Duf eld, Ale0andre Ger4er, 5atrick 7affner, Su4ha4rata Sen, :hi;li :hang!"#$%&'( )*+',*' -'$&./ 0,+1'(2+&3 "4 5+,,'2"& :6;2<='2'6(*> {C%44 'DC/A'(;'(/>644,'(/2',}B('2'6(*>.6&&.*"# ABSTRACT 8(6C+&+",6D -): &("%;D'2>""&+,A 2"D%&+",2 6(' ('6*&+1'/ ('E D3+,A #6+,D3 ", *%2&"#'(2 &" ('$"(& $(";D'#2/ 6,C &',C &" ;' D6;"(E+,&',2+1'/ &+#' *",2%#+,A/ $(",' &" +,*"(('*& ('2E "D%&+",2 6,C "1'(6DD *6, *",&(+;%&' &" +,*('62'C *%2&"#'( C+226&+246*&+",. F, &>+2 $6$'(/ G' $("$"2' 6 proactive 6$E $("6*> &" 46*+D+&6&' &("%;D'2>""&+,A *%2&"#'( 'CA' $(";D'#2 6,C ('C%*+,A *%2&"#'( &+*H'&2. I%( 232&'# *",2+2&2 "4J +K 6 ticket predictor G>+*> $('C+*&2 4%&%(' *%2&"#'( &+*H'&2L 6,C ++K 6 trouble locator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`[Z.ZZ. T-):75/ 2'' )'*&+", Y 4"( &>' 6(*>+&'*&%(' "4 -):,'&E G"(H2K C"G, &" 6,C +,*D%C+,A *%2&"#'( $('#+2'2 G+(+,A 6,C >"#' 'O%+$#',& +22%'2/ G>+*> G' ('4'( &" 62 customer edge problems +, &>+2 $6$'(. P>', ',*"%,&'(+,A 2%*> 6 $(";D'#/ A'&&+,A +& C+6A,"2'C 6,C ('2"D1'C *6, ;' 6 4(%2&(6&+,A 'N$'E (+',*' 4"( ;"&> 2'(1+*' $("1+C'(2 6,C *%2&"#'(2. 8>' 2&6&'E"4E&>'E6(& "$'(6&+",6D 6$$("6*>'2 4"( C'&'*&+,A 6,C &("%;D'2>""&+,A *%2&"#'( 'CA' $(";D'#2 %&+D+@'C ;3 -): 2'(1+*' $("1+C'(2 6(' #6+,D3 reactive +,,6&%('.!%2&"#'( 6A',&2 G6+& 4"( 6 2%;2*(+;'( &" ('$"(& 6,3 $(";D'# ',*"%,E &'('C 6,C %2' C"#6+, H,"GD'CA' &" #6&*> &>' 23#$&"#2 C'E 2*(+;'C ;3 &>' *%2&"#'( &" C'&'(#+,' +4 6 &'*>,+*6D $(";D'# "**%(2 6& &>' *%2&"#'( 'CA'. F, "(C'( &" D"*6&' &>','&G"(H 'D'#',& *6%2+,A &>' $(";D'#/ 6 C+2$6&*> +2 "4&', 2*>'C%D'C 6,C 6 4 'DC &'*>,+*+6, (%,2 6 &(%*H ("DD/ A"+,A $>32+*6DD3 &" 6 *%2&"#'(a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b"g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can we troubleshoot customer edge problems more proactively and with substantially greater ef!ciency? 8>+2 +2 &>' *',&(6D *>6DD',A' G>+*> &>+2 $6$'( 6&&'#$&2 &" 6CC('22. P' G"%DC,''C &" +C',&+43 *%2&"#'( 'CA' $(";D'#2 6,C 4 N &>'# O%+*HD3 ;'E 4"(' &>' *%2&"#'(2 *"#$D6+, 6;"%& &>'# "( '1', ('6D+@' &>' 'N+2&',*' "4 &>'2' $(";D'#2. F4 2%**'224%D/ G' *6, &>'(';3 ('C%*' &>',%#;'( "4 &("%;D' &+*H'&2/ 6*>+'1' 462&'( ('2"D%E &+",2 6,C $"&',&+6DD3 ('C%*' *>%(,. I%( A"6D +2 &" C'1'D"$
2 &'*>,+O%'2 &>6& G"(H G+&>+, &>' *",4,'2 "4 &>' 'N+2&+,A "$E '(6&+",6D ',1+(",#',&/ ",D3 'N+2&+,A +,4"(#6&+", +,E 4(62&(%*&%(' 6,C 6(',"& $('C+*6&'C ", 'N$',2+1','G +,4(62E &(%*&%(' +,1'2&#',&2. 7D&>"%A> &>'2' *",C+&+",2 +#$"2' *",E 2&(6+,&2/ &>'3 6(' 1+&6D 4"( ',2%(+,A &>' 2%**'224%D C'$D"3E #',& 6,C 6C"$&+", "4 ('2%D&+,A &'*>,+O%'2 ;3 &>' "$'(6&"(2. F, &>+2 $6$'(/ G' $("$"2' 6,"1'D pro-active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ticket predictor G>+*> C'&'*&2 $"&',&+6D *%2&"#'( 'CA' $(";E D'#2 G>+*> #63 D'6C &" 4%&%(' *%2&"#'( &+*H'&2/ 6,C 6 trouble locator G>+*> $(+"(+&+@'2 $"&',&+6D $(";D'# D"*6&+",2 &" 622+2& &'*>,+*+6,2 +, C+6A,"2+,A $(";D'#2. 8>' H'3 *>6DD',A'2 +, C'2+A,+,A QRSR=5FQ- D+' +, &>' $(6*&+*6D "$'(6&+",6D *",2&(6+,&2. U+1', &>' *"#$D'N+&3 "4 -):,'&G"(H2/ '2$'*+6DD3 6& &>' *%2&"#'( 'CA'2/ &>'(' 'N+2& #6,3 passive 2+#$D' $>32+*6D *"#$",',&2 6& C+44'(',& D"*6E &+",2 T+,2+C' 6 *%2&"#'(a2 >"#'/ &>' 2G+&*> ;"N "%&2+C' &>' >"#'/ 6D",A &>' $>",' D+,' &" 2G+&*>+,A "44 *'/ '&*.K/ G>+*> #63 *6%2' &>' $(";D'#. 8>'3 6(' C'C+*6&'C C'1+*'2 2$'*+4 * &" 6 *%2&"#'( 6,C *6,,"& ;' ('#"&'D3 c$+,a'cd "( O%'(+'C 4"( &>'+( 2&6&%2. 8>'('4"('/ +& +2 1'(3 C+44 *%D& &" ";&6+, 4,' A(6+,'C 2&6&%2 #'62%('#',&2 4"( &>'2' C'1+*'2/ %,D'22 6 &'*>E,+*+6, $>32+*6DD3 A"'2 &" &'2& &>'# ", 2+&'. 8>' D6*H "4 2%*> 4,' A(6+,'C C6&6 (',C'(2 #6,3 'N+2&+,A,'&G"(H &("%E ;D'2>""&+,A #'&>"C2 $("$"2'C +, &>' D+&'(6&%('/ '.A./ e\<^/ f/ [Z/[Yg/," D",A'( 6$$D+*6;D'/ 62 #"2& "4 &>'# 6(' C'1'D"$'C 4"( 6*&+1','&G"(H 'D'#',&2/ "( ('D3 ", *"(('D6&+",2 "4 16(+E "%2 2&6&+2&+*2 *"DD'*&'C ", &>'2' 6*&+1' 'D'#',&2. F, *"#$6(E +2",/ QRSR=5FQ- C"'2,"& ('O%+(' 4,'EA(6+,'C 6,C *",E &+,%"%2 #'62%('#',&2. F,2&'6C/ +& %&+D+@'2 'N+2&+,A sparse and noisy D+,' #'62%('#',&2 *"DD'*&'C G''HD3 6& 6 4 N'C D"E *6&+", +, &>' -):,'&G"(H T 'G ('#"&'D3 6**'22+;D' C'1+*'2/ '.A./ -): #"C'#2 6,C -):752K/ G>+*> ('4 '*& &>' aggregate status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h"( &>+2 2&%C3/ G' *",2+C'( &>' &"$ (6,H'C YZi $(";D'#2 $('C+*&'C ;3 QRSR=5FQ-. F, "(C'( &" #6H' 6**%(6&' $('C+*&+",2/ +K G' C'1+2' 6,"1'D top-n average precision based feature selection method &" 2'D'*& 6 *"#$6*& D+,' 4'6&%(' 2'&/ G>+*> ',6;D'2 &>' &+*H'& $('C+*&"( &" 3+'DC >+A> 6**%(6*3 G+&>+, &>' *6$6*+&3 "4 &>' "$'(6&+", ('2"%(*'2 G+&>"%& 26*(+4 *+,A &>' 2*6D6;+D+&3 "4 &>' 232&'#L 6,C ++K G' $%& 4"(&> 6 combined model G>+*> +,*"(E $"(6&' &>' >+'(6(*>+*6D 2&(%*&%(' "4 &3$+*6D -):,'&G"(H2. 8>+2 *"#;+,'C #"C'D *6, >'D$ &'*>,+*+6,2 '44 *+',&D3 D"*6&' $(";D'#2 '1', G>', 6 $(";D'# ",D3 "**%(2 (6('D3 +, &>' $62&. P' '16D%6&' QRSR=5FQ- %2+,A D+,' #'62%('#',& C6&6/ *%2&"#'( &+*H'&2 6,C "&>'( C6&6 2"%(*'2 *"DD'*&'C 4("# 6 #6E?"( -):,'&G"(H +, &>' 0) +, YZZf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j. 8>' ('D6&'C G"(H +2 +,&("C%*'C +, )'*E &+", k 6,C )'*&+", _ *",*D%C'2 &>' $6$'(. 2. BACKGROUND AND CHALLENGES F, &>+2 2'*&+",/ G' +,&("C%*' &>' 6(*>+&'*&%(' "4 &3$+*6D -):,'&G"(H2 6,C 2&%C3 &>' *>6(6*&'(+2&+*2 "4 *%2&"#'( 'CA' $(";D'#2 +, -):,'&G"(H2. h+,6dd3/ G' $"+,& "%& 2'1'(6D *>6DD',A'2 +, &("%;D'2>""&+,A 2%*> $(";D'# Introduction to DSL Networks -): +2 6 G+C'D3EC'$D"3'C &'*>,"D"A3 4"( 2%$$"(&+,A C+A+E &6D 2+A,6D &(6,2#+22+", "1'( &(6C+&+",6D &'D'$>",' D+,'2. h+a. [ 2>"G2 &>' 6(*>+&'*&%(' "4 6 &3$+*6D -):,'&G"(H. 7& &>'
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h"( 'N6#E $D'/,'G'( FVE-):752 $'(4"(# &>' 785 &"EFV *",1'(2+", +,&'(,6DD3 ";1+6&+,A &>',''C 4"( 6, 'N&'(,6D 785 2G+&*>. Figure 1: DSL network architecture 2.2 Problems in DSL Networks 7 *%2&"#'( 'CA' $(";D'# ",D3 644'*&2 6 $6(&+*%D6( *%2E &"#'(/ 2+,*' 6DD &>' 'D'#',&2 ", 6 C'C+*6&'C -): D+,' 6(' 2$'*+4 * &" '6*> *%2&"#'(. F, *",&(62&/ C%' &" &>' >+'(6(*>+*6D 2&(%*&%(' "4 6 -):,'&G"(H/ 6 $(";D'# "**%((+,A ;'&G'', 6 M=7) 2'(1'( 6,C 6 -):75 $6+( %2%6DD3 644'*&2 &>' *",,'*E &+1+&3 "4 #%D&+$D' *%2&"#'(2 2'(1'C ;3 &>+2 $6+(. I$'(6&"(2 ('4'( &" 2%*> $(";D'#2 62 network outage problems. Figure 2: Root causes of customer edge problems. R6(D+'( ('2'6(*> >62 #6+,D3 4"*%2'C ", &("%;D'2>""&+,A,'&G"(H "%&6A' $(";D'#2. b"g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a2 >"#','&G"(H T'.A./ +,2+C' G+(+,A "( 'O%+$#',&K &>6& #63 *",&(+;%&' &" 6 ('$"(&'C *%2&"#'( 'CA' $(";D'#. 8" %,C'(2&6,C &>' C+44'(',& *6%2'2 "4 *%2&"#'( 'CA' $(";D'#2/ G' 2&%C3 &>' *%2&"#'( &+*H'&2 ('*'+1'C +, 7%A%2&/ YZZf T2'' )'*&+", \.\ 4"( C'&6+D2 "4 6DD &>' C6&62'&2K. R6*> &+*H'& "E *+6&'C G+&> 6 C+2$"2+&+",,"&' 4("# &>' 4 'DC &'*>,+*+6, +,C+E *6&+,A &>' $(";D'# ('2"D%&+", 6*&+", E '+&>'( 6 C'1+*' "( *"#E $",',& T'.A./ 6 C'4'*&+1' -): #"C'# "( 6 G"(, *"(CK >6C &" ;' 4 N'CW('$D6*'C/ "( 6 *",4 A%(6&+", *>6,A' '44'*&'C T'.A./ 2&6;+D+@+,A &>' D+,' ;3 C"G,A(6C+,A 2$''CK. P' 2%##6(+@' &>' ('$('2',&6&+1' C+2$"2+&+",2 6,C &>'+( *"(('2$",C+,A D"*6E &+",2 +, h+a. Y 6,C $("1+C' 'N6#$D'2 "4 *"##", $(";D'#2 6,C C+2$"2+&+",2 +, 86;D' [. 8>'2' C+2$"2+&+",2 *6, ;' $6(&+&+",'C +,&" 4"%( #6?"( *6&E 'A"(+'2 T"( #6?"( D"*6&+",2K ;62'C ", &>' $D6*'2 G>'(' &>' $(";D'#2 6(' ('2"D1'CJ &>' >"#','&G"(H T!"K/ &>' -):75 T#$K/ &>' $6&> ;'&G'', &>' *("22;"N 6,C #$ T%&K/ 6,C &>' $6&> ;'&G'',!" 6,C &>' *("22;"N T%'K. h+'dc &'*>,+*+6,2 &"C63 ;('6H %$ &>' ',CE',C $6&> +,&" &>'2' 4"%( D"*6&+",2/ 6,C &("%;D'2>""& ;3 +,C+1+C%6D D"*6&+",. h"( 'N6#$D'/ +4 &>' &'*>,+*+6, >62 ',"%A> '1+C',*' &" ;'D+'1' 6 $(";D'# >6$E $',2 6& #$/ 2>' *6, 261' &+#' ;3 2H+$$+,A &'2&+,A "&>'( &>('' D"*6&+",2. #$/ %& 6,C %' *6, ;' 6D2" *D%2&'('C +,&" 6 2+,AD' D6(A'( *D622 E outside (home network) $(";D'#2. b"g'1'(/ C%' &" &>' 46*& &>6& &>'(' +2," C"#+,6,& C+2$"2+&+", +, &>'2' #6?"( D"*6&+",2 T86;D' [K/ +& +2 C+44 *%D& &" #6H' 2%*> 6 C'*+E 2+", $%('D3 ;62'C ", 'N$'(& H,"GD'CA'. 2.3 Challenges 8>' D6(A',%#;'( "4 $"22+;D' C+2$"2+&+",2 *"%$D'C G+&> 1'(3 D+#+&'C +,2&(%#',&6&+", ", &>' ('6DE&+#' >'6D&> "4 &>','&G"(H #6H'2 &("%;D'2>""&+,A *%2&"#'( 'CA' $(";D'#2 6 C+44 *%D& 6,C 'N$',2+1' &62H. 7%&"#6&'C &("%;D'2>""&+,A $("E $"26D2/ '.A./ e]/ [Zg/ ('O%+(' *",&+,%"%2D3 &(6*H+,A &>' >'6D&> "4 C+44'(',&,'&G"(H *"#$",',&2 6,C &>', +,4'((+,A &>' &("%E ;D' D"*6&+",2 &>("%A> &>' *"(('D6&+",2 6*("22 &>'2' *"#$"E,',&2. )%*> 6$$("6*>'2 6(',"& G'DDE2%+&'C &" "%( $(";D'#/ G>'(' &>'(' 'N+2&2 2%;2&6,&+6D >'&'("A','+&3 +, &'(#2 "4 'D'E #',&2 6,C &>'+( *6$6;+D+&+'2/ 6,C &" G>6& 'N&',& &>'3 *6, ;' #",+&"('C. 5"2& 'D'#',&2 ", 6 -): D+,' T'.A./ *6;D' 6,C 2$D+&&'(K 6(' ;62+* $>32+*6D C'1+*'2. 8" #'62%(' &>' 2&6&' "4 2%*> C'1+*'2/ 6 &'*>,+*+6,,''C2 &" ;' ", 2+&' 6& &>' D"*6E &+", "4 &>' C'1+*' 6,C #6,%6DD3 (%, C+6A,"2&+* *>'*H2 %2+,A 2$'*+6D+@'C &""D2 &" C'&'(#+,' &>' *%((',& 2&6&' "4 &>' C'1+*'. -%' &" &>' >%A',%#;'( "4 -): 2%;2*(+;'(2/ *",&+,%"%2D3
4 :"*6&+", -+2$"2+&+", T$*&.K -'2*(+$&+", bq -'4'*&+1' -): #"C'# +22%'2 h+d&'( +22%'2 )$D+&&'( +22%'2 Q'&G"(H *6;D' +22%'2 F,2+C' G+(' TG'&/ *"(("C'C/ *%&/ '&*.K l6*h/ 2"4&G6('/ QF!/ '&*. h[ 8(6,24'( 2'(1+*' &" 6,"&>'( *6;D' $6+( ;(+CA' &6$ "4 &>' *%2&"#'(a2 46*+D+&+'2 P'& "( *"(("C'C G+(' *",C%*&"( 8>' C'4'*& +2 4"%,C +, 6 *("22;"N -'4'*&+1' ;%(+'C ('6C3 6**'22 &'(#+,6D V6+( *%&/ C'4'*& *6;D'/ 2&%;/ '&*. -):75 ='C%*' 2$''C &" 2&6;+D+@' &>' D+,' -+A+&6D 2&('6# &(6,2$"(& P+(+,A 6& -):75 -):75 $(",&" *6(C 7M!0W7-:0 V"(&+,A -+A+&6D 2&('6#/ 785 2G+&*>/ '&*. hy 7'(+6D C("$ G62 ('$D6*'C 7**'22 $"+,& T-R57=!K E I%&2+C' ='$6+('C 'N+2&+,A ;%(+'C 2'(1+*' G+(' -'4'*& +, $("&'*&"( %,+& P+(' 4("# $("&'*&"( &" -R57=! l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able 1: Dispositions at different major locations. #",+&"(+,A &>' 2&6&'2 "4 #+DD+",2 "4 C'1+*' %*> #6,E %6D &'2&+,A +2 +,4'62+;D'. R1', G>'(' +& +2 $"22+;D' &" $(";' &>' 2&6&' ('#"&'D3 T'.A./ 4"( -): #"C'#2K/ "$'(6&+",6D *",E 2&(6+,&2 6,C ('2"%(*' D+#+&6&+",2 ('2&(+*& &>' 4 C'D+&3 6,C 4('E O%',*3 "4 &>'2' ('$"(&2. P',"&' &>6& #6,3 "4 &>'2' *",E 2&(6+,&2 6(' 6 4%,*&+", "4 &>' D+#+&6&+",2 "4 'N+2&+,A C'$D"3'C &'*>,"D"A+'2 6,C *%((',& ;'2& $(6*&+*'2 +, "$'(6&+",. 56HE +,A *>6,A'2 &" C'$D"3'C +,4(62&(%*&%('/ '1', +4 $"22+;D'/ *6, ;' $(">+;+&+1'D3 'N$',2+1' 6,C >',*' G',''C 2"D%&+",2 &>6& G"(H G+&>+, &>' *",2&(6+,&2 "4 &"C63a2 "$'(6&+",6D ',1+(",E #',&2. 3. CURRENT SOLUTION AND NEVERMIND F, &>+2 2'*&+",/ G' +,&("C%*' &"C63a2 G+C'D3 %2'C ('6*E &+1' -): &("%;D'2>""&+,A 6$$("6*> 6,C $"+,& "%& &>' $(";E D'#2 G+&> 2%*> 6, 6$$("6*>. 5"&+16&'C ;3 &>'2' $(";D'#2/ G' $("$"2' &>' 232&'# QRSR=5FQ-/ G>+*> 2''H2 &" 6+C $("6*&+1' ('2"D%&+", "4 *%2&"#'( 'CA' $(";D'# Current DSL Troubleshooting Solution 8>' *D622+*6D 6$$("6*> &" &("%;D'2>""&+,A *%2&"#'( 'CA' $(";D'#2/ G+C'D3 %2'C +, #"2& -):,'&G"(H2/ +2 6 ('6*&+1' $("*'22. F& ('D+'2 ", *%2&"#'(2 &" ('$"(& 6,3 $(";D'# ',E *"%,&'('C/ 6,C &>', C+2$6&*>'2 &'*>,+*+6,2 &" ('2"D1' '6*> $(";D'# %2+,A &>'+( C"#6+, 'N$'(&+2'. h+a. \ T&>' &"$ ;"NK 2>"G2 &>' 6(*>+&'*&%(' "4 2%*> 6 2"D%&+",. 8>' *%2&"#'( 6A',&2 G6+& 4"( *%2&"#'(2 &" ('$"(& 6,3 *%2&"#'( 'CA' $(";E D'# ;3 $>",' 6,C +,&'(6*& G+&> &>' *%2&"#'( &" $'(4"(# 2"#' ;62+* C+6A,"2+2 T'.A./ (';""&+,A &>' -): #"C'# "( ;3$622+,A &>' 4 D&'(K &" 4 D&'( "%& 62 #6,3,",E&'*>,+*6D $(";E D'#2 62 $"22+;D'/ 2%*> 62 ;+DD+,A +22%'2/ '&*. F4 &>' $(";E D'# *6,,"& ;' 2"D1'C ;3 &>' *%2&"#'( 6A',&2/ &>' &+*H'& G+DD ;' '2*6D6&'C &" 78-) T7%&"#6&+* 8'2&+,A 6,C -+2$6&*>+,A Figure 3: The current DSL troubleshooting approach and the proposed NEVERMIND approach. 8>' *%((',& 6$$("6*> >62 16(+"%2 C(6G;6*H2. I$'(6&"(2 ('D3 ", *%2&"#'( &+*H'&2 6,C +,&'(6*&+", G+&> *%2&"#'(2 &" A%+C' &>'# &"G6(C2 C+2*"1'(+,A &>' %,C'(D3+,A $(";D'# 6,C 2"D%&+",. b"g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h"( 'N6#$D'/ +4 6 $(";D'# +2 *6%2'C ;3 6 C'E 4'*&+1' -): #"C'#/ &>+2 *6, ;' 2"D1'C ;3 $D6*+,A 6, "(C'( 4"( 6,'G #"C'# C'1+*' ",D+,' G+&>"%& 6, 'N$',2+1' 4 'DC C+2$6&*>. h%(&>'(/ G6+&+,A 4"( &>' *%2&"#'(2 &" ('$"(& *%2E &"#'( 'CA' $(";D'#2 G+DD +#$D+*+&D3 D'6C &" +,*('62+,A %2'(2a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verview of NEVERMIND F, &>+2 $6$'(/ G' $("$"2' QRSR=5FQ-/ 6 $("6*&+1' 2"E D%&+", 4"( &("%;D'2>""&+,A *%2&"#'( 'CA' $(";D'#2 +, -):,'&G"(H2/ G>+*> *6, ;' 2'6#D'22D3 +,&'A(6&'C +,&" &>' 'NE +2&+,A -): &("%;D'2>""&+,A 4(6#'G"(H. 8>' 6(*>+&'*&%(' "4 QRSR=5FQ- +2 +DD%2&(6&'C +, h+a. \ T&>' ;"&&"# ;"NK. F& *",2+2&2 "4 &G" #6+, *"#$",',&2/ 6 ticket predictor 6,C 6 trouble locator. 8>' &+*H'& $('C+*&"( %&+D+@'2 'N+2&+,A 2$6(2' D+,' #'62%('#',&2 "4 +,C+1+C%6D -): D+,'2 &" $("6*&+1'D3 +C',&+43 D+,'2 4"( G>+*> *%2&"#'(2 6(' D+H'D3 &" ('A+2&'( $(";E D'# &+*H'&2 +, &>','6( 4%&%('. 8>'2' $('C+*&'C &+*H'&2 6(' &>', 2%;#+&&'C &" 78-) &" ;' C+6A,"2'C +, 6 2+#+D6( G63 62,"(#6D *%2&"#'( &+*H'&2. b"g'1'(/ C%' &" &>' >+A> *"#$D'NE +&3 "4 &>' C+6A,"2&+* $("*'22 '#$D"3'C ;3 78-)/ 6 >+A> $(+E "(+&3 #%2& ;' 622+A,'C &" *%2&"#'( ('$"(&'C $(";D'#2/ G+&> &>' ('#6+,+,A "$'(6&+",6D ('2"%(*'2 T64&'( ('2"D1+,A *%2&"#'( ('$"(&'C $(";D'#2K %&+D+@'C 4"( QRSR=5FQ-. h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nformation Sources 1. DSL Line MeasurementsJ 8>'2' *",&6+, &>' ('2%D&2 "4 $'(+"C+* ('#"&' D+,' &'2&2 +,+&+6&'C 4("# -):75 2'(1'(2 &" '6*> "4 &>' *",,'*&'C -): D+,'2. 8>' D+,' &'2& +2 *",C%*&'C 62 4"DD"G2. R1'(3 )6&%(C63/ '6*> -):75 2'(1'( +,+&+6&'2 *",,'*&+",2 G+&> &>' -): #"C'# ", '6*> -): D+,' 6,C 'NE *>6,A'2 6 4'G $6*H'&2 G+&> &>' #"C'#. M62'C ", &>+2 *",E 1'(26&+",/ 2'1'(6D metrics "( line features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h"( 'N6#$D'/ ;62'C ", $('E h'6&%(' -'2*(+$&+", 2&6&' +4 &>' #"C'# +2 ", C,;(/ %$;( ;+& (6&' TH;$2K C,$G(/ %$$G( 2+A,6D $"G'( C,,#(/ %$,#(,"+2' #6(A+, C,6&',/ %$6&', 2+A,6D 6&&',%6&+", C,('D*6$/ %$('D*6$ ('D6&+1' *6$6*+&3 C,*1*,&[/ C,*1*,&Y/ C,*1*,&\ *"C' 1+"D6&+", +,&'(16D *"%,&2 G+&> C+44'(',& &>('2>"DC2 C,'2*,&[/ C,'2*,&Y &>',%#;'( "4 2'*",C2 +, G>+*> *"C' 1+"D6&+",2 "**%(('C C,4'**,&[ C"G,2&('6# 4"(G6(C '(("( *"(('*&+", *"%,&2 G+&> 16D%',"& D'22 &>6, ^Z >+*6( &>' ;+AA'2& *6((+'(,%#;'( ;& &>' 'N+2&',*' "4 6 ;(+CA' &6$ *("22&6DH &>' 'N+2&',*' "4 *("22 &6DH D""$D',A&> '2&+#6&'C D""$ D',A&> C,#6N6&&6+,4;(/ %$#6N6&&6+,4;( #6N+#%# 6&&6+,6;D' 462& ;+& (6&' C,*'DD2/ %$*'DD2 ("DD+,A *"%,& "4 *'DD2 Table 2: Basic line features. Pre xes dn and up means downloading and uploading, respectively. C'4,'C #6,%6D (%D'2/ 6, 6A',& G+DD '2*6D6&' &>' *%2&"#'( &+*H'& &" 78-) +4 '+&>'( &>' *%((',& ;+& (6&' +2 D"G'( &>6, &>' #+,+#%# ;+& (6&' +,C+*6&'C ;3 &>' $("4 D'/ "( &>' ('D6&+1' *6E $6*+&3 +2 A('6&'( &>6, fym. RN$'(& H,"GD'CA' +,C+*6&'2 &>6& 2%*> D+,' 2&6&%2 +2 #"(' D+H'D3 *6%2'C ;3 6 C'4'*&+1' C'1+*'/ 6,C >',*' +& #63 ('O%+(' 4%(&>'( C+6A,"2+2 ;3 4 'DC &'*>,+E *+6,2. 8>"%A> D+#+&'C/ &>'(' 6(' 6D2" 6 4'G #6,%6D (%D'2 %2'C ;3 &>' &'*>,+*+6,2 &"C63 &" C'&'(#+,' &>' C+2$"2+&+", "4 6 $6(&+*%D6( $(";D'#. h"( 'N6#$D'/ 6, '2&+#6&'C D""$ D',A&> A('6&'( &>6, [^/ZZZ 4& "4&', +,C+*6&'2 &>6& &>' *%((',& *%2E &"#'( $("4 D' +2,"& 2%$$"(&'C ;3 &>' -): D+,'/ 6,C 6 2$''C C"G,A(6C' +2,'*'226(3 &" ('C%*' &>',"+2' ", &>' D+,'. b"ge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h("# &>' 6((+16D &+#' "4 *%2&"#'( &+*H'&2 ('*'+1'C +, 7%A%2&/ YZZf/ G' ";2'(1' 6 *D'6( G''HD3 &(',C/ G>'(' &>',%#;'( "4 &+*H'&2 $'6H2 ", 5",C63 6,C >+&2 &>' ;"&&"# "1'( &>' G''HE ',C. )+,*' &>' D+,' &'2&2 6(' *",C%*&'C ", 6 G''H',C/ G' *6, 644"(C &" ('2'(1' #"(' ('2"%(*'2 &" ('2"D1' &>' $('C+*&'C &+*H'&2 $("6*&+1'D3 C%(+,A &>'2' ('D6&+1'D3 do%+'&d $'(+"C2/ 6,C &>'(';3 6D2" ('C%*' &>','G &+*H'& D"6C C%(+,A &>' G''H. 2. Customer Trouble TicketsJ 8>'2' *",&6+, $(";D'#2 ('E $"(&'C ;3 *%2&"#'(2 T'.A./ 2D"G 2$''C "(," *",,'*&+",K 6,C *"(('2$",C+,A 2"D%&+",2 $("1+C'C ;3 *%2&"#'( 6A',&2 T'.A./ (';""&+,A &>' #"C'# "( ('$D6*+,A &>' *6;D'K.
6 !%2&"#'( 6A',&2 622+A, 6 *"6(2' D6;'D &" '6*> &+*H'&/ +,E C+*6&+,A &>' *6&'A"(3 &>6& &>' &+*H'& ;'D",A2 &". P' C+44'(E ',&+6&' *%2&"#'( 'CA' $(";D'# &+*H'&2 4("# "&>'( &3$'2 "4 &+*H'&2 2%*> 62 ;+DD+,A ('D6&'C +22%'2 ;62'C ", &>+2 D6;'D. 3. Ticket Disposition NotesJ 8>'2' 6(' *('6&'C ;3 4 'DC &'*>,+*+6,2 6,C 2'(1' %##6(3 4"( '6*> +,C+1+C%6D C+2E $6&*>. R6*>,"&' *",&6+,2 &>' F- "4 &>' *"(('2$",C+,A *%2E &"#'( &+*H'& 6,C +,4"(#6&+", ('A6(C+,A &>' C+2$6&*>/ 2%*> 62 &>' 2&6(&+,A &+#'/ C%(6&+",/ '&*. 8>"%A> &>' 4 'DC &'*>,+*+6,2 C","& ('*"(C &>' C'&6+D2 "4 &>' C+6A,"2+2 $("*'22 2%*> 62 ('2%D&2 4("# +,&'(#'C+6&' &'2&+,A 2&'$2/ &>'3 C" $("1+C' 6 disposition code &" +,C+*6&' G>+*> C'1+*' G62 4,6DD3 +C',&+E 4 'C &" ;' *6%2' "4 &>' $(";D'#/ '.A./ 6 C'4'*&+1' #"C'# "( 6 G"(, *6;D'/ "( >"G &>' $(";D'# G62 %D&+#6&'D3 ('2"D1'C/ '.A./ 2&6;+D+@+,A &>' D+,' $'(4"(#6,*' &>("%A> C"G,A(6C+,A &>' D+,' 2$''C. )%*> C+2$"2+&+", *"C'2 6(' %2'C 62 "%( A("%,C &(%&> 4"( 2&%C3+,A '6*> $(";D'#. P',"&' &>6& &>' C+2$"2+E &+", *"C'2 6(' C'&'(#+,'C ;62'C ", &>' 'N$'(& H,"GD'CA' "4 &>' &'*>,+*+6,2 6,C >',*' *6, ;' 1'(3,"+23. F4 6 $(";D'# +2 *6%2'C ;3 #%D&+$D' C'1+*'2/ &>' *"C' +2 6DG "*+6&'C G+&> &>' C'1+*' *D"2'2& &" &>' ',C >"2&. 4. Subscriber Pro lesj 8>'2' 2$'*+4 '2 &>' $6(6#'&'(2 T"( 'N$'*&'C 16D%'2 "4 &>' D+,' 4'6&%('2K 4"( +,C+1+C%6D -): D+,'2/ G>+*> C'$',C ", &>' &3$' 6,C D'1'D "4 2'(1+*' &>6& 6 *%2E &"#'( >62 2%;2*(+;'C 4"(. h"( 'N6#$D'/ -): *%2&"#'(2 G+&> &>' ;62+* $("4 D' 6(' 'N$'*&'C &" >61' 6 C"G,D"6C+,A (6&' "4 kj_h;$2 6,C 6, %$D"6C+,A (6&' "4 \_]H;$2. F, *"#$6(+2",/ *%2&"#'(2 G+&> &>' 6C16,*'C $("4 D' G+DD >61' 6 C"G,D"6CE +,A (6&' "4 Y.^5;$2 6,C 6, %$D"6C+,A (6&' "4 kj_h;$2. 7DD &>'2' C6&62'&2 6(' 4("# ",' "4 &>' #6?"( -): $("1+C'(2 +, &>' 0)/ G+&> 6 $"$%D6&+", "4 #+DD+",2 "4 -): 2%;2*(+;'(2 6*("22 #%D&+$D' A'"D"*6&+",2. 8>' C6&62'&2 6(' *"DD'*&'C ;3 #%D&+$D' -):752 C%(+,A &>' G>"D' 3'6( YZZf. 83$+*6DD3 &>'2' C6&62'&2 6(' 2&"('C 6& C+44'(',& D"*6&+",2 6,C 6(' ;("%A>& &"A'&>'( 4"( "%( G"(H [. P',"&' &>6& '1', &>"%A> &>' 2$'*+4 *2 "4 C6&6 #63 16(3 4"( C+44'(',&,'&G"(H2 6,C 2'(1+*' $("1+C'(2/ "%( 232&'# *6, ;' 6$$D+'C ('6C+D3 4"( $("6*&+1'D3 &("%;D'2>""&E +,A $(";D'#2 +, "&>'( "$'(6&+",6D,'&G"(H2. 4. PREDICTING TROUBLE TICKETS F, &>+2 2'*&+",/ G' +,&("C%*' &>' &+*H'& $('C+*&"(/ G>"2' 4%,*&+", +2 &" 2'D'*& 6,%#;'( "4 -): D+,'2 &>6& 6(' D+H'D3 &" >61' 4%&%(' *%2&"#'( ('$"(&'C &+*H'&2 6,C 2%;#+& &>'# &" 78-) 4"( 4%(&>'( C+6A,"2+2. 8>+2 $(";D'# +2 'O%+16D',& &" 6 (6,H+,A $(";D'#/ G>'(' &>' &+*H'& $('C+*&"( 2'D'*&2 C"G, #+DD+",2 "4 -): D+,'2 &" 6 2#6DD'( 2'& G>'(' $(";D'#2 #63 >6$$',. 8>' C'*+2+", "4 &>' &+*H'& $('C+*&"( +2 ;62'C ", 'NE +2&+,A 2$6(2' D+,' #'62%('#',&2. 8>'('4"('/ &>' H'3 +, C'E 2+A,+,A &>' &+*H'& $('C+*&"( +2 &" +C',&+43 &>' *"(('D6&+", "4 D+,' #'62%('#',&2 6,C *%2&"#'( &+*H'&2. 8>'(' 6(' &G" 46*&"(2 644'*&+,A &>' C'2+A, "4 &>' &+*H'& $('E [!%2&"#'( 6,",3#+&3 G62 $('2'(1'C C%(+,A &>+2 2&%C3 ;3 >62>E +,A '6*> *%2&"#'( $>",',%#;'( &" 6 %,+O%' 6,",3#"%2 +C',&+4 '( $(+"( &"?"+,+,A &>'2' C6&62'&2. C+*&"(. h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b"g'1'(/ &>' 46*&"( "4 "$'(6&+", *",2&(6+,&2 D+#+&2 "%( *>"+*' "4 #6*>+,' D'6(,+,A 6DA"(+&>#2. F, $6(&+*%D6(/ 2+,*' G' *6, ",D3 2%;#+& YZi $('E C+*&'C &+*H'&2 &" 78-) '1'(3 G''H/ G' C'2+(' 6 #'&>"C &>6& #6N+#+@' &>',%#;'( "4 &(%' $('C+*&+",2 G+&>+, &>'2' YZi. F, &>' 4"DD"G+,A/ G' 4 (2& 4"(#6DD3 C'4,' &>' &+*H'& $('E C+*&+", $(";D'#/ 6,C &>', C+2*%22 +, C'&6+D >"G G' 6CC('22 &>'2' &G" 46*&"(2 G>+D' C'2+A,+,A &>' &+*H'& $('C+*&"(. 4.1 Problem De nition :'& U ;' &>' 2'& "4 6DD -): *%2&"#'(2 T"( &>' 2'& "4 6DD -): D+,'2K. h"( '6*> -): D+,' u U/ D'& l (u,t) := {l (u,t) i ; 0 i 25} ;' &>' D+,' #'62%('#',&2 *"(('2$",C+,A &" &>' -): D+,' u 6& &>' &+#' t TG' C("$ &>' 2%$'(2*(+$&2 G>', &>' *",E &'N& +2 *D'6(K. :'& NT (u, t) ;' &>' D',A&> "4 &>' &+#' $'(+"C 4("# t &" &>' &+#' "4 &>' +##'C+6&','N& *%2&"#'( &+*H'& ";E 2'(1'C ('A+2&'('C ;3 u. :'& τ(u, t, T ) := I(NT (u, t) < T )/ G>'(' I +2 &>' +,C+*6&"( 4%,*&+", 6,C τ(u) = &+*H'& 4("# u +2 ";2'(1'C ;'&G'', [t, t + T ] 6,C τ(u) = 0 "&>'(E G+2' T,"&' G' ('$D6*' τ(u, t, T ) G+&> τ(u) G>', t 6,C T 6(' $('C'4,'CK. 8>' &+*H'& $('C+*&"( "%&$%&2 &>' $(";6;+D+&3 &>6& 6 &+*H'& "**%(2 G+&>+, 6, +,&'(16D T 64&'( &+#' t/ 6,C *6, ;' 'N$('22'C %,*&+", fj P (τ(u) h) = f(h) G>'(' &>' >+2&"(3 h = {l (h,t k) ), 1 k K}/ K +2 &>' D',A&> "4 &>' >+2&"(3/ 6,C t K < t ('$('2',&2 &>' &+#' "4 &>' #"2& ('*',& D+,' #'62%('#',&2. 7 2>"(&'( &+#' +,&'(16D T +#$D+'2 &>6& &>' *"(('2$",C+,A *%2&"#'( 'CA' $(";D'#2 D'6C &" +##'C+6&' *%2&"#'( &+*H'&2 T'.A./ &>' $(";D'#2 &>6& "4&', *%& "44 &>' *",,'*&+",KL +, *",&(62&/ 6 D",A'( T 16D%' 6DD"G2 $(";D'#2 &>6& 6(' D'22,"&+*'6;D' ;3 *%2&"#'(2/ 2%*> 62 +,E &'(#+&&',& *",,'*&+",2/ 2D"G 2$''C/ '&*. F, 6CC+&+",/ 6 D",A'( &+#' +,&'(16D #63 6D2" +#$D3 &>6& 6 *%2&"#'( +2,"& ", 2+&' G>', &>' $(";D'# "**%(2/ 6,C &>' $(";D'# +2 ",D3 ('$"(&'C G>', &>' *%2&"#'( *"#'2 ;6*H >"#'. 8>'('4"('/ +, "%( 'NE $'(+#',&/ G' &(3 &" 6CC('22 6DD &>'2' 2+&%6&+",2 ;3 *>""2+,A 6 D",A'( T 'O%6D2 &" ] G''H Encoding Line Measurement History P',"G C+2*%22 >"G &" ',*"C' &>' &+#'E2'(+'2 "4 D+,' #'62%('#',&2 +,&" D+,' 4'6&%('2 2" &>6& &>'3 *6, ;' ('6C+D3 %2'C ;3 &>' &+*H'& $('C+*&"( 4"( C'&'*&+,A $"&',&+6D *%2&"#'( 'CA' $(";D'#2. I%( ;62+* +C'6 +2 &" C'4,' 16(+"%2 &3$'2 "4 4'6&%('2 &" ('4 '*& C+44'(',& $("$'(&+'2 "4 &>' D+,' *",C+E &+",2 '#;"C+'C +, &>'2' &+#'E2'(+'2. P' C'4,' &>('' &3$'2 T[K
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b+2&"(3 M62+* li K -'D&6 li K l K 1 i 8+#'E2'(+'2 (li K l i )/var(l i )!%2&"#'( V("4 D' li K/profile(l i) 8+*H'& 8+#' 4("# &>' #"2& ('*',& &("%;D' &+*H'& 5"C'# V'(*',&6A' "4 &+#'2 &>6& &>' #"C'# +2 "44 -'(+1'C n%6c(6&+* V("C%*& (li t)2 li t lt j Table 3: DSL line measurement features. F, 6CC+&+", &" &>'2' 4'6&%('2 ('A6(C+,A D+,' *",C+&+",2/ &>' *>6,*' "4 6 $"&',&+6D &("%;D' &+*H'& 6D2" C'$',C2 ", *'(&6+, *>6(6*&'(+2&+*2 "4 &>' *%2&"#'(2. h"( 'N6#$D'/ 6 C"G,D"6CE +,A 2$''C "4 [Y_H;$2 ", 6 2D"GE2$''C -): D+,' +,C+*6&'2 6 1'(3 A""C D+,' $'(4"(#6,*'. b"g'1'(/ 2%*> 6 2$''C "4&', D'6C2 &" 6 &("%;D' &+*H'& ", 6 >+A>E2$''C D+,'. P' &>'('4"(' +,&("C%*' &>('' H+,C2 "4 *%2&"#'( ('D6&'C 4'6&%('2 +, 86;D' \ T("G ]EjK &" 6CC('22 &>+2 +22%'. 8>' $("4 D' 4'6&%('2 6(' C'E 4,'C 62 &>' ;62+* 4'6&%('2 C+1+C'C ;3 &>' 'N$'*&'C 4'6&%(' 16D%'2 2$'*+4 'C ;3 &>' *"(('2$",C+,A *%2&"#'( $("4 D'/ '.A./ &>' #+,+#%# C"G,D"6C+,A ;+& (6&' "( &>' #6N+#%# C"G,E D"6C+,A ;+& (6&'/ '&*. 8>' &+*H'& 4'6&%(' ('*"(C2 &>' &+#' 4("# &>' #"2& ('*',& &("%;D' &+*H'& &" t K. F&2 $%($"2' +2 &" 6CC('22 &>' *"(('D6&+", ;'&G'', &+*H'&2 4("# &>' 26#' *%2&"#'(. h"( 'N6#$D'/ +4 &>'(' >62 ;'', 6 &+*H'& +, &>' $62& &>('' C632 6,C $(";D'# +2,"& 4 N'C/ &>' D+H'D+>""C "4 ('$'6& &+*H'&2 G+DD +,*('62'. 8>' #"C'# 4'6&%(' ('$('2',&2 &>' $'(*',&6A' "4 &+#'2 &>6& &>' -): #"C'# +2 "44 C%(+,A &>' &'2&/ G>+*> ('E 4 '*&2 &>' %26A' $6&&'(, "4 6 *%2&"#'(. P>', 6 #"C'# +2 "44 C%(+,A &>' &'2&/ G' >61' 6 #+22+,A ('*"(C 4"( &>6& *%2&"#'(. 8>' &>+(C &3$' "4 4'6&%('2 6(' C'(+1'C 4'6&%('2 T86;D' \/ ("G ke_k/ G>+*> 6(' *"#$%&'C 4("# >+2&"(3 4'6&%('2 6,C *%2E &"#'( 4'6&%('2 Y. 8>' O%6C(6&+* 4'6&%('2 #"C'D &>' 16(+6,*' "4 '6*> 16(+6;D' 6,C &>' $("C%*& 4'6&%('2 6CC('22 &>' +,&'(E 6*&+",2 ;'&G'', $6+(2 "4 16(+6;D'2 \. 4.3 Top-N Average Precision Feature Selection I%(,'N& 2&'$ +2 &" %2' #6*>+,' D'6(,+,A 6DA"(+&>#2 &" 'NE &(6*& &>' *"(('D6&+", ;'&G'', &>'2' D+,' 4'6&%('2 6,C 4%&%(' Y P' *",1'(& '6*> *6&'A"(+*6D 16(+6;D'2 G+&> m 16D%'2 +,&" m ;+E,6(3 16(+6;D'2 2" &>6& &>' C'(+1'C 4'6&%('2 6(' C'4,'C ", 6DD >+2&"(3 4'6&%('2 6,C *%2&"#'( 4'6&%('2. \ 8>' C'(+1'C 4'6&%('2 6(' +,&("C%*'C &" *"#$',26&' 4"( &>' 46*& &>6& *>"2', BStump 6DA"(+&># +A,"('2 &>' +,&'(6*&+",2 6#",A 4'6&%('2. *%2&"#'( &+*H'&2. F, &>+2 2&%C3 G' 4"*%2 ", #6N+#+@+,A &>' 6**%(6*3 "4 &>' &"$ YZi $('C+*&+",2. 5"2& "4 &>' 2&6&'E"4E &>'E6(& 6DA"(+&>#2 4"*%2+,A ", (6,H+,A 6**%(6*3 6(' %2%6DD3 *"#$%&6&+",6DD3 'N$',2+1' 6,C >',*' *6,,"& ;' 6$$D+'C 4"( (6,H+,A #+DD+",2 "4 -): D+,'2. I%( 2"D%&+", &" &>+2 $(";D'# +2 &" %2' 6 2*6D6;D' #6*>+,' D'6(,+,A 6DA"(+&># &>6& #6N+E #+@' &>' "1'(6DD 6**%(6*3. 8" C'1+6&' &>' c6&&',&+",d "4 2%*> 6, 6DA"(+&># ",&" &>' 6**%(6*3 "4 &>' &"$ YZi $('C+*&+",2 +,2&'6C "4 &>' "1'(6DD 6**%(6*3/ G' $("$"2' 6,"1'D &"$EN 61'(6A' $('*+2+", #'&(+* &" 2'D'*& ",D3 4'6&%('2 &>6& $("1+C' ;'&&'( 6**%(6*3 ", &>' &"$ YZi $('C+*&+",2. P' 'D6;"(6&' &>' 4'6&%(' 2'D'*&+", #'&>"C ;'D"G. P' 4 (2& C'4,' &>' &"$EN 61'(6A' $('*+2+",. :'& N ;' &>' &"&6D,%#;'( "4 &"$ $('C+*&+",2 2'D'*&'C. P rec(r) := 1/r r i=1 τ(u i) +2 &>' $('*+2+", *"#$%&'C ;62'C ", &>' 4 (2& r $('C+*&+",2. 8>' &"$EN 61'(6A' $('*+2+", +2 C'4,'C 62 AP (N) := N r=1 P rec(r) τ(u r)/n. b',*' AP (N) #'62%('2 &>' 2%# "4 $('*+2+",2 4"( 6DD &(%' $('C+*&+",2 61'(E 6A'C ;3 N/ 6,C AP (N) 461"(2 (6,H+,A &>' D+,'2 G+&> 4%&%(' &+*H'&2 >+A>'( &>6, &>' D+,'2 G+&>"%& 4%&%(' &+*H'&2. P' 6$$D3 6 A(''C3 4'6&%(' 2'D'*&+", #'&>"C ;62'C ", AP (N) 62 4"DD"G2. P' 4 (2& *",2&(%*& 6 &+*H'& $('C+*&"( T2'' )'*E &+", ].] 4"( C'2*(+$&+", "4 &>' $('C+*&"(K A+1', '6*> +,C+1+CE %6D 4'6&%(' ", 6 &(6+,+,A C6&62'&/ 6,C &'2& &>' $('C+*&"( ", 6 2'$6(6&' &'2& 2'&. P' &>', *"#$%&' AP (N) 4"( '6*> +,C+1+CE %6D 4'6&%(' ;62'C ", &>' ('2%D& ", &>' &'2& 2'&. 8>' 4'6&%('2 622"*+6&'C G+&> &>' >+A>'2& AP (N) 16D%'2 6(' 2'D'*&'C. P' C'#",2&(6&' &>' >+2&"A(6# "4 AP (20K) 4"( 6DD &>' 4'6&%('2 +, h+a. ]. P' ";2'(1' 2&(",A ;+#"C6D 2>6$'2 +, h+a. ]e6g 6,C h+a. ]e;g 4"( >+2&"(3 6,C *%2&"#'( 4'6&%('2 6,C &>' 622"*+E 6&'C &>' O%6C(6&+* 4'6&%('2/ ('2$'*&+1'D3. P' *>""2' Z.Y 62 "%( &>('2>"DC &" 2'D'*& &>' 4'6&%('2 G>+*> 6(' 2+A,+4 *6,&D3 #"(' 6**%(6&' &>6, &>' "&>'( 4'6&%('2 "4 &>' 26#' &3$'. M'E *6%2' '6*> $("C%*& 4'6&%(' +2 4"(#'C ;3 *"#;+,+,A &G" "&>'( 4'6&%('2/ G' >',*' 'N$'*& &>' AP (20K) 4"( &>' $("C%*& 4'6E &%(' &" ;' 2+A,+4 *6,&D3 >+A>'( &>6, 6,3 "4 &>' &G" 4'6&%('2. 8>'('4"('/ G' *>""2' 6 >+A>'( &>('2>"DC 4"( 2'D'*&+,A $("CE %*& 4'6&%('2 TA('6&'( &>6, Z.\K. 4.4 Learning the Ticket Predictor :'& x ;' &>' 2'& "4 4'6&%('2 2'D'*&'C 4("# &>' "(+A+,6D >+2E &"(3 "4 D+,' #'62%('#',&2 h.!",2&(%*&+,a &>' &+*H'& $('C+*E &"( +2 'O%+16D',& &" 2"D1+,A &>' ('A('22+", $(";D'# P (τ(u) x) = f(x). P' %2' 'N+2&+,A *%2&"#'( &+*H'&2 62 &>' A("%,C &(%&> 6,C 6$$D3 2%$'(1+2'C #6*>+,' D'6(,+,A &'*>,+O%'2 &" D'6(, f 6%&"#6&+*6DD3. 8" &(6+, f/ G' &('6& &>' -): D+,'2 G+&> 4%&%(' &+*H'&2 G+&>+, ] G''H2 62 $"2+&+1' 'N6#$D'2 6,C &>' ('2& "4 &>' D+,'2 62,'A6&+1' 'N6#$D'2. -%' &" &>' 46*& &>6& 2"#' *%2&"#'( 'CA' $(";D'#2 #63,"& ;' ('$"(&'C ;3 *%2&"#'(2/ &(6+,+,A C6&6 *"(('2$",C+,A &" &>'2' $(";D'#2 6(' #+2D6;'D'C 62,'A6&+1' 'N6#$D'2 +,2&'6C "4 $"2+&+1' 'N6#$D'2. M'*6%2' "4 &>' 'N+2&',*' "4 2%*>,"+2' +, &>' &(6+,+,A C6&6/ 2"$>+2&+*6&'C,",ED+,'6( #"C'D2 "1'(4 & '62+D3/ G' >',*' *>""2' 6 D+,'6( #"C'D 4"( f G>+*> +2 #"(' (";%2& 6A6+,2&,"+2'. 8>' Adaboost 6DA"(+&># G+&> C'*+2+",
8 2> 2> 25>> Num4erFofFfeatures 15 1> 5 Num4erFofFfeatures 15 1> 5 Num4erFofFfeatures 2>>> 15>> 1>>> 5>> > >.>5 >.1 >.15 >.2 >.25 TopF2>GFaverageFprecision T6K b+2&"(3 6,C *%2&"#'( 4'6&%('2 > >.>5 >.1 >.15 >.2 >.25 TopF2>GFaverageFprecision T;K n%6c(6&+* 4'6&%('2 > > >.1 >.2 >.3 >.4 TopF2>GFaverageFprecision T*K V("C%*& 4'6&%('2 Figure 4: Top 20K average precision for different types of derived features 2&%#$2 T+.'. ",'ED'1'D C'*+2+", &(''2K e[jg/ G>+*> G' ('4'( &" 62 BStump +, &>+2 $6$'(/ +2 2'D'*&'C &" *",2&(%*& &>' #"C'D. 8>' D+,'6( #"C'D 4("# BStump G62 2>"G, &" ;' &>' #"2& 2*6D6;D' G>+D' >61+,A 6, 6**%(6*3 *"#$6(6;D' &" 2"$>+2&+E *6&'C,",ED+,'6( *D622+4 '(2 ekg. Figure 5: The schematic view of a BStump classi er. h+a. ^ A+1'2 6 2*>'#6&+* 1+'G "4 BStump. -%(+,A &(6+,E +,A/ G' 2$'*+43 &>',%#;'( "4 +&'(6&+",2 T T"( &>',%#;'( "4 &>' G'6H D'6(,'(2K %2'C ;3 &>' 6DA"(+&>#. 7& +&'(6&+", t/ &>' 6DA"(+&># 2'D'*&2 ",' $6(&+*%D6( D+,' 4'6&%(' 6,C &>' *"(E ('2$",C+,A 4'6&%(' 16D%' δ &>6& ;'2& $6(&+&+",2 &>' &(6+,+,A C6&6/ G'+A>&'C ;62'C ", &>' *D622+4 *6&+", ('2%D& +, +&'(6&+", t 1/ +,&" $"2+&+1' 6,C,'A6&+1' 'N6#$D'2. 8>' 6DA"(+&># *('6&'2 6 C'*+2+", 2&%#$ %2+,A &>' 2'D'*&'C 4'6&%(' 62 6 G'6H D'6(,'( g t. R6*> G'6H D'6(,'( "%&$%&2 S TD'22 D+H'D3 &" >61' 6 4%&%(' &+*H'&K 4"( 6 4'6&%(' 16D%' ;'D"G δ T4"( *",&+,%"%2 4'6&%('2K "(,"& 'O%6D &" δ T4"( *6&'A"(+*6D 4'6&%('2K/ 6,C "%&E $%&2 S + "&>'(G+2' T#"(' D+H'D3 &" >61' 6 4%&%(' &+*H'&K. h"( 'N6#$D'/ +, h+a. ^/ &>' 4 (2& G'6H D'6(,'( Tt = 1K &'2&2 &>' C'D&6 %$D"6C+,A ;+& (6&' 6A6+,2& δ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x/ T 2*"('2 6(' A','(6&'C ;3 &>' G'6H D'6(,'(2/ 6,C &>'2' 2*"('2 6(' 2%##'C %$ 62 &>' $('C+*&+", f(x) := T t=1 g t(x). 8>' 2*"(' f +2 &>', *",1'(&'C &" &>' $"2&'(+"( $(";6;+D+&3 P (τ(u) x) %2+,A D"A+2&+* *6D+;(6&+",. 5. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS P' %2' D+,' #'62%('#',& ('*"(C2 4("# Z_WZ[WZf &" ZfW\[WZf 62 "%( &(6+,+,A C6&6/ 6,C &>' C6&6 +, &>' 4"%( *",&+A%"%2 G''H2 2&6(&+,A 4("# [ZW\[WZf 62 "%( &'2& C6&6. 8>' D+,' #'6E 2%('#',&2 4("# Z[WZ[WZf &" ZkW\[WZf 6(' >+2&"(3 ('*"(C2 4"( *"#$%&+,A &+#'E2'(+'2 4'6&%('2 6,C *%2&"#'( ('D6&'C 4'6&%('2. P' %2' M""2&'N&'( e[jg 62 &>' BStump +#$D'#',&6&+",. 8>',%#;'( "4 +&'(6&+",2 +2 2'& &" _ZZ ;62'C ", *("22E16D+C6&+", ]. 5.1 Evaluation of Ticket Predictor 72 &>' 4 (2& 2&'$/ G' *"#$6(' &>' $("$"2'C &"$EN 61'(6A' $('*+2+", #'&>"C TNoYZiK G+&> "&>'( G'DDEH,"G, 4'6&%(' 2'D'*&+", #'&>"C2. -%' &" &>' *"#$%&6&+",6D *"#$D'N+&3 "4 *'(&6+, 4'6&%(' 2'D'*&+", #'&>"C2 6,C &>' D6(A',%#;'( "4 C'(+1'C 4'6&%('2/ G' ",D3 %2' >+2&"(3 4'6&%('2 4"( &>' *"#E $6(+2",. F, $6(&+*%D6(/ 4"( '6*> 4'6&%(' 2'D'*&+", #'&>"C/ &>' &"$ ^Z 4'6&%('2 6(' 2'D'*&'C 6**"(C+,A &" &>' *(+&'(+6 +, 86E ;D' ]/ 6,C 6 *D622+4 '( +2 *",2&(%*&'C %2+,A &>'2' ^Z 4'6&%('2. 5'&>"C2 h'6&%(' 2'D'*&+", *(+&'(+6 70! 56N+#%# 6('6 %,C'( &>' =I! *%(1'. 71'(6A' $('*+2+", 71'(6A' $('*+2+", 16D%' ", all &>' 26#$D'2. V!7 8"$ $(+,*+$6D *"#$",',&2. U6+, (6&+" 8>' &"&6D ',&("$3 C'*('62' "4 &>' ('2%D& 6&&(+;%&' ;3 H,"G+,A ",' $6(&+*%D6( 4'6&%('. Table 4: Other feature selection methods. P',"&' &>6& G' %2' 6**%(6*3 +, &>+2 $6$'( 4"( '16D%6&E +,A &>' $'(4"(#6,*' "4 &>' &+*H'& $('C+*&"(/ G>+*> +2 C'4,'C 62 &>' $("$"(&+", "4 2%;2*(+;'(2 622"*+6&'C G+&> &>' &"$ N $('C+*&+",2 G>" >61' +22%'C &+*H'&2 G+&>+, ] G''H2 4("# &>' $('C+*&+", &+#'. b"g'1'(/ 2%*> 6 #'&(+* +2 1'(3 *",2'(16E &+1'. 7, incorrect prediction #63 ;' ('D6&'C &" 6 ('6D -): $(";D'# ;%& 2"#'>"G &>' *%2&"#'( C+C,"& +22%' 6 &+*H'& 4"( 16(+"%2 ('62",2. P' 2>6DD C+2*%22 &>'2' ('62",2 +, C'&6+D +, )'*&+", ^.Y. P' +DD%2&(6&' &>' 6**%(6*3 "4 C+44'(',& 4'6&%(' 2'D'*&+", #'&>"C2 +, h+a. j/ G>'(' &>' xe6n+2 ('$('2',&2 &>',%#;'( "4 &"$ $('C+*&+",2 2'D'*&'C 6,C &>' ye6n+2 2&6,C2 4"( &>' 6**%E ] P>', &>',%#;'( "4 +&'(6&+", +2 'O%6D &" _ZZ/ &(6+,+,A &>' *D62E 2+4 '( ", [ #+DD+", &(6+,+,A ('*"(C2 ('O%+('2 6("%,C Y >"%(2 ", 6 &3$+*6D 2'(1'( #6*>+,' G+&>"%& $6(6DD'D+@6&+",. I,D3 D'22 &>6, [^ #+,%&'2 6(',''C'C 4"( (6,H+,A 6DD &>' -): D+,'2 T2'1'(6D #+DD+",K.
9 AccuracyFM%N 35 3> 25 2> 15 AUC AverageFprecisionFF. Top!2>GFA5 5CA GainFratio 1> > 5> 1>> 15> 2>> Num4erFofFpredictionsFselectedFMGN AccuracyFM%N 45 4> 35 3> 25 2> 15 1> 5 WithoutFderivedFfeaturesFF. AllFselectedFfeatures > > 2> 4> 6> 8> 1>> Num4erFofFpredictionsFselectedFMGN CDV 1 >.8 >.6 >.4 >.2 TopF1>G TopF2>G TopF1>>G > > 5 1> 15 2> 25 3> Num4erFofFdays Figure 6: Feature selection methods. (6*3 "4 &>'2' &"$ x $('C+*&+",2. P' ";2'(1' &>6& &>' $("$"2'C &"$EN 7V #'&>"C "%&$'(4"(#2 6DD &>' "&>'( #'&>"C2 2+A,+4E +*6,&D3 G>', D'22 &>6, YZi $('C+*&+",2 6(' *>"2',. b"ge '1'(/ 62 #"(' $('C+*&+",2 6(' 2'D'*&'C/ &>' 6**%(6*3 4("# &>' &"$EN 7V #'&>"C ;'*"#'2 D"G'( &>6, &>' $"$%D6( 70! ;62'C #'&>"C. 8>+2 $>',"#',", +#$D+'2 &>6&/ '1', &>"%A> &>' ;""2&+,A 6DA"(+&># 4"*%2'2 ", #6N+#+@+,A &>' "1'(6DD 6**%(6*3/ &>' 4'6&%('2 *>"2', ;3 &>' &"$EN 7V #'&>"C '4E 4'*&+1'D3 2'D'*& #"(' &(%' $('C+*&+",2 &" ;' G+&>+, &>' &"$ YZi. F, &>+2 G63/ G' *6, #6H' ;'&&'( %2' "4 &>' 'N&(6 &+*H'& >6,CD+,A *6$6*+&3 $("1+C'C ;3 &>' 78-) 232&'# &" $("6*E &+1'D3 ('2"D1' #"(' $"&',&+6D *%2&"#'( 'CA' $(";D'#2. P',"&' &>6& +, "%( &"$EN 7V #'&>"C/ N +2 6 &%,6;D' $6(6#E '&'(/ G>+*> *6, ;' ',D6(A'C G>', #"(' $('C+*&+",2 *6, ;' 6**"##"C6&'C ;3 78-). P','N& 2&%C3 &>' $'(4"(#6,*' "4 &>' &+*H'& $('C+*&"( ", C+44'(',& D+,' #'62%('#',& 4'6&%('2 +, 86;D' \. h+a. k 2>"G2 &>' $('C+*&+", ('2%D&2 %,C'( C+44'(',& 4'6&%(' 2'&2/ G>'(' &>' xe6n+2 2&6,C2 4"( &>',%#;'( "4 $('C+*&+",2 2'D'*&'C 6,C &>' ye6n+2 ('$('2',&2 &>' 6**%(6*3 "( $('*+2+", +, &>' &"$ x $('E C+*&+",2. 8>' C"&&'C *%(1' *"(('2$",C2 &" &>' 6**%(6*3 G>', ",D3 >+2&"(3 6,C *%2&"#'( 4'6&%('2 6(' %2'C/ G>+D' &>' 2"D+C *%(1' ('$('2',&2 &>' 6**%(6*3 G>', 6DD &>' 4'6&%('2 +, 86E ;D' \ 6(' %2'C. 8>' &"$E20K 7V #'&>"C +2 6$$D+'C &" 2'D'*& 4'6&%('2 4("# ;"&> 4'6&%(' 2'&2. h("# h+a. k/ G' 6*>+'1' A""C 6**%(6*3 T\k._mK G+&> >+2E &"(3 6,C *%2&"#'( 4'6&%('2 4"( &>' &"$ YZi $('C+*&+",2. 8>' 6CC+&+", "4 C'(+1'C 4'6&%('2 4%(&>'( ;""2&2 &>' 6**%(6*3 &" ]Zm. 5"(' 2$'*+4 *6DD3/ G>', N ('6*>'2 &>' #6N+#%# *6E $6*+&3 "4 YZi/ G' 6*>+'1' Y &(%' $('C+*&+",2 4"( \ +,*"(('*& $('C+*&+",2 T"( 6 (6&+" "4 [J[.^K^. 8>+2 #'6,2 &>6& 4"( #"(' &>6, _i "4 &>' $('C+*&'C D+,'2/ G' ";2'(1' 6& D'62& ",' &+*H'& G+&>+, 4"%( G''H2 64&'( "%( $('C+*&+",. 8>+2 C'#",2&(6&'2 &>' '44'*&+1','22 "4 +,*"($"(6&+,A &>' *"16(+6,*' "4 4'6&%('2 +,&" &>' *D622+4 '( ;3 ',*"C+,A &>'# 'N$D+*+&D3 %2+,A C'(+1'C O%6C(6&+* 4'6&%('2 6,C $("C%*& 4'6&%('2. Figure 7: Ticket prediction results. Figure 8: CDF of ticket arrival time. 6*&%6D *%2&"#'( 'CA' $(";D'#2 G+&>+, &>' YZi $('C+*&+",2L YK &>' &+#' 6DD"G'C 4"( ('2"D1+,A $('C+*&'C $(";D'#2 ;'4"(' *%2&"#'(2 *"#$D6+,. h("# &>' '16D%6&+", ('2%D& +, )'*&+", ^.[/ G' 6*>+'1' 6, 6**%(6*3 6("%,C ]Zm 4"( &>' &"$ YZi $('C+*&+",2/ +.'./ 6("%,C [Yi +,*"(('*& $('C+*&+",2. Q"&' &>6& +, 2%*> 6, "44 +,' '16DE %6&+",/ G' ('D3 ", 6*&%6D *%2&"#'( &+*H'&2 &" '16D%6&' &>' 6**%(6*3 "4 &>' $("$"2'C &+*H'& $('C+*&"(/ +.'./ 6 &+*H'& +2 *",E 2+C'('C &" ;' *"(('*&D3 $('C+*&'C +4 6,C ",D &+*H'& 622"E *+6&'C G+&> 6 *%2&"#'( 'CA' $(";D'# +2 ";2'(1'C G+&>+, ",' #",&> 64&'( &>' $('C+*&+",. P' %2' ",' #",&> >'(' &" A+1' &>' *%2&"#'(2 ',"%A> &+#' &" ('$"(& &>' $(";D'#2 C'6D+,A G+&> +,&'(#+&&',& *",,'*&+",2 "( 2D"G ;("G2+,A $(";D'#2 62 &>'3 6(' >6(C &" $'(*'+1' "( #"(' &"D'(6;D'. )&+DD/ &>' ('$"(&'C $(";D'#2 4("# &>' *%2&"#'( &+*H'&2 ",D3 *"#$(+2' 6 2%;2'& "4 6DD &>' *%2&"#'( 'CA' $(";D'#2. F, &>' 4"DD"G+,A/ G' 'NE $D"(' &G" 2*',6(+"2 G>', 6 ('6D $(";D'# G+DD,"& ;' ('$"(&'C ;3 &>' *%2&"#'(. Outage problems and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h"( '6*> +,*"(E ('*& $('C+*&+",/ G' 4 (2& +C',&+43 &>' *"(('2$",C+,A -):75 &>6& +& "*+6&'C G+&>. P' 622%#' &>' +,*"(('*& $('C+*&+", ;'D",A2 &" &>' FS= 2*',6(+" +4 6& D'62& ",' "%&6A' $(";D'# +2 ";2'(1'C +, &>' &+*H'&2 4("# &>' *%2&"#'(2 ;'D",A+,A &" &>' 26#' -):75 G+&>+, T G''H2 4("# &>' $('C+*&+", &+#'. [ G''H Y G''H2 \ G''H2 ] G''H2 m "4 +,*"(('*& $('C+*&+",2 [Y.k [_.] Yj.] \[.^!"'4. 4"( "%&6A' $('C+*&+", Z.Zk\\ Z.Zk^Y Z.Zk_k Z.Zk_] VE16D%' Z.ZZY[ Z.ZZ[\ Z.ZZYk Z.ZZ[[ 5.2 Discussion of the Prediction Results h("# &>' "$'(6&+", $'(2$'*&+1'/ &>' '44'*&+1','22 "4 6 $("6*E &+1' 2"D%&+", '*&'C ;3 &G" 46*&"(2J [K &>',%#;'( "4 ^P' >61' 6D2" *"#$6('C &>' ('2%D&2 %2+,A 4'6&%('2 4("# 70! 6,C A6+, (6&+" #'&>"C2/ G>+*> 6A6+, 6(' #%*> G"(2' &>6, &>' &"$EN 7V #'&>"C 4"( &>' &"$ YZi $('C+*&+",2. P' "#+& &>' C'&6+D >'(' C%' &" 2$6*' D+#+&. Table 5: Incorrect predictions explained by outages. M3 16(3+,A T 4("# [ G''H &" ] G''H2/ G' 2>"G &>' $("E $"(&+", "4 +,*"(('*& $('C+*&+",2 &>6& *6, ;' 'N$D6+,'C ;3 &>' FS= 2*',6(+" +, 86;D' ^ T("G [K. 7("%,C [Y.km +,*"(('*& $('C+*&+",2 6(' D+H'D3 &>' 6(&+46*& "4 FS= 4"( "%&6A' $(";E D'#2 G>', &>' "%&6A' $(";D'#2 6(' ";2'(1'C G+&>+, 6 G''H 4("# &>' $('C+*&+", &+#'. 8>+2 $("$"(&+", +,*('62'2 &" \[.^m
10 G>', 6& D'62& ",' "%&6A' $(";D'# +2 ('$"(&'C +, ] G''H2. F, 46*&/ G' >61' ";2'(1'C 6 *"(('D6&+", ;'&G'', $('C+*E &+",2 6,C 4%&%(' "%&6A' $(";D'#2. :'& outage(d, t, T ) ;' 6 ;+,6(3 '1',&/ G>'(' outage(d, t, T ) = & D'62& ",' "%&E 6A' $(";D'# "**%(2 +, -):75 d ;'&G'', [t, t + T ]. P' O%6,&+43 &>' *"(('D6&+", ;'&G'', &+*H'& $('C+*&+",2 T+, &>' &"$ YZiK 6,C 4%&%(' "%&6A' $(";D'#2 %2+,A D"A+2&+* ('A('2E 2+",J logit(#predictions) outage(d, t, T ). P' 16(3 T 4("# [ G''H &" ] G''H2. 8>' *"'44 *+',&2 6,C VE16D%'2 4("# &>' ('A('22+", ('2%D&2 6(' $('2',&'C +, 86;D' ^ T("G YE\K. P' ";2'(1' &>6& &>'(' +2 6DG &(",A TVE16D%'2 D'22 &>6, ^mk $"2+&+1' T*"'44 *+',&2 A('6&'( &>6, ZK *"(('D6&+", ;'&G'', &>' 4%&%(' "%&6A' $(";D'#2 6,C,%#;'( "4 $('C+*&'C *%2&"#'( 'CA' $(";D'#2 4("# 6 *'(&6+, -):75. M62'C ", &>+2 ";2'(E 16&+",/ &>',%#;'( "4 $('C+*&+",2 622"*+6&'C G+&> 6 -):75 *6, ;' %2'C 62 6, +,C+*6&"( 4"( 4%&%(' "%&6A' $(";D'#2. F, 6CE C+&+",/ G' *6, A("%$ $('C+*&+",2 ;3 -):752 6,C 2',C ",' &(%*H &" ('2"D1' #"2& "4 &>' $(";D'#2 +, 6 A+1', -):75. Customers not on site. F, &>' 2'*",C 2*',6(+"/ 6 *%2&"#'( #63,"& %2' &>' -): 2'(1+*' G>', &>' $('C+*&'C $(";D'# "*E *%(2/ &>%2 2>' G+DD,"&,"&+*' &>' $(";D'# 6,C," *%2&"#'( &+*H'& %'C. 8" +C',&+43 +,*"(('*& $('C+*&+",2 *"(('2$",CE +,A &" &>+2 2*',6(+"/ G' *"DD'*& C6+D3 6AA('A6&'C ;3&' +,4"(E #6&+", 4"( +,C+1+C%6D *%2&"#'(2 %,C'( &G" M=7) 2'(1'(2. P' *",2+C'( 6 *%2&"#'( &" ;',"& ", 2+&' G>',," &(644 * +2 ";2'(1'C 4("# &>6& *%2&"#'( 4("# ",' G''H ;'4"(' &>' $('E C+*&+", &+#' %,&+D ",' G''H 64&'( &>' $('C+*&+", &+#'. h"( [Yi +,*"(('*& $('C+*&+",2/ G' +C',&+43 [Z_ 2%;2*(+;'(2 G+&> *"(('2$",C+,A ;3&' +,4"(#6&+",. b"g'1'(/ [_ "%& "4 &>'2' [Z_ 2%;2*(+;'(2 T[j.kmK 6(' *D622+4 'C 62,"& ", 2+&'. 8>+2 #'6,2 2%*> [j.km $('C+*&+",2 6(' $D6%2+;D3 G+&> ('6D *%2E &"#'( 'CA' $(";D'#2/ ;%& &>' *%2&"#'(2 C","& ('6D+@' &>' $(";D'#2 2+,*' &>'3 6(' 6G63. 8>+2 6D2" $("1+C' %2 6 G63 &" $(+"(+&+@' &>' YZi $('C+*&+",2 ;3 4 N+,A D+,'2 G+&> #"(' *%2&"#'( 6*&+1+&+'2 4 (2&. R1', &>"%A> G' ",D3 >61' 6 2#6DD 26#$D' "4 6DD &>' -): *%2&"#'(2/ G' 'N$'*& &>' 26#' ";E 2'(16&+", >"DC2 4"( &>' -): *%2&"#'(2 *",,'*&+,A &" "&>'( M=7) 2'(1'(2. F, 6CC+&+",/ &>'(' #+A>& ;' *%2&"#'(2 ;'E D",A+,A &" ;"&> 2*',6(+"2 &>6& G' >61' C+2*%22'C 2" 46(. P' G+DD +,1'2&+A6&' &>+2 +, &>' *"#+,A &(+6D "4 QRSR=5FQ-. Determining the urgency to solve a problem. P','N& 2&%C3 &>' &+#' +,&'(16D 4("# &>' &+#' "4 $('C+*&+", "4 6 $(";E D'# &" &>' &+#' G>', 6 *%2&"#'( ('$"(&2 &>' $(";D'#. 8>' $%($"2' +2 &" %,C'(2&6,C >"G #%*> &+#' G' >61' 4("# G>', 6 $('C+*&+", +2 #6C' ;'4"(' &>' *%2&"#'( 2&6(&2 *"#$D6+,+,A. 8>' #"(' &+#' G' >61'/ &>' #"(' *>6,*' 4"( ('2"D1+,A &>' $(";D'# 6,C &>' >+A>'( *>6,*' 4"( ('C%*+,A 4%&%(' &+*H'&2. P' +DD%2&(6&' &>' C+2&(+;%&+",2 "4 &>' &+#' +,&'(16D2 4"( &>' &"$ [Zi/ &"$ YZi 6,C &"$ [ZZi $('C+*&+",2 +, h+a. _. P' ";2'(1' +, h+a. _ &>6& 6("%,C _Zm "4 6DD &>' $('C+*&'C &+*H'&2 *"#' G+&>+, &G" G''H2. 8>+2 +#$D+'2 >+A>'( 6**%(6*3 4"( $('C+*&+,A &+*H'&2 +, &>','6( 4%&%('/ G>+*> +2,"& 2%($(+2+,A/ 2+,*' &>' *"(('D6&+", ;'&G'', D+,' #'62%('#',&2 6,C 4%&%(' *%2&"#'( &+*H'&2 ;'*"#'2 G'6H 62 &>' &+#' A6$ +,*('62'2. P' *",2+C'( &>6& G' #+22 6 &+*H'& +4 G' 46+D &" ('2"D1' 6 $('C+*&'C &+*H'& ;'4"(' &>' *%2&"#'( *"#$D6+,2. h("# h+a. _/ +4 G' 4 N 6DD &>' $('C+*&'C $(";D'#2 ;3 5",C63 T6DD"G+,A &G" C632 4"( 4 N+,A &>' $(";D'#2K/ G' G+DD #+22 6& #"2& [^m "4 &>' &+*H'&2. I,D3 6& #"2& YZm "4 &>' &+*H'&2 6(' #+22'C +4 G' 4 N 6DD $('C+*&'C $(";D'#2 +, &>('' C632. P' &>%2 >61' $D',&3 "4 &+#' &" >6,CD' &>' $('C+*&'C *%2&"#'( &+*H'&2. 6. LOCATING PROBLEMS F, &>+2 2'*&+",/ G' ;(+'4 3 +,&("C%*' &>' C'2+A, 6,C '16D%E 6&+", "4 &>' &("%;D' D"*6&"(. 7, +,4"(#6&+",E&>'"('&+*?%2&+4 E *6&+", "4 &>' $("$"2'C +,4'(',*' #"C'D *6, ;' 4"%,C +, &>' &'*>,+*6D ('$"(& 1'(2+", "4 &>+2 $6$'( e_g. 6.1 A Simple Experience Model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h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lat and Combined Inference Models 8>' C+('*& +,4'(',*' #"C'D/ G>+*> G' ('4'( &" 62 &>' "at #"C'D/ (6,H2 6DD &>' D"*6&+",2 6**"(C+,A &" &>' $(";6;+D+&3 "4 ;'+,A &>' (""& *6%2' "4 6 *%2&"#'( 'CA' $(";D'#. :'& x R n C',"&' 6DD &>' D+,' 4'6&%('2 +, 86;D' \. :'& C i, 1 i 4 ;' ",' "4 &>' 4"%( #6?"( $(";D'# D"*6&+",2/ '.A./ &>' >"#','&G"(H THNK/ 6,C C ij ;' 6 2$'*+4 * C+2$"2+&+", 6& C i / '.A./ &>' -): #"C'# 6& HN T2'' h+a. YK. 8>' 4 6& 6$$("6*> *",2+2&2 "4 &(6+,+,A 6 ",'E1'(2%2E"&>'( ;+,6(3 *D622+4 '( f Cij 4"( '6*> "4 &>' C ij C+2$"2+&+",2 T&>','A6&+1' *D622'2 *"(('2$",C2 &" 6DD 'N6#$D'2 &>6& C","& ;'E D",A &" C ij K. 8>' "%&$%& 4("# &>' *D622+4 '( +2 &>', *",1'(&'C &" P ij (C ij x) &>("%A> D"A+2&+* *6D+;(6&+",/ G>+*> ('$('2',&2/ A+1', &>' *%((',& D+,' #'62%('#',&2 x/ &>' D+H'D+>""C &>6&
! " #! $ %! & & $ &%!
!" #! $ %!&&$&%! ! ' ( ')&!&*( & )+,-&.,//0 1 23+ -4&5,//0 )6+ )&!&*( '(7-&8 )&!&9!':(7,&8 )&!&2!'1;
Διαβάστε περισσότερα!"!# ""$ %%"" %$" &" %" "!'! " #$!
" "" %%"" %" &" %" " " " % ((((( ((( ((((( " %%%% & ) * ((( "* ( + ) (((( (, (() (((((* ( - )((((( )((((((& + )(((((((((( +. ) ) /(((( +( ),(, ((((((( +, 0 )/ (((((+ ++, ((((() & "( %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%(
Διαβάστε περισσότεραParts Manual. Trio Mobile Surgery Platform. Model 1033
Trio Mobile Surgery Platform Model 1033 Parts Manual For parts or technical assistance: Pour pièces de service ou assistance technique : Für Teile oder technische Unterstützung Anruf: Voor delen of technische
Διαβάστε περισσότερα... 5 A.. RS-232C ( ) RS-232C ( ) RS-232C-LK & RS-232C-MK RS-232C-JK & RS-232C-KK
RS-3C WIWM050 014.1.9 P1 :8... 1... 014.0.1 1 A... 014.0. 1... RS-3C()...01.08.03 A.. RS-3C()...01.08.03 3... RS-3C()... 003.11.5 4... RS-3C ()... 00.10.01 5... RS-3C().008.07.16 5 A.. RS-3C().0 1.08.
Διαβάστε περισσότερα! "#" "" $ "%& ' %$(%& % &'(!!")!*!&+ ,! %$( - .$'!"
! "#" "" $ "%& ' %$(%&!"#$ % &'(!!")!*!&+,! %$( -.$'!" /01&$23& &4+ $$ /$ & & / ( #(&4&4!"#$ %40 &'(!"!!&+ 5,! %$( - &$ $$$".$'!" 4(02&$ 4 067 4 $$*&(089 - (0:;
Διαβάστε περισσότεραSupplemental file 3. All 306 mapped IDs collected by IPA program. Supplemental file 6. The functions and main focused genes in each network.
LIST OF SUPPLEMENTAL FILES Supplemental file 1. Primer sets used for qrt-pcr. Supplemental file 2. All 1305 differentially expressed genes. Supplemental file 3. All 306 mapped IDs collected by IPA program.
Διαβάστε περισσότερα-! " #!$ %& ' %( #! )! ' 2003
-! "#!$ %&' %(#!)!' ! 7 #!$# 9 " # 6 $!% 6!!! 6! 6! 6 7 7 &! % 7 ' (&$ 8 9! 9!- "!!- ) % -! " 6 %!( 6 6 / 6 6 7 6!! 7 6! # 8 6!! 66! #! $ - (( 6 6 $ % 7 7 $ 9!" $& & " $! / % " 6!$ 6!!$#/ 6 #!!$! 9 /!
Διαβάστε περισσότερα!"#$%& '!(#)& a<.21c67.<9 /06 :6>/ 54.6: 1. ]1;A76 _F -. /06 4D26.36 <> A.:4D6:6C C4/4 /06 D:43? C</ O=47?6C b*dp 12 :1?6:E /< D6 3:4221N6C 42 D:A6 O=
! " #$% & '( )*+, -. /012 3045/67 8 96 57626./ 4. 4:;74= 69676.36 D426C
Διαβάστε περισσότερα! " # $ $ % # & ' (% & $ &) % & $ $ # *! &+, - &+
! " # $ $ % # & ' (% & $ &) % & $ $ # *! &+, - &+ &) + ) &) $, - &+ $ " % +$ ". # " " (% +/ ". 0 + 0 1 +! 1 $ 2 1 &3 # 2 45 &.6#4 2 7$ 2 2 2! $/, # 8 ! "#" $% & '( %! %! # '%! % " "#" $% % )% * #!!% '
Διαβάστε περισσότερα! " #$% & '()()*+.,/0.
! " #$% & '()()*+,),--+.,/0. 1!!" "!! 21 # " $%!%!! &'($ ) "! % " % *! 3 %,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,0 %%4,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,5
Διαβάστε περισσότερα!"#!"!"# $ "# '()!* '+!*, -"*!" $ "#. /01 023 43 56789:3 4 ;8< = 7 >/? 44= 7 @ 90A 98BB8: ;4B0C BD :0 E D:84F3 B8: ;4BG H ;8
Διαβάστε περισσότερα"#$%$$ &* '#( "#$%$$,$*- ') % %$$. '#-) -& $$ #)**-% -"*! :6 -#0! :888 -! #;/$-
! "#$%$$& '#()* +' "#$%$$$$$$ '#()" "#$%$$$$ '#( "#$%$$ $ '#( "#$%$$ &* '#( "#$%$$$% '#( "#$%$$,$*- ') % %$$. '#-) -& ***-#*$$%'%*'#() #-'#&&*-&')#"%$ /**- $$ 01234 5622-#)**-% -"*! 7833154962:6 -#0! 78331549:888
Διαβάστε περισσότερα,, #,#, %&'(($#(#)&*"& 3,,#!4!4! +&'(#,-$#,./$012 5 # # %, )
!! "#$%&'%( (%)###**#+!"#$ ',##-.#,,, #,#, /01('/01/'#!2#! %&'(($#(#)&*"& 3,,#!4!4! +&'(#,-$#,./$012 5 # # %, ) 6###+! 4! 4! 4,*!47! 4! (! 8!9%,,#!41! 4! (! 4!5),!(8! 4! (! :!;!(7! (! 4! 4!!8! (! 8! 4!!8(!44!
Διαβάστε περισσότερα! "# $ % $&'& () *+ (,-. / 0 1(,21(,*) (3 4 5 "$ 6, ::: ;"<$& = = 7 + > + 5 $?"# 46(A *( / A 6 ( 1,*1 B"',CD77E *+ *),*,*) F? $G'& 0/ (,.
! " #$%&'()' *('+$,&'-. /0 1$23(/%/4. 1$)('%%'($( )/,)$5)/6%6 7$85,-9$(- /0 :/986-$, ;2'$(2$ 1'$-/-$)('')5( /&5&-/ 5(< =(4'($$,'(4 1$%$2/996('25-'/(& ;/0->5,$ 1'$-/%'')$(($/3?$%9'&-/?$( 5(< @6%-'9$
Διαβάστε περισσότεραHONDA. Έτος κατασκευής
Accord + Coupe IV 2.0 16V (CB3) F20A2-A3 81 110 01/90-09/93 0800-0175 11,00 2.0 16V (CB3) F20A6 66 90 01/90-09/93 0800-0175 11,00 2.0i 16V (CB3-CC9) F20A8 98 133 01/90-09/93 0802-9205M 237,40 2.0i 16V
Διαβάστε περισσότερα!" #$! '() -*,*( *(*)* *. 1#,2 (($3-*-/*/330%#& !" #$ -4*30*/335*
!" #$ %#&! '( (* + #*,*(**!',(+ *,*( *(** *. * #*,*(**( 0* #*,*(**(***&, 1#,2 (($3**330%#&!" #$ 4*30*335* ( 6777330"$% 8.9% '.* &(",*( *(** *. " ( : %$ *.#*,*(**." %#& 6 &;" * (.#*,*(**( #*,*(**(***&,
Διαβάστε περισσότερα! "! #" # $ #% !!*$( & +( $#!,-'( . $ ), ( )* / $ 5- (6 7# 8,6 - - /& 4&! '
! "! #" # $ #% & '#()!!*$( & +( $#!,-'(. $ ), ( )* /0 1234 $ 5- (6 7# 8,6 - - /& 4&! ' 6,!(*$(- (,('& 9 !" # $% $% $$!" #$ # % # &'&&&&&'& &() #* $$ & '' $( $) * $ +"&,-&!" +$ )$ " ## +," )- )) ## &. ''
Διαβάστε περισσότεραwww.smarterglass.com 978 65 6190 sales@smarterglass.com &&$'()!"#$%$# !!"# "#$%&'! &"# $() &() (, -. #)/ 0-.#! 0(, 0-. #)/ 1!2#! 13#25 631% -. #)/ 013#7-8(,83%&)( 2 %! 1%!#!#2!9&8!,:!##!%%3#9&8!,:!#,#!%63
Διαβάστε περισσότερα! "# $"%%&$$'($)*#'*#&+$ ""$&#! "#, &,$-.$! "$-/+#0-, *# $-*/+,/+%!(#*#&1!/+# ##$+!%2&$*2$ 3 4 #' $+#!#!%0 -/+ *&
! "# $"%%&$$'($)*#'*#&+$ ""$&#! "#, &,$-.$! "$-/+#0-, *# $-*/+,/+%!(#*#&1!/+# ##$+!%2&$*2$ 3 4 #' $+#!#!%0 -/+ *& '*$$%!#*#&-!5!&,-/+#$!&- &"/ "$,&/#!6$7,&78 "$% &$&'#-/+#!5*% 3 +!$ 9 &$*,2"%& #$- 3 '*$%#
Διαβάστε περισσότερα! "#! & "0/! ).#! 71 1&$ -+ #" &> " %+# "1 2$
"#$" &""'(() *+ , -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------. / 0-1 2 $1 " 1 /& 1------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------3
Διαβάστε περισσότεραTALAR ROSA -. / ',)45$%"67789
TALAR ROSA!"#"$"%$&'$%(" )*"+%(""%$," *$ -. / 0"$%%"$&'1)2$3!"$ ',)45$%"67789 ," %"(%:,;,"%,$"$)$*2
Διαβάστε περισσότερα!! "#$%& ! " # $ &%"+,(-. (# / 0 1%23%(2443
"#$& " # $ & ' &( &)* &"# &"+,(-. (# / 0 123(2443 2443 56 1 7 & '()(()(*+( ),)(-.(/)((,),24420 8.94: -; :53&:54::549 '()((0)(#'(1)(' ( )(-.(/)((,),24460..94: < * 94&5=>6 '()( 2( )(3(1)((0)('.( )4)((,)
Διαβάστε περισσότεραC F E E E F FF E F B F F A EA C AEC
Proceedings of the International Multiconference on Computer Science and Information Technology pp. 767 774 ISBN 978-83-60810-27-9 ISSN 1896-7094 CFEEEFFFEFBFFAEAC AEC EEEDB DACDB DEEE EDBCD BACE FE DD
Διαβάστε περισσότεραABCDA EF A A D A ABCDA CA D ABCDA EF
ABCDAEF BABC FDDDDABCBABAC BBCABCADB AADAABCDACAD ABBFADAABA ABBFA AAFAB ABCDAEF AAABBA AA CADA BABA AA DA ABCDAEF BABC FDDDDABCBABAC BBCABCADB AADAABCDACAD ABBFADAABA CAA BABADFAAFAB BCAFAB ABCDAEF AAABBA
Διαβάστε περισσότερα! " # " $ #% $ "! #&'() '" ( * / ) ",. #
Ψ ƒ! " # " $ #% $ "! #&'() '" ( * +",-.'!( / ) ",. # 0# $"!"#$%# Ψ 12/345 6),78 94. ƒ 9)")1$/):0;3;::9 >'= ( ? 9 @ '&( % A! &*?9 '( B+)C*%++ &*%++C 0 4 3'+C( D'+C(%E $B B - " % B
Διαβάστε περισσότεραΠίνακας ρυθμίσεων στο χώρο εγκατάστασης
1/8 Κατάλληλες εσωτερικές μονάδες *HVZ4S18CB3V *HVZ8S18CB3V *HVZ16S18CB3V Σημειώσεις (*5) *4/8* 4P41673-1 - 215.4 2/8 Ρυθμίσεις χρήστη Προκαθορισμένες τιμές Θερμοκρασία χώρου 7.4.1.1 Άνεση (θέρμανση) R/W
Διαβάστε περισσότεραΕΥΡΩΠΑΪΚΗ ΕΝΩΣΗ ΤΕΥΧΟΣ ΙΑΚΗΡΥΞΗΣ ΗΜΟΣΙΟΥ ΑΝΟΙΚΤΟΥ ΙΕΘΝΟΥΣ ΙΑΓΩΝΙΣΜΟΥ ΓΙΑ ΤΗΝ ΑΝΑΘΕΣΗ ΤΩΝ ΥΠΗΡΕΣΙΩΝ:
ΕΛΛΗΝΙΚΗ ΗΜΟΚΡΑΤΙΑ Υ.ΠΕ.ΧΩ..Ε. 3ο Κ Π. Σ. Ε.Π.ΠΕΡ. ΕΥΡΩΠΑΪΚΗ ΕΝΩΣΗ! " " ;!! $&E!! =!,!! J 0!K ΦΟΡΕΑΣ ΙΑΧΕΙΡΙΣΗΣ ΛΙΜΝΗΣ ΚΕΡΚΙΝΗΣ ΤΕΥΧΟΣ ΙΑΚΗΡΥΞΗΣ ΗΜΟΣΙΟΥ ΑΝΟΙΚΤΟΥ ΙΕΘΝΟΥΣ ΙΑΓΩΝΙΣΜΟΥ ΓΙΑ ΤΗΝ ΑΝΑΘΕΣΗ ΤΩΝ
Διαβάστε περισσότεραk k ΚΕΦΑΛΑΙΟ 1 G = (V, E) V E V V V G E G e = {v, u} E v u e v u G G V (G) E(G) n(g) = V (G) m(g) = E(G) G S V (G) S G N G (S) = {u V (G)\S v S : {v, u} E(G)} G v S v V (G) N G (v) = N G ({v}) x V (G)
Διαβάστε περισσότερα())*+,-./0-1+*)*2, *67()(,01-+4(-8 9 0:,*2./0 30 ;+-7 3* *),+*< 7+)0 3* (=24(-) 04(-() 18(4-3-) 3-2(>*+)(3-3*
! " # $ $ %&&' % $ $! " # ())*+,-./0-1+*)*2,-3-4050+*67()(,01-+4(-8 9 0:,*2./0 30 ;+-7 3* *),+*< 7+)0 3* *),+-30 *5 35(2(),+-./0 30 *,0+ 3* (=24(-) 04(-() 18(4-3-) 3-2(>*+)(3-3* *3*+-830-+-2?< +(*2,-30+
Διαβάστε περισσότερα!!"#$"%&'()%*$& !! )!+($,-./,0. !! )!"% $&)#$+($1$ !!2)%$34#$$)$ !!+(&%#(%$5$( #$%
!!"#$"%&'()%*$&!! )!+($,-./,0.!"#!! )!"% $&)#$+($1$!!2)%$34#$$)$!!+(&%#(%$5$( #$% & !"# $ $ % # &#$ '()*+, -,./ $* 0" 10#')230##445$&% ##* % 0# ' 4#, ) 0# $, 0# 6 7% % # #* # 8#10&29,:# )) )# )#
Διαβάστε περισσότεραMICROMASTER Vector MIDIMASTER Vector
s MICROMASTER Vector MIDIMASTER Vector... 2 1.... 4 2. -MICROMASTER VECTOR... 5 3. -MIDIMASTER VECTOR... 16 4.... 24 5.... 28 6.... 32 7.... 54 8.... 56 9.... 61 Siemens plc 1998 G85139-H1751-U553B 1.
Διαβάστε περισσότεραA Convolutional Neural Network Approach for Objective Video Quality Assessment
A Convolutional Neural Network Approach for Objective Video Quality Assessment Patrick Le Callet, Christian Viard-Gaudin, Dominique Barba To cite this version: Patrick Le Callet, Christian Viard-Gaudin,
Διαβάστε περισσότερα!"! #!"!!$ #$! %!"&' & (%!' #!% #" *! *$' *.!! )#/'.0! )#/.*!$,)# * % $ %!!#!!%#'!)$! #,# #!%# ##& )$&# 11!!#2!
# $ #$ % (% # )*%%# )# )$ % # * *$ * #,##%#)#% *-. )#/###%. )#/.0 )#/.* $,)# )#/ * % $ % # %# )$ #,# # %# ## )$# 11 #2 #**##%% $#%34 5 # %## * 6 7(%#)%%%, #, # ## # *% #$# 8# )####, 7 9%%# 0 * #,, :;
Διαβάστε περισσότερα!"! # $ %"" & ' ( ! " # '' # $ # # " %( *++*
!"! # $ %"" & ' (! " # $% & %) '' # $ # # '# " %( *++* #'' # $,-"*++* )' )'' # $ (./ 0 ( 1'(+* *++* * ) *+',-.- * / 0 1 - *+- '!*/ 2 0 -+3!'-!*&-'-4' "/ 5 2, %0334)%3/533%43.15.%4 %%3 6!" #" $" % & &'"
Διαβάστε περισσότερα/&25*+* 24.&6,2(2**02)' 24
!! "#$ % (33 &' ())**,"-.&/(,01.2(*(33*( ( &,.*(33*( ( 2&/((,*(33*( 24 /&25** 24.&6,2(2**02)' 24 " 0 " ( 78,' 4 (33 72"08 " 2/((,02..2(& (902)' 4 #% 7' 2"8(7 39$:80(& 2/((,* (33; (* 3: &
Διαβάστε περισσότερα]Zp _[ I 8G4G /<4 6EE =A>/8E>4 06? E6/<; 6008:6> /8= 4; /823 ;1A :40 >176/812; 98/< ;76//40823 E182/;G g= = 4/<1
! " #$ # %$ & ' ( ) *+, ( -+./0123 045067/812 15 96:4; 82 /178/? = 1@4> 82/01@A74; B824= 6/87 60/8567/; C 71 04D47/10; C 82/1 /
Διαβάστε περισσότερα4 8 c +t +t - (t +t ) - <t +t < - < t t < + +c ( ) +t + ( ) +t + [ - (t +t )] (t + t ) + t + t t 0 + +c c x i R + (i ΔABC ABC ) x i x i c ABC 0 ABC AC
8 No8Vol JOURNALOF NEIJIANG NORMAL UNIVERSITY * * ( 6499) : ; ; ; ; ; : ; ; DOI:060/jcki-6/z0808006 :G647 :A :67-78(08)08-00-09 0 [4] [] [6] [7] ( ) ( [8] ) [9] [] : [] [] :08-06- : (ZG0464) (ZY600) 06
Διαβάστε περισσότερα#&' ()* #+#, 2 )' #$+34 4 )!' 35+,6 5! *,#+#26 37)*! #2#+#42 %8')* #44+#%$,)88) 9 #,6+-55 $)8) -53+2#5 #6) :&' 2#3+23- ##) :* 232+464 #-) ''7 465+436
! "#$$% #& ()* #+#, -./0*1 2 ) #$+34 4 )! 35+,6 5! *,#+#26 37)*! #2#+#42 %8)* #44+#%$,)88) 9 #,6+-55 $)8) -53+2#5 #6) :& 2#3+23- ##) :* 232+464 #-) 7 465+436 .* &0* 0!*07 ;< =! ))* *0*>!! #6&? @ 8 (? +
Διαβάστε περισσότεραSynthesis of Imines from Amines in Aliphatic Alcohols on Pd/ZrO 2 Catalyst at Ambient Conditions
This journal is The Royal Society of Chemistry 213 Synthesis of Imines from Amines in Aliphatic Alcohols on Pd/ZrO 2 Catalyst at Ambient Conditions Wenjing Cui, a Bao Zhaorigetu,* a Meilin Jia, a and Wulan
Διαβάστε περισσότεραSUPPLEMENTAL INFORMATION. Fully Automated Total Metals and Chromium Speciation Single Platform Introduction System for ICP-MS
Electronic Supplementary Material (ESI) for Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry. This journal is The Royal Society of Chemistry 2018 SUPPLEMENTAL INFORMATION Fully Automated Total Metals and Chromium
Διαβάστε περισσότερα'( )*(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( +
! " # $ %&&' '( )*(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( + %( ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((('& %('(,,
Διαβάστε περισσότεραΑνταλλακτικά για Laptop Lenovo
Ανταλλακτικά για Laptop Lenovo Ημερομηνία έκδοσης καταλόγου: 6/11/2011 Κωδικός Προϊόντος Είδος Ανταλλακτικού Μάρκα Μοντέλο F000000884 Inverter Lenovo 3000 C200 F000000885 Inverter Lenovo 3000 N100 (0689-
Διαβάστε περισσότερα!!" #7 $39 %" (07) ..,..,.. $ 39. ) :. :, «(», «%», «%», «%» «%». & ,. ). & :..,. '.. ( () #*. );..,..'. + (# ).
1 00 3 !!" 344#7 $39 %" 6181001 63(07) & : ' ( () #* ); ' + (# ) $ 39 ) : : 00 %" 6181001 63(07)!!" 344#7 «(» «%» «%» «%» «%» & ) 4 )&-%/0 +- «)» * «1» «1» «)» ) «(» «%» «%» + ) 30 «%» «%» )1+ / + : +3
Διαβάστε περισσότεραSIEMENS Squirrel Cage Induction Standard Three-phase Motors
- SIEMENS Squirrel Cage Induction Standard Three-phase Motors 2 pole 3000 rpm 50Hz Rated current Power Efficiency Rated Ratio Noise Output Frame Speed Weight 3V 400V 415V factor Class 0%Load 75%Load torque
Διαβάστε περισσότερα&,'-- #-" > #'$,"/'3&)##3!0'0#!0#/# 0'0';&'"$8 ''#"&$'!&0-##-""#;-# B
!"#"# $%"&$' ('#')#''$# * +,-""&$'.-,-"#!&"!##/'#')#''$# ** '$#/0'!0#'&!0"#"/#0"## * 1--'/''00#&'232232223#24 *5 ##-'"-&1-$6'#76#!$#0"$8&9-1$" * '$#&$'!&&1:"-#;6"/'-#
Διαβάστε περισσότεραCable Systems - Postive/Negative Seq Impedance
Cable Systems - Postive/Negative Seq Impedance Nomenclature: GMD GMR - geometrical mead distance between conductors; depends on construction of the T-line or cable feeder - geometric mean raduius of conductor
Διαβάστε περισσότεραΤο άτομο του Υδρογόνου
Το άτομο του Υδρογόνου Δυναμικό Coulomb Εξίσωση Schrödinger h e (, r, ) (, r, ) E (, r, ) m ψ θφ r ψ θφ = ψ θφ Συνθήκες ψ(, r θφ, ) = πεπερασμένη ψ( r ) = 0 ψ(, r θφ, ) =ψ(, r θφ+, ) π Επιτρεπτές ενέργειες
Διαβάστε περισσότεραSupplementary Table 1. Primers used for RT-qPCR analysis of striatal and nigral tissue.
Supplementary Table 1. Primers used for RT-qPCR analysis of striatal and nigral tissue. Gene Forward Primer (5-3 ) Reverse Primer (5-3 ) Dopaminergic Markers TH CTG GCC ATT GAT GTA CTG GA ACA CAC ATG GGA
Διαβάστε περισσότεραΓΗ ΚΑΙ ΣΥΜΠΑΝ. Εικόνα 1. Φωτογραφία του γαλαξία μας (από αρχείο της NASA)
ΓΗ ΚΑΙ ΣΥΜΠΑΝ Φύση του σύμπαντος Η γη είναι μία μονάδα μέσα στο ηλιακό μας σύστημα, το οποίο αποτελείται από τον ήλιο, τους πλανήτες μαζί με τους δορυφόρους τους, τους κομήτες, τα αστεροειδή και τους μετεωρίτες.
Διαβάστε περισσότεραK K 1 2 1 K M N M(2 N 1) K K K K K f f(x 1, x 2,..., x K ) = K f xk (x k ), x 1, x 2,..., x K K K K f Yk (y k x 1, x 2,..., x k ) k=1 M i, i = 1, 2 Xi n n Yi n Xn 1 Xn 2 ˆM i P (n) e = {( ˆM 1, ˆM2 )
Διαβάστε περισσότεραA Compilation of Iraqi Constitutions And Comparative Studies of International Human Rights Standards
A Compilation of Iraqi Constitutions And Comparative Studies of International Human Rights Standards Table of Contents Introduction (Arabic)... 1 Introduction (English)...396 Part One: Texts of the Constitutions
Διαβάστε περισσότεραOncoNext Liquid Monitor & Scan 15 γονίδια
Γονίδια AKT1 BRAF EGFR ERBB2 FOXL2 GNA11 GNAQ KIT KRAS MET NRAS Γονίδια που αναλύονται και η συσχέτισή τους με διαφορετικούς τύπους καρκίνου. Μαστού, Πνεύμονα, Ορθοκολικός* Τύποι καρκίνου Μελάνωμα*, Ορθοκολικός
Διαβάστε περισσότεραĐường tròn : cung dây tiếp tuyến (V1) Đường tròn cung dây tiếp tuyến. Giải.
Đường tròn cung dây tiếp tuyến BÀI 1 : Cho tam giác ABC. Đường tròn có đường kính BC cắt cạnh AB, AC lần lượt tại E, D. BD và CE cắt nhau tại H. chứng minh : 1. AH vuông góc BC (tại F thuộc BC). 2. FA.FH
Διαβάστε περισσότερα# $" $ %&&'( ) " %**( " $ ' * %'*('+, '" $ ' " - &&'
! # %&&'( ) %**( ' * %'*(', ' -., ' - &&' & & / 0 / 12*34.5216781 0 // )18*9&7*:4 0 /0 2;!2*)*481'529*1' 0 0 1
Διαβάστε περισσότεραAPPLICATIONS TECHNOLOGY. Leaded Discs N.03 N.06 N.09
NC Disc hermistors ND 03/06/09 NE 03/06/09 NV 06/09 APPLICAIONS ND or NE: Commerical, Industrial and Automotive Applications AEC-Q200 Qualified NV: Professional Applicationsl Alarm and temperature measurement
Διαβάστε περισσότερα! " #$ (!$ )* ' & )* # & # & ' +, #
! " #$ %%%$&$' %$($% (!$ )* ' & )* # & # & ' +, # $ $!,$$ ' " (!!-!.$-/001 # #2 )!$!$34!$ )$5%$)3' ) 3/001 6$ 3&$ '(5.07808.98: 23*+$3;'$3;',;.8/ *' * $
Διαβάστε περισσότεραk k ΚΕΦΑΛΑΙΟ 1 G = (V, E) V E V V V G E G e = {v, u} E v u e v u G G V (G) E(G) n(g) = V (G) m(g) = E(G) G S V (G) S G N G (S) = {u V (G)\S v S : {v, u} E(G)} G v S v V (G) N G (v) = N G ({v}) x V (G)
Διαβάστε περισσότερα!"#$ %&'()' " * " +,
"$ %&'()' " * " +, *,-*./+/0 1,*"23*,* " $%& ' ( ' & ) *+* +, -.. / 0. 1,$ $ 1 ' - 2 3. & ' * 2 +. % %% $, 4.5 $ 1. %,, 6 1 362' $ ' ) ) 1 )7 8359 5 &5 172 $ :. ;' < ( - %. /.& 4.5% / '' 2" 4,= 1)>?@>
Διαβάστε περισσότεραp D (1/(1 q)) = p/p 2 = 1/p
! " #$% & %' () *++, -./0123 2/1456726 8/9:3;. /05< 2/=3 /0 543 93053;
Διαβάστε περισσότεραM p f(p, q) = (p + q) O(1)
l k M = E, I S = {S,..., S t } E S i = p i {,..., t} S S q S Y E q X S X Y = X Y I X S X Y = X Y I S q S q q p+q p q S q p i O q S pq p i O S 2 p q q p+q p q p+q p fp, q AM S O fp, q p + q p p+q p AM
Διαβάστε περισσότεραΙ Ε Θ Ν Ε Σ Ρ Ο Τ Α Ρ Υ Π Ε Ρ Ι Φ Ε Ρ Ε Ι Α 2 4 8 4
Ι Ε Θ Ν Ε Σ Ρ Ο Τ Α Ρ Υ Π Ε Ρ Ι Φ Ε Ρ Ε Ι Α 2 4 8 4 Ε Π Ι Σ Τ Ο Λ Η Δ Ι Ο Ι Κ Η Τ Η Α Υ Γ Ο Υ Σ Τ Ο Σ Μ η ν ι α ί α Ε π ι σ τ ο λ ή ι ο ι κ η τ ή 1 Π ε ρ ι ε χ ό μ ε ν α Σ ε λ ί δ ε ς Τ ο μ ή ν υ μ α τ
Διαβάστε περισσότερα"#$%%!&' ( *+,%%- !%!%!*&."$%%/-0! !%!%4!*&."$((,%/ !%!%(!*&."$,1,$,%/,!%!%"!*&."$"%%%%!!%!%$!*&."$"(,/$!!%!%2!*&."$",%%%/%0 !%!%!*&.
"#$%% &' ( )* *+,%%- %%*&."$%%/-0 %%,*&."$((,%%%/ %%(*&."$,1,$,%/, %%"*&."$"%%%% %%$*&."$"(,/$ %%1*&."$"(%%%/23 %%2*&."$",%%%/%0 %%4*&."$((,%/ %%-*&."$"",%%/4 %%*&."$(%%%/% 56)7)89)7:;8
Διαβάστε περισσότερα(a b) c = a (b c) e a e = e a = a. a a 1 = a 1 a = e. m+n
Z 6 D 3 G = {a, b, c,... } G a, b G a b = c c (a b) c = a (b c) e a e = e a = a a a 1 = a 1 a = e Q = {0, ±1, ±2,..., ±n,... } m, n m+n m + 0 = m m + ( m) = 0 Z N = {a n }, n = 1, 2... N N Z N = {1, ω,
Διαβάστε περισσότερα... * +, . >1 " W1 X &=:C.1 3.% 2 *! > 8. $( >1 $.: " G YJ ZC1 G! 1.
1... #) %# "#$%& '%(! 3 2 1 ()*+, &! # $% &!" 5 6!7 8 9 4 2 3 /$01 &,. 2 =! > 8 3.%
Διαβάστε περισσότερα! "# " #!$ &'( )'&* $ ##!$2 $ $$ 829 #-#-$&2 %( $8&2(9 #."/-0"$23#(&&#
! "# " #!$ %""! &'( )'&* $!"#$% &$'#( )*+#'(,#* /$##+(#0 &1$( #& 23 #(&&# +, -. % ($4 ($4 ##!$2 $567 56 $$ 829 #-#-$&2 %( $8&2(9 #."/-0"$23#(&&# 6 < 6 6 6 66 6< <
Διαβάστε περισσότερα!"# '1,2-0- +,$%& &-
"#.)/-0- '1,2-0- "# $%& &'()* +,$%& &- 3 4 $%&'()*+$,&%$ -. /..-. " 44 3$*)-),-0-5 4 /&30&2&" 4 4 -&" 4 /-&" 4 6 710& 4 5 *& 4 # 1*&.. #"0 4 80*-9 44 0&-)* %&9 4 %&0-:10* &1 0)%&0-4 4.)-0)%&0-44 )-0)%&0-4#
Διαβάστε περισσότεραhttp://www.mathematica.gr/forum/viewtopic.php?f=109&t=15584
Επιμέλεια: xr.tsif Σελίδα 1 ΠΡΟΤΕΙΝΟΜΕΝΕΣ ΑΣΚΗΣΕΙΣ ΓΙΑ ΜΑΘΗΤΙΚΟΥΣ ΔΙΑΓΩΝΙΣΜΟΥΣ ΕΚΦΩΝΗΣΕΙΣ ΤΕΥΧΟΣ 5ο ΑΣΚΗΣΕΙΣ 401-500 Αφιερωμένο σε κάθε μαθητή που ασχολείται ή πρόκειται να ασχοληθεί με Μαθηματικούς διαγωνισμούς
Διαβάστε περισσότεραJ! "#$ %"& ( ) ) ) " *+, -./0-, *- /! /!+12, ,. 6 /72-, 0,,3-8 / ',913-51:-*/;+ 5/<3/ +15;+ 5/<3=9 -!.1!-9 +17/> ) ) &
J! "#$ %"& J ' ( ) ) ) " *+, -./0-, L *- /! /!+12,3-4 % +15,. 6 /72-, 0,,3-8 / ',913-51:-*/;+ 5/01 ',913-51:--
Διαβάστε περισσότεραE62 AC Series Features
E62 AC Features Perfect for non-sinusoidal s and pulsed s. Housed in a hermetically sealed aluminum can which is filled with environmentally friendly plant oil as standard. The integrated overpressure
Διαβάστε περισσότεραOILGEAR TAIFENG. (ml/rev) (bar) (bar) (L/min) (rpm) (kw)
PVWW!"#$ PVWW!"#$%&'()*+!"#$% 12!"#$%&'()*!!"#$%&'(!"#$!"#$%&'()*+!"#$%!!"#!$%&'()*+!"#$%!"!"#$%&'!"#$%&'!"#!"#$%!" SE!"!"#$%&'!"#!"#$%&'!"#$%&'!"#$!"#$!"#$%&'!"#$%&'!"#$%&!"#$%&'!"!"#$%&!"#$%&!"!"#$%!"#$%!"#$%&'(!"#$%&'!!"#!"#!"#$%&!"#$%&'(
Διαβάστε περισσότεραΝόµοςπεριοδικότητας του Moseley:Η χηµική συµπεριφορά (οι ιδιότητες) των στοιχείων είναι περιοδική συνάρτηση του ατοµικού τους αριθµού.
Νόµοςπεριοδικότητας του Moseley:Η χηµική συµπεριφορά (οι ιδιότητες) των στοιχείων είναι περιοδική συνάρτηση του ατοµικού τους αριθµού. Περιοδικός πίνακας: α. Είναι µια ταξινόµηση των στοιχείων κατά αύξοντα
Διαβάστε περισσότερα!"#$ "%&$ ##%&%'()) *..$ /. 0-1$ )$.'-
!!" !"# "%& ##%&%',-... /. -1.'- -13-',,'- '-...4 %. -5"'-1.... /..'-1.....-"..'-1.. 78::8
Διαβάστε περισσότεραMandelamide-Zinc Catalyzed Alkyne Addition to Heteroaromatic Aldehydes
1 Mandelamide-Zinc Catalyzed Alkyne Addition to Heteroaromatic Aldehydes Gonzalo Blay, Isabel Fernández, Alícia Marco-Aleixandre, and José R. Pedro Departament de Química Orgànica, Facultat de Química,
Διαβάστε περισσότεραMarch 14, ( ) March 14, / 52
March 14, 2008 ( ) March 14, 2008 1 / 52 ( ) March 14, 2008 2 / 52 1 2 3 4 5 ( ) March 14, 2008 3 / 52 I 1 m, n, F m n a ij, i = 1,, m; j = 1,, n m n F m n A = a 11 a 12 a 1n a 21 a 22 a 2n a m1 a m2 a
Διαβάστε περισσότερα!"#$%& %'$ %'(&)$*+,$'%& ('#!($*+-.$& '"-#/#!" #$%&'()'&"*!" +,-"!-"#)!" &.% -'/"!&01,!+&"*.%,*+!)+.%
!"#$%& %'$ %'(&)$*+,$'%& ('#!($*+-.$& '"-#/# #.&.(.!. +µ0µ1 #2µ3405!" #$%&'()'&"*!" +,-"!-"#)!" &.% -'/"!&01,!+&"*.%,*+!)+.%.678µ1 : '92µ346 413 %23:;:346 )34134;: %178?8905: ':=@A15 )8µ89@BC2DE25
Διαβάστε περισσότερα# " $! % $ " & "! # '' '!" ' ' ( &! )!! ' ( *+ & '
" # " $ % $ " & " # '' '" ' ' ( & ) ' ( *+ & ' "#$% &% '($&)$'%$ *($+,& #,-%($%./*, -./ "' ' + -0,$1./ 2 34 2 51 2 6.77.8. 9:7 ; 9:.? 9 9@7 9:> 9@>.77 9 9=< 9@>./= 9:=.7: 9=@.7@ 9::.87./>./7
Διαβάστε περισσότεραDC BOOKS. H-ml-c-n-s-b- -p-d-n- -v A-d-n-b-p-w-a-p-¼-v
BÀ. tdmj³ Xn-cp-h-\- -]p-cw kz-tz-in. 2004 ap-xâ [-\-Im-cy ]-{X-{]-hÀ- -\cw-k v. XpS- w Zo-]n-I- Zn-\- -{X- nâ. C-t mä am-xr-`q-an Zn-\- -{X- n-sâ {]-Xnhmc _n-kn\-kv t]pm-b "[-\-Im-cy-' n-sâbpw ssz-\w-zn-\
Διαβάστε περισσότεραEstimation of grain boundary segregation enthalpy and its role in stable nanocrystalline alloy design
Supplemental Material for Estimation of grain boundary segregation enthalpy and its role in stable nanocrystalline alloy design By H. A. Murdoch and C.A. Schuh Miedema model RKM model ΔH mix ΔH seg ΔH
Διαβάστε περισσότεραΤδξάζβεζηνο θαηάιιειε γηα επεκβάζεηο ζε κνξθή πνιηνχ ή ζθφλεο; πγθξηηηθή παξνπζίαζε θπζηθψλ, ρεκηθψλ θαη κεραληθψλ ηδηνηήησλ
Τδξάζβεζηνο θαηάιιειε γηα επεκβάζεηο ζε κνξθή πνιηνχ ή ζθφλεο; πγθξηηηθή παξνπζίαζε θπζηθψλ, ρεκηθψλ θαη κεραληθψλ ηδηνηήησλ Γεσξγία Εαραξνπνχινπ Πνιηηηθόο Μεραληθόο Γξ, Μ.Α., ΤΠΠΟΣ 1. ΠΔΡΗΛΖΦΖ Πξφζθαηεο
Διαβάστε περισσότεραIGCSE Higher Sheet H a-1 Formulae - Answers
Fo use onl in Whigif School IGCSE Highe Shee H-1-0-1 Fomule - Answes = c x s = V + u = (d) x = D = s (f ) p = q u = v (h) R = π Fo use onl in Whigif School Shee H- -0- Fomule-wice - Answes d x = x = m
Διαβάστε περισσότεραΠΕΡΙΟΔΙΚΟΣ ΠΙΝΑΚΑΣ ΣΤΟΙΧΕΙΩΝ
ΠΕΡΙΟΔΙΚΟΣ ΠΙΝΑΚΑΣ ΣΤΟΙΧΕΙΩΝ Περίοδοι περιοδικού πίνακα Ο περιοδικός πίνακας αποτελείται από 7 περιόδους. Ο αριθμός των στοιχείων που περιλαμβάνει κάθε περίοδος δεν είναι σταθερός, δηλ. η περιοδικότητα
Διαβάστε περισσότεραElectronic Supplementary Information
Electronic Supplementary Information The preferred all-gauche conformations in 3-fluoro-1,2-propanediol Laize A. F. Andrade, a Josué M. Silla, a Claudimar J. Duarte, b Roberto Rittner, b Matheus P. Freitas*,a
Διαβάστε περισσότεραSWOT 1. Analysis and Planning for Cross-border Co-operation in Central European Countries. ISIGInstitute of. International Sociology Gorizia
SWOT 1 Analysis and Planning for Cross-border Co-operation in Central European Countries ISIGInstitute of International Sociology Gorizia ! " # $ % ' ( )!$*! " "! "+ +, $,,-,,.-./,, -.0",#,, 12$,,- %
Διαβάστε περισσότεραa; b 2 R; a < b; f : [a; b] R! R y 2 R: y : [a; b]! R; ( y (t) = f t; y(t) ; a t b; y(a) = y : f (t; y) 2 [a; b]r: f 2 C ([a; b]r): y 2 C [a; b]; y(a) = y ; f y ỹ ỹ y ; jy ỹ j ky ỹk [a; b]; f y; ( y (t)
Διαβάστε περισσότεραE62-TAB AC Series Features
NEW! E62-TAB AC Series Features Perfect for non-sinusoidal voltages and pulsed s. Housed in a hermetically sealed aluminum can which is filled with environmentally friendly plant oil as standard. The integrated
Διαβάστε περισσότεραConjoint. The Problems of Price Attribute by Conjoint Analysis. Akihiko SHIMAZAKI * Nobuyuki OTAKE
Conjoint Conjoint The Problems of Price Attribute by Conjoint Analysis Akihiko SHIMAZAKI * Nobuyuki OTAKE +, Conjoint - Conjoint. / 0 PSM Price Sensitivity Measurement Conjoint 1 2 + Conjoint Luce and
Διαβάστε περισσότεραΠΑΝΕΠΙΣΤΗΜΙΟ ΑΙΓΑΙΟΥ ΣΧΟΛΗ ΕΠΙΣΤΗΜΩΝ ΤΗΣ ΙΟΙΚΗΣΗΣ ΠΡΟΓΡΑΜΜΑ ΜΕΤΑΠΤΥΧΙΑΚΩΝ ΣΠΟΥ ΩΝ ΜΕΤΑΠΤΥΧΙΑΚΟ ΙΠΛΩΜΑ ΙΟΙΚΗΣΗΣ ΕΠΙΧΕΙΡΗΣΕΩΝ ΜΕ. Ι..Ε.
ΑΣΚΗΣΗ 1 ΟΜΑ Α 2 Στην ακόλουθη άσκηση σας δίνονται τα έξοδα ανά µαθητή και οι ετήσιοι µισθοί (κατά µέσο όρο) των δασκάλων για 51 πολιτείες της Αµερικής. Τα δεδοµένα είναι για τη χρονιά 1985. Οι µεταβλητές
Διαβάστε περισσότερα..., ISBN: :.!". # -. $, %, 1983 &"$ $ $. $, %, 1988 $ $. ## -. $, ', 1989 (( ). '. ') "!$!. $, %, 1991 $ 1. * $. $,.. +, 2001 $ 2. $. $,, 1992 # $!
!! " 007 : ISBN: # $! % :!" # - $ % 983 &"$ $ $ $ % 988 $ $ ## - $ ' 989 (( ) ' ') "!$! $ % 99 $ * $ $ + 00 $ $ $ 99!! " 007 -!" % $ 006 ---- $ 87 $ (( %( %(! $!$!" -!" $ $ %( * ( *!$ "!"!* "$!$ (!$! "
Διαβάστε περισσότεραΝΟΜΟΣ ΤΗΣ ΠΕΡΙΟ ΙΚΟΤΗΤΑΣ : Οι ιδιότητες των χηµικών στοιχείων είναι περιοδική συνάρτηση του ατοµικού τους αριθµού.
1. Ο ΠΕΡΙΟ ΙΚΟΣ ΠΙΝΑΚΑΣ Οι άνθρωποι από την φύση τους θέλουν να πετυχαίνουν σπουδαία αποτελέσµατα καταναλώνοντας το λιγότερο δυνατό κόπο και χρόνο. Για το σκοπό αυτό προσπαθούν να οµαδοποιούν τα πράγµατα
Διαβάστε περισσότερα!""#$%!& '% ("#% )'*+, &,!" &, ' %!'"!" &"#"-(5-1-,!&
!""#$%!& '% ("#% )'*+, "!,'--"!!./%&-'012'& "-')'3"4',"'""-,, &,!" &, 3. - 5 1 ' %!'"!" &"#"-(5-1-,!&,'--1'#". -'!! "--''!,. 3,"'%'%,,-" '4!, 5 #" "!, '%& " 3--& " 4'%! "#!6,%3 "#!3 ",%3 2,-! "#13 '& "#%-,&"#-"-,"-!3&-',,3"
Διαβάστε περισσότεραSupplementary materials. Mode Analysis. Matthias M. N. Wolf, Christian Schumann, Ruth Groß, Tatiana Domratcheva 1 and Rolf. Diller
Supplementary materials Ultrafast Infrared Spectroscopy of Riboflavin: Dynamics, Electronic Structure, and Vibrational Mode Analysis Matthias M. N. Wolf, Christian Schumann, Ruth Groß, Tatiana Domratcheva
Διαβάστε περισσότεραCMOS Technology for Computer Architects
CMOS Technology for Computer Architects Iakovos Mavroidis Giorgos Passas Manolis Katevenis Lecture 13: On chip SRAM Technology FORTH ICS / EURECCA & UoC GREECE ABC A A E F A BCDAECF A AB C DE ABCDAECF
Διαβάστε περισσότεραSchedulability Analysis Algorithm for Timing Constraint Workflow Models
CIMS Vol.8No.72002pp.527-532 ( 100084) Petri Petri F270.7 A Schedulability Analysis Algorithm for Timing Constraint Workflow Models Li Huifang and Fan Yushun (Department of Automation, Tsinghua University,
Διαβάστε περισσότεραMetal-free Oxidative Coupling of Amines with Sodium Sulfinates: A Mild Access to Sulfonamides
Electronic Supplementary Material (ESI) for RSC Advances. This journal is The Royal Society of Chemistry 2014 Supporting information for Metal-free Oxidative Coupling of Amines with Sodium Sulfinates:
Διαβάστε περισσότερα!"###$ "%&' ()() ($"& *)!""+"$"& #)*!"%",""*) # "*) #&-*&*$-# *&(&."# *)/0.1 *!(-%"$2 -*&*$-#%- *&&%"#"-!*&#* $ # "3#*,$&-*&*$-#
!"###$ "%&' ()() ($"& *)!""+"$"& #)*!"%",""*) # "*) #&-*&*$-# *&(&."# *)/0.1 *!(-%"$2 -*&*$-#%- *&&%"#"-!*&#* $ # "3#*,$&-*&*$-# 4556 ''*."% 777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777 #8. (&9%,*.#:"%*)!"
Διαβάστε περισσότεραCarolina Bernal, Frédéric Christophoul, Jean-Claude Soula, José Darrozes, Luc Bourrel, Alain Laraque, José Burgos, Séverine Bès de Berc, Patrice Baby
Gradual diversions of the Rio Pastaza in the Ecuadorian piedmont of the Andes from 1906 to 2008: role of tectonics, alluvial fan aggradation and ENSO events Carolina Bernal, Frédéric Christophoul, Jean-Claude
Διαβάστε περισσότεραJ. Dairy Sci. 93: doi: /jds American Dairy Science Association, 2010.
Supplementary Table 1. Primers and PCR conditions used for the amplification of the goat SCD1 cdna (PCR1 to PCR6) and three SCD1 polymorphic regions (PCR7 to PCR9) PCR Primers Sequence Position 1 Thermal
Διαβάστε περισσότεραΗΛΙΑΣΚΟΣ ΦΡΟΝΤΙΣΤΗΡΙΑ. Θετικής - Τεχνολογικής Κατεύθυνσης Μαθηματικά Γ Λυκείου Ολοκληρώματα ΥΠΗΡΕΣΙΕΣ ΠΑΙΔΕΙΑΣ ΥΨΗΛΟΥ ΕΠΙΠΕΔΟΥ ΣΤΕΦΑΝΟΣ ΗΛΙΑΣΚΟΣ
ΗΛΙΑΣΚΟΣ ΦΡΟΝΤΙΣΤΗΡΙΑ ΥΠΗΡΕΣΙΕΣ ΠΑΙΔΕΙΑΣ ΥΨΗΛΟΥ ΕΠΙΠΕΔΟΥ Θετικής - Τεχνολογικής Κατεύθυνσης Μαθηματικά Γ Λυκείου Ολοκληρώματα ΣΤΕΦΑΝΟΣ ΗΛΙΑΣΚΟΣ e-mil: info@iliskos.gr www.iliskos.gr Fl] = f]! D G] = F]
Διαβάστε περισσότεραAppendix B Table of Radionuclides Γ Container 1 Posting Level cm per (mci) mci
3 H 12.35 Y β Low 80 1 - - Betas: 19 (100%) 11 C 20.38 M β+, EC Low 400 1 5.97 13.7 13 N 9.97 M β+ Low 1 5.97 13.7 Positrons: 960 (99.7%) Gaas: 511 (199.5%) Positrons: 1,199 (99.8%) Gaas: 511 (199.6%)
Διαβάστε περισσότεραHeterobimetallic Pd-Sn Catalysis: Michael Addition. Reaction with C-, N-, O-, S- Nucleophiles and In-situ. Diagnostics
Supporting Information (SI) Heterobimetallic Pd-Sn Catalysis: Michael Addition Reaction with C-, N-, -, S- Nucleophiles and In-situ Diagnostics Debjit Das, a Sanjay Pratihar a,b and Sujit Roy c * a rganometallics
Διαβάστε περισσότερα