9&lJa: TeXVlKe<; npoolaypa<pe<; iopu011<; aotlkwv Tonoypa<pLKWV OlKTlJWV.

Transcript

1 9&lJa: TeXVlKe; npoolaypape; iopu011; aotlkwv TonoypapLKWV OlKTlJWV. ElOllYl)Tr,;: fl. BAaxoC;, Ka9l)Yl)Tr,; A.n.s. 1. Eloaywy EtvOI yeviko avayvwplo VO on 11 KaToOTaoll nou e mkpatd onepa OTIe; eyoaee; noaele; Tile; xwpae; ae;, oe o.n acpopo Ta TonoypacplKO OIleia ef;optilolle; TWV TonoypacplKWV epyaolwv. dvoi anapooektil.!xe06v KQeS unllpeoia nou aoxoashol s TonoypacpIKO IlTti QTa xel Ul08eTll0s1 Ta OIKO Tile; oiktua KOI XPIlOlOnOld Ta OlKO Tile; OTolxeia ylq Til olsknspaiwoil TWV epyaolwv Tile; (rewypacplkti Ynnpsoia!TpaTou. Ynoupydo rewpyiae;. T. Ynoupydo fl.1looiwv 'Epywv CPOpOI oftoi K.An.). H ouyxuoll enltsivetoi ana TO ysyovoe; OTl 01 XPIlOlonoLOuSVSe; OIlovOsle; TWV no AUYWVlKWV TOUAo.XlOTOV OIldwv sivoi npoxelpee; Kat eyka8iotavtai ouvti8we; OTa Kpaoneoopel8pa e ouvenela Til yptiyopil KaTaOTpocpti TOUe;. Myw epvwv 0 oonotiae; nou ektsaouvtoi ana TOUe; otioue;. ti Myw TWV opaotilplottitwv TWV ouvspydwv TWV Opyavlowv KOlvtie; OcpeAdae; (fl..eh., OTE. EYfl..A.n. K.An.). H avoykil owc: unapf;lle; Kal ol08soile; TOnoypacplKwv OTOlxeiwv eivoi OSOO VIl. AnooslKvueTOI oaawote 0 no TO veyovoe; on oxe06v Ko8s Tonoypo.cpoe; exel opvavwosl TO npoowmko TOU «apxsio» s acpi(3oaile; noame; cpopee; nolotlltae; OTolxeia, Ta onoia owe; Ola K1VOUVTOI Kal XPllolonolouvTal VIa TIlV ekteasoll TOnoypacpIKwv spvaolwv. To ef;stoovtae; TO npo(3atiata nou 80 avekumav KaTo. TIlv oaokallpwoll TWV npo.f;swv ecpapoytie; TIle; En.A. ano TIlV eaael\jj1l ovoonavta oploevwv KOI eniolla avayvwplo VWV OIKTUWV TonoypacplKou emyxou oa OTIC: noaele;. sixae smollovel TIlV 0 Vo.VKIl oeollc: sykato.otaonc: TOUe;. TOvioVTOe; OTl, e KTOe; ano Til ou(3om TOUe; OTIlV ekteaeoll TWV npof;ewv ecpapovtie;, Ta oiktua auto 8a anoteaouoav 00 (3apo epyo unoootie; ylq Til OUVTOf;1l Kal AelToupyia TOU E8vIKOU KTIlaToAoyiou. fl.uotuxwe;. 01 npo.f;sle; e cpapoytie; npoxwplloav xwpie; va eykataota80uv Ta «oiktua noaewv» e anoteaeoa va apxioouv i)oll va cpaivovtal OTllv npof;1l nmov TO npo(3mata nou 011 loupyouvtal ana Tllv emel\jji) TOUe; KOI Ta onoia si VOl (3t(3alo OTl 80 yivouv oo(3apotepa OTO taaov. H eyo.ail af;ia Tile; Ylle;. oe ouvouaoo e TIlV auf;ll tvn nukvotilto TWV yewetplkwv KCII noiotlkwv nail POCPOPlWV nou npenel va elmepl XOVTOI OTO KTIla TOAOYIO Iae; aotiktie; neploxtie;, Ka810TCl emtaktlkti Tllv avovkil 8eon10lle; Kat AelToupyiae; evoe; ovooi) avta oploevou KaVo.(3ou. OTOV onoio va avacptpo- VTOI oaee; Ol TonoypacpIK e; epyaoiee;. H 8eeAiwOll TOU KTrlaToAoY\KOU ouoti)atoe; enovw oe tva aolocplo(3i)tiltile; mototiltae; yewetplko uno(3a8po, 8a ouvtemoel OTIlV avayvwploll Tile; af;lomotiae; TOU ek epoue; Tile; KOlVtle; YVWIle;. veyovoe; nou anoteaei 8e ea1woil npoono8eoll Via TIlV emtuxia TOU 8eoou TOU KTIlaToAoyiou. Ef;oAAOU. npocpavtle; sivoiil XPIlOloTIlTa TWV OlKTUWV TonoypacplKOU emyxou Yla TIlV ekt AeOll OIlOTlKWV TeXVIKWV epywv (ooonolia. anox Teu all, olaopcpwoele; KOIVOXPtlOTWV XwpWV K.An.) Via Til ouvtaf;1l npo. f;ewv scpapoyi)e; ana TO noaeoooiko. rpacpeia, vla Til olsukoauvoil TOU tpyou Tile; OIKOIOOUVIle; as 01eK01 KIlTIK e; aywv e; Kal yevlko Yla TIlV ekteaeoll no.oile; cpuoewe; TonoypacpIKwv spvaolwv oa oe la noail. To fl.10ikiltlko!ui-i(30ua10 TOU O.K.X.E, avavvwploe Tllv avo.vkil iopuoile; TWV «QOTlKWY TonoypacplKWY lsi KTUWY» we; anapaitilto ounai)pwa TOU veou yew OaLTlKOU ouottiatoe; TIlC: xwpae; (E.r.!.A. '87). 'Evac: eyoaoe; api80e; 5rlwv Tile; xwpae; ef;e5tlawoe wllpo svolacpepov Yla Tllv i5puoil TWV OIKTUWV autwv. 01 nsplooonpol 5tl01 anocpooloav va ouetcloxouv OTIl xprlato06tlloll TOU epyou KaTo 50% Kal ijoll e xouv unoypacpd 01 npwtee; npovpaatlkee; ou(3ooele; nou Ka80piouv TIe; spyaoiee; nou 80 skteaeotouv Kal TIe; aol(3aiee; unoxpewoele; TWV OUO naeupwv.!to naaiola autwv TWV ou(3ooewv Kal npokelevou va a vate80uv 01 npwtee; ea Tee;, ouvtoxtilkav 01 npoolaypacpec: nou napati8evtai OTO TtAoe; ana oma epyaoiae; uno TIlV enomeia TOU ypocpovtoe; KOI e Til ouetoxti TOU npoe5pou TOU O.K.X.E. Ka8IlVIlTi) r. Bell, 11 onoia OUYKPOTi)8IlKe e anocpaoll TOU fl.101kil TlKOU!ull(3ouAiou. EKTOe; ana tail TOU fl..!. OTIlV 0 ooa oueteixav eknpoownol TOU TEE Kal TOU n.!.a.t.m. Ka8we; KOI unaaailaol Tile; fl.leu8uvoile; rewooloiae; TOU y.ne.xn.fl..e. 2. PoAoC; TWV IKTUWV OTllv akpiela TWV KTllpaToypa CPOEWV H KTIlaToypacpIKi) anotunwoll nopei va anoo08ei, she e 51aypoaTa, ehe e \jjllcplakee; KaTOvpacpee;.!Tllv npwtil nepimwoll 11 akpi(3ela Tile; anotum.oolle; opietoi ana TIlV KAiaKa oxe5iaolle;, evw OTIl oeute Pll nopsi va sivoi aneploplotil. Kal one; OUO neplmwoele; 11 akpi(3ela Tile; anonjnwolle; oev nopd va u nep(3aivel TIlV akpi(3sla TOU CPUOlKOU OP10OU TOU 011

2 58 TeXVIKa XPOVIKa 'EKTaKTI1 tkoootl '93 Ileiou Aemolltpelae; OTO toacpoe;. Eav unotesei OTt TO Iltoo ocpoalla avayvwotle; TOU OlaypallllaTOe; eival 0.1 mm. TOTe Ta ol1lleia Aemollepel WV npenel va anotunwsouv Ile akpi(3ela: 0.1 x 0.2 = 2 em Yla KAlllaKa 1: x 0.5 = 5 em»» 1: x 1.0 = 10 em..» 1: x 2.0 = 20 em»» 1: x 2.0 = 50 em»» 1:5000 EaAAOU, ana nelpallatlkte; epeuvee; npoekul\je OTl 11 akpi(3ela CPUOlKOU 0plOIlOU TWV ol1lleiwv Aemollepsl WV OTO eoacpoe; elval (T. Blaehut et ai, 1979): Eiao; a"tiou alxl1pa apia KTlcraToov apia uaonollltva t TcrlEVTevla opaolwa KpacrnEOa neoopoioov OVIOl QlpOXTE; KOAWVE; QlooTlOOU, TllAECjlooVIKWV ypawv K.An. opla O11tlootva E UAWOU; naomou; otvopa opla uaonoloulleva lit tmxwata 0puYllaTO apia uaonoloulltva E avaxwata opla KaMlepyelwv aqlaa"a qlualkou opla"ou 8&a; ato taaqlo; ± 1 too; ± 20 em ± 1 em ± 1 too; ± 2 em ± 2 em ± 5 em ± 5 em ± 5 too; ± 7 em ± 10 too; ± 15 em ± 15 too; ± 20 em ± 20 too; ± 50 em H oplakr; akpl(3ela TIle; llesooou TWV noalkwv OUVTe TaYllevwv lje I1AeKTpoomLKo TaxulleTpo, nou eival Kal 11 akpl(3eotspl1 ana Tle; eniyelee; TonoypacplKte; lle86 ooue;, eival 1.3 em (ljeoo ocpaxlla OTI1V anoota0tl1 em, ypalllllko Ileoo ocpoxlla, Myw OcpaXllaTOe; OTI1 151eu SUVOTl '" 0.8 em). EKTOe; ana TI1V akpi(3sla Tile; anotunwotle;. TO TeAIKO Ileoo OcpaAlJa npoohoplollou evoe; Ofilleiou eapta Tal Kal ana TI1V akpi(3ela OplOIlOU Tile; cpuolkr;e; TOU St 0Tle; OTO eoacpoe;. 8ewpwvTae; OTI Ta OTllleia AemOIlSpelWV OTIe; KTllllaToypacplKSe; anotunwoele; OpiovTal OTO e15acpoe; Ile akpi(3ela TO nom ± 2 em, npokumsl 0 Tl TO TeAlKO ocpaalla OTll geotl TOU OTlIlElOU Sa eivql: m= Y =2.4 em. :Es anotunwoele; KTl1llaToypacplKWV OTllleiwv AenTOllepelWV Il oxetlkr; akpi(3ela yeltovlkwv OTllleiwv exsi lleyamtepl1 Ollllaoia ana O,Tl Il oxetikr; akpi(3ela a noljakpuollevwv OTllleiwv. 0 Xoyoe; eival npocpavr;e;: Ta nm.til TWV opoilwv. Ta eljl3a15a TWV olkone15wv Kal 01 OlaOTaOele; TWV KTlpiwv npenel va anelkoviovtal Ile ljeyamtepl1 akpi(3ela ana ekeivll nou xapaktl1p[si TIe; oxetikee; StOSle; KQl Ta lleye9t] aklvr;twv nou ant XOUV IlSTau TOUe; IlsplKa xtalolletpa. Ta ouvxpova 01' yava IlSTpr;oewv ywvlwv Kal anootaoewv emtpenouv SeWPI1TlKa akpil3slse; nspinou ± 2 em OTle; oxetlkee; SeoSle; TWV KOpUCPWV TWV 15IKTUWV emyxou TWV TonoypacplKwv epyaolwv. EVTOUTOle;. sival CPpovllloTepo Kal peaalotikotepo va 9swpeiTal OTt 11 akpi(3ela autij 1 OXUSI Yla YSlTOVlKa OTllleia TOU OIKTUOU smyxou.!uvenwe;. eav AT]cp9si unol\j11 Kal TO ocpaxlla TOU 15IKTUOU, 11 akpi(3ela OTI1v anotunwotl OTlIlElWV KTl1llaToypacpl KWV Asmollepslwv Sa sival: m, ='\ = 3 em. napatl1peital OTI 11 TeXIKr; akpil3sla TOU OTlllsiou ASmOllepelae; eaptatal Kupiwe; ana Ta ocpaallata OTT] 151a15IKaoia Tile; anotunwoi1e; Kal OXI ana TIlV akpi13s1a TOU 151KTUOU. Eav unotessi OTI 11 akpi(3s1a TOU 15LKTUou (3sATlwvsTaL oe ± 1 em 11 TeAlKr, akpi(3s1a TOU 0Tl Ilsiou AemollEpslae; yivstal ± 2.6 em. oi1xa15r, eaoxl OTa (3eXTlWVeTal. To Ileoo OCPaXlla TWV 3 em avtlotolxei oe m9avotilta 68%. EnollevWe;, Il a(3s(3alotilta OTIl Seoll TOU OIlIlElou Yla sninsoo m9avoti1tae; 95% Sa elval 1.96 x 3 '" 6 em (IltYlOTO avekto ocpaalla. avoxr,). na TIlV enavaton09etil0tl OTO e15acpoe; svoe; OTllJsiou nou anotunwst]ks Ile TT]V napanovw akpil3sla Ilnopsi AOYlKa va unots9si OTl T] akpl(3ela TWV spyaatwv snavaton09ttl10tle; eival napollola Ils TT]V akpi(3ela TT]e; anotunwoile; (J. Me Langhlin. 1977). EnoIlEVWe;. T] a Kpi13s1a enavqtonostti10t]e; OTO e15acpoe; evoe; XaIlEvou opiou saptotal ana: a. Ta ocpoallata KaTO Til 15la15IKaoia TIle; apxikr,e; ano TunwOTle; 13. TO 0cpoXlla TOU OIKTUOU emvxou. otav Yla Tllv ap XlKr, anotlmwotl Kal Yla TI1V enavatonoseti1otl XPllolllonolouvTal 15lacpopeTtKee; OTaoele; y. Ta OCPaAllaTa KaTO Til 151a151Kaoia Tile; enavatono SETI1OTle;. H akpi(3ela 1511Aa15r, SVoe; snavaton0geti11levou opiou ElVal mp = V = 4 em. AIOOTllleiWTO sival TO yeyovoe; cm TO ocpoalla OTI1V U noaoylollevil anootaotl lletau Mo OTlIlSiwv sap TOTalllOVO ana TI1V akplj3s1a OTIe; OXSTlKee; 9Eoele; TWV OTlIlElWV autwv. Me OXAa MYla, TO ocpoalla OTIlV anootaotl nou npokuntsi ana TIe; OUVTSTaYlleVSe; 15uo 0Tl IlElWV sival avsaptllto TIle; anootaotle;. AVTigeTa. TO ocpoalla as Ilia anootaotl nou lletpotal alleoa OTO e15aq>oe;. 115iwe; OTav XPT]olllonOlouvTal a nm Ileoa onwe; elvalllllstpotalvia. SaPTaTal Kuplwe; ana Til IJSTpOUlJeVI1 anootaoll. na TO AOYO aun; 01 npoolaypacpee; Yla anotunwoele; KTllllaToypacplKwv AemOllspelWV npo(3mnouv anaonoii1ilevse; Ils9000ue; unoxoyioilou TWV lleyiotwv enltpemwv olacpopwv (a VOXWV) IJSTaU avsaptr;twv npoo1510ploijwv anootooewv. onwe; slval Ot unoaoyloijsvee; Kal 01 aljeoa IlS TpOUlJeVSe; OTO ne15io anootoosie;. rl 01 TllJee; nou npo Kumouv ana Mo ti nsploootspse; IlsTPtioele; anootooewv.!uvti9we; XPl1011J0nolouvTai TunOl TIle; Ilopcpr;e; t:.:: (e + ad + bvo) em onou: e :: T] a(3sl3aloti1ta OTO CPUOlKO OPlOIlO TWV akpwv Tile; anootaotle;. ad:: 11 sni15paoll TWV OUOTllllaTlKWV ocpaallotwv. bvd =T] eni15paotl TWV Tuxaiwv ocpaallatwv. H anootaotl D skcppastal oe IltTpa Kal 01 ouvteae OTEe; a. b. e saptwvtai ana TI1V analtoullsvi1 akpi J3ela Kal eivql 15lacpopeTlKoi Yla aotlkee;. neplaotikee; KQl aypotlkee; nsploxee;.!to l\jllcplako KTl1llaToAoYlO

3 'EKTaKTTl EK(50011 '93 TEXVlKa XPOVIKO 59 '.,(' ;"J''.I '!- '. " -.../.:.,'' 'p.'! IX. 1. Karavof.,lr7 f.,lovif.,lwv rroauywvlkwv at7f.,lc:iw v a rr pioxr7 TT7e; GeaaaAoviKT7 e;. napa TT7V rrpoanab la Kf.,l TaAAwaT7e; rwv f.,l yaawv OOI KWV aptt7piwv, oev ivai ouvarie; 01 akorr UaE:lC; avaf.,le:aa atl C; at7f.,le:iouf.../ E:vec; Bta le; TWV at7f.,lc:iwv. loo EVO yepj.lavlkou Kpan5iou Yla napa(5elyj.la, 01 napanavw avoxee; unoaoyiov Tal ana TOV Tuno t::,. =( O.2Vo) em. Ano TOV Tuno auto npokumouv 01 n j.lee;: O(m) : t::,.(em) : To j.leoo Oq> QA j.lo TWV ±3 em OTIl 9&011 evoe; OTJI..1e:iou Ae:mOj.l&pe la elvol noau KaAi] akp i ela, Il anoia (5uoKoAa (5laT11 Pe: ital, 15laiTe: pa otav (5& XPllOlI..10nOI OUVTOl Il A&KTpOOmIKa opyava I..1E:TPllOll C; anootaoe WV. IKavonolei ne; anomioe:le; oe akpiela Yla Til OU VTaT) KTIl j.lotoy paq>ikwv (5toypo l..1l..1otwv OE aotlkec; m:ploxee; KOl EnapKei one; m:plooon:pee; TWV m:plmwoewv ylo TIlV avtlj.letwm 011 TeXVlKWV npoaili..10- TWV. Ei vol ampaawe; (5uvaTov va enlteux90uv KOl I..1E: yaautepe e; akpielee;, apkei va XPllOl j.lonolll90uv 0 K p l E OTep a apyava, va Eq>ap l..10otouv 01 KOTGAAIlAee; (501 Kal TExvIKEe; Kat n p onavt o va KaTaAIl9ei TO OUl;Il I..1EVO KOOTOe; TWV epyaolwv. Ano TT)V napanavw avaau011 q>gvilke on npounage011 Yla TTl V e:niteul;il TWV e:m9uj.llltwv a Kp I e: IWv one; KTIll..IaToypoq>tKEe; anotunwoete; aotikwv n e:ploxwv eivol Il unapl;11 evae; (5tKT UOU e:mvxou TOU on oiou 01 KOpUq> &e; va XOpOKH1PioVTOl ana J..I&OO Oq>GAj.lOTO (j.leygaol 11 j.l IGOVe e; TWV EAAei4JEWV opaaj.lgtwv) I..1IKpon ::pa ana

4 60 T xvlko XPOVlKO 'EKTOKT'l EKo011 '93 IX. 2. EVOE1KTLKO Olo.ypaJ.1J.1a noauywv0j.1etp1kou OIKTUOU J.1E:OW IOU onoiou IOPUOVTOI TO (EuY17 TWV J.10 vij.1wv noauywvlkwv 017J.1Eiwv aotlkou OIKTUOU avo. 500 m:pinou J.1E:Tpa. 2 em. no AOYOU na'lpot'lto T'l TonoypoplKti umlpetl1011 OXII-I0VO TOU KTlll-IOTOAoyiou, OAAO Kal TWV omwv TonoYPoplKWV OVOYKWV nou nopouoioovtol I-IEOO O noall, TO OP lovtloypopiko iktu O n pen! vo OUl-inAllPw8Et 1-1 TO avtiotoixo U4JOI-I TPlKO. To uo OUTO iktuo onot AouV npopovw!3001ko TOnoypa piko uno!3a8po, anapaitllto Yla Tllv OVOnTUll Ko8 TonoypapIKti-XOPTOYPOPlKti paotllplotllta I-IEOO OT'lv noall 3, AOTIKO liiktua M TOV opo cca OTIKO Tonoypa cplko l5iktuo» VO itol E va OUVOAO O11I-IEtWV, TWV onoiwv Ol ouvtetayi-iev (0 PlOVTlOYPOPlKO iktuo) KOI TO U4JOI-iETpa (U4J0I-IETPl KO iktuo) ivol YVWOTO OTO avtiotolxo vloio OUOTll I-Ia avopopo. AnOT AEt TOV ua6tuno novw OTOV 0 noio OT'lpiETOl KoB TonoYPoplKti poot'lpto TllTO 0 notunw011 ti papl-loyfj, OXl l-i0vo TOU o.k.x.e., OA AO KOI OAWV TWV OAAWV 'll-l oo iwv Up OlWV Kal TWV liwtlkwv T XVlKWV ypopetwv. Ot np(.ilt OKE4J l Yla TllV ipu011 vo aotlkou TOnoypaplKou tktuou n pl Aoll!3avav, op' vo I-I V TOV EA YXO Kat nukvw011 TWV unopxovtwv KpaTlKWV 6 l KTUWV, ap ' ETEPOU O T'lV YKaToOTOO11 VO noau YWV0I-IETPlKOU Kat VO U4JOI-iETPlKOU 6lKTUOU 1-1 KO ToM'lA nukvot'lt I-IEOa OTllV n OAll. M Tay v OT p EP UV OI-lW on KoAU4JOV OTl TO unopxov u AlKO TWV I-IETPtiO WV TOU TPlYWVl0I-I0U Tll xwpa Et VOl lkavo VO oopaaio l, OTl n plooot P TOUAO XlOTOV TWV n pmtcdo WV, Tl onoltoui-i V akpi!3 l YlO TllV ipu011 TWV noauywv0i-i TPlKWV IKTUWV TWV noa wv. (L'l. 8AOXO, 1985). K08w ivol YVWOTO, 11 loxu vo lktuou aptotal ana TO OX looi-io TOU KOI ana TllV okpi!3 la TWV nopat'lpr;u wv. KOI TO UO auto OTOlX io, O ouvua Tl avtlk ll-l VlKE UOKOAi nou OUVOVTW VTOl I-IEOO OTl noa l,!3piokovtol O OXE011I-I TO KOOTO TOU lktuou. 'Onw POVllK OI-lW ana T'lV avoaugll T'l npo'lyoul-i v'l nopaypopou, '1 nl6iw 'l u4j'lm okpi!3 la OTO iktuo nepa ana Konolo OPIO, vw 80 av!3oo l TO KOOTO, V EX l VO npoopep l a VOAOY'l!3 ATiw011 OT'lV okpi!3 la TWV O11I-IEtWV A nto I-I P lwv. EnOI-lEVW, npen l vo l P UV1l80uv 1-1 npoooxti, TOOO 0 OX laoi-lo, 000 KOI TO OPYOVO Kal Ol I-IE8000l I-IETPfJO WV TOU lktuou, npok li-levou va aopoalot i TO m8ul-illto T AlKO anotea Ol-la 1-1 TO AOXlOTO K OOTO. 4. I x& li l ao6 H apxlkfj loea TWV aotlkwv TonoypapIKWV OlKTUWV npoe!3a m; Yla KoBE noall Tllv ipu011 VO OUVOAOU 011 I-IEtWV, OVa 500 n pinou I-IETpa, I-IEOW noauywvlkwv

5 'EKTOKTl1 ekooot'j '93 TexvlKo XPOVIKO , a IoU... IoU IoU ::I "! iii "I I:!.-, 0 0-0'

6 62 TEXVlKa XpOVlKa 'EKTOKTn EKOan '93 OEUOEWV nou 80 EKAEIVOV orov TPIYWVIOIlO Tn EUpUTEpn neplox11 Tn nean, 0 onoio J3EJ3atO 80 Ei XE nponyouilevw eaeyx8el CLX. 1). 01 ovonoj.leukte OIlW uokoaie OTl OpOTOTnTE nou OUVOVTilVTOl IlEOO orl noaei EV EmTpi:nouv TnV EKTi:AEon OKOnEuoEwv orl onoorooel OUTE. MOlpoio, 80 EnpEnE vo OXEIOorEl KOI vo IlETpn8Ei EVO noau nukvotepo iktuo. J\oIlJ3avolli:vou OIlW unoljjn TOU KOOTOU 110 villn oijllovan Kal OUVT11Pllan, napollolo lktuo 80 11TOV avtloikovoiliko. Mlo aaan npooeyyloll orllv avtllletwmon TOU npo J3A11llaTo 8a 11Tav n ipuan anllelwv nallolov TWV TPl YWVOIlETPlKWV IlE KOTaJ3lJ3aollou. H Man autil i:xel TO IlElOVEKUllla TIl Iln OIlOlOIlOpj.ln KOTOVOIl11 TWV on IlEiwv OE OAOKAnPll TllV noan Kal Tll unoxpi:wan Yla EmoiJllavan TWV TptYWVOIlETPlKWV OllllEiwv Ko8E j.lopo nou npenel va XPllolllonol1l80uv Ol KaTaJ3IJ3aolloi. Ta IlEloVeKT11llaTa TWV napanovw npotooewv Ilnopouv va nopakollj.l80uv Eav Ta 1l0Vllla noauywvlko 'OTlIlEia EYKoTaora80uv KaTo EUYll. H anootaan Ile Tau TWV anlleiwv EVO EUYOU EivOI Ili:Tpo, avoaoya IlE Tl opatotllte Kal Tl UVaTOTllTE Yla e YKaTooraan TIle:; 1l0Vlllne:; orillavon (LX 2). H neploxti TOU lktuou KaMmETOl ane Ta EV AOYw euyll IlE nu KveTllTa leatou KavaJ30u naeupoe:; 500 IlETPWV nepinou. To anlleia TOU Z;EUYOUe:; npenel j.luoiko VO ElVat a 1l0lJ3aiw opato KOl va napexouv Til uvatotnta OU Vi:Xlone:; Tll 6bEuan, Konl Tponov WorE IlE Mo 11 TO nom TPEl evloileoe orooel npoowplv11 011llaVan va OUVOVTOEI TO EnOIlEVO EUyO. 01 npwteuou OE OOEUOEI akoaou80uv TI IlEYOAEe:; OOlKE aptllpie TIl noane:; KOI ovo 3-4 KOpUj.lEe:; TOUe:; loouvmo VTat IlE UTEPEUOUOE OEUO l. OMKAnpo TO naey Ila TWV noauywvlkwv oeuoewv ouvi: Tat IlE TO TPl YWVOIlETPlKO iktuo TIle:; neptoxti, IlEOW YWVlWV Kat a nootooewv. 'Onw i:xel OVOj.lEp8Ei 110n n okpij3eio TOU lktuou E optotal, OXl 1l0VO ana TllV okpij3elo TWV IlETPtiOEwv oro neio, oam Kal one TO OX11lla TOU. EoAAou, n E unllpetllan nou napi:x 1 TO OiKTUO orou XPtiorEe:; Eival OUVOpTnan Tn nukvotllta KOI Tll OIlOleIlOpj.lnC; KaTovollti TWV onlleiwv OE OAOKAllPn TllV noall. no TOU Myouc; autouc; 11 avayvwplan TOU emj.loue:; KOI II EKAOY11 TWV 8Eoewv TWV anlleiwv anoteaei TO U OKOAOTEPO Kat OUOlOorlKOTEPO IlEPO TIle:; Epyooia. ana TO onoio EapToTal 11 noiotnto TOU OIKTUOU. To EPYO TIlC; emaoy11 TWV aeoewv TWV Z;EUYWV KOI TWV npoowplvwv orooewv IEUKOAUVETOt IlE OKlllaOTl KOU unoaoylollou npooollolwoewv TWV OlOj.l0PWV 1l0Pj.lwv TOU OlKTUOU. un08i:tovtoe:; OTI 01 lletptioelc; TWV YWVlWV KOt TWV onootooewv 8a EKTEAeorouv IlE ouykekpllleva opyava KOl TexvlKE. IlAOn IlE yvworec; akpij3elee:;. LTO oxnllo 30 j.loivovtat Ol EAAElljJEl Oj.lOAIlOTWV evo TllnIlOTOe:; ono 60 OUVOAlKO anlleio TOU oxtillatoe:; 1. IlE ora8epo OUO IlOVOV onlleio. OllleyaAol IlIlIOOVE TWV EAAeiljJewv Oj.laAIlOTWv oro nmov anollakpuolleva onlleio unepj3aivouv KOTO 1-2 mm ltlv Tllln TWV 2 em. To iolo iktuo uno AOYlZ;oIlEVO IlE TEooepa or08epo anllela ivet EA.AEiljJEle:; Oj.lOAIlOTWV IlE IlEYOAOUC; lllllaove IllKpoTepou ana 1.6 em (LX. 313). Kat OTa Mo 1l0vTEAa TOU oxtilla TO 3 Ol IlEYOAOl llllloove TWV OXETlKWV EA.AEiljJEWV oj.laailotwv IlETau laoxikwv anlleiwv Eivat IlIKPO TEPOI ana 1 em. OllleyoAolllll!OOVE TWV OXETlKWV EAAeiljJEwv oj.laa IlOTWV IlETau looxlkwv Z;EUYWV TOU OXnIlOTOe:; 3a KUllaivovTal ana 1.4 em Ili:XPI 2.1 em. EnoIlEVWe:;. II oxetlk11 okpij3eio TOU lktuou KUlloivETal on01/ IlEXPl 1/ (IX. 4). EivOI npoj.lavn TO naeovektilllato TOU W avw noau YWVOIlETPIKOU IKTUOU. H napouoia EUYWV OllIlElWV, yvworwv IlE Tl OUVTETaYIlEVE TOU. avo 500 Ilerpa. Eooj.laAiZ;El nalipll Kat OVETll TonoYPOj.lIKn EunnpE Tnoll OE Ko8E EVlOj.lEpOIlEVO, EVW TO onotemollato ana onolovnnote KOI ov napoyovtoi Eival EVTOYIlEva oro iolo ouorlllla avoj.lopo. To UljJOIlETPIKO iktuo onoteaeltat one i:va ouvoao xwpoot081llkwv onlleiwv nou oni:xouv IlETOU TOU 500 nepinou IlETpa. IPUETat Ili:ow EVO naeyiloto xwpoot081l1kwv OEUOEWV. eaptnilevwv ana TO Kpa TlKO iktuo, Ol onoiee:; IlETPOUVTOlllE YEWIlETplKn XWpoor08lllan. LXElOZ;ETat. KaTO Tponov WorE va yive Tal nalipll EKIlETOA.AEUOll TWV EYKOTEorrlllEvwv nll xwpoor081l1kwv Oj.lETllPlWV ana oaaou opyovloilou Kat unllpeoiee:;. onw ElVat 11 r.y.i. ll E.Y6.A.n., 01 n Ilot K.An. EOv EV uj.lioravtot OTllv neploxn oj.letll pie eykoteornileve orl nopanovw onoorooele:; ti Eav II oijllavon TWV Uj.lloroIlEVWV EV EivOI lkovonollltlkn, TOrE IPUOVTOI VEE. 01 xwpoor081liki:e:; OEUOEte:; a vontuooovtol KOTO IlnKOe:; TWV IlEyoAWV OOlKWV Oj.lE TllPlWV Tne:; noml IlETOU TWV 1l0villWV xwpoor081l1 KWV anlleiwv Kal KaTo oloortilloto IOOUVEOVTOl IlE EYKopole OOEUOEl. EaLTio TWV IlEYOAWV okplj3elwv nou onoltouv 01 KOTaOKEUaOTlKEe:; paotnplotllte IlEOO OE Illa noan (onoxeteuttko ouornllo. IOVOln IllKPWV onpayywv. lailopj.lwon KAioEwv oroue:; opo Ilou K.An.), TO aorlko xwpoor081l1ko iktua 80 npi: nel VO XopOKTIlpioVTOI ana uljinan okpij3elo Kat IlEyoMTEPll iow nukvotllto OE anlleia ono EKEivll nou npoovaj.lep8nke TOU EVOC; onlleiou ovo 500 m. Kupiwe:; AOYw TWV OUXvwv KOTaorpOj.lWv nou npoepxovtol 0 no KaTEOj.lioEt. EnoIlEvw. KaAo EiVat vo EVTOX80uv OTO OiKTUO oaa TO nll EYKaTEornllEvo xwpoora81l1ko OnllEia. TEAoC;. 0llIlElWVETOI OTl 01 IlET0J30Ate:; OTn oraellll TOU EMj.lou nou npokoaouv Ol VEE KaTaoKeui:. 01 EKoKaj.lE. Ol aaaoye orov UpOj.lopO 0 piovta Kat n KUKAOj.lopia TWV OXllIlOTWV, EmJ3oAAouv EAEVXOUC;. OUVEX11 EvrlllEpwon KOt OUVTnpnan TOU I KTUOU. 5.IlJavCJI'\ no TIlV OVTlIlETWman TWV IlElOVEKTIlIlOTWV TWV nopa OOlOKWV Tponwv oijllavone:; TWV noauywvlkwv on Ileiwv IlE IlnETOvOKOPj.lO n 1l0PI..IOPIVE nmke oro ne Z;OpOlllO (KoTaorpOj.lE, oouvollio xpnanc; Myw nap KOPIOIli:vwv OUTOKIVnTWV, OUVXUOEI), n oijllavan TWV Ilovillwv noauywvikwv onllelwv TWV OortKWV OtKTUWV I..InopEi va ylvetol EmlVW OE Toixoue:;, I..IE Tn J30n8Ela Tll «naokac; oijtlavol1c;" (6. BMxoe:;, 1981). npokeitol Yla IlEToAAtKn naako, OXnIlOTOC; 100nAEUPOU TPLYW

7 'EKTQKTll ekoootl '93 TeXVlKQ XpOVlKQ ,.... ' ";'! l N-I-,I l:.!:!.!jg ' PI :' ',i;, : ffi : fb:!.ji//if> r\, ' 1 : j I 1:...:\, 'I 'I' : i.i! ': :" l '.:Jr,,,,!,'.:. I -I,' ','0(,.', ',' "'!"j.:...",} I I I ",' I l'!.! j,is I;,: a> I "It) :---- "t-..l-c'l i I l,..., I-, [::':.1-1,:,1,', j' T i. i: ;': II ; ""i I 'C' 1,... 1 oooz 000l f-i ' ",1 r, :,:sf: :A- J,::,..,}lCl t 'j L i, -1: ':J-,::: en It) It "\... L l:,.- '12) I!': I!" t,',r: - r-;... P,) ;no/i-!',:,. I"r.o, t ",i: d. ',:1,,'\..: 2: i st 'j I, T T i '.1 I 1-' C.;L3 -:( " '! 0' ;,i J "t,-f '..

8 64 TeXVIKO XPOVIKO YOU, lje nae upo 16 em KOI noxoe; 5 mm. Tl1pi e:1' 01 oe «ppaxiovac; OTtlOl'lC;». IlE:OW TPlWV KOXAt WV nou e: 1 0lK060IJIKO O1'Olxeia anoljnetov (unoo1'i1awllata, TOI Xia) KCJ1'a npoti IJl1 OTl 1-1'1 enev6e: 5uIJEVa lje 1l0PllapO Ii OAAO avoaoya UAIKO, ljeow TPIWV U OlJ atw V 1'unou HILTI HKD M12, oe ult/oe; 1.20 m ono111 O1'68lln TOU neo 5p o lj iou. H TOnOSeTllOTl Tile; naokoe; otil-iavotie: el Val e:ukoa'1. 6e:cSollevou 01'1 anam:! IlOVO Til 5 10VOl n O1'OV Toixo TPIWV onwv IJE TpunOVI TWV 18 mm. H npooap ljoy T) TIl e; e:ivql TOOO OTaSepit, W01'E va EivOl omvatll 11 ocpa[peoti TIl e: xwple: va KaTa01'pacp i 11 n AOKo it va ovaokocpei 0 1'oixoe:. ( X, 5). nv nacka otillovollc:!-mo pe:! va n p o OOPJ.10 E TOl 0 oxwpou v ITa UOllaTa O1'i]ptf;'1e; 111C: nackae:. 0 I3pax[ovae; EXEI Ili]Koe; 40 em KOl KaTaAl1YEl OE KUKAIKO 5i OKO 6tOllETPOU 15 em 01'0 KEVTPO TOU onoiou IlnopEi va Ke:VTP WVETOl TO Se:0150AIXO it 01 m oxol!-ie: e:f;ava YKOalJeVn Ii eaeuse PI1 K VTpW OTI H KOlAoI50Koe; nou XPl10l1l0nolEiTOl ylo TIlV K01'OaKEuti TOU p oxiov a mo OTIC; EivOl apketo OKOllm n, W01'e 11151aTOpaf;n TIle; Ke VTpWOlle; lje TI1V OAAOyli TWV cpoptlwv (01'OXOl, Se:oM AIXO) va eival OlleAI1T o. no E AOe; K01l4l11 e; 2 mm n KE VTPWO'l1 61OTOpaOOeTOl KaTo rn m KOI YlO E A OC: KOJl4lne; 5 mm 11 KEVTPWO'l1 510TopoooeTOl KOTo 0,032 (.-", t,; i.., ', I l :. "., I}. t$t.:!': '... ' j \ '., '-.. I ' a:k :i' :, II:: '"...', :;' ', ' J, I,...:."'......::"0, '"''''f.",..,*,: II. ',... I : '1, I ' ":. ' I -? '. I'"'" ;'..,. ') ; "'-'-':' ;: ; t:',,....., t " =', \, I, I I IX, 5. Torroge TT7 0TJ rraakat; orjl.javcjry c; Kat rrpocjap/-loyt7 TOU {3paxiova CJTaCJryc; Kat TOU geooomxou, To opyavo eivat KeVrpW/-l E; vo CJTO voryto ory /-leio rrou uaorroleiral Ka ge q>opa /-lecjw TO U CJUCJTt7J.laTOC; rraa Ka ot7/-lqvcjryc;-{3paxiovac; CJTaCJryc;.

9 'EKTOKTll ekoootl '93 TeXVIKO XPOVIKO 65 mm. EivOI npoepavee; on Via Tllv evkatootootl evoe; aotikou noauvwvolletplkou OIKTUOU xpeloovtal Tooee; nao Kee; OllavOlle;, ooa eival Ta 1l0VIIla noauvwvlko 011 Ileia..c.eoollevou on Ta llovilla olllleia anoteaouv no VTOTe euvll, Via Tllv ekteaeotl TWV lletpjioewv evka TOOTaolle; TOU OIKTUOU analtouvtal OUO J3paxiovee; OTOOTle; (evae; Via Tllv Ton08hlloll TOU 8eoooAixou Kal evoe; Via Tllv Ton08hllOTl TOU OTOXOU). LTllV npof;ll 0 Ilwe; elvoi OKomllO TO ouvepveio VO 0108hel Tpele; J3po XLovee; VIO TllV nepimwotl nou ana eva 1l0Vlll0 olllleio epaivovtal Mo OAAa eniolle; 1l0VIIla OTllleia. AVTi8eTa, Via Til XPOIl TWV 1l0VillWV noauvwvikci.w OTllleiwv Ka TO TllV ekteaeotl TonovpaepIKc.i.w epvoolwv OPKOUV Mo Ilovo J3paxiovee;. 'OTav 01 ouv8jikee; oev emtpenouv TllV evkatootootl nmkae; oijllavotle; (n.x. neplaotikee; 1111 ool1l'lllevee; 0 POlooollllllevee; neploxee;), npoj3mnetal oijllavotl TWV noauvwvlkwv olllleiwv Ile elolko IlnpOuTIVO oijllato npoototeullevo oe eppeotlo elolktle; KOTaOKeUtle;. H OllaVOll TWV 1l0villWV xwpoot081l1kwv olllleiwv npoj3mnetoi va vivel Ile Ta VVWOTO IlnpOUTIVO ollata nou naktwvovtol oe Toixoue; 1l0VillWV KOTOoKeuwv Kal oe ul/joe; 50 em nepinou ana Tllv emepovela TOU eooepoue;. Tooo Ta noauvwviko, 000 Kat Ta xwpoot081l1ko OT] Ileia, xapaktt]piovtoi ana KWOlKOUe; ap181l0ue; 01 0 noiol XapoooovTal Ile avovauepa OTolxeia enovw oe elolko naakiolo ana aaoullivlo nou OTepewvovTal OTllv naoka orlllavotle; (noauvwvikolle oijllavotl oe Toixo) tl nalloiov TOU eppeatiou TOU xwpoota81llkou OTlllei OU. 6. MtTPOtlC; Ano ooklllaotikoue; unoaovloiloue; (npooollolwoele;) a nooeixtllke on, VIa oxetiko TeTallevee; ooeuoele; ou VOAIKOU IlKOUe; 4 nepinou XIAlolleTpwv Ile naeupee; IlETPO, Kaille akpij3elee; lletp oewv 1OCc VIO ne; vwviee; KOI 1 em Via Tie; naeupee;, olllevoaollllllof;ovee; TWV eaaeil/jewv oepaailcltwv napallevouv 1l1KpOTepOl ana 2 em. LTa nmov akatoaallao oxrlllato, xwpie; e VKopOlee; olaouvoeoele;, 01 TIllee; TWV lllllaf;ovwv ep80 vouv TO 3.3 em. H XPtlOll TPIWV, ovti VIO 1110, VWVlWV ouvoeotle; Tile; ooeuoile; OTO OTllleio ef;optllotle; J3eAnwvel KaTo 10% nepinou TO anotemollata we; npoe; Ta IlKll TWV 1l1l10f;ovwv KOI J3eJ3olo lletof)oaael TOUe; npooavotoaioiloue; TWV eaaeil/jewv. C'le; npoe; ne; oxenkee; eaaeil/jele; lletaf;u olai5oxikwv KOPUepWV Tile; 0 oeuotle; OTlllelwveTOI on TO IltlKOe; TOU llevoaou f;ova napallevel novtote KaTWTepo TOU 1 em (00Tl 011 Aao eival Kalil akpij3ela TWV naeupolletpjioewv). Ef;oAAOU, npooollolwoele; Ile 1l0VTeAa OIKTUWV nou npooevviouv neploootepo npoe; Ta npavllanko (anootooele; lletaf;u orilleiwv m, oloouvoeoele; lletaf;u TWV llevoawv ooeuoewv) aneoelf;ov ClT! 01 0 vwtepw okpij3elee; J3eATlWVOVTal (LX. 3). LUllepWVO Ile TO naponovw KOI VIO va ef;aoepoaiotouv 01 em8ulllltee; akpij3elee; OTO onotemollata, unoaovietoi on Via Til IlhPllOTl evoe; OOTIKOU noauvwvolletpikou OIKTUOU npenel va eepoplloetallllle8000e; TWV TPIWV Tpmoowv. 01 ef;ovovkaollevee; KevTpwoele; npovllatonolouvtal Ileow TOU Tpinooa OTIe; npoowplvee; Kailleow TOU J3paxiova OToOTle; OTIe; 1l0Vlllee; OTOoele; TOU OIKTUOU. na Til lletpllotl TWV VWVIWV XPllOI 1l0noieiTOI 8eoooAIXO oeutepommou Kat 01 npoj3aenollevol OTOXOl noauvwvolletpiae;. 01 Vwviee; lletpou VTOI oe Teooeple; neploooue; (lleoo OepOAIlO IllKpC)TepO an010 CC ) KOl Ol naeupee; lletpouvtol KOl ana Ta ouo 0 KpO Ile llaektpollovvllnko 0PVovo IlhpllOTle; onootooewv, anooootle; TOUAOXIOTOV 5mm+5ppm. EvvoeiTol on TO opvova lletpoewv npenel vo eivat eaevllevo KOI va nail pouv TIe; ouv8 Kee; KoMe; AelToupvioe; TOUe;. no Til IlhpllOll TOU XwpOOT081llKOU OIKTUOU eepopllo etal T] lle8000e; Tile; omme; XWPOOTaeIlIOIle; Ile xwpoj3otll TOU onoiou 11 euol08110io Tile; aepoot68il11e; TOU 100OT081l11T eivolllevomtepll and 40"/2 mm KOl Ile 1111 muooollevee; OTooiee; KoMe; KaTooKeuJie;. 1. VnoAoYlolJoi-AKpiPtltC; To noauvwvolletplko OiKTUO unoaovietol OUllepWVO Ile Til llebooo TWV ef;lowoewv napotllpjioewv (lleto J3oMe; TWV ouvtetavllevwv) Ile OT08epo xwpie; OepOAllaTO TPlvwvolleTplKo OTllleLO ef;optt]otle;. Ano Til 010 olkooia TT]e; ouvopbwotle; npokumouv 01 TeAIKee; TI Ilee; TWV ouvtetavllevwv KOI TO napee; Il11TpWO lleta J3AllTOTTWv-oulllleTaJ3AllTOTtlTWV, lleow TOU onoiou unoaoviovtoi TO OepoAlloTa KOI 01 eaaeil/jele; oepoalla TWV TWV OT]lleiwv, 01 oxetikee; eaaeil/jele; OepOAIlOTWV, 01 anootaoeu:; KOI TO alllou810 lletaf;u OTlIleiwv Ile TO ovtiotolxa oepaallato TOUe;, Ka8we; KOI 01 ouvop8wllevee; nllee; TWV nopotllpjioewv. Me J3aoll TO otolxelo OUTJi elval OUVOTtl 11 OTOTlOTIKJi ektillllot] Tile; OKPl J3eiae; TOU i5iktuou. To OiKTUO nou 10pueToi TeAlKo neplaollj3avel 1l0VO TO 1l0Vllla noauvwvlka OTllleia (euvt]), OT]AooJi evov ne PloplOllevo oplbilo OTllleiwV. LTOV unoaovioilo OIlWe; u neloepxovtoi OAO TO OTllleia, 1l0Vllla KOI npoowplvo (LX. 4). Luvenela TOU vevovotoe; autou eivalll llevo AT] auf;lloll TOU aplbllou TWV avvwotwv KOI we; ek TOU TOU 11 emj3opuvotl TOU unoaovlotikou epvou. LTll /1.0 ploa n.x. npoj3mnetoloti VIa va lopu80uv 160 1l0VIIl0 noauvwvlko otlileio (80 euvt]), 80 xpelaotei va uno AOVloTei OiKTUO nou neplaollj3ovel 500 nepinou 011 Ileio, OIlAOOtl 8a xpetaotei VO OVTloTpoepei Il11TPWO 1000 x EVTOUTOle;, Ile Tie; olllleplvee; unoaovlotl Kee; OUVOTOTT]Tee;, OUTO oev onoteaei ooj3opo npo J3AT]lla. H lleot] nll TWV oxenkwv oepoallatwv OTIe; anootooele; (odd) Kal Tl lleot] nll TWV oepaallotwv OTa al 1l0uBI0 (Og) ekeppaouv TT]V IOXU TOU OIKTUOU we; npoe; TT]V KALllaKo KOI TOV npooovotoaloilo TOU OIKTUOU 0 vtiotolxo. (.c.. BAOxOe;, 1987). 01 onoaun:e; eaaeil/jele; oepoallatwv evoe; OIKTUOU 0 nooioouv Tllv okpij3elo Ile TTlV onoio OpiovTal 01 KOpuepee; TOU OlKTUOU we; npoe; TO OUOTTlIlO avaepopae;. KOI enelo TO OUOTT]1l0 ovoepopae; KaT' ouoiav opie Tal ana TO OTllleio nou 8ewpouvTOI we; OT08epa OTO

10 0> 0> lea IllAlCA A IIeTVOV KAIMAICA BAABITEAH u U IU... V 9" Sy SIIY II b G h,' C., Ce.' Ce.' Ce.' Ce.' Cgrad' 3( (15.00.OQ I nJ 121.' :'l II -13B3.!] I !UI.B ') : B '"' OO!S IS " b6-19S0.014 ':' I :S :> ;;; Q. :> "0 0 ;;; Q. IX E:),),eit/JE:lr:; ocpaaj./(irwv noauywvlkr,r:; oi5e:u017r:; OUVOAlKOU J.lr,KOUr:; 2925 J.lirpwv J.lE: E:apr17017 (ocpaaj.lara ywvloj.le:rpr,oe:wv =± 5 cc -42 cc, ocpaaj.lara nae:up0j.le:rpr,oe:wv ± 0.5 em). ana ro KpaTlKO rplywvoj.le:rpiko i5iktuo ni '" -l Q '" -l ('). '"01 o co c.u

11 ICAI.IolAICA 4IKT'I'0'l' III.. lie AIMAKA EAAEIYBDM rri c ('). 6. o il co w :r.a u X V SII Sy SKY b G (., 1.1 (e.' (e.' (CM) (C., (9rad ) : b f ) ::! IZ53.(l : & :'t.!i "' eo5-175() : Q !iS.211> >1) : tr :640, "ml ::;3-1800: \..." '".1: : B5.b x ;;;; c > "'0 0 ;;;; O IX 7. H OOE:U017 TOU OXrll.lOTOe; 6. unoaoywpev17 we; avee,0pt17t17. Eival q>aveptj 17 E:E,oAW/J17 T17e; napapopcpw017e; nou E:WOYE:l TO TplywvopeTplKO olktuo. 0) -./

12 68 TexvLKo XPOVLKO 'EKTOKTn ekooo11 '93 OiKTUO, 01 eaaehjjel aq>oaj,lonuv, ef;opt.i.lvtol ono TO OTIJ,leiO TO ev yevel atolxeio nou 8eWpOUVTat W ato 8epo, npokelj,le:vou VO oplatel TO auatnj,lo OVoq>opO. no TOU AOYOU OUTOU OAAWaTe, OL eaaeiljjel aq>oa J,lOTWV TWV vewv O11J,lelwv TOU OLKTUOU nopouatoouv TnV TOO11 VO J,leYOAWVOUV oao OUf;OVOVTat OL onoatoael TOU ono TO atobepo (IX 3). EnoJ,levw, oev o nooioouv TnV npoyj,lotik elkovo Tn okpll3eio TOU OLKTUOU. EVTOUTOI, olvouv Til OUVOTOTnTO evtom aj,lou TWV OOUVOTWV neploxwv TOU OLKTUOU W npo TI1V KAlJ,lOKO Kat TOV npoaovotoataj,lo. OL axetlke eaaehpel aq>oaj,llltwv ekq>poouv TnV TOmKri okpil3elo TOU OIKTUOU, OIOTL oeixvouv TI1V akpil3ela J,le TnV onoio Eva Tuxaio O11J,lelO TOU opietat ae axe011 J,le EVO OAAO. OL axetlke eaaeiljjet napaj,levouv aj,letoi3ante ae: J,leTaaxl1J,loTlaJ,lOUe; OJ,lOLOTl1TOe;. t.i1aaori, J,le Tle; iote napati1pr;aele;, otav 11 aaaayr; TOU auatr;j,latoe; avaq>opoe; auve:noyetat J,lOVO J,le:TO Be:011, OL axe:tlke e:aaeiljje:le; aq>aaj,lotwv Kat KOTO auvene:la TO aq>oaj,la KAiJ,laKa KOt TO aq>oaj,lo npoaava TOALaJ,lOU J,lEVOUV aj,letoi3ai1to. Eivat aaq>r; Ta naeove:ktj,loto TWV axe:tlkwv ae: au YKPI011 J,le n anoaute:e; e:aae:iljje:l aq>aaj,lotwv evo OIKTUOU YIO TO xapokti1plaj,lo Tn akpll3e:ioe; TOU, TOao we; npoe; TI1V KAiJ,laKa, oao Kat we; npo TOV npoaa vatoalaj,lo. To yeyovoe; OUTO, ae: auvouoaj,lo J,le: ne; J,leyOAe: unoaoylatlkee; OUVOTOTI1Tee; Tile; e:noxtje;, OOTJynae: atn auvtof;11 KOVOVlaJ,lWV e:kteae:011e; Tonoypaq>LKWV epyaatwv J,le KpmiPla nou (3oaiovTat Kupiwe; atle; axe:tlkee; e:aae:iljje:le; aq>aaj,lotwv J,le:Tau O11J,le:iwv TOU OLKTUOU (Energy, Mines and Resources Canada, 1978). To KplTTJpla auto e:ivat Ot nj,le TWV arid ti aid (ao =J,leao aq>oaj,la atl1v anoatoal1, a J,le:yOAO 11 J,lLOOVa axetlkri EAAeLljJl1e; aq>oaj,lato, D =anoata 011) YLa TnV KAiJ,laKa Kat ag(cc) Yla TOV npoaovatoataj,lo. KaBw eival YVWaTO, OTOV eva OiKTUO unoaoyietal J,le Tl e:aoxtatee; oe:aj,le:uael oe: Biye:TaL TO axtjj,lo Kat TO J,lEye8o TOU, TO onoio opietal Te:ALKO W TO nan ateate:po ouvato npo TO auvoao TWV nopoti1pr;ae:wv nou exouv yive:l. Ta OaTLKO noauywvoj,le:tpiko oiktua OJ,lWe; npenel vo eival e:vtoyj,leva ata 011 auvopbw J,lEVO TPlywvOJ,leTpIKO OiKTua. AUTO al1j,laivel on TO axtjj,la, TO J,lEye:80 KaL 11 Be011 TOU we; npo TO auatnj,la avoq>opo e:ivat e:k TWV npotepwv KaBopLaJ,leva Kal e:noj,levw oe:aj,le:uj,leva. 01 e:lawae:i, nou e:kq>poouv TOU nepav TWV eaaxiatwv oeaj,leuae:wv ne: ploplaj,lou, xopaktnpll;ovtal W naeovoouae oeaj,leuael. 0 auvi1beatepo KOL OrtAOUaTepo TponOe; elaaywye; TWV oeaj,leuae:wv nou e:m(3oaae:l TO TPlYW VOJ,leTpIKO ato noauywvoj,letpiko oiktuo, eivat va Kpa TI1BOUV OJ,leTo(3AI1Te 01 auvtetayj,leve TWV KOLVWV KOpUq>WV. 01 naeovoouaee; oeaj,l uael oorlvouv ae auvopbw J,lEVO OiKTUO nou eivat olaq>openko ano Keivo nou Ba npoekume J,le TL eaoxtate oeaj,leuael. AUTO eival q>uaiko Kat Oq>eiAe:Tat ato yeyovo OTl YLa Vo npoaap J,loaTei TO veo (noauywvoj,letplko) ato naalo (TPLYW voj,letplko) OiKTUO npenet va nopoj,lopq>wbei. H etaa YOJ,le:vn nopaj,lopq>w011 f;aptotol ano TnV npoyj,latl Kri akpi(3e:la TOU TPLYWVOJ,le:TPLKOU OtKTUOU. Eov 11 a Kpil3e:lO TOU TPlywvOJ,leTpLKou OLKTUOU eival J,leyoM Te:pn ono Tl1V avaj,le:voj,le:vi1 l30ael Tn nolotl1ta TWV napotnpriae:wv TOU VEOU OlKTUOU, TOTe: n napoj,lopq>w011 nou e:laoye:tal ono Tn auvop8w011 J,le rtae:ovo ouae:e; KaL OXt J,le: TL eaoxlate oe:aj,leuae:le;, elval a J,leAnTEa Kat oev ennpe:oel npaktiko TnV akpil3e:la TOU noauywvoj,letplkou OLKTUOU. Le: avtibetn nepintw011, n okpil3e:la TWV napatnptjaewv TOU noauywvoj,letpl KOU OLKTUOU J,lEVe:l xwpi TeALKO avtikpuaj,lo, Myw Tn napaj,lopq>wati TOU nou e:ml3oaae:tal ano TO TptyW VOJ,leTpLKO olktuo (Davis et ai, 1981). Ta nopanovw q>aivovtol ata axtjj,lata 6 KaL 7. LTO axtj J,la 6 one:lkoviovtal OL eaaelljje:l aq>aaj,lotwv TWV KOpuq>wv 6Oeu011e;, ef;apti1j,levl1 ano TO KPOTLKO TPlYW VOJ,leTpIKO OiKTUO, J,leaw TWV OTIJ,leiwv 30 (AAOTivL) KaL 40 (KaAaJ,loplo). Ot TLJ,lE TWV J,le:YOAWV nj,llaovwv TWV e:aae:iljjewv aq>aaj,lotwv KUJ,laivoVTal ano 1.0 em J,leXPI 3.8 em. Eov 11 iota 6Oe:u011 unoaoylatei J,le: Tn J,le TPI1J,lEVI1 anootoal1 J,leTOU TWV O11J,le:[WV 30 Kat 40, 01 TlJ,lee; TWV J,leYOAWV 11J,llaOVWV TWV e:aaelljjewv J,lelW VOVTat Kat KUJ,laivoVTat ono 0.3 em J,lEXPI 1.0 em (LX. 7). LI1J,le:lWTeov OTt 11 e: unoaoylaj,lou (ono TIe; auvte: TaVJ.lEve:) anoata e:lval m, e:vw n ek J,leTpr;ae:wv elvol m (axe:ttko aq>oaj,la ::: 1/33000). na auykplo11 ato axr;j,la 8 oloovtat Ta ano Te:AEaJ,laTO npoaoj,loiw011 Tn noponovw ooeual1. 'Evo onaoe; Tpono eatyxou Tne; eniopaal1 Tile; E vtaf;n atl1v akpil3ela TOU noauywvoj,letpikou OIKTUou e:ivat vo auvopswbe:i, aq>' e:vo J,le:v J,le Tl eaoxlate oeaj,leuae:i, aq>' etepou oe J,le Tl rtaeovoouae oeaj,leuael nou npokumouv ano Tn OLaTr;pn011 TWV O11J,leiwv auvoe011 W OTaBepwv KaL va auykplbouv Ta onon:ataj,lata (olopbwael TWV napatnptjaewv) Kal elolklhepa va auykpl80uv Ol TIJ,lE Tn a posteriori J,le Ta13AnToTnTa Tl1 J,lovaoa 130pou TWV nopoti1pr; oewv. 'Eva OAAO Tpono eival vo auvopbwbei TO no AUYWVOJ,leTPlKO OiKTUO XpnalJ,lonOIWvTO TOV eaoxiato oplbj,lo auvn:toyj,levwv TWV KOIVWV KOPUq>WV W atabepwv. npoaolopiovtoi hat Ol auvtetoyj,leve Kat OL eaaeiljjel aq>aaj,lotwv OAWV TWV O11J,leiwv, auj,lnepl AaJ,ll3oVOJ,levwv Kat TWV KOLVWV O11J,leiwv nou oev Kpa TTJSnKaV atasepo. na va e:ival aj,leantea 11 napaj,lopq>wan nou Sa etaaxbei ono n naeovoouae oeaj,leuaete;, So npenel 01 vee SEael TWV KOlVWV 011 J,leiwv nou oev KpaTr;BI1KaV atosepo va m:piexovtat ato IWwTeptKO TWV avtiatolxwv emeiljjewv oq>aaj,lo TWV YlO TO embuj,li1to enineoo mbavotnto (n.x. Yla m BaVOTl1TO 95% nj,lloove 2.5 x a, 2.5 x (3). Le ovti8e Til nepimw011, 01 rtaeovoouae oeaj,leuoel etaoyouv anapooekti1 nopaj,lopq>w011 OTO veo O[KTUO (t.. BAo Xo, 1987). LTnV npon, n evtof;n evo aatlkou noauywvoj,letpl KOU OIKTUOU OTO TPlywvOJ,leTpiKO OiKTUO Tl1 neploxr; yivetal J,le OlOTr;PI1011 we; atobepwv xwpi aq>oaj,lota TWV auvtetayj,levwv TWV KOIVWV KOPUq>WV. 'ETal, 01 auvte:tayj,levee; TWV KOPUq>WV TOU noauywvoj,letplkou OLKTUOU ovoq>epovtal OTO auotflj,lo avaq>opo TOU TpLywvLaJ,lOu. KaTO auv nela, Ba enpene KaL OL eaaeiljjel oq>aaj,l(ltwv TWV noauywvlkwv O11J,leiwv va ekq>poouv TnV akpll3ela TWV O11J,leiwv autwv ae axe011 J,le TO au

13 . KAIMAKA. 6IKTYOY KAIMAKA EAAEIYEQN u u Lt. ni a ('). ;>It 01 o. c:o (,) x Y SI Sy SICY.. b G (.) (.) (CIII) (ell' (elll) (e.) (grad) 'ffjjjf " : : !"i11.8n ! :!I !"i1"i.7l'i6 -I 774"1.!5! :: llb s IBIB B IB B B BB B B BO IB BI IB IB ,.Bl B B.414B l IBB : :5B B Il c;? x Si Q. x C'.l Xx. 8. npoaoj.1oiwat] rt]; OOE:uaT]; IOU axr,j.1qio; 6. J.1E: acpaaj.1q YWVLOJ.1Srpr,aE:WV = ± 10 cc KQl acpaaj.1q rrasupoj.1srpr,ae:wv = ± 0.5 em. 0

14 70 TexvlKa XPOVIKa 'EKTaKTI1 ekliooll '93 OTl1l.1a avacpopae; TOU TPlVWVlOI.IOU, Ol ouvtetavl.levee; Kal Ol eaaehljele; OcpaAl.laTWV TWV noauvwvtkwv OllI.IEIwv OI.lWe; liev EapTwvTaII.lOVO ana Tle; napatllpnoele;, aaaa Kat ana Tle; OUVTETaVl.leVEe; TWV OTa8Epwv Olll.Ieiwv, 01 onolee; 8EWpn8l1KaV xwpie; ocpaal.lata,lil1aalin TeAEla vvwotee;. To TEAEuTalo Ilellata liev Elval ow OTo,lilOTl OTI1V npavl.latlkoti1ta Ol ouvtetavl.levee; TWV 8EWpOUl.levwv we; OTa8Epwv KOlVWV OllI.IEiwv TWV Mo lilktuwv Eival vvwotee; I.IE KanOla akplllela, 11 onoia EKcppaETal ano TLe; I.IETaJjAI1TOTI1TEe;-OU 1.1 I.IETaIlAI1TO TI1Tee; TOU, onw npokuntouv ana Til ouvop8woll TOU TPIVWVIOI.IOU. Enol.levw, 01 EMEiLjJEl OcpaAl.laTWV TOU noauvwv0i.ietplkou i5lktuou avacpepovtal I.IOVO OTl 8eoEl TWV KOPUCPWV w npoe; Ta OllI.IEia nou 8EWpi} 8l1KaV OTa8Epa Kal OXI w npoe; TO OUOTl1l.1a avacpopa TOU TPlvwV0l.leTplKOu i5iktuou. na va unoaoviotouv 01 EAAeiLjJel OcpaAl.laTWV TWV noauvwvlkwv OllI.IEiwv w npo TO OUOTl1l.1a avacpopa TOU TPlVWVl0I.I0U, npenel va Al1CP80uv unoljji1 01 I.IETaIlAI1TOTI1TE-OuI.II.IETa I3AI1ToTI1TEe; TWV OllI.IEiwv EapTI1Olle; TOU noauvwvo I.IETPIKOU i5tktuou, lii1aai5i} TWV KOlVWV OllI.IEiwv TWV Mo i5lktuwv (ouvop8woll i5lktuou I.IE XPi}Oll OTa81lWV I.IE l3apl1). To xwpoota81llko i5iktuo unoaovietal I.IE Til lle80i50 TWV ElOWOEWV napati1pi}oewv (I.IETalloAi) TWV uljjo I.Ihpwv). Ano Til ouvop8woll npokuntouv Ot n:atkee; Ttl.lee; TWV ULjJOI.IETPWV Ile Ta Ileoa OcpaAl.laTa TOUe;, Ka 8w Kal 01 ouvop8wi.ieve Tll.lee; TWV ULjJ0I.IETptKWV lilacpopwv. Ano neipa exel anoi5etx8ei OTL Vla IllKPE xwpoota8 IltKee; anootaoel Kat IlE TIlV npoon08eoll OTt Ol I.IE Tpi}OEt nei5iou EKTEAOUVTal, KaTa Tponov WOTE va a naaeicpovtaloto llevloto i5uvato lla81.10 Ta OUOTl1lla TLKa OCPaAllaTa, TO l.ieoo OCPaAlla i5lnai}e;,x...wpootael.ll Oll unoaovietal ana TOV Tuno 0= 0 0 VL, onou 0 0 eival TO Ileoo OcpaAl.la i5tnai} XwpOOTaeIlIOlle; avo. Xl AIOl.leTpO xwpoota81liki}e; anootaolle; Kat L 11 xwpo OTa81l1Ki} anootaoll oe km. ITOV Tuno auto Ilaoio VTat ouvi}8w Ol TexvlKee; npoi5lavpacps nou Ecpap- 1l0ovTal OTL i5lacpope xwpee; (Energy, Mines and Resources Canada, 1983). na napai5etvl.la OllI.lElWVE Tal OTL OTOV Kavai5a Ol TLlle TOU 0 0 eival: Eli5lKe xwpoota8l.1ioele; mm/km 61KTuo 111 Tal1 0 0 = 1 mm/km liiktuo 211 Tal1 0 0 = 2 mm/km liiktuo 311e; Tal1 0 0 = 6 mm/km na EninEi50 nt8avoti1ta 95% TO IlSVIOTO avekto OCPaAlla Eival 20 Kat EnOI.lSVW vta i5tnai} xwpoota8 IltOll (I.IETal3aOll-entOTPOcpi}), nou avtlototxei OE XW P?OTa81.1tKn anootaol)j... (km) TO OcpaAl.la KAEIOil.laTo Eival: i5h = 40 = 40 0 V L. ITL TExvlKe Ecpapl.lOVs (olionotia. anoxeteutlkoi a vwvoi. ai}pavve K.An.) noame; cpope 11 I.ISOll KAiOll Tile; Epu8pae; Eival 1'7'00 (10cm OTa 100 m). IE IlEplKEe; neplmwoel npinei va UAOnOl1180UV KAioEIe; l.iexpi 0.2%0 (2cm OTa 100m). Eival cpavepo on OTI neplmwoei aute OcpaAl.laTa l.ieplkwv XtAlOOTWV OTa u LjJOI.IETpa ol1lleiwv OXl 1l0VO i5e OTepouvTal ol1l.1aoiae;. aaaa Kal I.Inopouv va anolielx80uv KpiOLl.la vta TIlv E mtuxia TOU epvou. rt' auto TO l.ievloto avekto OcpaAl.Ia OTl1V ULjJOI.IETPlKi} litacpopa I.IETaU Mo OllIlEiwv TOU lilktuou 311e; TaI1, nou XPl10ll.l0nOLeiTat OE napoi.ioi E neptntwoele;, 8EwpEiTal ioo Ile 5 mm (ll. BMxoe;, 1987). 8. T&KI.I'lpiwo'l H TEKlll1piwOll EVOe; TonovpacplKou i5lktuou ouviota Tal OTI1V apxel08hl10ll TWV nal1pocpoplwv nou TO a cpopouv. AUTO OllllaivEl OTL Ta i5lavpallllata nou anel Koviouv TO i5iktuo npenel va OUVOliEUOVTal ana nivake Ol onoiol va neplexouv TLe; apl81ll1tlke TLl.le 0 AWV TWV napallhpwv TOU. Ol TEAlKe 8eOEle; TWV noauvwvlkwv Kal TWV XWpO OTa81llKWV OllI.lEiwv anelkovlovtal I.IE uno13a8po Xap Til KAillaKae; 1: n Kal I.IlKpOTEPI1. avaaova I.IE TO l.ieve80 TI1 noai1 Kat TI1V sktaoll TOU i5lktuou. IKOno TOU lilavpal.lllato autou Elvall1 i5uwkoauvoll TOU XpnOTI1 OTI1V aveupeoll TWV 8eOEWV TWV Olll.leiwv OTO eliacpo. ITO XaPTI1 OllI.IEIWVOVTal 01 KWi5tKOi apl81.10i TWV OllIlEiwv, Ka8w Kal Ol npoowplvee; OTaOEl nou XPl10lll0nOln8l1KaV Vla TIl l.ietpi1oll TOU noauvwv0i.ie TPlKOU lilktuou n Ol i5lai5poilee; TWV xwpoota81llkwv OliEUOEWV nou akoaou8i}8l1kav Vla TI1V ilipuoi1 TOU xwpoota81.1lkou i5lktuou. Ol nai1pocpopie aute Eivat XpnOLIlE Vla TI1V Enavii5puOll TWV Ol1l.1Eiwv nou Vla i5lacpopou A6voue; Ilnopei va KaTaOTpacpouv (n.x. Ka TEMcplOll OlKoi50Iln). Ta TEUXll TWV unoaovtoi.lwv anon:aouvtal OUOlaOTlKa ana TL AiOTE TOU I1AEKTPOVIKOU unoaovloti] Ileow TOU onoiou vivetatl1 ouvop8woll TOU 6IKTUOU. neple Xouv TLe; ouvop8wi.ieve TLIlS TWV ouvtetavl.ltvwv. Ta OCPaAllaTa TOU. Ta otolxeia TWV anoautwv Kal TWV OXETLKWV EMEiLjJEWV OCPaAllaTWV. Tl anootaoei Kal Ta atllou8la IlETau TWV OllI.IElWV TOU i5tktuou I.IE Ta OCPaAIlaTa TOU. Ka8w Kat TIe; npwtovevei Kal TL auvop8wlleve TLlle TWV napatllpi}oewv. na AOvOUe; ouvi5eolle; Kal alonoii1oll naaalotspwv TonovpacpI KWV EPvaOtwv, 01 ouvtetavl.ltvee; TWV Olll.leiwv, ekto ana TO E.r.IA '87, unoaoviovtat Kat OTI1V npol3oai} Hatt. TEAOe;, Via KaeE noauvwviko OllI.IEio TOU lilktuou au VTaOOETal TO d&atio &Aeyxou noauywyikou OrllJ&iou» onou avacpepovtal Ta OToIXEia nou analtouvtal Via TOV EVTomOIlO TOU OllIlEiou OTO si5acpoe;. Thola OTOl XEia Eivat TO okapicpl1lla I.IE TI EaocpaAioEI, II i510t KI1TLKi] 8tOll, TO Eii5o TI1 ai}llavolle;, 0 KWi5tKO apl8 l.io. 11 cpwtovpacpia TIl EupUTepl1 neploxi}e; Ile unoi5et11 TIle; 8SOll TOU OllI.IEiou Kat OUVTOI.lI1 neptvpacpn TI1. ITO ii5to EvTuno i5ii5ovtat 01 OUVTETaVlleVE I.IE Ta ocpaallata TOU, Ta OTOIXEia Tll emeiljji1 ocpaal.latoe;. o ouvteaeoti} KAillaKae;. II vwvia i5teu8uvoll Kat 11 a nootaoll TOU OllIlEiou ana TO VElTOVIKO TOU I.IE TO 0 noio anoteaei EUVOe;, Ta OToIXEia TOU I.IEAETI1Ti], 11 XpovoAovia TWV I.IETpi]oewv Ka8we; KaltOTOplKa OTOIxeia nou apopouv TO OllI.lEio (n.x. KaTaOTpocpi] Kat e navii5puai) TOU OE VEtTOVIKi} 8SOll). napoiloio Eival TO nepiexoilevo TOU «d&atiou deyxou XWpOOTaelJlKOU O'1IJEiou» TO onolo ouvtaooetat

15 'EKTaKTI1 tkl>o011 '93 TEXVlKa XPOVlKa 71 Yla Ka9E Eva ana Ta ol1eia TOU xwpoota9lkou l>l KTUOU. To OUVOhO TWV l>ehtiwv EMyxou TWV nohuyw VlKWV KQl TO OUVOhO TWV l>ehtiwv EMvxoU TWV XWpO OTa9lKWV O11eiwv anotehouv Ta avtiotolxa CCT&UX'l &Atyxou" TOU nohuywvoetplkou Kal TOU ULVOETPl KOU l>lktuou TI1e; nohl1e;. H I1Xavoypaq>11011 TWV napanavw TEUXWV l>leukohuvel TI1V npool3a011 OTle; nhl1 POq>OpiEe; nou neplexouv KQl TI1V EVI1EPWcni TOUe; Yla TUXOV ETQl3oMe;. 9. T&xvIKtC; npolhaypacp&c; ilipuoi1c; aotikwv Tonoypa- CPIKWV lilktuwv ME TIe; napanavw apxee; OUVTaXTI1KaV Kal E YKpi9l1KaV ana TO fl.r. TOU O.K.X.E. Ol TEXVlKEe; npol>laypaq>ee; nou akohou90uv, E OKono va Eq>apo OTOUV OTle; Mo npwtee; EhETEe; nou EXOUV ril>11 npo KI1PUXTEi (J\aPlOa, rouq>hi). Ano TI1V npwti1 Eq>apoyri TOUe; avaevovtal xpriola OUnEpaOaTQ OE Kpiola l;i1trlata nou OXETil;ovTal E TI1V EYKaTaOTa011, TI1 E TPI1011 KQl TOV unohoyloo napooiwv l>lktuwv. TE TOla l;i1triata eivql n.x.: - 11 l>uvatoti1ta TOU KpaTlKOU TPlYWVOETPlKOU l>l KTUOU va OTl1piE;El TIe; akpil3elee; nou anqltouvtal Yla TI1V EKTEhE011 Tonoypaq>lKou EPYOU Eoa OTle; EyahEe; nohele;, ri rinwe; 9a XPElaOTEi va Ul09ETl190uv TomKO. l>iktua, EVlOXUEva E npo09etee; ETpriOEle; KQl EVl>EXOEVWe; EnhOUTlOEVa E neploootepa OI1eia - 11 EKTa011 OTI1V onoia nopei va Eq>apoOTei 11 ori avol1 OE Toixoue; (q>9i1votepi1) OE OXEOI1 E TI1 cni av011 OE q>peatla (akpll3otepi1) - 11 l>uvatoti1ta EKETahhEU011e; unapxovtoe; UhlKOU OE O,TI aq>opa TO ULVOETPlKO l>iktuo OE ahhee; unl1pe OiEe; Kal opyavlooue; -11l>uvaTOTI1Ta TWV EhETI1T1KWV ypaq>eiwv KQl TOU U napxovtoe; EE;onhlOOU va avtanokpl90uv OTI1V EKTEhE011 TWV ETpriOEWV E TO anqltouevo EninEl>o a Kpll3eiae; Kal Kupiwe; OTI1V EKTEhE011 unohoylowv l>l KTUWV E EE;QlPETlKa EyahO nhri90e; O11eiwv -11l>uvaTOTI1Ta TWV Unl1PEOlWV TOU O.K.X.E. va EnonTEUOUV, va Ka90l>I1Youv Kal va EhEYXOUV napoolee; EpyaoiEe;. napa TO YEyovoe; OTI Ol npol>laypaq>ee; akohou90uv Tl1l3aolKri apxri nou EXEl ul09etl19ei ana TOV O.K.X.E., ouq>wva E TI1V onoia npol>laypaq>etql Kal EhEVXE TQl TO TEhlKO nporov KQl OXl 11 Eq>apOOTEa E90l>0e;, EVTOUTOle;, OE nohhee; neplntwoele; yivovtql oaq>eie; U nol>eie;ele; Yla Ta opyava Kal Yla TIe; E9Moue; unoho YlOOU nou Evl>eiKvuvTal Yla TI1V EniTEUE;11 TOU Em9u I1TOU anoteheoatoe;. AUTO 9EWpri9l1KE OTI l>leukohuvel TO EPYO TOU EhETI1Tri Kal l>laoq>ahil;el Ta ano TEhEOaTa nou Eml>lwKEl 0 O.K.X.E., nou aoq>ahwe; l>ev EiVQl ahha ana TI1V il>pu011 l>lktuwv ULVl1hrie; akpll3eiae; KQl aptlae; TEKl1piW011e;, TWV onoiwv oha Ta OTOlxeia 9a eivqll>la9eola OTOUe; xpriotee;. METa TIe; Ounhl1pWOEle; Kal l>lop9woele; nou 9a KPl 90uv avaykaiee; E TI1V neipa nou 9a anoktl19ei ana TIe; npwtee; Eq>apOYEe;, Ol npol>laypaq>ee; npenel va TE90uv unolvi1 OhWV TWV Evl>laq>EpOEVWV, E OKOno va l>latunwoouv TIe; anolvele; TOUe; Kal va npotei VOUV I3EhTlWOEle;. BlpAloypacpia 1. fl. BA.6.xoe;: «H oriav011 KQl 11 akpil3ela TOU nohu YWVOETPlKOU l>lktuou EhEYXOU TWV KTI1aTohoYl KWV anotunwoewv OE aotlkee; neploxee;" rewl>altl Ka TETpal>la, To. 2, No 2, A9riva fl. BA.6.xoe;: «0 Tonoypaq>lKOe; Kaval3oe; nohl1e; KQl Ol npae;ele; Eq>apoyrie; noheol>olkwv EhETWV", Ilpa KTlKa EmOTI1OVlKOU l>ll1epou ruhhoyou Aypovo wv Tonoypaq>wv Ml1xaVlKWv B.E., 9EooahOviKI1, fl. Bhaxoe;: «Tonoypaq>ia, TOOe; r", EKl>6oEle; APl OTOTEheiOU navemoti1iou 9EooahOviKI1e;, 9EooahoviK T. Blachut, A. Chrzanowski, J. Saastamoinen: "Urban Surveying and Mapping", Springer Verlag, New York, R. Davis, F. Foote, J. Anderson, E. Mikhail: "Surveying Theory and Practice" Mc Graw-Hill Book Company, London Energy, Mines and Resources Canada: "Specifications and Recommendations for Control Surveys and Survey Markers", Ottawa, Energy, Mines and Resources Canada: "A guide to Precise Levelling" Surveys and Mapping Branch, Toronto, J. Mc Langhlin: "Maritime Cadastral Accuracy Study", University of New Brunswick, U.S. Department of Commerce: "Classification, Standards of Accuracy, and General Specifications of Geodetic Control Surveys", Reckville Md