DC BOOKS. H-ml-c-n-s-b- -p-d-n- -v A-d-n-b-p-w-a-p-¼-v

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1 BÀ. tdmj³ Xn-cp-h-\- -]p-cw kz-tz-in ap-xâ [-\-Im-cy ]-{X-{]-hÀ- -\cw-k v. XpS- w Zo-]n-I- Zn-\- -{X- nâ. C-t mä am-xr-`q-an Zn-\- -{X- n-sâ {]-Xnhmc _n-kn\-kv t]pm-b "[-\-Im-cy-' n-sâbpw ssz-\w-zn-\ km-¼ n-i hmà - I-fp-sSbpw G-tIm]-\w \nàæ-ln- p- p. Xn-cp-h-\- -]p-cw amàc-hm\n-tbm-kv tim-f-pnâ\n- v am-kv I-ayq-Wn-t -j-\nâ _n-cp-zhpw a[p-c Im-a-cm-Pv bqwn-th-gv-kn-än-bnâ\n- v tpà-w-en-k- nâ _n-cp-zm-\- -c _n-cp-zhpw t\-sn-bn-«p- v. am-xm-]n-xm- Ä: Fw.F. d-low, Fw. D-ss_-Z v. `m-cy: \-n^ve. k-tlm-z-c- Ä: d-^o v, dpo-\ dmwn. hn-emkw: d-ò- v, 32, hn-im-kv \-KÀ, A-¼-e -d, Xn-cp-h-\- -]p-cw þ C-þsa-bnÂ: roshan36@gmail.com

2 DÅS w H-ml-c-n-s-b- -p-d-n- -v A-d-n-b-p-w-a-p-¼-v k¼ -n-t-e- -p-å hg-n F -p-s-i-m -v H-m-l-c-n? s-k³-s-k-i-vk-p-w \-n-^-v-ä-nb-p-w C-I-z-nä-n H-m-l-c-n-b-p-w {-]-n-^-d³k-v H-m-l-c-n-b-p-w s-f.]-n.h. a-n-i- A-hk-c-w s-f.]-n.h. X-n-c-s-ª-S-p -pt-¼-mä e-nk-v-ä-n -p-w U-o-e-n-k-v-ä-n -p-w H-ml-c-n-IÄ h-m -m-w, h-nâ -m-w H-ml-c-n \-n-t- -]-w X-p-S- -m³ s-n-e-h-p-if-p-w \-n-i-p-x-n-if-p-w h-ni-ie-\ -ne-qs-s H-ml-c-n X-n-c-s-ª-S-p -m-w I¼\-n-b-p-s-S k-m-¼- -n-i-ø-n-x-n A-d-n-b-m-w H-ml-c-n-I-f-p-s-S a-q-e-y-w A-d-n-b-m³ I-mf-If-p-w I-c-S-n-I-f-p-w H-mlc-nIÄ F-t- -mä h-m W-w? F-t- -mä h-nâ- W-w?»-qN-n]-v H-m-l-c-na-p-XÂ k-v-s-]-i-y-p-t-e-ä-oh-v H-m-l-c-nh-s-c A-[-n-I-h-c-p-a-m-\-w hc-p- hg-n t-_-mwk-v H-m-l-c-n-If-p-w A-hI-m-i H-m-l-c-n-If-p-w H-m-l-c-n- h-n`p\-w I¼\-n-IÄXs- H-m-l-c-n-IÄ a-s- -n-h-m- -p-t-¼-mä h-n]-w-n-s-b k-z-m-[-o-\-n- -p- L-S-I Ä

3 \ãk-m[-y-x I-p-d-b-v- -m-w H-ml-c-nI-f-ns-e h-y-m-]-m-ch-p-w \-n-t- -]h-p-w \-nt- -]-X-{- - Ä B-k-q-{-X-W-w s-n- -m-w t-i-m-s-n-iä t-\s-m-w-, B-k-q-{-XW- -n-e-q-s-s H-m -s-s-e-\-mb-p-w s-a-m-s-s-_-e-n-e-q-s-sb-p-w h-y-m]-mc-w t-\-«-n-s-\-m- -w \-n-i-p-x-n C-fh-p-w k-a-b-a-n-t-ã...? CX-m a-y-q-n-zâ ^ -v DbÀ- h-c-p-a-m-\- -mà -v t-]-mà«-v-t-^-mf-nt-b-m a-m-t-\-p-v-s-aâ-v h-nt-z-i C- -y- -mà -p-w \-n-t- -]-n -m-w ]-c-mx-n-t-b-m...? C-X-m ]-c-n-l-mc-w ]- -p Iev-]-\-IÄ A\p_Ôw _-n-f-k-v-c-b-n-s-e {-][-m-\ H-ml-c-n k-q-n-n-iiä F³-F-k-v-C-b-ns-e {-][-m-\ H-m-l-c-n k-q-n-n-iiä s-k³-s-k-i-v-k-v HmlcnIÄ \-n-^-v-ä-n- H-m-l-c-nIÄ _-n-f-k-v-c 100 kqnnibnse HmlcnIÄ k-n-f³-f-i-v-k-v 100 kqnnibnse HmlcnIÄ _-n-fk-v-c s-]-m-x-p-t-aje-m k-qn-n-i t-i-c-f- -nâ\-n- -p-å e-n-ì-u-v I-¼-\-nIÄ c-m-p-o-h-v K-mÔ-n H-ml-c-n k-¼-m-z-y ]²-X-n {-]-I-mc-w \nt ]n mh-p- s-]-m-x-p-t-aj-e-m Ø-m-]-\- Ä C- -y-b-n-s-e k-v-t-ä-m- -v F-I-v-k-v-t-N- -p-iä t-e-m-i- -n-s-e {-][-m-\ t-ì-m- -v F-I-v-k-v-t-N- -p-iä C -y-b-n-s-e a-y-q-n-zâ ^- -v Ø-m-]-\ Ä Abbreviations

4 Ba-pJ-w k-¼- -v I-c-p-X-ns-h- -p- a-mà- - -s-f- -p-d-n- -p N-n- -n- -p-t-¼-mä aeb-m-f-n- -p a-p- -nâ _-m- -v Ø-n-c\-n-t- -]h-p-w kzà h-p-w d-n-bâ F-t-Ìä-p-w a-m-{-x-t-a s-x-f-n-b-m-d-p-å-q. I-m-e-w N-n- -s-b- -mä t-h-k- -nâ a-p-t- -d-p-i-b-m-w-v. \-n-t- -]- -f-p-s-s I-m-c-y- -nâ a-e-b-m-f-n a-m-d-n- N-n -n- -t- - I-m-e-w F-t- IS- -pt-]-m-b-n. H-m-lc-n-, a-y-q-n-zâ ^- -v F- -nh t-]-m-e-p-å \-nt- -]a-mà- - -s-f- -p-d-n- -p-å A-d-n-h-v a-e-b-m-f-n- -v C\-nb-p-w A-\-y-a-m-W-v. A-t-a-c-n- -b-ne-p-w aä-p h-n-ik-n-xc-m-p-y -f-ne-ps-a-m-s- 50 i-x-a-m-\- -n-t-es-d t-]c-p-w C -c-w \-n-t- -]-a-mà - s-f- `-m-h-n-b-m-b-n I- -v I-m-c-y- Ä B-k-q-{-X-W-w s-n- -p- -h-c-mw-v. a-e-b-m-f-n-i-f-nâ N-n-e-s-c- -n-e-p-w H-c-p ]-c-o- -W-s-a- \-n-e-b-ne-mw-v H-m-l-c-n\-n-t- -]- -n-\-n-d- -p X-v. F- -mâ t-h -{-X A-d-n-h-nÃ-m-b-v-a N-n-e-t- -mä A-h-c-p-s-S s-s-i-s-]-m-å-n- -p -p. F- -ps-i-m- -v C-X-p k-w`h-n- -p -p F- - v a-\-ê-n-e-m- -m³ X- -m-d-m-i-m-s-x "C-Xv F-s-â ]-W-n-bÃ' F- N-n- -b-nâ A-hÀ ]-n- -os-v a-m-d-n\-s- -p-i-b-mw-v. hf-s-c t-hk- -nâ ]-W-w s-]-c-p- -n- -m-\-p-å a-mà- -aã H-ml-c-n F- -v BZ-y-wX-s- ]-d-bs-«. h-n-]-w-ns-b- -p-d-n -p-w \-n- Ä "h-m- -m-\-p-t-±-i-n- -p- I-¼\-n-'- s-b- -p-d-n -p-w I-r-X-y-a-m-b-n a-\-ê-n-e-m- -n \-n-t- -]-w \-S- -n-b-mâ H-mlc-n i-c-n -p-w k¼- -v k-r-ã-n- -p- \-n-t- -]a-m-b-n a-m-d-p-s-a- I-m-c-y- -nâ k-wi-b-w t-h. I-p-ª-p- -m-f-nâ s-s-k- -nä N-h-n-«-m³ ]-T-n- -p-t-¼-mä h-o-w-v s-s-i- I-m-e-p-IÄ a-p-d-n-b-m- -h-c-p- -m-h-nã. A-X-p-t-]-m-s-eX-s- -b-mwv H-mlc-n \-n-t- -]-h-p-w. ]-X-n-sb -X-n-s-b a-\-ê-n-e-m- -n a-p-t- -d-p-i-b-m-w-p t-h Xv. BZ-y-w N-n-e-t- -mä s-nd-n-b \-ã- -f-p- -m-t-b- -m-w. A-X-n-\-mÂ s-s-ib-n-e-p-å ]-W-w a-p-g-p-h³ B-Z-y-t-a F-S-p -v H-m-l-c-n-b-nÂ C-d-t- -. H-ml-c-nh-n-]-W-n-b-ns-e H-mt-c-m h-o-g-v-nb-p-w \-n-t- -]- -n-\-p-å A-hkc- -f-m- -n a-m-ä-m-w. H-ml-c-n\-n-t- -]-w Z-oÀ-L-I-m-e-b-f-h-nÂ a-n-i- h-c-pa-m\-w \Â-I-p- -X-m-W-v. ]t, a-ni- H-ml-c-n I-s- - -n \-n-t- ]-w \-S- -nb-x-ps-i-m- -pa-m-{-x-w X-oÀ- -nã. I-r-X-yk-ab- -v h-nâ- -m\-p-w I-g-n-s-ª- -nâ a-m-{-xt-a H-ml-c-n \-n-t- -]-w e-m-`-i-c-a-mb-n a-m-d-p-ib-på-q. A-X-n-\-v \-n-c- -c-w A-X-n-s-\- -p-d-n- -v a-\-ê-n-e-m -n-s- -m -nc-n -p-i-b-mw-p t-h- X-v. H-m-l-c-n-s-b- -p-d-n- -v A-d-n-b-m³ e-`-n- -p- H-c-h-k-ch-p-w H-c-p \-n-t- -]-I-\-p-w ]-m-g-m- -c-px-v. 9

5 v H-ml-c-n-s-b- -p-d-n- -v A-d-n-b-p-w-a-p-¼-v \-mâ]x-p-i-f-p-s-s X-p-S- - -n-e-m-b-n-c-n- W-w-, A -s- ]- -p-h-b- Ê-p-I-m-c³ _^-n A-t-a-c-n- -b-n-s-e H-a-m-l-b-nÂ\-n -v \-y-q-t-b-mà- -v k-n-ä-n I-m-W-m³ t-]-mb-n; ] -p \-½-p-s-S \-m-«-n³]-pd- -f-nâ\-n -p-w a-l-m-\-k-c-a-mb t-_-m-w-s-_-b-v- -v t-]-m-i-p-w-t-]-ms-e. \-y-q-t-b-mà- -v \-K-c- -nâ X-e-b-p-bÀ- -n \-nâ- -p- k-v-ä-m-n-y-p H-m-^-v e-n-_à«-n-t-b-m F-w-]bÀ t-ì-ä-v _-nâ-u-nt- -m-, {-_-q-i-ve-n³ ]-m-et-a-m a-y-q-k-n-b-t-a-m a-rk- -i-m-et-b-m s-s-s-w-k-v k-v-i-z-bt-d-m H- -p-w _^-n-s-b ]-n-s-n- -p-\-nà- -n-b-nã. Ahs-â I- -p-i-f-p-s- -nb-x-v a-s-ä-m- -n-e-m-b-n-c-p -pþþþa-t-a-c-n- - b-ps-s [-\-I-m-c-y k-nc-m-t-i-{-μa-mb h-mä k- -{-S-o-ä-ns-e \-y-q-t-b-mà- - v tìm -v F-I-v-k-v-t-N- -n-s-â s-i-«-n-s-w Ah-\-v hã-m-s-xb- -v t-_-m-[-n -p. A-h³ G-s-d t-\-c-w s-i-«-ns-s- t-\-m- -n \-n -p. A-Ñ-t-\-m-S-v k-w-i-b- Ä t-n-m-z-n- -p. I-p-ª-p-a-\-Ê-n-\-v a-\-ê-n-e-m-i-p- c-o-x-n-b-nâ A-Ñ³ a-d-p]-s-n s-i-m-s-p -p. [-r-x-n-b-nâ s-i-«-n-s- -n-t-e- -p h-c-n-ib-p-w t-]-m-h-p-i-b-p-w s-n- -p- -hs-cb-p-w s-i-«-n-s- -n-\-p a-p- -n-s-e t-\-m-«-o-kv t-_-mà-uv t-\-m -n IW- -p I-q-«-n X-e ]-p-i-b-v- -p- -h-s-cb-p-w I- -v B N-n-{-X-w a-\-ê-nâ a-m-b-m-s-x h-c- -n«-v A-h³ \-m-«-n-t-e- -p a-s- -n. B I-p-«-n-b-mW-v ]-n- -os-v t-e-m-i-w I- G-äh-p-w a-ni- H-m-l-c-n \-n-t- -]-I-\-m-b-n a-md-n-b h-m-d³ F-t-U-zÀ-U-v _-s-^-ä-v. H-ml-c-n \-n-t- -]- -n-e-q-s-s t-e-m-i- -n-s-e Gäh-p-w he-nb t-i-m-s-o-i-z-c-\-m-b-n a-m-d-nb- _s^-äv C -v H-ml-c-n \-n-t- - ]- -n-s-âb-p-w A-X-n-s-â X-{- - -f-p-ssbpw {-]-X-n-c-q-]-a-m-W-v. I-p-ª-p- -m-f-nâ ]-n-x-m-h-n-s-â t-ì-m- -v t-{-_-m- -n-m-v I-¼-\-n-b-nÂ t-]-m-b-n-c-n- -p- -X-v _s^-ä-v G-s-d B-k-z-Z-n- -n-c-p -p. H-ml-c-n h-n-]-w-nb-ns-e I-b-ä-n-d- - -f-p-s-s l-c-w A- -px-s- A-t-±-l- -n-s-â R-c- ¼-pI-s-f {-X-k-n- -n- -n-c-n- W-w. ]-W-a-p- -m- -p- I-m-c-y- -ne-p-w I-p-«-nb-m-b-n-c-p- _s^-äv a-n-s-p- -\-m-b-n-c-p -p. a-p- Ñ-s-â ]-e-nc- -pi-s-b-nâ k-m-[-\- Ä F-S-p -p-s-i-m-s-p- -m³ \-n -p-w k-p-l-r- -p- Ä- - v t-i-mf h-nä-p-w A-h³ ]-W-a-p- -m- -n. A-X-ph-s-c k-z-c-p- -q-«-n-s-h- -n-c-p- ]-W-w D-]-t-b-m-K-n- v ]X-n-s-\-m -m-w h-b-ê-nâ B-Z-ys- H-ml-c-n h-m -n. "k-n-ä-o-kv kà-h-o-kkv-' F- I-¼- \-n-b-p-s-s a-q -v H-m-l-c-n-IÄ h-m- -n-s- -m- -m-b-n-c-p- -p H-ml-c-n \-n-t- - ]- -n-\-v X-p-S- -a-n-«x-v. s-s-l-k-v-i-q-f-n-s-e- -n-b-t- -mä ]-{-X-h-n-Xc-W-w 11

6 Hmlcn\nt ]w: Adntb sxãmw \-S- -nb-p-w t-k-mä-^-v t-_-mä h-n-ä-p-w A-h³ k-¼-m-z-n- -p X-pS -n. ]-X-n-\-me-m-w h-b-ê-nâ 40 G- À `-q-a-n k-z- -a-m -n. A-X-v s-hd-p-t-xb-n-s-ms-x h-m-s-i-b-v- -v \Â-I-n h-m-s-i-h-c-p-a-m-\-w t-\s-n. C-X-n-\-ns-S-, ]-nx-m-h-n-s-â _-n-k-n-\-ê-ne-p-w \-n-t- -]-w \-S -n. ]-X-n-\-m-e-ma-s- h-b-ê-nâ BZ-y-a-m-b-n B-Z-m-b-\-n-I-p-X-n d-n-t-«-w-p-w ^-bâ s-n-b-v-x-p. A- s-\-, A-t-a-c-n- -b-n-s-e {-]-m-b-w I-pdª \-n-i-p-x-nz-m-b-i-\-m-b-n. _-n-k-n\-k-v A-U-v-a-n-\-n-k-v-t-{-S-j-\-nÂ _-n-c-p-z-w t-\s-n-bt-ij-w s-i-mf-w-_-n-b kà-æ-i-e-m-i-m-e-b-nâ D- -X-]T-\- -n-\-v A-hk-c-w I-n«-nb-Xv _s^-ä-n-s-â P-o-h-n-X- -n-s-e h-g-n- -n-c-n-h-mb-n. t-e-m-i-w I- Gäh-p-w a-ni- H-ml-c-n A-\-e-n-k-v-ä-p-If-m-b s-_- -a-n³ {-K-l-m-w-, t-u-h-n-u-v t-u-mu-v F -n-hà A- -me- -v s-i-m-f-w_-n-b kà-æi-e-m-i-m-e-b-nâ A-[-y-m-]-I-c-m-b-n-c-p -p. A-h-c-p-s-S I-o-g-nÂ ]T-n- -m³ I-g-n-ª-Xv \-n-t- - ]-X-{- - -f-p-s-s B-g- -f-d-n-b-m³ _s^-ä-n-s-\ G-s-d k-l-m-b-n- -p. ]T-\-t-i-j-w I-p-d- -p-\-mä ]-n-x-m-h-n-s-â I-¼-\-n-b-nÂ t-p-m-e-n s-nbvx _s^-ä-v ]-n- -o-s-v k-z- -w I¼-\-n X-p-S- -p-ib-p-w A-X-n-s-\ h-n-p-b- -ns-e- -n- -p-ib-p-ws-n-b-vx-p. \-n-t- -]- -f-p-s-s K-X-n-h-n-K-X-n-IÄ X-n-c-n- -d-n-ª-v I-m-e -n-s-\-m- -v \-o- -n-b _s^ä-v 2008þÂ t-e-m-i- -n-s-e G-äh-p-w he-n-b k-¼- -\-p-a-m-b-n. 6-,200 t-i-m-s-n t-u-m-f-d-ns-â (G-X-m -v 3.80 e- -w t-i-m-s-n c-q-]-) B-k-v-X-n-b-p-a-m-b-m-W-v "H-a-m-l-b-n-s-e Ej-n-' F- -d-n-b-s- -S-p- A-t-±-l-w t-^-mà-_-v-k-v a-m-k-n-i-b-p-s-s i-x-t-i-m-s-o-i-zc- -«-n-i-b-nâ {-]-Y-a Ø-m-\-s- - -n-bxv. B-Z-y-a-m-b-m-Wv H-ml-c-n \-nt- ] c-w-k- -p-å-s-b-m-c-mä C-u Ø-m-\-s- - -p- Xv. s-s-a-t-{-i-m-t-k-m^vä-ns-â Ø-m-]-I\-m-b _-nâ t-k-äv-kv 13 hà-j-w X-p-SÀ- -b-m-b-n s-s-i-h-i-w-s-h- H -m-w Ø-m-\-a-m-W-v 2008þÂ _-s-^-ä-n-s-â s-s-i-i-f-n-s-e- -n-bx-v. H-ml-c-n\-n-t- -]- -n-e-q-s-s ]-W-a-p- -m- -p -X-v H-c-p I-e-b-m- -n a-m-ä-n-b-x-n-\-v a-n-i-s- -m-c-p D-Z-m-lc-W-w ]-d-b-m³ h-m-d³ _-s-^-ä-n-s-\- -mä a-s-ä-m-c-p t-]-c-nã. H-m-l-c-n-s-b s-hd-p-s-a-m-c-p \-n-t- -]-w a-m-{-x-a-m-b-n I-m-W-ms-X-, H-ml-c-n h-n-]-w-n-s-b- -p-d-n- -v B-g- -nâ a-\-ê-n-e-m- -p- Ib-p-w a-n-i- \-nt- -]X-{- - Ä k-z-o-i-c-n- -p-ib-p-w s-n-b-v-x-mâ BÀ -p-w t-i-m-s-o-i-z-c-\-m-i-m-s-a- -v _s^-ä-v s-x-f-n-b-n -p. t-e-m-i-c-m-p-y- -f-p-s-s C.k-n.P-n. {-K-m-^-m-W-v C -v H-ml-c-n h-n-]-w-nb-ns-e I-b-ä-n-d- - Ä. 1990þIÄ- -p a-p-¼-phs-c H-ml-c-n h-n]-w-n F -X-v C- -y-b-n-s-e k-m-[-m-c-w- -mc-s-â P-o-h-nX-s- t-\-c-n-«-p _-m-[-n- -n-c-p- -nã. AX-p-s-I-m- -px-s- A-h-n-s-S F- -p k-w-`-h-n- -p- -p-s-h- -X-v a-m-[-y-a- Ä-t- -m k-m-[-m-c-w-p-\- Ät- -m X-m-X-v-]-c-y-a-p-Å I-m-c-y-a-m-b-n-c-p- -nã. F- -mâ 90þI-f-nÂ C- -y D-Z-m-c-h-Xv-I-c-W- -n-s-â ]-m-x-b-n-t-e- -v IS- -t-x-m-s-s c-m-p-ys- H-ml-c-n h-n]-w-n h-f-c-m³ X-pS- -p-i-b-m-b-n-c-p -p. C -X-v \-½-p-s-S k-¼-z-v-l-s-\-b-p-s-s A-fh-pt-I-m-e-m-b-n a-m-d-n-b-n-c-n- -p- -p. 12

7 v F -p-s-i-m -v H-m-l-c-n? _-m- -v Ø-n-c-\-n-t- ]-w-, t-]-m-ì-v H-m-^-ok-v t-k-h-n-m-v-k-v k-v-i-o-w-, t-{-]-m-h-n- Uâv ^ v-, t-zi-o-b k-¼-m-z-y ]-²X-n-, I-S- -{-X- Ä X-pS- -n h-y-x-ykvxa-mb H-t-«-s-d \-n-t- -]-a-mà- - Ä e-`-y-a-mwv. F- -mâ C-hb-n-s-e-m-s- t-\-«-w ]-c-n-a-n-x-a-m-wv. ]-e-t- -mg-p-w 10 i-x-a-m-\- -n-\-p- X-m-s-g-b-m-W-v C-hb-p-s-S h-màj-n-i ]-e-n-i. C³-j-p-d³k-v-, s-]³-j³ ^ -v-, s-u-_-v-ä-v a-y-q-n-zâ ^- -v F- -n-h-b-p-s-s I-m-c-yh-p-w h-y-x-y-k-v-x-aã. 1980þ2013 I-m-e-b-f-h-nÂ _-m- -v Ø-n-c-\-n-t- -]- -n-s-â i-c-mi-c-n h-màj-n-i ]-e-n-i 8.75 i-x-a-m-\-w a-m-{-x-a-mw-v. C-\-n kzà - -n-s-â I-m-c-y-s-a-S-p- -p-i-b-m-s-w -n-t-e-m. H-c-p ]-h³ kzà - -n-s-â i-c-mi-c-n h-màj-n-i h-n-ehà[-\ 9.63 i-x-a-m-\-a-m-w-v. Z-oÀ-L-I-m-e-b-f-h-nÂ d-n-bâ F-t-Ì-äv \-n-t- -]-w ]-e {-]-t-z-i- -f-ne-p-w D-bÀ- a-q-e-[-\-h-fà- t-\-s-n-s- -m-s-p- -n-«-p- -v. F- -mâ-, I-p-d-ª a-p-xâ-a-p-s- -nâ `-qa-nt-b-m h-ot-s-m ^-v-f-m-t-ä-m h-m- -m³ I-g-n-b-m- Ah-Ø-b-m-W-p-ÅX-v. d-n-bâ F-k-v-t-ä-ä-v \-n-t- -]- -n-\-v e- - Ä X-s- t-h- -n-h-c-p-w. \-K-c- -f-ne-p-w ]-«-W- -f-ne-p-w {-]-m- -{-]-t-z-i- - f-ne-p-s-a-m-s- H-c-p s-kâ-v `-q-a-n- -v A -p-w ] -p-w e- -w c-q-]-b-m-w-v Gäh-p-w I-pdª h-n-e. {-K-m-a- -f-nât-]-me-p-w s-i-m-s-p -W-w e- Ä. a-m{-xaã-, h-n-ä-p ]-W-a-m- -n a-m-ä-m-\-p-å I-m-e-X-m-a-k-a-m-Wv d-n-bâ F-t-Ìä- \-n-t- -]- -n-s-â a-s-ä-m-c-p t-]-m-c-m-b-v-a. i-c-mic-n G-äh-p-w I-p-dª-X-v a-q- -p a-m-k-s-a- -n-e-p-s-a-s-p -p-w H-c-p Ø-et-a-m h-ot-s-m h-n-ä-v ]-W-a-m- -m³. C-h-n-s-S-b-mW-v H-m-l-c-n-b-p-s-S {-]-kà-n. F-{-X I-p-d-ª a-p-xâ-a-p-s- -ne-p-w \-n-t- -]-w X-p-S- -m-w. H-c-p X-p-S- - -mc-s-\ k-w-_-ô-n- -n-st- -m-f-w G-s-d {-]-t-b-m-p-\-i-ca-m-b \-n-t- -]-a-mà- -a-m-w-v H-m-lc-n. a-m{-xaã-, H-c-p I-¼-\-n-b-p-s-S h-fà- -b-nâ ]- -m-f-n-b-m-i-m-\-p-å A-h-kc-a-mW-v H-ml-c-n \-n-t- -]- -n-e-qs-s H-m-l-c-n-D-S-a-b-v- -v s-s-i-h-c-p- -X-v. at-ä-s-x-m-c-p \-n-t- -]-a-mà- h-p-w \Â-I-n-b-n-«-nÃ-m -{-X B-IÀ-j-Ia-m-b t-\-«-a-m-w-v Z-oÀ-L-I-m-e-b-f-h-nÂ H-ml-c-n h-n]-w-n \-n-t- -]-IÀ- -v t-\s-ns- -m-s-p- -n-«-p-å-x-v a-p-xâ 2013 h-s-c-b-p-å I-m-e-b-f-h-nÂ _-nfk-vc s-k³-s-k-i-v-k-v k-q-n-n-i-b-ns-e H-m-l-c-n-I-f-n-e-p-Å \-n-t- - ]- -n-\-p- e-`-n- i-c-mi-c-n h-màj-n-it-\-«-w 17 i-x-a-m-\-a-m-w-v. 1979þÂ 19

8 v v v v s-k³-s-k-i-vk-p-w \-n-^-v-ä-nb-p-w H-m-l-c-n-I-f-p-s-S h-m- e-p-w h-nâ-]-\b-p-w \-S- -p- kt- -Xa-mWv t-ì-m - F-I-v-k-v-t-N -v. t-_-m-w-s-_ tìm- -v F-I-v-k-v-t-N- -v (_-n.fk-v.c-)-, \-mj- WÂ tìm- -v F-I-v-k-v-t-N -v (F³.F-k-v.C-) F- -n-h-b-m-w-v C- -yb-ns-e c- -v k-p-{-][-m-\ H-ml-c-n h-y-m]-m-c F-I-v-k-v-t-N- -piä. H-m-l-c-n- I-f-p-s-S Bhi-y- -n-\-p-w h-n-x-c-w- -n\-p-w A\-p-k-c-n- -v H-mt-c-m H-m-l-c-n-b-p-sSbpw h-n-e I-b-d-n-b-n-d- -p -p. C-X-n-s-â A-S-n-Ø-m-\- -nâ h-n]-w-n a-p-i-f-n-t-e- -v I-p-X-n- -p-it-b-m X-m-t-g- -v ]-X-n- -p-it-b-m s-n -p-w. t-_-m-w-s-_ tìm- -v F-I-v-k-v-t-N -v G-j-y-b-n-s-e G-ä-h-p-w ]-g- -w-s-n- t-ì-m- -v F-I-v-k-v-t-N- -m-w-v t-_-m-ws-_ tìm- - v F-I- -k- -t-n- v. 1850þI-f-nÂ \-m-e-p K-p-P-d-m- -nif-p-w H-c-p ]-mg-vk-n H-ml-c-n ZÃ-mf-p-w t-nà- -v t-_-m-w-s-_ S-u l-m-f-n-\-v a-p -ne-p-å H-c-p BÂ-a-c- -n-\- v N-p-h-«-nÂ Ø-n-c-a-m-b-n H- -p-i-qs-n H-ml-c-n h-y-m-]-mc-w X-p-S -n. I-m-e-{-It-a-W H-ml-c-n ZÃ-m-f-p-a-m-c-p-s-S F- -w hà[-n -ps-i-m -n-c-p -p. C-t-X-m-s-S BÂ-a-c- -p-h-«-nâ-\-n- -v ]-px-n-b C-S- -f-n- t-e - v H-mlc-n C-S-]-m-Sv t-b-m-k- Ä a-m-ä-n. 1874þH-m-s-S A-hÀ t-_-m-ws-_- -b-n-s-e Z-e-mÂ s-x-c-p-h-n-t-e- -v A-h-c-p-s-S k-t- -X-w a-m-ä-n. 1875þÂ Z-n t-\-ä-o-hv s-jbà B³-Uv tìm- - v t-{-_-m-t- -g- -kv At-k-mk-n-t-b-j³ F- t-]-c-nâ H-u-t-Z-y-mK-n-I k-wl-s-\ c-q-]-h-x-v-i-c-n -p. At-X-m-s-S-b-m-W-v t-_-m-w-s-_ tìm- -v F-I-v-k-v-t-N- -n\-v H-u-t-Z-y-m-K-n-Ia-m-b-n X-p-S- -a-m-b-x-v. 1956þÂ t-i-{-μ-kà- -mà _-n.f-k-v.c-b-v- -v A-w-K-o-I-m-c-w \ÂI-n. Ct-X-m-s-S s-k-i-y-q-c-n-ä-o-k-v t-i-m -{-S-m-Î-v s-d-k-p-t-e-j³ B-Î-v {-]-I-m-c-w t-i-{-μ-kà- -m-c-n-s-â A-w-K-o-I-m-c-w e-`-n- C- -y-b-n-s-e B-Z-y t-ì-m- -v F-I-v-k-v-t-N- -m-b-n _-n.f-k-v.c. a-p-ws-s-_ Z-e-mÂ k-v-{-s-o-ä-n-s-e ^-n-t-d-m-k-v P-o-P-n-`-m-b-v S-t-h-g-v-k-n-e-m-W-v 1980 a-p-xâ t-_-m-w-s-_ tìm- -v F-I-v-k-vt-N- -v Ø-n-X-ns-N- -p- -X-v. t-e-m-i- -nâ G-ä-h-p-a-[-n-I-w I-¼-\-n-IÄ e-n-ì-v s-n-b-v-x-n-«-p-å t-ì-m -v F-I-v-k-v-t-N- -v F- t-\-«- -n-\-p-s-a-i-f-m-w-v _-n.f-k-v.c U-nk-w-_d-ns-e I-W- -\-p-k-c-n -v 5-,191 C- -y³ I-¼-\-n-IÄ 25

9 Hmlcn\nt ]w: Adntb sxãmw _-n-.f-k-v.c-b-nâ e-n-ì-v s-n-b-v-x-n-«-p- -v. _-n.f-k-v.c-b-nâ h-y-m-]-m-c-w \-S- -p- I-¼-\-n-I-f-p-s-S-s-bÃ-m-w-I-q-S-n h-n-]-w-n-a-qe-y-w H-c-p e- -w t-i-m-s-n t-u-m-f-d-mw-v. Gj-yb-n-s-e B-d-ma-s- he-n-b t-ì-m- -v F-I-v-k-v-t-N- -mw-v _-n-.fk-v.c. t-e-m-i- -n-s-e s-a-m- -w F-I-v-k-v-t-N- -p-i-f-nâ 14þ-m-w Ø-m-\- -m-w-v _-n-.f-k-v.c. F-I-v-k-v-t-N- -ns-e H-ml-c-n C-S-]-mS-v X-p-S- - -nâ t-e-e-c-o-x-n-b-nâ ^-v-t-f-mà t-{-s-u-n- -m-b-n-c-p- -p. 1995þÂ Ce-t-{-Î-m-W-n-I-v t-{-s-u-n-m-v k-w-h-n- [-m-\-w GÀ-s- -S-p -n. _-n.f-kv.c H-m þs-s-e³ t-{-s-u-n-mv (BOLT) F- t-]-c-n-e-m-w-v C-X-v A-h-X-c-n- -n- X-v. s-h-d-p-w 50 Z-nh-k-ws-I-m- -v C-u k-w-h-n-[-m-\- -n-t-e- -v a-m-d-m³ F-I-v-k-v-t-N- -n-\-v I-g-nª-p. C- -v {-]-X-n- Z-n-\-w 80 e -w H-mÀ-U-d-p-IÄh-s-c s-s-i-i-mc-y-w s-n- -m-\-p-å t-i-j-n _-n.f-k-v.c-.b-n-s-e Ce-t-{-Î-m-W-n-I-v t-{-s-u-n-m-v ¹-mä-v-t-^-ma-mb "t-_-mä-«-n-' \-p- -v. t-e-m-i- -n-s-e B-Z-y t-i-{-μ-oi-r-x F-I-v-k-v-t-N- -v A-[-n-j-vT-n-X CâÀ-s-\-äv t-{-s-u-n-mv k-w-h-n-[-m-\-w A-h-X-c-n- -n- X-p-w _-n.f-kv.c-b-mwv. t-e-mi- v F-h-n-s-S-b-p-a-n-c-p- - v _-n.f-kv.c-b-ns-e H-m-l-c-n-IÄ h-m -m\-p-w h-nâ- -m\-p-w C-X-n-e-q-s-S k-m-[-y-a-m-b-n. _-n-.fk-v-.c. s-k³-s-k-i-vk-v t-_-m-w-s-_ tìm- -v F-I-v-k-v-t-N- -nâ e-n-k-v-ä-v s-n-b-v-x-n-«-p-å-, h-n-h-n-[ h-y-hk-m-b t-a-j-e-i-f-n-â\-n- -p-å X-nc-s-ª-S-p 30 H-m-l-c-n-I-f-p-s-S k-q-n-n-i-b-m-w-v s-k³-s-k-i-vk-v. t-_-m-w-s-_ tìm- -v F-I-v-k-v-t-N- -v s-k³-k-n-ä-o-hv C³-s-U-Iv-k-n-s-â N-p-c-p- -c-q-]-a-m-wv _-n.f-kv.c. s-k³s-k-i-v-k-v G-{-]-nÂ H- -ns-e h-n-]-w-n-a-q-e-y-s- A-S-n-Ø-m-\-h-n-e-b-m-b-n I-W- -m- -n 1986 P-\ph-c-n H- -n-\-m-w-v s-k³-s-k-i-v-k-v \-n-e-h-nâ h- X-v. 100 t-]-m-bâ-m-b-n-c-p- -p A-S-n-Ø-m-\-a-q-e-y-w. 1978þ79 B-b-nc-p -p AS-nØ-m-\ hà-j-w. h-nh-n-[ t-a-j-e-i-f-nâ\-n- -m-b-n G-ä-h-p-a -[-n-i-w C-S-]-m-S-v \-S- -p- 30 H-m-l-c-n-I-f-m-W-v s-k³-s-k-i-v-k-n-e-p-åx-v. C-u H-m-l-c-n-I-f-nÂ H-m-t-c-m- -n-\-p-a-p-å h-ne-s-b A-X-m-X-v I-¼-\-n-b-ps-S H-mlc-n-I-f-p-s-S F -w-s-i-m- -v K-p-W-n- -mâ I-n-«-p- X-p-I-b-m-W-v h-n-]- W-n-a-q-e-y-w. H-mt-c-m I-¼-\-n-b-p-s-Sb-p-w h-n-]-w-n-a-qe-y-w a-m-d-p- -X-n-\-\-p-kc-n- -v s-k³s-k-i-v-k-nâ I-b-ä-n-d- - -f-p- -m-i-p- -p. C- -y³ H-ml-c-n h-n-]-w-n-b-p-s-s \-mu-na-n-s-n- -v a-\-ê-n-e-m- -m-h-p- k-q-n-i-a-m-b-m-w-v C- -v s-k³-s-k-i-v-k-n-s-\ I-W- -m- -p- X-v. H-ml-c-n h-n-]-w-n-b-p-s-s K-X-n a-p-i-f-n-t-e -mt-w-m X-m-t-g -mt-w-m F- -p a-\-ê-ne-m- -m³ s-k³-s-k-i-v-k-n-s-â \-o- -w k-l-m-b-n- -p- -p. 1978þ79 A-S-n-Ø-m-\-hÀ-j-a-m-b-n X-p-S -n-b s-k³-s-k-i-v-k-v 1990 P-q-e-m-b-v 25þ\-v 1-,000 t-]-mbâ-v F- A-]-qÀ-Æ t-\-«-w s-i-m-b-v-x-p

10 t-e-m«-d-n A-S-n W-w; AX-p-w H-c-p t-i-m-s-n-b-p-s-s t-e-m-«-d-n...-! s-hd-p-w ]-IÂ- -n-\-m-h-v a-m-{-x-a-m-i-m-w CX-v. F- -mâ-, {-]-X-n-a-m-k-w h-c-p-a-m-\- -nâ\-n- -v s-n-d-n-s-b-m-c-p X-p-I \-o- -n-s-h- -v \-n-t- -]-w \-S- -n-b-mâ hà-j- Äs-I-m- -v G-s-X-m-c-p k-m-[-m-c-w- -m-c-\-p-w t-i-m-s-o-i-z-c\-m-i-m-w. H-mt-c-m a-m-kh-p-w I-r-X-y-a-m-b-n \-n-t- -]-n- -p- -t-x-m-s-s-m- -w \-n-t- -]- -f-nâ \-n- -p e-`-n- -p- h-c-p-a-m-\-w ]-p-\à-\-n-t- -]-n- -p-i-i-q-s-n s-n-b-v-x-mâ C-u t-\-«-w s-s-i-h-c-n- -m-w. {-]-X-n-Z-n-\-w s-h-d-p-w c-q-] a-m-ä-n-s-h- -v t-i-m-s-o-i-z-c -º-n-t-e- p I-b-d-p -X-v F- -s-\-s-b- -p t-\-m- -m-w. FÃ-m s-n-e-h-p-if-p-w I-g-n-ª-v H-c-p Z-n-h-k-w c-q-]-s-b- -ne-p-w a-m-ä-n-s-h- -m³ I-g-n-b-m- -hà C- -v B-c-m-WpÅ-X-v? 12 i-x-a-m-\-w d-n-t-«i-n-«-p- \-n-t- -]-a-mà- - -nâ {-]-X-n-Z-n-\-w c-q-] h-o-x-w \-n-t- -]-n- -mâ 40 hà-j-w-s-i-m -v H-c-p t-i-m-s-n c-q-]-b-m-i-p-w. C\-n-, C-t-X d-n-t-«-w-nâx-s- 30 hà-j-ws-i-m- -v t-i-m-s-o-i-z-c-\-m-h-w-s-a- -nâ {-]-X-nZ-n-\ \-n-t- -]-w 95 c-q-]-b-m- -Ws-a p a-m-{-x-w. 20 hà-j-ws-i-m- -v t-i-m-s-n-]-x-n-b-m-i-m³ {-]-X-n-Z-n-\-w 340 c-q-] \-o- -n-s-h -W-w. F-{-X t-\c-t- \-n-t- -]-w X-p-S- -m³ I-g-n-b-p- -pt-h-m A-{-X-b-p-w \ÃX-ms-W -mw-v C-u IW- -v h-y-à-a-m- -n- c-p- -X-v. G-s-X-m-c-p \-n-t- -]h-p-w Z-oÀ-L-I-m-e-b-f-h-n-e-m-W-p a-n-i- t-\-«-w X-c-p- X-v. {-]-X-n-hÀ-j-w 15 i-x-a-m-\-w d-n-t-«-w-nâ FÃ-m a-m-kh-p-w 5-,000 c-q-] h-o-x-w \-n-t- -]-n- -mâ A- -p-hà-j-w-s-i-m -v 4.48 e- -w c-q-]-b-m-b-p-w 10 hà-j-ws-i-m- -v e- -w c-q-]-b-mb-p-w h-f-c-p -p. b-m-s-x-m-c-p h-og-v-nb-p-w I-q-S-m-s-X \-n-t- -]-w X-p-SÀ- -mâ 22 hàj-w-s-i-m- -v t-i-ms-oi-z-c-\-m-i-m-w. A-X-m-b-X- -, 30þ-m-w h-b-ê-nâ \-n-t- -]-w X-p-S- -p- -b-m-f-n\- 52þ-m-w h-b-ê-nâ t-i-m-s-o-i-z-c-\-m-i-m-w. C-\-n 10 hàj-w-s-i-m- -px-s- t-i-m-s-o-i-z-c-\-m-i-w-s-a- -nâ A-X-p-a-m-h-m-w. ]t- -, {-]-X-n-a-m-k-\-n-t- -]-w 36-,000 c-q-]-b-m-b-n D-bÀ- -W-s-a- -p a-m-{-x-w. 15 i-x-a-m-\-w d-n-t-«-w-nâ 15 hà-j-ws-i-m- -v t-i-m-s-o-i-z-c-\-m-i-m³ {-]-X-n-a-m-k-w \-n-t- -]-n-t- - X-pI 15-,000 c-q-]-b-m-w-v. C-\-n i-c-mi-c-n {-]-X-nhÀ-j d-n-t-«s-h-d-p-w 8 i-x-a-m-\-a-ms-w- -p I-c-p-X-p-I. A- -s-\-s-b- -nâ {-]-X-n-a-mk-w 5-,000 c-q-] h-o-x-w v v t-i-m-s-n-iä t-\s-m-w-, B-k-q-{-XW- -n-e-q-s-s 122