sh-dp-sam-cp- tam- m-hm-b- F-s - I- -s\- p- hn-fn- -cp-tx...- / F-kv.-_n-Pp A-]-cm- -Øn-se- a-c-ww hm Ømhgn-I-fn-eqsS \S- m ]Tn- n Kpcp

Transcript

1 kn- p- kq-cy-ip-am-dn-s\-xn-sc- h-[-`o-j-wn-:- si.-bp.-u-ªyp.-sp.- {]-Xn-tj-[n- ptic-f ]{X{]h -ØIbq-Wn-b ap-j-]-{xw sabv 2016 Chief Editor C. Narayanan Printed and Published by C. Narayanan, general secretary, Kerala union of working journalists, Kesari Buildings, Pulimoodu, Thiruvananthapuram sh-dp-sam-cp- tam- m-hm-b- F-s - I- -s\- p- hn-fn- -cp-tx...- / F-kv.-_n-Pp kz-tzim-`n-am-\n-sb Hm - m - ad p- \Ωƒ- / --a-e-bn- Io-gvtkm-]m-e-ir-jv-w- km-aq-ly-am-[y-aw- A- -Sn-am-[y-a-Øn-s - A- -I-t\m-?- / F-.-]n.- cm-tp-{µ- A-]-cm- -Øn-se- a-c-ww / ]n.-hn.- txm-a-kv hm Ømhgn-I-fn-eqsS \S- m ]Tn- n Kpcp / kn F txmakv \o-e-s -kn-en-s ap-\ H-Sn-bp-tºmƒ.. / kn. F kacw ]Tn- n- m - ]cn-io-e\ m-kn- / hn-[p hn -sk v-v am-xr-`q-an-bn-se B-\p-Iq-ey- \n-tj-[w-: si.-bp.-u-ªyp.-sp.- \n-b-a-t]m-cm- -Øn-\v- ssk-_ C-S-ß-fn-se kzm-x{ yw / F-.- {]-`m-i-c- ]{X-{]-h ØI s] -j ] -Xn: N- -ßƒ t`-z-k-xn sn-øm {iaw Xp-S-ßn {]-XnIm-c ÿ-ew am- -Øn-s\-Xn-sc bq-wnb-s C-S-s]S ti-k-cn- aµn-cøn - Un-Pn- - sse-{_-dn- Xp-Sßn- UnPn ImeØv hm ØbpsS {][m\yw Xocpam\n p Xv P\w: F.]n. cmtp{µ ]{X{]h -ØI - 3

2 am[y-a-{]-h -Ø-\w H-cp sxm-gn F- \n-e-bn A-Km-[amb A-c- n-xm-h-ÿ-bn-eq-ss- \o-ßn-s m- ncn- p- -Xm-Wv h -Ø-am-\ ti-cfo-b km-l-n-cyw. C- y-bn-se at -sxm-cp C-S-tØ- m-fpw sxm-gn kp-c- n-x-xz-hpw B-I -j-iamb th-x-\-l-s-\bpw ÿncw tpm-en k-{º-zm-b-hpw e-`y-am-bn-cp- kw-ÿm-\w F- \n-e-bn ti-c-f-øn am-[y-a-søm-gn taje G-Xm\pw h -jw h-sc kw-l -j-c-ln-x-hpw B-[n- Im-cn-Ihpw B-bn-cp p. F- m dq-] - v a -tum- ns bpw sa- -kn-bp-ss-bpw- am-xr-i- ]n- ]- n- C- ybn-se- Ip-Ø-I- _n-kn-\-kv- I-º-\n-Iƒ- ]-{X-am-[y-aß-sf- sam-ø-am-bn- kz- -am- p-i-bpw- _n-kn-\- v- {]- h -Ø-\-ßƒ- v- a-d-bm-bnam-[y-a-ß-sf- D-]-tbm-Kn- p- I-bpwsn-bv-x-txm-ss- ti-c-f-øn-epw- C-Xn-s - km-l-ncy- ku-i-cywam-[y-a-kr-l-ßƒ- D-]-tbm-Kn- p- Xp-S-ßn.- ]-{X-Øn-s - h-cp-am-\-em-`w- D-]-tbm-Kn- v- Sn.-hn.-bpw- td- Un-tbm-bpw- Hm- -sse-\pw- am-{x-a-,- am-[y-a-{]-h -Ø- \-Øn-se- \m-e-b-e-øv- h-cm-ø- C-h- v- am-t\-pv-sa- v- h-sc-bp- - _n-kn-\-kv- kw-c-w`-ßƒ- B-cw-`n- p-i-bpwsn-bv-xp.- A-tX-k-a-bw- ]-{X-{]-h -Ø-I - v- Im-em-Imew- \ -ti- - th-x-\-h -[-\-bpw- kp-c- n-x-xz-hpw- \n-tj-[n- p-i-tbm- D- -Xv- sh- n- p-d-bv- p-i-tbm- snøp- - {]-h-w-x-bpw- B-cw-`n- p.- a-po-zn-b- th-pv-t_m - Uv- ip-]m -i-iƒ- \-S- m- m-\p- - kp-{]ow-tim-s-xn- hn- [n- am-\n- m- ti-c-f-øn-se- h-en-b- ]m-c-º-cy-ap- - Nn-e- am-[y-a-ÿm-]-\-ßƒ- C-t m-gpw- X-øm-dm-bn- n-.- ÿn-cw- \n-b-a-\-ßƒ- A-h-km-\n- n- v- I-cm - \n-b-a-\- ß-fn-te- pw- ]p-dw-tpm-en- -cm-dn-te- pw- am-dm-\pw- sxmgn-em-fn-iƒ- v- \n-e-hn - sim-sp-øp-h- - s]- j- Dƒs -ss-bp- -h- H- - cm-{xn- sim- v- \n -Ø-em- m-\p-am- Wv- kzm-x-{ y-k-a-c-øn-s - {]u-v- ]m-c-º-cyw- A-h- Im-i-s -Sp- - ]-{Xw- t]m-epw- X-øm-dm-b-Xv.- sxm-gn-em-fn- I-sf- k-ºq -W-am-b- A-c- n-xm-h-ÿ-bn-te- pw- A- kz-ÿ-x-bn-te- pw- X- n-hn-sm- am-[y-a-am-t\-pv-sa- p- Iƒ- v- H-cp- a-\- m- n- p-øpw- C-.- ti-c-f-øn-se- Zr-iy-am-[y-a-sØm-gn - cw-k-øv- C- v- \-S-am-Sp- - A-Sn-a-th-e-bpwth-x-\w- \ -Im-sX- tpmen- sn-øn- -epw- A-Xo-h- Kp-cp-X-c-am-b- hn-j-b-am-wv.- C- ym-hn-j- Nm-\ - H- -c- h -j-am-bn- A-S- n- n-cn- p- p.- A-Xn-se- sxm-gn-em-fn-iƒ- {Xn-i- p-hn-em-wv.- A-h - ÿm-]-\-øn-se- sxm-gn-em-fn-i-fm-bn- \n-e-\n - p- p-t m- F- v- A-h - v- X-s -bpw- D-d- n- m-øÿn-xn-bm-wv.- A-S- n-spw- ap-tº- am-k-ß-fp-ss- th-x-\- p-sn-»n-i- e-`n- m-\p- -h-cm-wv- sxm-gn-em-fn-iƒ.- ]n- o-spw- H-cp- B-\p-Iq-ey-hpw- A-h - v- e-`n- n- n-.- Sn.- hn.- \yq- F-,- sim- n-kv-tlm-jn- p- Xp-S-ßn-b- ÿm-]- \-Øn - am-k-ß-fm-bn- th-x-\w- e-`n- m-ø-xn-\m sxm-gn-em-fn-iƒ- k-a-c-]m-x-bn-em-wv.- hn-c-en-se-æm-hp- - ss-en-hn-j- Nm-\-ep-I-fn-sem-gn-sI- Ir-Xy-am-bn- th- X-\w- e-`y-am-ip- - ÿn-xn- C- - F- -Xv- I-bv-]p- - bm-ym -Yy-am-Wv.- sim-sp- p- - th-x-\-am-i-s cm-py-øv- \n-e-hn-ep- - an-\n-aw- th-x-\-øn-epw- F- {X-tbm- Xm-sg-bp-am-Wv.- ]-e- Zn-\-]-{X-ß-fn-epw- Ir- Xy-k-a-b-Øv- i-º-fw- \ -Im-Ø-Xpw- a-d- p-sh- m- \m-hm-ø- h-kv-xp-x-bm-wv.- I-cm - \n-b-a-\-hpw- \m-a-am-{x- th-x-\-hpw- A- [zm-\-`m-c-hpw- tn - v- am-[y-a-søm-gn - ta-j-e- C- v- G- -hpw- Zp-cn-X-a-b-hpw- A-\m-I -j-i-hpw- B- n-b-xn-\v- C-hn-Sp-sØ- am-[y-a-ap-x-em-fn-am - am-{xam-wv- D-Ø-c-hm-Zn-Iƒ.- hn-\m-i-i-c-am-b- Cu- A- co- w- ]-{X-{]-h -Ø-I- bq-wn-b-\v- H-cn- -epw- Aw- Ko-I-cn- m- I-gn-bn-.- sa- -s - - th-x-\-øn-\pwsxm-gn -kp-c- n-x-xz-øn-\p-am-bn- F- m- X-c-Ønepw- i- -ap-b -Øm- \-Ωƒ- H- -s - m-wv.- C-tXm-sSm- w- A-Sp-Ø-Im-e-Øm-bn- kz-x-{ -am- [y-a-{]-h -Ø-\-Øn-\p- t\-sc- `o-j-wn-i-fpw- imco-cn-i-am-b- I-S- m-{i-a-w-ß-fpw- h -[n- p- h-cp- km-l-n-cy-hpw- D- m-bn-cn- p- p.- C-Xv- A-Xy- w- A-]-e-]-\o-b-am-Wv.- C-Xn-s\-Xn-sc- i- -am-b- {]- Xn-tcm-[-hpw- {]-Nm-c-W-hp-am-bn- \-Ωƒ- ap-t m- p- sim- p-t]m-ipw.- k - m-cn-s - hn-i-k-\,- {]-Nm-c-W- ]- -Xn-Isf- mw- k-aq-l-øn-se-øn- p- -Xv- am-[y-a-{]-h - Ø-I-cn-eq-sS-bm-Wv- F- - Im-cyw- a-d- p-t]m-ipwhn-[-am-wv- `-c-wm-[n-im-cn-i-fp-ss- k-ao-]-\w- F- - Xv- tj-z-i-c-am-wv.- Ip-d- v- B-fp-Iƒ- v- A-{I-Un-t - j- \ -Ip-I- F- -Xm-Wv- h-en-b- Im-cyw- F- vtxm- n- n- pw- t]m-se-bm-wv- k - m-cn-s - k-ao- ]-\w.- \-Ωp-sS- B-tcm-Ky-]-cn-c- m-]- -Xn-bp-sS- {]oan-bw- ]-e- a-s-ßv- Iq-Sn-bn- pw,- ]-Xn- m- p-iƒ- ap-ºv- A-\p-h-Zn- -Xn - H-cp- cq-]- t]m-epw- A-[n-Iw- \ - Im- ]-e- Ip-dn- \n-th-z-\w- \-S-Øn-bn- pw- k - m - X-øm-dm-bn-.- s]- j- ]- -Xn- p- ]p-d-øp- \n - p- - \q-d-p-i-w- n-\v- am-[y-a-{]-h -Ø-I-cp-sS- A- t]- -Iƒ- F-ßn-s\- X-S- -s -Sp-Øpw- F- -Xn - K-th-j-Ww- \-S-Øp-I-bm-Wv- _yq-tdm-{i-kn-bn - Nne.- C-Xn-s\-Xn-sc-sb- mw- D-W - p- {]-h -Øn- m- \-Ωƒ- k- -cm-ti- -Xp- v-. `-c-w-l-s-\m-t`-z-k-xn-bn-eq-ss ]-{X-{]-h -Ø-I bq- Wnb-s Aw-K-Xz-Øn-te- v Iq-Sp-X k-l-{]-h - ØI-sc sim- p-h-cm \-S-]-Sn-Iƒ ap-t -dp-ibmwv. AXp t]m-se h - n-mv tp -W-en-kvv- v B- Œv t`-z-k-xn- m-bn ti-{µ-k - m-cn-s\ k-ao-]n- m\pw \-Ωƒ \o- -ßƒ Xp-S-ßn- -gn- p. bq-wnb-s F m {]-h -Ø-\-ßƒ- pw i- n ]-I-cp Im-emƒ- -S-bm-tI -Xv Aw-K-ß-fm-Wv. \n- -b-zm -V-vyhpw H-sØm-cp-abpw ap-j-ap-{z-bm- n \- ap- v H- n- v ap-t -dmw. 4 ]n.f. A- pƒ K-^q {]-knu v kn. \m-cm-bw P-\-d sk-{i dn... ]{X{]h -ØI -

3 ]-{X- {]-h -Ø-I-\pw,- km-ln-xy-im-c- \p-am-b- tpm -Pv- Hm -sh- n-s - bp- t\m-h-en-se- H-cp- {i-t -b-am-b- k-µ - `-ap- v.- bp- w- I-gn- v- \n-cm-ew-º-cmbn- a-s-ßp- - ssk-\n-i.-a-h - I-S- p- h-cp- - {Km-a-Øn-se- tim-gn-i-f-s- w- I-Æn - I- -sxm-s - ]n-sn-s -Sp- p- p.- ]- n-wn-bp-ss- ap-ºn - F- vssk-\n-i- A- -S- w.- - A-Xp- t]m-sebm-wv- ti-c-f-øn-se- \-s m-cp- i-x-am- \w- am-[y-a- {]-h -Ø-I-cp-sS,- {]-txy-- In- v- Zr-iy- am-[y-a- {]-h -Ø-I-cp-sS- A- h-ÿ.- i-º-fw- t]m-bn- v- {]-h -Ø-\- s -e-hv- t]m-epw- In- m-ø-h-\v- F- v- [m -Ωn-I-X.- Ip-sd- \mƒ,- bp-h-xz-øn- sd- {]-k-cn- n- sd- {]m-cw-`- \mƒ- B- Z -iw- N-h- -c- p- I-gn-bmw.- H-Sp-hn - ho- n-\pw,- \m- n-\pw- {]-tbm-p-\w- C- m-sxh-cp-tºmƒ- ]-W-ap- -h- F-dn- p- \-ev-ip- - F- n- I-jv-W-Øn-\m-bn- I- Sn-]n-Sn- Iq-Sp- - sx- n- ]- n-i-fm-ip- psh-dp-sam-cp- tam- m-hm-b- F-s - I- -s\- p- hn-fn- -cp-tx...- F-kv. -_n-pp \-Ω-fn-sem-cp- Iq- -sc- v- ]-d-tb- n- h- cp- - Z-b-\o-b- A-h-ÿ.- Im-h - \mbbn - \n- v- sx- n- ]- n-bn-te- p- - Zq-cw- R-ßƒ- h-f-sc- Ip-d- v- Zp-cw- sim- v- F-Ø-s -Sp- - Zp-c-h-ÿ.- hn-i- vs]-cn- - k-tlm-z-cn-bp-ss- a- -fp-ss- ]-in-b-s- m- A- - jv-ww- ]-c-kyam-bn- I-h - -Xn-\v- 19 h -jw- X-S-h-\p- `-hn-t - n- h- - "-]m-h-ß-fn-se-"- Po- hmƒ-po- R-ß-sf- mƒ- [m -an-iam-bn- F-{Xtbm- - D-b-c-Øn.- bm-sxm-cp- tk-h-\- th-x-\- hy-h-ÿ- I-fpw- a-e-bm-f-øn-se- an- - ss-en-hnj- Nm-\-ep-I-fn-ep-an-.- c- v- aq- v- Nm- \-ep-iƒ- am- n- \n-dp-øn-bm -, -a-e-bmf-øn-se- ss-en-hn-j- ÿm-]-\-ß-fnse- `p-cn-]- w- t] - p-ap- -Xv- ]-Xn- \m-bn-c-øn - Xm-sg- am-{xw- i-º-fw.-b- Xp-I- t]m-epw- ]-e-t m-gpw- am-k-ßƒ- Im-Øn-cn-t - n- h- n- pw- In- m-ø- A- h-ÿ.- C-t m-gpw- C- ym-hn-j-s - Po-... ]{X{]h -ØI - 5

4 \- - co-xn-bn - {]-h -Øn ph-cp- - (em-`-ap- m- p- -)- am-[y-a-ß-sf- sh- z- - Iym- n- -en-ãp-iƒ- A-Y-hm- ]-W-an-d- n- aq-eyw- h - n- n- v- ]p-\ - hn-]-w-\w- \-S-Øp- - I-º-\n-Iƒ- G-s -Sp- p- -Xm-Wvtem-I-sØ-ßpw- kw-`-hn- p- -Xv.- C- y-bn-epw- a-e-bm-f- -c-bn-epwkw-`-hn- p- -Xpw- A-Xp- X-s.- hm-flm-hm-b- \-Ωp-sS- _-lp-am-\y-\m-b- km-aq-lyt -a- a-{ n- v- kz- w- Po-h-\- m - v- a-cp- n-\vt]m-epw- Im-iv- \ -Im-\m-hp- n-.- ti-c-f-øn-sehm-wn-py- ta-j-e-bp-ss- Np- m- ]n-sn- p- -sx- v- A-h-Im-i-s -Sp- - tn-º - Hm-^v- sim-ta-gv-kv- X- s - ap- ssi-sb-sp-øv- \-S-Øp- -(?-)- Sn- hn- \yq-hns A-h-ÿ-bpw- ]-c-a- I- -am-wv.- Po-h-\- m - vam-k-ß-fm-bn- i-º-fw-ap-s-ßn-bn- p- - C-hn-sS- ]-t an-i- - km-t -Xn-I- kw-hn-[m-\-ß-fp- v.- H-cp- Np-a- X-e- m-c- ]-d- -Xv- C-hn-sS- 65 Iym-a-d-I-fp-s - m-wv.- a-e-bm-f-øn-se- ap-jy- [m-cm- Sn- hn- hm - Øm- am-[y-a-ßƒ- v- t]m-epw- C-{X-bpw-kw-hn-[m-\- ß-fn-.-H-cp- h -jw- t]m-epw- Xn-I- v- {]-h -Øn- msx- A-kv-X-an- - {]-`m-xw- Sn- hn- h- i-º-f-ip-sn-»n- I- h-cp-øn-sb- p- am-{x-a- - ]-e-sc-bpw- h-gn-bm-[mc-am- p-i-bpwsn-bv-xp.- C-ß-s\- -W-`w-Kp-c-amb- \n-c-h-[n- am-[y-a- ÿm-]-\-ß-fm-wv- Po-h-\- msc- h-gn-bm-[m-c-am- n-b-xv.- Nn-e- hn-j-b-ßƒ- N - - m-bn- Xp-d- n-sp-i-bm- Wv.-P-\m-[n-]-Xy-Øn- sd- \m-emw- Xq-sW- v- B-Zyam-bnam-[y-a-ß-sf- sf -e- n - \n- p- - P-\- {]-Xn-\n-[n-bm-b- F-Uv-a- v- _ - v {_- o-jv- P-\-{]m-Xn-\n-[y- k-`-bn - hn-ti-jn- n- -Xn- sd- kml-n-cyw- ]-cn-tim-[n- p-i.- A-Xp- h-sc- am-[y-a-ßsf- hn-e- n-bn-cp- - slu-kv- Hm-^v- tim-a- -kn -A-Xv- A-\p-h-Zn- p- - th-f-bn-em-wv- F-Uv-a- v- _ - v- C-ß-s\- ]-d- -Xv.- b- Ym - - P-\- i- w- am-[y-a-ß-fp-ss-xm-sw- m-w-t m- k- - w.- A- m-e-øv- am-[y-a- {]-h -Ø-\w- H-cp- an-j-\-dn- t]m-cm- -am-bn-cp- -t m.- C- y- kzm-x-{ y- k-a-c- m-e-øv- \-Ωp-sS- am-[y-a-ßƒ- pw- C-tX- th-j-am-bncp- p.- \-Ωp-sS- "-am-xr-`q-an-'-b-s- w- ]-e- ]-{Xß-fpw- D-Z-bw- sn-bv-x-xv- t]m-epw- kzm-x-{xyk-a-c-øn-s - Pn-lz-I-fm-bn- m-w-t m.- C- -sx- mw- hy-h-km-b-am-wv.- \- - co-xn-bn - {]-h - Øn p- h-cp- - (em-`-ap- m- p- -)- am-[y-aß-sf- sh- yp - Iym- n- -en-ãp-iƒ- A-Y-hm- ]-W-an-d- n- aq-eyw- h - n- n- v- ]p-\ - hn-]- W-\w- \-S-Øp- - I-º-\n-Iƒ- G-s -Sp- p- - Xm-Wv- tem-i-sø-ßpw- kw-`-hn- p- -Xv.- C- y-bn-epw- a-e-bm-f- -c-bn-epwkw-`-hn- p- - Xpw- A-Xp- X-s.- A-t mƒ- hy-h-km-b-am-ip-tºmƒ- A-Xn-s - Xm-b- N- - q- n-em-i-ww- {]-h -Øn-t - n- h- cn-i.- h - n-ßv- tp-w-en-ãv- B-Œn- {]-Imcw- Nn-e- hy-h-ÿ-iƒ- ]m-en- v- Nn-e- ]-{Xÿm-\-ßƒ- {]-h -Øn- p- p- v.- \-Ωp-sS- \-s m-cp- i-x-am-\w- ]-{X-am-[y-a-ß-fpw- tjm- ]v-kv- B- Uv- F-Ãm-_v-fn-j-sa- v- B-Œpw-, - I-º-\n- B-Œpw- {]-Im-c-sam-s -bm-w-t m- {]- h -Øn- p- -Xv. -kzm-x-{ y-m-\- -cw- \-ΩpsS- D- -X- P-\-{]m-Xn-\n-[y- k-`-bm-b- cm-pyk-`-bn-e-s- w- ]-{X-{]-h -Ø-I-sc- \m-a-\n - t±-iw- sn-bv-xn-cp- -Xv- P-\m-[n-]-Xy-Øn-s - \memw- Xq-Wn-s - kw-`m-h-\- \n-b-a-\n -Ωm-W- Øn-\v- D- m-i-w-sa- - hn-nm-c-øn-em-bn-cp- p.-h- w- am-[y-a- {]-h -Ø-I-sc- \ym-b-am-bn- Aw-Ko-I-cn- m-\pw- A-h-cp-sS- t -aw- D-d- ph-cp-øm-\pw- C-Xv- D-]-I-cn- n-cp- p.- A-ta-cn- - P-\-{]-Xn-\n-[n- k-`- A-h-cpsS- `-c-w-l-s-\-bn - h-cp-øn-b- B-Zy- t`-z- K-Xn- ]-{X- kzm-x-{x-øn-\p- th- n-bm-bn-cp- p.- A-ß-s\-sbm- pw- \-Ωp-sS- ]m -e-sa- v-dn - D- m-bn-s - n-epw,- H-cp- h - n-ßvtp-w-en-ãv- B-Œn-eq-sS- ]-{X-{]-h -Ø-I-sc- Ãm- yq- -dn- N- - p-sn-\v- A-I-Øm- m- I-gn- p.- ap-s- n-bm-sw- n-epw,- tk-h-\- th-x- \- hy-h-ÿ-iƒ- p-x-ipwhn-[w- Cu- \n-b ]{X{]h -ØI -

5 aw- A-\p-im-kn- p- - th-pv- t_m -Up-I-fpw- \-S- m-ip- p- v.- A-sX-{X- Im-ew- F- -Xv- kw-i-b-i-cam-wv ,- Un-kw-º - 20\v- \n-b-a-am-ip-i-bpw- ]n- o-sv h-sc-bp- - Im-e-ß-fn - t`-z-k-xn- h-cp- Øp-I-bpwsn-bv-x- Cu- \n-b-aw,- N- -{]-Im-cw- sxmgn-em-fn-iƒ- v- A-\p-Iq-e-am-Wv.- \m-em-gv-n- ]-c-am-h- [n- 144 a-wn- q - ]-Wn-sb-Sp-t - -tx-bp- p- Xp- S-ßn- A-h-[n, -B-\p-Iq-ey-ßƒ,- sxm-gn - X - ß-fn - kzo-i-cn-t - - \n-e-]m-sv- h-sc- hy-i-x-am- p- p- B- \n-b-aw.- am-{x-a- - Im-em-Im-e-ß-fn th-pv- t_m -Uv- ip-]m -i- sn-øp- -Xn - Ip-dp-h- m-ø- B-\p-Iq-eyw- ]-{X-ßƒ- \ -In-bn-cn- -Wsa- pw- \n-b-aw- \n-jv-i -jn- p- p.- \n -`m-ky-i-c-sa- p- ]-d-b-s - Cu- \n-b-aw- C-t mgpw- \yq-kv- t]- - Pn-h-\- m-sc- am-{x-ta- am-[y-a- {]-h -Ø-I-cm-bn- Aw-Ko-I-cn- n- p- p.- Zr-iy-{i-hysh-_v- am-[y-a- {]-h -Ø-I-sc- Iq-Sn- \n-b-a-øn-s - ]-cn-[n-bn - sim- p-h-cm-\p- - {ia-ß-sf- mw- ]- cm-p-b-s -Sp-I-bm-bn-cp- p.- \n-b-a-\n -Ωm-W- k-`-ifn - h- - P-\-{]-Xn-\n-Iƒ- Xn-I- pw- \n-tj-[m-fl- I- \n-e-]m-sm-wv- C- m-cy-øn - kzo-i-cn- -Xv- F- vtj-z-]q -hw- ]-d-bm-sx- h-ø.- C-S-Xp-]- - m-c-s- w- A-h-cn - ]-e-cpw- {]-Xn-\n-[m-\w- sn-øp- - h - - Xm-ev-]-cyw- \n -`m-ky- h-im - sxm-gn-em-fn-i-fp-ss- Xn-s\- mƒ- ap-x-em-fn-i-fp-ss-xm-bn-cp- p.- H- w- \nb-a-\n -Ωm-W- k-`-i-sf- m-wv- t]-sc- n-epw,- A-hn- S-ß-fn - B- _n-k-\- v- Xo-sc- \-S- p- n-.- `p-cn- ]- w- Aw-K-ß-fpw- se-pn-kv-tf- n-hv- _n-kn-\- v- k- `-bn - F-s m-s -bm-wv- \-S- -sx- v- A-dn-bp- - Xv- Xp-S - v- h-cp- - am-[y-a- dn-t - p-i-fn - \n- msw- v- ap- Fw.-]n-bpw,- A-Xn-\pwap- ]v- am-[y-a- {] -h-ø-i-\p-am-b- sk-_m-ãy- t]mƒ- A-Sp-ØnsS- ]-d- n-cp- p.- C-Xn-s\m- w- Iq- n- hm-bn-t - -Xm-Wv- am-[y-a- cw- K-tØ- sxm-gn-em-fnkw-l-s-\-iƒ- p- m-bn- p- i- n- -bw.- \-h- en-_-d - Im-e-L- -Øn - C- sxm-cp- kz-`m-hn-i- ]-cn-wm-asa- v- B-iz-kn- m-\m- Ip-tam-?.- sxm-gn-em-fnkw-l-s-\m- t\-xr-xzw- Nn-ebn-S-sØ- n-epw- Ip-Ø-I-bm-Ip-tºmƒ- ÿm-]n-x- Xmev-]-cy-hpw- H- w- Im-cy-ti-jn-bn- m-bv-a-bpw- D- m-hp- I- kzm-`m-hn-iw- am-{xw.- tz-io-b- X-e-Øn - am-[ya- {]-h- -Ø-I-cp-sS- t{s-uv- bq-wn-b- {]-h- -Ø-\w- Xp-temw- Zp -_-e-am-wv.- A-Xn-\m - X-s - sxm-gnem-fn- A-h-Im-i-ßƒ- m-bn- t]m-cm-sn- Im-cy-ßƒt\-Sn-sb-Sp- m- \-ap- v- I-gn-bp- n-s - v- B-flhn-a -i-\-]-c-am-bn- ]-d-tb- n- h-cp- p.- Zr-iy- am- [y-a- {]-h -Ø-I-cn - \-s m-cp- i-x-am-\w- kw- L-S-\m- {]-h -Ø-\-a-S- w- s]m-xp- Im-cy-ß-tfm- Sv- ]p-dw- Xn-cn- v- \n - p- - k-ao-]-\-am-wv- ]pe -Øp- -Xv.- a- p- -h-cp-ss- A-h-Im-i-Øn-\m-bn- ]-d-bp- - R-ßƒ- v- kz- w- Im-cyw- ]-d-bm- Cu- sxm-gn-en-se- {]-tx-i-x- Im-c-Ww- sn-dn-b- D-fp- p-ap- v.-- s{]m-^-j-w - k-ao-]-\w- ssi-im- - hn-tz-i- am-[y-a- kw-l-s-\-iƒ- v- k-{in-bam-bn- sxm-gn - {]-i-\-ß-fn - C-S-s]-Sm- H-cp- ]-cn-[n- h-sc- bq-tdm- n-sem-s - km-[n- p- p- v.- I-gn- - Zn-h-kw- G-jy-s\- v- No-^v- F-Un- mdm-bn-cp- - Sn.-F- tkm-]-ip-am-dn-s - i-h-kw-kv- Im-c- N-S-ßp-Iƒ- n-s-bn - A-hn-sS-sb-Øn-b- H- cp- D- -X- t]m-eo-kv- Hm-^o-k-dp-sS- A-I-º-Sn- m-c-\m-b- tim- -Ã-_n-ƒ- Hm-Sn- F-s -b-sp-sx- Øn.- ]-cn-n-b-ap-t m-sb- v- tnm-zn- -t mƒ- F- \n- v- a-\- n-em-bn-se- v- ]-d-tb- n- h- p.- -Rm tp-w-en-kw- ]-Tn- n- - hn-zym - n-bmsw- v- A-bmƒ- ]-cn-n-b-s -Sp-Øn.- ]n- o-sv- H- cp- {]-ap-j- ]-{X-Øn - 5 h -jw- ]-Wn-sb-Sp-Øp.- t]m-eo-kvtim- -Ã-_nƒ-- X-kv-Xn-I-bn - \n-ba-\w- e-`n- -t mƒ-- t]m-bn.- t]m-eo-kv- tk-\-tbm- Sp- - B-th-i-sam- pw- sim- - - t]m-b-xv.- ]- {X-{]-h -Ø-I- F- - \n-e-bv- v- In- p- - tkh-\- th-x-\- hy-h-ÿ-i-fn - Po-hn-Xw- ap-t m- p- sim- p- t]m-ip-i- A-km- y-am-b-xn-\m-em- Wv-.- F-ß-s\- t]m-im-xn-cn- pw.-]-s-hm-fn-s\- mƒ- Xq-en-I- i- -am-b-cn- mw,- ]-t - Xq-en-I-sb-Sp- p- -h-s - ho- n-se- A-Sp- n - Xo- ]p-i- ns - n - F- v- sn-øpw.- H-cp- F.-Un- Iv-fm - n-\v- ]p-xp- n-b- th-x-\w- {]-Im-cw- G-I-tZ-i- 20,-000 cp-]- {]-Xn-am-kw- e-`n- pw,- t]m-eo-kvtim- -Ã-_-fn-\v- 22,-000 cp-]- In- pw.- ]v-f-kv- Sp- A- ym-]-i-\v- 39,-000 Xp-S- - i-º-f-am-bn- In- pw.-\- - Im-cy-am-Wv.- A-t mƒ- C-sXm- pw- In- m-ø- Bƒ- m-cm-hpw- am-[y-a- {]-h -Ø-I-cm-Ip-I.- ]n- Xm-hv- B-Z -iw- I-e- n- Ip-Sn- m - a- -fp-ss- hni- v- am-dn- -tem.- R-ß-sf- mw- am-[y-a- {]-h -Ø-\w- Xp-S-ßn-bsXm-Æp-dp-I-fn - tim-tf-pv- A- ym-]-i -,- K-k- Uv- Hm-^n-k -am,- A-`n-`m-j-I,-F- n-\o-b - am,- _m- v- Hm-^o-k -am,- C-X-c- s{]m-^-j-wep-iƒ- Xp-S-ßn-b-h - am-[y-a-{]-h -Ø-I-cm-bn- I- S- p- h- n-cp- p.- hy-x-y-kv-x- ta-j-e-i-fn - \n-... ]{X{]h -ØI - 7

6 km-aq-ly- {]-Xn-_- -X-bp-s - n-epw- ]-W-an- m-ø-xn-\m - ]-e- sn-dp- - m - pwhy-h-km-b-øn-s - ]p-xn-b- Cu- co-xn- aq-ew- am-[y-a- cw-k-tø- v- I-S- m-\m-ip- n-.- C-t mƒ- Cw- o-jv- Sn- hn- Nm-\-ep-I-fn-epw- tk-h-\- th-x-\- hy-h-ÿ- B-I -j-i-a-.- H- w- hy-h-km-b- ò-a-a- am - C-h-bp-sS- \n-b-{ -Ww- G-s -Sp-Ø-tXm-sS- A-h - B-h-iy-s -Sp- - tn-cp-h-i-iƒ- X-øm-dm- m- ]-c-ºm-c-k-x- tp-w-en-kw- ss\-]p-wywt]m-cm.-\-ωp-ss- \m- n-se- Im-cy-am-sW- n-epw- ]-cn-xm-]-i-cw- X-s.- p- - hn-zv-k- -cp-ss- I-S- p- h-c-hv- am-[ya- cw-k-sø- t]m-jn- n- n-cp- p.- bp.-pn.- kn- k-v-si-bn - h- -txm-ss- A- ym-]-\-- Øn - \n- p-w-- am-[y-a-ß-fn-te- p- - H- gp- v- Xn-cn- m-bn.- a- v- s{]m-^-j-w - ta- J-e-I-fn-epw- sa- -s - - tk-h-\- th-x-\- hy-h-ÿ- h- p.- sf.-sn- A-h-k-c-ß-fpsS- ]p-xn-b- hm-xm-b-\-ßƒ- Iq-Sn- Xp-d- n- -txm-ss- k-aq-l-øn-se- an-sp- -cp-ss- H-gp- v- am-[y-a- ta-j-e-i-fn-te- v- \-t - Ip-d- p.- F- m - tz-io-b- X-e-Øn-seam-[y-a-ßƒ- {]-X-y-In- v- Cw-Kv-fo-jv- Sn- hn- Nm-\-ep-Iƒ- B-I -j-i-am-bn-cp- p- ]-e - pw.- h- Xp-I- \ -In- an-i- - s{]m-^j-w - ]-cn-io-e-\w- t\-sn-b-h - Cu- ÿm- ]-\-ßƒ- v- H-cp-Im-e-Øv- H-gp-In- F-Øp- - A-h-ÿ-bp- m-bn-cp- p.- km-aq-ly- {]- Xn-_- -X-bp-s - n-epw- thx\-an- m-ø- Xn-\m - ]-e- sn-dp- - m - pwhy-h-kmb-øn-s - ]p-xn-b- Cu- co-xn- aq-ew- am-[ya- cw-k-tø- v - I-S- m-\m-ip- n-.- C-t mƒ- Cw- o-jv- Sn- hn- Nm-\-ep-I-fn-epw- tk-h-\- th-x-\- hy-h-ÿ- B-I -j-i-a-.- H- why-h-km-b- ò-a-a- am - C-h-bp-sS- \n-b- { -Ww- G-s -Sp-Ø-tXm-sS- A-h - B-hiy-s -Sp- - tn-cp-h-i-iƒ- X-øm-dm- m- ]-c-ºm-c-k-x- tp-w-en-kw- ss\-]p-wywt]m-cm.- \-Ωp-sS- \m- n-se- Im-cy-am-sW- n-epw- ]-cn-xm-]-i-cw- X-s.- A-sX- p-am-i-s,- Cu- hy-h-km-b-hpw- \n-e-\n - -W-sa- n - A-Xn-\v- an-i- - A-kw-kv-Ir- X- [m-xp- -fpw,-b-[p-\n-i- km-t -Xn-I- hn-zy-bpw- H- w- an-i- - a-\p-jy- hn-`-h- ti-jn-bpwth-ww.- H-cp- B-ip-]-{Xn-bn - F-{X- an-i- - Hm- -td-j- Xo-b- -dpw,- kv-im-\n-ßv- b-{ - kw-hn-[m-\-ß-fpw,-a-xym-[p-\n-i- ù-xn-i- km-l-n-cy-ap-s - n-epw- I-gn-hp- - tum-œ - C-s - n - F- v- ^-ew.- "Hm- -td-j- k-iv-k-kv- _- v- Z- t]-jy- v-dv- ssu-uv-'- F- v- ]-d-bpw- t]m-se-bm- Ipw- Im-cy-ßƒ.- tcm-kn-tbm-sv- {]-Xn-_- -X-bn-s - nepw- B-ip-]-{Xn-bp-sS- {]-h -Ø-\w- \n-e-\n-dp-øm-s\- n-epw- am-\y-am-b- i-º-f-hpw- ku-i-cy-hpw- tum-œ - v- \ -I-s -?- P-\m-[n-]-Xy-hpw,- \m-emw- Xq-Wpw,- A-`n-{]m-b- kzm-x-{ y-hpw,- _-lp-kz-c-x-bpw- H-s - X-Xv-Im-ew- H-cp- ap- - q- hn-]v-f-h-øn-\v- Im-tXm -Øv- A-hn-sS-bn-cn- -s -.- am-[y-a- hy-h-km-bw- \n-e-\n - m- th- n-sb- n-epw- Iym-]n- -en-ãv- am-xr-i-bn - sa- -s - - tk-h-\- th-x-\- hy-h-ÿ-iƒ- th-s -?- ]-cky-sø- Iq-Sp-X - Iq-Sp-X - B-{i-bn- m- \n -_- n-x-am-ip- - C- -sø- am-[y-a- _n-kn-\- v- tam-uen-s - k-a-hm-iy-sa-sp-øm - t]m-epw- an-i- - s{]m- ^-j-w-ep-iƒ- Cu- cw-k-øv- th-ww.- C-Xv- \n -`m-kyh-im - A - -kz - -sa- n-epw- [m -Ωn-I-X- B-hiy-s -Sp- - hy-h-km-b-am-wv.- hm -Ø-bn - Ip-d-s - n-epw- ss\-xn-i-x- ]p-e -Øn-bm-se- k - p-te-j-. \pw,- td- n-ßp-sam-s - In- p.-a-xp- m-bm-se- ]-c-kyhpw- In- p.- A-Xn-\p- th- n-sb- n-epw- ]v-fo-kv- (G-jym-s\- v- \yq-kv- Akn-kv- v- FIv-kn-Iyq- o-hv- FUn- -dpwtic-f ao-un-b A- mz-an F-Iv-kn-Iyq- o-hv I-Ωn- n Aw-K-hp-am-Wv teji ) ]{X{]h -ØI -

7 kz-tzim-`n-am-\n-sb Hm - m - ad p- \Ωƒ- \q-dmw- N-c-a-h -jn-iw- I-S- p-t]m-bxv- B-cpw- A-dn-bm-sX- -a-e-bn- Io-gvtKm-]m-e-Ir-jv-W- -a-e-bm-fn-bp-ss- B-[p-\n-I- \-h-t_m-[- cq-]o-i-c-w-sø- kzm-[o-\n- - ]-{X-{]- h -Ø-\-Øn-s - `o-jv-am-nm-cy-\m-b- kztz-im-`n-am-\n- cm-a-ir-jv-w-]n- - tem-itøm-sv- hn-s- ]-d- n- v am - v- 28 \v- \q-dv- h -j-am-bn- ]-s - A-t±-l- Øn-s - Cu- Zn-\w- B-cp-am-cpw- A-dnbm-sX- I-S- p-t]m-bn- F- -Xm-Wv- hmkv-x-hw- ]-{X-ß-tfm- ]-{X-{]-h -Ø-Itcm- F- n-\v- cm-a-ir-jv-w-]n- -sb- Ipdn- v- A-`n-am-\n- p- - s]m-xp- k-aq-ltam- H- pw- {i- n- m-sx-bm-wv- B- Zn- \w- I-S- p-t]m-b-xv.- km-[m-c-w- N-c-ahm -jn-ißƒ- p- t]m-epw- te-j-\-ßfpw- t^m-t m-i-fpw- sim-sp- m-dp- - ap- Jy-[m-cm-]-{X-ßƒ- t]m-epw- Cu- Zn-\- sø- ]- n- H-cp- A- -cw- an- m-ø-xn- \v- Im-c-Ww- Im-e-Øn-s - am- -sa- v- k- am-[m-\n- mw.- cm-a-ir-jv-w-]n- -bv- vth- -s - - _- p- -fm-cpw- C- v- Pohn- n-cn- n-.- A-t±-l-Øn-s - `m-cy- I- eym-wn-b-ω,- a-iƒ- tkm-a-xn-b-ω,- A- h-cp-ss- a- -fm-b- tz-h-in,- cm-a-ir-jv-w-,- Aw-_n-I- Xp-S-ßn-b- F- m-h-cpwtem-i-tøm-sv- hn-s- ]-d- p.- C-h-cn - \n- pw- k- -Xn- ]-c-º-c-i-fn-.- C-Xp- Im-c-Ww- cm-a-ir-jv-w-]n- -bp-ss- Ip-Spw- _w- th-c- n-cn- p- p.- cm-a-ir-jv-w-]n- bp-ss- a-i- {_n- -\n - ]-T-\-Øn-\v- t]mb-xm-wv.- A-t±-lw- Xn-cn- p- h- n- p-an-.- A-hn-sS- hn-hm-lw- I-gn- p-sh- pw- A-Xn-ep- - B-fp-Iƒ- D-s - p-w- ]-dbp- -X- m-sx- Iq-Sp-X - hn-h-c-ßƒ- A- dn-bn-.- H-cp- ]-s - cm-a-ir-jv-w-]n- bp-ss- \q-dmw- N-c-a-hm -jn-iw- Hm -a-s - Sp-Øm- _- p- ƒ- B-cpw- C- m-sxt]m-b-xm-imw- B- Zn-\w- A-dn-b-s -SmsX- t]m-b-sx- v- Du-ln- mw.- ]-s ti-c-f-øn-se- {]-[m-\-]-{x-ßƒ-s - mw- dn-k - v- hn-`m-k-ap- v.- I-e- - an- - ]-{X-ß-fp-sS-bpw- h-cp-am-\- am - - am-wv.- \m-sp-ap-gp-h-\p- - s]- n -S-Iƒ- v- k-am-\-am-b- B-cm-[-\m-e-b-ß-fp-sS- D- -h-ßƒ- t]m-epw- ÿ-ew- ]n-sn- p-... ]{X{]h -ØI - 9

8 - ap-jy-[m-cm- ]-{X-ß-fp-sS- I-e- -dp-i-fn -t]m-epwcm-a-ir-jv-w-]n- -bp-ss- \q-dmw- N-c-a-hm -jn-i-øn-\v- C- Sw- In- n-bn-.- H-cp- ]-s - ]-c-ky-hpw- em-`-hpw- am-{xwe- y-w- h- p- - \-ho-\- ]-{X-]-h -Ø-\-Øn-s - -H-cpam- -am-bn- C-Xn-s\- I-W- m- mw.- I- - n - ]n-d- v- I- ºyq- -dn-te- v- am-dn-b- a-e-bm-f- ]-{X-]-h -Ø-\w- C- vh- _n-kn-\- m-wv.- km-aq-ln-i- am- -Øn-s -bpw- P-\- Xbp-sS-bpwap-j-ap-{z-b-wn- - Cu- ]-{X-ßƒ- v- ssen-hn-j-\p-i-fp-ss- h-c-thm-sv- Iq-Sn- h- In-S- tim - -td- p-iƒ- pw- ]-c-ky- I-º-\n-Iƒ- pwap- ]n - Xm-Wph-W-ßn- \n -t - - K-Xn-tI-Sm-Wp- -Xv.- C-Xv- km- [m-c-w- ]-{X-ßƒ- v- am-{x-a-,- ]m - n- ]-{X-ßƒ- pw- _m-[-i-am-wv.- ]-c-ky-øn-\pw- em-`w- sim-øm-\p-ap- s\-t m- -Øn - km-aq-ln-i- \- -bpw- am-[y-a- [ -Ω-hpsa- mw- h-gn-am-dp- p.- kv-t]m- -k -am - B-Wv- ]-eam-[y-a-ß-sf-bpw- C- v- \n-b-{ n- p- -Xv.- ]-c-kyw- \ - In- A-h - am-[y-a-ß-sf- `-cn- p- p.- cm-a-ir-jv-w-]n- -bp-ss- N-c-a- i-xm-_v-zn- kv-t]m- -k -am-cp-ss- {i- bn -s - p-im-wp-i-bn-.- A-h - ]-c-kyw- \ -In-bn-cp- p-sh- n - B-N-c-Ww- si-t -a-am-tb-t\.- F- m - H- cp- kw-i-bw- Iq-Sn- D-b-cp- p.- kw-ÿm-\- ]-ªn-Iv -dnte-j- kv- h-ip- pw- cm-a-ir-jv-w-]n- -bp-ss- t]-cn - B- p-txm-dpw- A-hm -Uv- \ -Ip- - ao-un-b- A- m- U-an-bpw- Cu- Zn-\-a-dn- n-t.- A-tXm- A-dn- -tijw- B-N-c-Ww- th-s - v- h- -Xm-tWm.- kz-tz-im-`n-am-\n-sb- \m-sp-i-s-øn-b-txm-ss- C- y-bnse- {]-[m-\- ]-{X-ß-sf- mw- Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq - k - mcn-s - \-S-]-Sn-sb- hn-a -in- v- cw-k-øv- h- p.- C-Xv- Im-c-Ww- Ip- -]-{X-ßƒ- \n-c-øn- h- v- cm-a-ir-jv-w-]n- -s -Xn-sc- Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq - k - m - H-cp- Z -_m - tc-j-bp- m- n.- C-Xn - cm-a-ir-jv-w-]n- -sb- F-Xn -Ø- ]-{X-ß-fp-sS- A-`n-{]m-bw- Dƒ-s -Sp-Øn.- Cu- Z -_m - tc- J-bp-sS- b-ym - -tim- n- C-t mƒ- B-kv-t{S-en-b-bn-em-Wv.- A-Xn-s - t^m-t m-tim- n- sim- p-h- v- {]-kv- A- m-z-an- ]p-kv-x-i-am- n-bn- p- v.- kz-tz-im-`n-am-\n-bp-ss- \m-sp-i-s-ønen-\p-ti-jw- A-Xv- D- m- n-b- s]m-xp- A-`n-{]m-bw- ]-{Xcw-K-Øv- h-en-sbm-cp- t\- -ap- m- n.- cm-p-io-b- Im-cy-ßƒ- C-cp-ºp- a-d- p- n - A-[n-I-Im-ew- H-fn- v- h-bv- m- I- gn-bn-s - pw- k - m-cn-s\- kw-_- n- p- - Ip-d- v- Imcy-ß-sf- n-epw- ]-{Xw- h-gn- P-\-ß-sf- A-dn-bn- -W-sa- vtxm- n- H-cp- "{]- v- dqw'- cm-p-io-b- k - m - Xo-cp-am-\n- p.- l- q - I-t -cn- A-Y-hm- sk-{i- -dn-tb- n-t\m-s-\p-_- n- v- ]-{X-{]-h -Ø-I - p-th- n B-Wv- {]- v- dqw- Xp-S-ßn-b-Xv.- Cu- {]-kv- dqw- ]-cn-w-an- m-wv- ]-ªn- Iv- dn-te-j- kv- h-ip- v- X-s -bp- m-b-xv.- C-Xn-s - \q-dmwhm -jn-iw- ap- ]v- I-S- v- t]m-bn- pw- ]-ªn-Iv- dn-te-j- kvh-ip- v- A-dn- n-.- ]n-s - cm-a-ir-jv-w-]n- -bp-ss- Imcyw- ]-d-b-w-ta-m.- ]-{X-cw-K-Øn-\p-th- n- Po-hn- - a-lm- Fw.-sI- Km- n- a-lm-flm-km- n-bm-ip- -Xn-\p- ap- ]v- A-t±-l-hp-am-bn- _- -s - - c- v- {]-[m-\- a-e-bm-fn-i-fm- Wv- ]-{X-cw-K-Øp- -Xv.- B-Zy-tØ-Xv- ]n.- ]-c-ta-iz-c- ]n- F-,- a-lm-flm-km- n-bp-ss- B-fl-I-Y-bn - ]-d-bp- - G-I- a-e-bm-fn-bm-b- _m-cn-ã - Pn.-]n.- ]n- - ( )- bm-wv-.- ti-c-f-øn-se- P-\-Io-b- hn-π-h-ß-fp-ss- D- ]- m-xm-sh-- v- N-cn-{X-Im-c- m - hn-ti-jn- -s -Sp- - _m-dn-ã - Pn.- ]n.- km-aq-ln-i-{]-h -Ø-I-,- tim- -{Kkv- t\-xm-hv,- hm- n,- Cw- o-jv-im-sc-t]m-epw- B-I -jn- - F-gp-Øp-Im-c- F- v-- F- m- \n-e-bn-epw- hn-e-bn-cp-ømsa- n-epw- "F-Un-t -gv-kv- F-Un- -'- F- m-wv- sx-t - C- y-bn - A-t±-lw- A-dn-b-s - -Xv.- A-t±-l-Øn- - ]-{Xw- X-s - Z- n-wm-{^n- - {]-iv-\w- {]-N-cn- n- m- hn- p- X- p- F- v- Km- n-pn- ]-d- n- p- - Pn.-]n.- a-{zm-kv- Ãm- t -Uv- F- - Cw- o-jv- ]-{X-Øn-s - F-Un- -dm-bn-cp- p.- Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq - cm-p-io-b- k - m-cn-\pw- Zn-hm-\p-sa- Xn-sc- sim- n-bn-se- Cw- o-jv- ]-{X-ß-fn - te-j-\w- F- gp-xn-b-xn-s - t]-cn-em-wv- ]-Xn-s\- mw- h-b- n - ]n- sb- a-lm-cm-pm-kvtim-tf-pn-(c- -sø- bq-wn-th-gv-kn- ntim-tf-pv-)- - \n- pw- ]p-d-øm- n-b-xv.- C-tX- tim-tf-pn - ]-Tn- v- ]-{X-{]-h -Ø-\w- B-cw-`n- - cm-a-ir-jv-w-]n- sb- 28 h -j-øn-\p-ti-jw- cm-p-io-b- k - m sk- ]v- w-_ - 26 \v- Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn - \n- v- X-s - \m-sp-i-s- Øn.- Pn-]n-sb- _-lp-am-\n- n-cp- - hy- n-bm-wv- kz-tz ]{X{]h -ØI -

9 im-`n-am-\n- cm-a-ir-jv-w-]n-.- "tz-im-`n-am-\- hn-pbw'- F- - t]-cn - cm-a-ir-jv-w-]n-f-f,- Pn-]n-sb- ]- n- te-j-\w- {]-kn- o-i-cn- n- p- v.- Pn-]n-sb- - ]- {Xm-[n-] - Z- n-wm-{^n- - {]-iv-\-øn - Km- n- Pn-bp-sS- k-lm-bn-bm-bn-cp- p-sh- n,- Km- n-pn- C- y-bn - F-Øn- t\-xm-hm-ip- -Xn-\p- ap- ]v- A- t±-l-øn-s - Po-h-N-cn-{Xw- F-gp-Xn-b- B-fm-Wv- cma-ir-jv-w-]n-f-f.- tam-l-\-zm-kv- Km- n- F- - Cu- Po-hn-X- N-cn-{Xw- C- y- `m-j-i-fn - B-Zy- \n-cbn-ep-f-f-xm-wv.- A-Xv- t]m-se- I-Ωyq-Wn-k-sØ- ]- n- C- y-bn - A-Pv-Rm- X-am-bn-cp- - Im-e-Øm- Wv - cm-a-ir-jv -W-]n- - Imd - am-iv-kn-s\- Ip-dn- v- ]p-kv-x-iw- F-gp-Xn-b-Xv.- C-Xp-am-{X-a- - a-e-bm-fkm-ln-xy-øn-\pw- `m-jbv - pw- cm-a-ir-jv -W-]n- sn-bv-xn- p- - tk-h-\- ßƒ- C-\n-bpw- hn-e-bn- cp-tø- n-cn- p- p.- _m-e-t`m-kn-\n- (hym-ic-ww-)- Aw-K-K-Wn-Xw,- `o- P-K-Wn-Xw,- t -{X-K-Wn- X- km-[-\m-]m-t-ßƒ,- A-dp- q-dv- `q- hn-h-c-wtnm-zy-ßƒ-,- Ir-jn-imkv-{Xw,- a- -s - Ip- - Øw- ( I-Y-).- hm-a-\- I-Y- Xp-S-ßn- Ip- n-iƒ- p- - ]p-kv-x-i-ß-fpw- {In-Ã-^ - sim-fw-_-kv,- s_ -an- {^m- v-fn- Xp-S-ßn-b- Po-hn-X- N-cn-{Xß-fpw- hy-øm- - ]-{X-{]-h -Ø-\w- Dƒ-]-sS-bp- a- v- ]p-kv-x-i-fpw- km-ln-xy- \n-cq-]-w-ß-fpw- kmln-xy- te-j-\-ß-fpw- cm-a-ir-jv-w-]n- - a-e-bm-f- Øn-\v- kw-`m-h-\- sn-bv-xn- p- v.- C-Xn - C- pw- ]- {X-{]-h -Ø-I - v- h-gn-im- n-bm-bn- \n - p- - ]pkv-x-i-am-wv- "hy-øm- -]-{X-{]-h -Ø-\w'- C-tX- ]- n- {]-ap-j- ]-{Xm-[n-]-cpw- am -Iv-kn-Ãv- ssk- m- n-i-\p-am-bn-cp- - ]n.- tkm-hn-µ-]n- - C-ß-s\- A- `n-{]m-b-s - n- p- v-:- "" H- mw- tem-i- a-lm-bp- -Øn- \p-ti-jw- kzm-x-{ -y- k-a-cw- hym-]-i-am-hp-i-bpwkm-[m-c-w- I -j-i-cpw- sxm-gn-em-fn-i-fpw- A-Xn - ]- m-fn-bm-hp-i-bpw- A-ß-s\- k-am-\y- P-\-ßƒ- n-s-bn - D-t j-p-\-i-am-b- cm-jv-{so-b- t_m-[w- ]- S-cp-I-bpwsn-bv-x I-fn - am-{x-am-wv- \-Ωp-sS- Im-en-I-ßƒ- Zn-\-]-{X-ß-fm-Im- Xp-S-ßn-b-Xv,- A- bp- - Im-cy-am-Wv -'- ( \m- Sp-I-S-Ø - i-xm-_v-zn- ]-Xn- v- hm-fyw- aq- v- ) sa-bv-- 25 \v- s\- øm- n- I-c-bn - P-\n- v am - v- 28 \v- I- Æq-cn - h- v- 38 mw- h- b- n - A- -cn- - si.- cm-a-ir-jv-w-]n- - ti-c-f-øn-se- ]-{X-cw-K-Øv- sim- Sp- m- v- kr- n- hn-π-h-im-cn-bm-bn-cp- p.- Xn-cp-h- \- -]p-cw- a-lm-cm-p-kvtim-tf-pn - ]-Tn- v- 21 mwh-b- n - "ti-c-f- Z -]-Ww-'- F- - ]-{X-Øn- - F- Un- -dm-bnam-dn-b- cm-a-ir-jv-w-]n- - cm-p-`-c-w-øns -bpw- D-tZym-K-hr-- -Øn-s -bpw- A-gn-a-Xn- pwkz-p-\-]- -]m-x-øn-\pw- am-{x-a- km-aq-ln-i- Xn- -Iƒ- pw- A- -hn-izm-k-ßƒ- pw- A-\m-Nm-cßƒ- pw- FXn-sc Xq-en-I- ]-S-hm-fm- n- am- n.- ]- {X-ap-S-h-ÿ- am-cp-sshn-tbm-pn- v- Im-c-Ww- ]-e- ]-{X-ß-fn - \n- pw- ÿm-\w- H-gn-tb- n-h- p P-\p-h-cn- 17 \m-wv- cm-a-ir-jv-w-]n- - "kz-tz-im-`nam-\n-'- ]-{X-Øn-s - ap-jy-]-{xm-[n-] - B-b-Xv.- [- \m-vy-\pw,- ap- ow- k-ap-zm-b-øn-s - \-thm- m-\- N-cn-{X-Øn-se- A-{K-K-Wy-\n-c-bn -s]- - a-lm-\p-amb- h- w- ap-l-ω-zv- A-_v-Zpƒ- Jm-Z - au-e-hn- ( )- B-bn-cp- p- kz-tz-im-`n-am-\n-bp-ss- D-S-a-ÿ-.- A-t±-lw- H-cn- -epw- ]-{Xm-[n-]-cp-sS- kzm-x-{ kw-ÿm-\- ]-ªn-Iv -dn-te-j- kvh-ip- pw- cm-a-ir-jv-w-]n- -bp-sst]-cn - B- p-txm-dpw- A-hm -Uv- \ -Ip- - ao-un-b- A- m-z-an-bpw Cu- Zn-\-a-dn- n-t.- A-tXm- A-dn- n- pw- A\p-kv-acWwth-s - v- h- -Xm-tWm. Xn-\ - w, hy-øm- -]-{X-{]-h -Ø-\w- F- gp-xp-tºmƒ- am-{x-a- - A- v- h -jw- I-gn- v cm-a-ir-jv-w-]n- - \n-cym-x-\m-ip-tºmƒ- t]m-epw- a- e-bm-f- ]-{X-{]-h -Ø-\w- ssi-i-h- Z-i-bn - B-bncp- p-sh- m-wv.- cm-a-ir-jv-w-]n- - ]-{Xm-[n-]-Xywh-ln- n-cp- - {]-kn- o-i-c-w-ßƒ- am-kn-i-tfm- hmcn-i-i-tfm- am-{x-am-bn-cp- p.- a-e-bm-f- ]-{Xm-[n-]- Ipe-t{i-jv-T-\m-bn- i-cn-bm-bn- X-s - \mw- I-cp-Xp- cm-a-ir-jv-w-]n- -bp-ss- ]-{Xm-[n-]-Xy -- A-\p-`-hwt]m-epw- ]-cn-an-x-am-bn-cp- p.- F- n- pw- Cu- ]-cn-an- Xn-Iƒ- v- A-I-Øv- \n- v- sim- v- kp-am h -jw- ap-ºv- F-gp-Xnb- hy-øm- - ]-{X-{]- h -Ø-\w- C- pw- B- cw-k-øv - hgnim- n-bm-bn- {]-h -Øn- p- p-sh- -Xv- cm-a-ir-jv-w-]n- -sb- t]m-se-bp- - H-cmƒ- v- am-{xw- I-gn-... ]{X{]h -ØI - 11

10 kz-tz-im-`n-am-\n- \q-dmw- N-c-a-hm -jn-i- A-\p-kv-a-c-W- N-S-ßn - Xn-cp-h-\- -]p-cwti-k-cn- kv-am-c-i- tp -Æ-en-Ãv- {S-Ãn-s - Un-Pn- - sse-{_-dn-bn - kz-tz-im-`n-am-\n- ]-{X-Øn-s - tim- n- h- w- A-_v-Zp - Jm-Z - au-e-hn-bp-ss- sn-dp-a-i- F.- kp-ssl - A-\m- m-z-\w- sn-øp- p-.- ]{X{]h -ØI bq-wn-b - P\d - sk{i dn- kn-.- \m-cmbw,- aebn -Io-gvtkm-]m-eir-jv-w,- Pn- m- sk{i dn- _n.-fkv.- {]k,- {]kn-u v- kn-.- dlow- F n-h - kao-]w-.- Øn - ssi- I-S-Øn-bn-.- km-aq-ln-i- \ p-th- n- cm-a-ir-jv-w-]n- -bv- v- C-jv-Sw- t]m-se- ]-{Xw- D-]-tbm-K- p-sim- m- au-e-hn- A-\p-hm-Zw- \ -In.- cm-p-io-b- k - m-cn-\pw- Zn-hm-\p-sa- mw- F-Xn-cm-bn- ap-j-{]-kw-k-ß-fpwhm - Ø-I-fpw- h- -t mƒ- au-e-hn-bp-ss- _- p- ƒ- t]m-epw- `-b-s - p.- ]-s - A-sX- mw- cm-a-ir-jv-w-]n- -bp-ss- C- jv-sw- t]m-se- F-gp-X-s - F- - \-b-am- Wv- au-e-hn- kzo-i-cn- -Xv ap-xep- - 4 h -j- m-ew- a-e-bm-f- ]-{X-{]- h -Ø-\-cw-K-Øv- tz-im-`n-am-\n- sim-sp- m- v- kr-jv-sn- p.- Zn-hm- ]n.- cm-p-tkm- ]m-em-nm-cn-bpw- D-tZy-K-ÿ- am-cpw- \- S-Øn-b- k-zm-nm-c-hn-cp- - \-S-]-Sn-Iƒkz-tZ-im-`n-am-\n-bn - {]-Xy- -s - p.- C- sx- mw- Iq-Sn-bm-b-t mƒ- cm-a-ir-jv-w- ]n- -sb-bpw- au-e-hn-tb-bpw- ]m- n-em- m-\p- - {i-aw- \-S- p.- A-Xv- ]-cm-pb-s - -t m-gm-wv- Zn-hm- cm-p-tkm-]m-em- Nm-cn-bp-sS- k-a -±-Øn-\v- h-g-ßn- {ioaq-ew- Xn-cp-\mƒ- a-lm-cm-pm-hv- cm-a-irjv-w-]n- -sb- \m-sp-i-s-øm-\qw- kz-tzim-`n-am-\n- {]-kv- I- p-si- m-\pw sk-]v- w-_ - 26 \v- hn-f-_-cw- ]p-d-s - Sp-hn- -Xv.- A- v- cm-{xn- ]-Xn-s\m- v- a- Wn- v- H-cp- P-Uv-I- h- n-bn - t]m-eokv- A-I-º-Sn-tbm-sS- ]m-f-bw- t]m-eokv- tã-j-\n - \n- m-wv- \m-sp-i-s-øm- sim- p-t]m-b-xv.- s\-øm- n- I-c-hgn-bm-bn-cp- p- bm-{x.- ]n- o-sv- Xn-cp-\ th-en,- ]m-e- m-sv- a-{zm-kv- F- n-hn-s-ßfn-em-wv- ]n- - Po-hn- -Xv.- \m-sp-i-s-øen-s\- ]- n- A-t±-lw- X-s - F-gp-Xn-b- F-s - \m-sp-i-s-ø - F- - ]p-kv-x-i- Øn - \n- pw- Iq-Sp-X - hn-h-c-ßƒ- A-dn-bmw.- A-Xv- t]m-se- `m-cy- I-eym- Wn-b-Ω- F-gp-Xn-b- "hym-g-h- - kv-a-c- W-Iƒ-'- F- - ]p-kv-x-i-hpw- \m-sp-i-s- Ø-en-s\-bpw- A-Xn-\p-ti-j-ap- - Ime-tØ-bpw- hn-h-cn- p- p.- a-e-_m-dn - \n- pw- cm-a-ir-jv-w-]n- -bv- v- k-lmbw- e-`n- p.- {]-txy-in- v- ]m-e- m-sv- sh- v- B-tcm-Kyw- X-I - pw- Zm-cn-{Z-Øn-em- pw- I-gn- - A-t±-l-sØ- kw-c- n- m- H-cp- Z-Ø- am-xm-hn-s\- In- n.- A-Xv- X-c-h-Øv- A-Ω-mfp-A-Ω-bm-Wv.- F-gp-Øp- mcn-iq-sn-bm-b- A-Ωm-fp-A-Ω,- A-{_m- -W-{]-ÿm-\- t\- Xm-hpw- km-aq-ln-i- {]-h -Ø- I-\p-am-b- tum.- Sn.-Fw.- \mb-cp-ss- k-tlm-z-cn-bm-wv.- ti-kv- \-S-Ø-epw- ]-{X-{]-h - Ø-\-hpw- km-ln-xy-c-n-\-bpam-bn- cm-a-ir-jv-w-]n- - a-e- _m-dn - I-gn- v- Iq- n.- am- p-]-d- m - Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iqdn-te- v- Xn-cn- p-h-cm- G - m-sp- m- m-sa- pw- {]- v- Xn-cn- p- \ -Im-sa- pw- Zq-X- m - cm-a-ir-jv-w-]n- -sb- A-dn-bn- p.- ]-s - Xn-cp-hn- Xmw-Iq-dp-am-bn- p- - F- m- _- -ß-fpw- Xm- A-h-km- \n- n- p-sh- pw- X-s - a- ƒ- t]m-epw- B- k - m-cn-s - k-lm-bwkzo-i-cn- -cp-sx- p-am-bn-cp- p- cm-a-ir-jv-w-]n- -bp-ss- a-dp-]-sn.- "Fs - ]-{Xm-[n-] - C- m-ø- {]- v- F-\ns - n-\v-'- F- mbn-cp- p- {]-kv- D-Sa-ÿ- au-e-hn-bpss- D-Ø-cw-.- A-h - c- p-t]-cpw- H-cn- - Iq-Sn- Im-Wm- B-{K-ln- p.- Nne- kv-t\-ln-x- m - tn - v- sim-sp-ßeq-cn - A-Xn-\v- I- f-sam-cp- n.- Xn-cphn-Xmw-Iq - a-æn - kv-] -in- m-sx-bm- Wv- cm-a-ir-jv-w-]n- -sb-øn-b-xv.- A- h-cp-ss- Iq-Sn- m-gv-nhn-im-c- \n -`-c-ambn-cp- p.- `m-cy- I- ym-wn-b-ω-bp-sstpm-en-sb- Xp-S - m-wv - cm-a-ir-jv -W- ]n- - I-Æq-cn-te- v- Xm-a-kw- am- nb-xv.- A-hn-sS- h- m- Wv- -b-tcm-kwaq - n- v- A-t±-lwtem-I-tØm-Sv- hn-s- ]-d- -Xv.- ]-øm-º-ew- I-S-]p-d-Øm-bn-cp- p- A- y-i -Ωw- \-S- -Xv.- kz-x- { -e-_v[n- p-ti-jw- I-Æq-cn - \n- pw- A-t±-l-Øn-s - ù-xn-i- A-h-in-jv-S-Øn-s - H-cp- `m-kw- Xn-cp-h-\- -]p-c-tø- v- sim- p-h- p-sh- n-epw- Nn-e- cm-jv-{so-b- {]-iv-\-ßƒ- Im-c-Ww- A-Xn-s - ÿm- ]n- - \o- p Hm-K-Ãv- 13 \v- C.-Fw.-F-kvap-jy-a-{ n-bm-bn-cp- -t mƒ- cm-jv-{s-]-xn- tum.- cm-tp-{µ-{]-km-zm-wv- ù-xn-i- A-h-injv-S-Øn-\v- ap-i-fn-ep- - {]-Xn-a- GPo-kv- Hm-ô-kv- ]-cn-k-c-øv- A- \m- m-z-\w- sn-bv-xxv-.- tdm-uv- ho-xn- Iq- n-b-xn-s\- Xp-S - v- ap-jy-a- { n- hn.-f-kv.- A-Nyp-Xm-\-µ- C-S-s - v- {]-Xn-a ]m-f-b-ønte- v- am- n- ÿm-]n- p.- (ap-xn - am-[y-a {]h -ØI\pw- am-xr-`q-an-bp-ss ap - {]txy-i teji\p-am-wv tej\ I -Øm-hv)- am- p-]-d- m - Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn-te- v- Xn-cn- p-h-cm- G - m-sp- m- m-sa- pw- {]- v- Xn-cn- p- \ -Im-sa- pw- Zq-X- m - cm-a-ir-jv-w-]n- -sb- A-dn-bn- p.- ]-s - Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dp-am-bn- p- - F- m- _- -ß-fpw- Xm- A-h-km-\n- n- p-sh- pw- X-s - a- ƒ- t]m-epw- B- k - m-cn-s - k-lm-bwkzo-i-cn- -cp-sx- p-am-bn-cp- pcm-a-ir-jv-w-]n- -bp-ss- a-dp-]-sn ]{X{]h -ØI -

11 am-hp- p.- C-X-h-km-\n- n- m- Im-eam-bn- F- - hm-zw- a-\- n-em- m-\m-hpw.- hn-i-kn-x-tem-i-sø-ßpw- A- -Sn- -{Xß-fp-sS- {]-Nm-cw- Ip-d-bp-I-bm-sW- - ]p-xn-b- {]-Xn-`m-k-sØ- p-dn- - - \yqsp- _p- n-po-hn-iƒ- hm-nm-e-cm-ip- - Xv.- A-sXm-cp- km-t -Xn-I-hn-Zy-bp-sS- {]- iv-\w-am-{x-am-wv- ]-{X-hm-b-\- m-c-\v.- cmhn-se- ho-sn-s - tim-em-b-bn - ]-{Xwho-gp- - i- -sø- Im-Øn-cn-t - - Imcy-an- - ]p-xn-b- Im-e-Øv.- \m-e-c-bv-t m- A- -c-bv -t m- D-d- -ap-w - m - C- - s\- n - ]-{Xw-hm-bn- mw.- C-Xn-\v- I-ºyq- - Xp-d- -W-sa- p-t]m-ep-an-.- t^m- - a-xn.- C- m-e-øv- C-Xv- ku-p-\y-ambn- hm-bn- mw.- A- -Sn-s -e-hn-t\- mƒ- Ip-d-hm-Ipw- C- -s\- n-se- ]-{X-Øn-\v.- t\-cw- ]p-e-cpw-ap-ºv- tem-i-sa-ºm-sp-ap- - C- -]-{X-ßƒ- hm-bn- p-xo - p- h - \-Ωp-sS- \m- n-ep-ap- v.- A-h - A- -Sn- -{Xw- Im-e-l-c-W-s -Spw- F- p-xs -bm-wv- I-cp-Xp- -Xv.- ]-t,- A-hcm-cpw- C-Xv - ]-c-º-cm-k-x-]-{x-øn-s -tbm- tz-im- -cw- F-.-]n.- cm-tp-{µ- ]-c-º-cm-k-x-am-[y-aw- F- p-hn-fn- -s - Sp- -Xv- s]m-xp-sh- A- -Sn-am-[y-a-sØbm-Wv.- \m-\q-dp-h -j-sø-sb- n-epw- ]- g- -ap- v- Cu- am-[y-a-øn-\v.- ti-c-f-ønte- v- C-Xv- I-S- p-h- n- v- C-cp-\q-dp- h - jw- t]m-epw- B-bn- n-.- A- -Sn- v- tijw- h- - td-un-tbm- H-cp- ]q -W- hm - Øm-am-[y-a-a-.- ss-en-hn-j-\m-i-s,- hm - Øm-am-[y-a-sa- -Xn-te-sd- H-cp- hn-t\m- Z-am-[y-a-am-Wv.- G- -hpw- {]m-bw- Ip-d- - \yq- ao-un-b- ]-g-a- m -s - mw- sh- phn-fn-bm-bn- D-b - p-h-cn-i-bm-wv.- \yq- ao- Un-b-bp-sS- ]p-xn-b- cq-]-am-b- tkm-jy ao-un-b- B-I-s,- Ip-sd- \yq-sp- _p- n-po-hn-i-fp-ss- I-Æn - ]-c-º-cm-k-xam-[y-a-øn-s - A- -I-\m-Wv.- \n -_- -am-bpw- h-[n- -s -ts- -Xm- Wv- A- -Sn-am-[y-aw,- A-h-cp-sS- Im-gv-N- m-sn.- ]-cn-ÿn-xn- kw-c- -W-sØ- p-dn- v- te-j-\w- F-gp-Xn-bm-epw- A-X- -Sn- m- th-ww- Ip-sd- a-cw.- Hm-tcm- Zn-h-k-sØ- ]-{X-Øn-\pw- th- n- tem- I-sØ-hn-sS-tbm- Im-Sp-Iƒ- A-{]-Xy ]{X{]h -ØI - 13

12 14 ]-{X-{]-h -Ø-\-Øn-s -tbm- A- y-am-bn- Im-Wp- n-.- \-h-am-[y-a-h- m- ƒ- ]-{X-hm-b-\- p-x-s - F-Xn-cm-Wv.- ]-{Xw- hm-bn-t - - B-h-iy-ta- C- - F- v- {]-`m-j-ww- \-S-Øp- -h-cm-wv- A-h.- A- h - hm-bn- m-dn- - F- v- A-Xn-\ - -an-.- ]-{Xß-sfhn-a -in- m- ]-{Xw- hm-bn-t - -Xp- v- F- -Xp-sIm- m-hmw,- A-h - ]-{Xw- hm-bn- p- p- v.- A- m-sx- hn-h-c-a-dn-bm- A-Xn-s - B-hiy-an-.- c- p-h -jw- ap-ºv,- ti-c-f- ao-un-b- A- m-z-an-bn - hn-zym - n-i-fp-ss- H-cp- ]-cn-]m-sn-bn kw-km-cn- m- H-cp- ko-\n-b - sf.-f.-f-kv- D- tzym-k-ÿ-s\- -Wn- p-sim- p-h- n-cp- p.- A- t±-l-øn-s - {]-`m-j-w-øn-s - Np-cp- w- C-Xmbn-cp- p- -\n-ßƒ- ]-{X-{]-h -Ø-\w- ]-Tn- p- h-cm-w-t m,- A-Xp-sIm- v- \n-ßƒ- ]-{Xw- hm-bn- m-xn-cn- -cp-xv.- Rm- sf.-f.-f- n-\v- {]n-t - sn-øp- - Im-e-Øv- ]-{X-ßƒ- Ir-Xy-am-bn- hm-bn- n-cp- p.- C-t mƒ- hm-bn- m-dn-,- ss-en-hn-j-\pw- Im-Wm-dn-.- hm -Ø- A-dn-bp-I- F- -Xv- A-{X- A-Xym-h-iy-Im-cy-sam- p-a-.- ssz-\w-zn-\w- Po-hn- X-Øn-epw- sxm-gn-en-\pw- B-h-iy-am-b- hn-h-c-ßƒ- A-dn-bm- ]-e- am -K-ß-fp- v.- am-[y-a-ßƒ- th- - - ]-{Xw-hm-bn- m-ø-xp-sim- v- Nn-e-t m-sgms - hn-õn-bm-im-dp-s - v- A-t±-lw- k-ω-xn- p.- Im -\q- m- v- ap-ºv- tkm-hn-b- v- X-I - -bp-ss- Im-e-Øv- X-\n- p- m-b- H-cp- N-Ω - A-t±-lw- {]-kw-k-øn - F-Sp-Øp-]-d- p.- A- v- A-t±lwhn-tz-i-k - o-kn-em-bn-cp- p.- H-cp- km-bm- -Øn - k-l-{]-h -Ø-I -s m- w- C-cn- ptºmƒ- B-tcm- ]-d- p,- C-\n- [m-cm-fw- ]p-xn-b- ]p-xn-b- cm-py-ß-fn - C- y- v- \-b-x-{ -ti-{µßƒ- D- m-ip-a-t m,- Iq-Sp-X - t]-sc- k - okn - \n-b-an-t - n-h-cp-a-t m- F- v.- F- p-sim- m-wv- ]p-xn-b- cm-py-ßƒ- D- m-ip- -Xv- F- v- \-Ωp-sS- I-Ym-]p-cp-j-\v- a-\- n-em-bn-.- A-X-t±lw- F-Sp-Øp- tnm-zn- p.-a-t m-gm-wv- ]-g-b- tkmhn-b- v- cm-py-øn-se- \n-c-h-[n- {]-hn-iy-iƒ- kzm- X-{ yw- {]-Jym-]n- v- th-sd- cm-py-ß-fm-b- hn-hcw- Cu- hn-zzm- A-dn- -Xv.- A-t±-lw- C-t mgpw- k - o-kn-ep- v.- ]-{Xw- hm-bn- m-sx- sf.- F.-F- n - Xp-S-cmw- F- -t±-lw- sx-fn-bn- p-!- A-sXm- p-a- - C-t m-g-sø- {]-iv-\w.- s^-bvkv-_p- v,- Szn-,- Kq-Kvƒ- Xp-S-ßn-b-h-bm-Wv- i-cnbm-b- am-[y-a-ßƒ.- ]p-xn-b- Im-e-sØ- P-\m-[n-]- Xy-h -Ir-X- am-[y-aw- km-aq-ly-am-[y-a-am-wv.- ]q - W-am-b- A-`n-{]m-b-kzm-X-{ yw- B- am-[y-a-ß-fnte- \n-e-hn-ep- q.- ]-{X-ßƒ- D-S-a-ÿ-s - A-`n- {]m-b-ßƒ- pw- kzm - -X-Iƒ- pw- A-\p-k-cn- p-am-{x-ta- hm -Ø-Iƒ- sim-sp- p- p- q.- P-\-ßƒ- A-dntb- - kz-x-{ -hpw- \n-jv-]- -hp-am-b- hm -Ø-Iƒ- s^-bvkv-_p- n-epw- a- p-am-wv- D- -Xv.- ]-{X-ßƒ- H-fn- p-sh- p- hm -Ø-I-fpw- tkm-jy - ao-un-b-bn - Im-Wmw.- A-hn-sS- F- Un- -am-cp-ss- G-Im-[n-]-Xy-an-.- F-gp-Xp- - te-j-\-ß-fpwhm -Ø-I-fpw- B-cpw- sh- n- -f-bn-.- B-sc-bpw- `-b-s -ts-.- C-Xm-Wv- b-ym - - am-[y-a-kzm-x-{ yw.- C-Xm-Wv- b-ym - - P-\m-[n-]-Xyw- -C-Xm-Wv- ]p-xn-b- Im-gv-N- m-sv.- Cu- F-gp- Xn-b-Xn - A-Xn-i-tbm- n- I-e -Øn-bn- n-.- A-Sp-Ø- Im-e- Øv- H-cp- N - m- k-tω-f-\-øn - C-Xv- t\-cn- p-ti- p.- s]m-xp- {]-iv-\-ß-fn - km-am-\yw- \- - Im-gv-N- m-sp-iƒ- ]p-e -Ømdp- - Nn-e- bp-h-nn- -I-cm-Wv- Xo-{h-am-b- ]-{X-am-[y-a-hn-tcm- [w- {]-I-Sn- n- -Xv.- ]-{X-ßƒ- A-h-tcm-Sv- F-t m- {Iq-c-X- \n- Xy-hpw- sn-bv-xp-sim- n-cn- p- p- F- - a- v.- F- p-kw-`-hw- \-S- m-epw- A-Xn-s - H-cp- h-i-ta- ]-{Xw- sim-sp- p- p- q.- ]-{X-]-h -Ø-I - kz-x-{ -tcm- \n-jv-]- -tcm- A- - F- - Xp-t]m-I-s - hn-h-c-tzm-jn-i-fp-am-wv.- Pm-Xo-b-X-bpw- h -Ko-b- X-bpw- ]-{X-ß-fn - sim-sn-ip-øn- hm-gp-i-bm-wv.- h-cn- m-cpss-bpw- Im-gv-N- m-cp-ss-bpw- F-Æw-Iq- m- A-h - F- v- A-[- a-im-cy-hpw- sn-øpw...- C-ß-s\- t]m-bn- hn-a -i-\-ßƒ.- ]-{X-am-[y-a-ßƒ- hn-a -in- -s -ts- -h-b- - F-s m-cp- Imgv-N- m-sv- C-sX-gp- - Bƒ- v- H- p-an-.- tkm-jy - ao-un-b- h- cp- -Xn-\p-ap-ºp-X-s - ]-{X-hn-a -i-\w- \n-e-hn-ep- v.- Zr-iyam-[y-a-Øn - ]-{X-hn-a -i-\w- H-cp- ÿn-cw- ]w- n-bm-bn- Kuc-h-]q -hw- \-S- p-t]m- n-cp- p.- C-t m-gn-.- \m-sn-se-ºm-spw- ]-S - p-]n-sn- p- I-gn- - am-[y-a-sk-an-\m - {]-Xn-`m-kw- H-cp- X-c-Øn -t\m- n-bm - am-[y-a-hn-a -i-\-øn-s - H-cp- cq-]w- X-s -bm-wv.- P-\-ßƒ- {]-Xo- n- p- - X-cw- am-[y-a-{]-h - Ø-\w- A- - C-t m-gpw- t^m -Øv- F-tÃ- v- F- p-hn-fn- -s - Sp- - ]-{X-am-[y-a-ß-fn - \n- p-e-`n- p- -sx- - ]-tcm- am-b- hn-a -i-\-hpw- ]-cn-`-h-hpw- Cu- {]-Xn-`m-k-Øn - A- -eo-\-am-wv.- Cu- Im-e-sØ- ]-{X-{]-h -Ø-\-Øn-s - ]- cn-an-xn-iƒ- ]-{X-{]-h -Ø-I - p-x-s -bpw- t_m-[y-ap- - Imcy-am-Wv.- aq-e-[-\-xm-ev-]-cy-ßƒ- kw-c- n- p- - ]-{X-ßƒ- pw- cm-jv-{so-b-xm-ev-]-cy-ßƒ- kw-c- n- p- - am-[y-a-ßƒ- p-an-s-bn - kz-x-{ -am-bn- km-[m-c-w- m-cp-ss- Xm-ev-]-cy-ßƒkw-c- n- p-i- F- -Xv- Cu- Im-e-Øv- Iq-Sp-X - {]-bm-k-ambn-s m- n-cn- p- p.- ap-sº- mw- `-c-w-iq-s-am-wv- h-en-b- ]- {X-kzm-X-{ y-ew-l-i-cm-bn-cp- -Xv- F- n - C-t mƒ- ]-c-kyh-cp-am-\-øn-\p-th- n- ap-x-em-fn-ø- Xm-ev-]-cy-ßƒ- v- th- n- h-g-ßp-tºm-gm-wv- ]-{X-kzm-X-{ yw- l-\n- -s -Sp- -Xv- F- -Xpw- k-xy-am-wv.- C-Xp-sIm-s m- pw,- I-gn- - H-s m- -c- \q- m- n-te-sdbm-bn- ]-{X-am-[y-a-ßƒ- ti-c-fo-b- k-aq-l-øn-\v- sn-bv-x- tkh-\-ßƒ- an-yy-bm-ip- n-.- kzm-x-{ y-t_m-[w- P-\-ß-fn - \-h-am-[y-a-h- m- ƒ- ]-{X-hm-b-\- p-x-s - F-Xn-cm-Wv.- ]-{Xw- hm-bn-t - - B-h-iy-ta- C- - F- v- {]-`m-j-ww- \-S-Øp- -h-cm-wv- A-h.- A-h - hm-bn- m-dn- - F- v- A-Xn-\ - -an-.- ]-{X-ß-sfhn-a -in- m- ]-{Xw- hm-bn-t - -Xp- v- F- -Xp-sIm- m-hmw,- A-h - ]-{Xwhm-bn- p- p- v.-... ]{X{]h -ØI -

13 h-f-cp- -Xp-X-s - s]m-xp-hn-j-b-ß-fn - X- ßƒ- pw- A-`n-{]m-b-ap- m-bn-cn- m- A- h-im-i-ap- v- F- - t_m-[w- h-f - -t mgm-wv.- P n-am-tcm- a- p-{]-am-wn-am-tcm- ]-dbp- -Xm-Wv- X-ß-fp-sS-bpw- A-`n-{]m-bw- F- p-i-cp-xn-t m- - P-\-ß-fn - km- -c-xbpw- ]-{X-hm-b-\-bpw- D- m- n-b- am- -am- Wv- c- p-\q- m- n-\n-s-bn-ep- m-b- B-ZysØ- B-i-b-hn-]v-f-hw.- kzm-x-{ y-k-a-c- Øn-\pw- ti-jw- s{]m-^-j-\ - ]-{X-{]- hn-h-c-ßƒ- ti-j-cn- p-i- F- -Xp-am-{X-a-,- A-Xv- k-aq-l-øn-s - A-dn-bm-\p- - A-h-Im-i-Øn-\v- A-\p-kr-X-am-bn- hn-x-c- Ww- sn-øp-i- F- - [ -aw- Iq-Sn- \n -hln- p- - ÿm-]-\-am-wv- A- -Sn- -Zr-iy-am- [y-aw.- C-Xn-s\- \n-b-{ n- p-i-tbm- h-gn- Im- p-i-tbm- sn-øp- - P-\m-[n-]-Xy-\n-b-aß-fpw- km-am-\y-a-cym-z-i-fpw- D- v.- [m -an- I- co-xn-i-fp- v.- s]m-xp-k-aq-l-øn-s - Xmev-]-cyw- F- v- F- p-\n- -bn- p- -Xv- P- \-ßƒ- v- A-sX- p- Kp-Ww,- tzm-jw- D- m- pw- F- p-iq-sn- B-tem-Nn- p-sim- m- Wv.- A-t mƒ- kzm-`m-hn-i-am-bpw- G-Xp-hm - Ø- {]-kn- o-i-cn- p- p- F- -Xn-t\m-f-tam- A-Xn-te-sd-tbm- {]-[m-\-am-wv- F-s - mw- {]-kn- o-i-cn- m-xn-cn- p- p- F- -Xv.- kmam-\y-hn-zym-`ym-k-hpw- sxm-gn - ]-cn-n-bhpw- sxm-gn - ]-cn-io-e-\-hpw- e-`n- - dnt m - -am - F-gp-Xn-b-b- p- -h-bn - t]mepw-\- - ]- v- Nn-et m-ƒ- {]-kn- o-i-cnt - - F- p- Xo-cp-am-\n- p- p- v- hnth-i-im-en-bm-b- ]-{Xm-[n-].- A-h-\p-tXm- p- -Xv- A-h- F-gp-X-s - F- p- I-cp-Xnam-dn-bn-cn- p-i-b- - ]-{Xm-[n-] - sn-øp- - Xv.- k-aq-l-øn-s,- `-c-w-øn-s,- cm-{ ob-øn-s,- k-º-zv-l-s-\-bp-ss- G-sX- mw- X-e-ß-fn - X-ß-fp-sS- I-sÆ-Ø-Ww- F- v- \n-c- -cw- B-tem-Nn- vv- ]-{X-{]-h -Ø- I-sc- Nn-e-Xp-sN-øm- \n-tbm-kn- p-i- Iq- Sn-bm-Wv- ]-{Xm-[n-] - sn-øp- -Xv.- ]-{Xm- [n-]-cp-ss- sk-bv- v- Io- - tpm-en- C-Xm-Wv.- s]m-xp-k-aq-l-øn - ]-e-cpw- C- p- sx- n- -cn- n-cn- p- -Xv- ]-{X-ap-X-em-fn-bp-sS- Xm-ev-]-cyw-am-{Xw- t\m- n- hm -Ø- Xn-cs -Sp- m-\m-wv- ]-{Xm-[n-]-sc- A-hn-sS- Ip-Sn-bn-cp-Øn-bn-cn- p- -Xv- F- m-wv.- G- -hpw- tam-iw- ]-{Xw-D-S-a- t]m-epw- A-ßs\- [-cn- p-i-bn-.- A-Ø-c-sam-cp- ]-{Xwap-sº- mw- `-c-w-iq-s-am-wvh-en-b- ]-{X-kzm-X-{ yew-l-i-cm-bn-cp- -Xv- F- n - C-t mƒ- ]-c-ky-h-cp-am-\-øn-\p-th- nap-x-em-fn-ø- Xm-ev-]-cy-ßƒ- v- th- nh-g-ßp-tºm-gm-wv- ]-{X-kzm-X-{ ywl-\n- -s -Sp- -Xv- F- -Xpw- k-xy-am-wv.- h -Ø-\w- iv- n-{]m-]n- -t m-gm-wv- P-\- ß-fp-sS- A-dn-bm-\p- - A-h-Im-iw- ÿm- ]n-x-x-am-b-xv.- A-dn-bm-\p- - A-h-Im-iw- \n-b-a-am-ip- -Xv- kzm-x-{ yw- In- n- A-dp- ]-txm-fw- h -j-ßƒ- p- ti-j-am-wv.- A- Xp-h-sc-bpw- am-[y-a-ßƒ-x-s -bm-wv- C- t^mw-uv- kn- n-k- B-b- thm- -sd- cq- ]-s -Sp-Øn-b-Xv.- hn-h-cm-h-im-i-\n-b-aw- ]-{X-{]-h - Ø\sØ A-{]-k- -am- p-i-bn- - F- - Xp-t]m-se- tkm-jy - ao-un-b-bpw- ]-{X- {]-h -Ø-\-sØ- A-{]-k- -am- p-i-bn ]{X{]h -ØI - 15

14 ]-e- ]-{X-{]-h -Ø-I-cpw- kz- w- ]-{X-Øn - F-gp-Xp- -Xn-t\- mƒ- Iq-Sp-Xƒkm-aq-ly-am-[y-a-ß-fn-em-Wv- F-gp-Xp- -Xv.- k-aq-l-øn-\v- A-Xm-h-iy-am-Wv.- ]-t,- ]-{Xm-[n-]-cpw- ]-{X-{]-h -Ø-I-cpw- C- m-ø- am-[y-a-ßƒ- am-{xw- a-xn- \-ap- v- F- v- Xo-cp-am-\n- p- -Xv- B-fl-l-Xym-]-c-am-Wv.- A-[n-I-\mƒ- \n-e-\n - p-i- X-s -bn-.- D- Ø-c-hm-Zn-Ø-t_m-[-ap- - am-[y-a-am-wv- t^m - Øv- F-tÃ- v.- km-aq-ly-am-[y-a-øn-s - B-hn -`m-hw- A- \n-hm-cy-am-b- H-cp- km-t -Xn-I- hn-π-hw- X- s -bm-wv.- ]-{X-Zr-iy-am-[y-a-ßƒ- n- m-ø- ]-e- Kp-W-ß-fpw- ku-i-cy-ß-fpw- A-Xn-\ps - p-iq-sn- k-ω-xn- mw.- D-tZym-K-ÿ- m - sk- k - sn-bv-x- hm -Ø-Iƒ- am-{xw- Dƒs -Sp-Øn-bm-Wv- B-Zy-Im-e-Øv- Cw-Kv-f- n - ]-{X-ßƒ- C-d- n-bn-cp- -Xv.- C-Xp-kw-_- n- - \n-b-a-øn-s - Im-em-h-[n- \o-t - -Xn-s - v- H-cp- L- -Øn - Xo-cp-am-\n- -t mƒ- k-aql-øn-ep- - ]-e-cpw,- am-[y-a-cw-k-øp- -h - t]m-epw- A-º-c- p-t]m-bn- p- v.- C-sX-s - mw- hn-\-i-fm-wv- D- m- p-i- F- -h - B- i- n- p.- k-aq-l-am-[y-a-øn - ]-{Xm-[n-]-cn-,- ]-{X-{]-h -Ø-I-\p-an-.- B - pw- ]-{X- {]-h -Ø-I-\m-Imw.- ]-{Xm-[n-]-cpw- ]-{X-{]-h - Ø-I-\p-an- m-ø- am-[y-a-hpw- \n-e-\n - -s.- A-Xp-sIm- v,- ]-{X-{]-h -Ø-I - p-t]m-epw- {]-tbm-p-\-ap- m-ipw.- ]-e- ]-{X-{]-h -Ø-Icpw- kz- w- ]-{X-Øn - F-gp-Xp- -Xn-t\- mƒ- Iq-Sp-Xƒ- km-aq-ly-am-[y-a-ß-fn-em-wv- F-gp-Xp- -Xv.- k-aq-l-øn-\v- A-Xm-h-iy-am-Wv.- ]-t,- ]-{Xm-[n-]-cpw- ]-{X-{]-h -Ø-I-cpw- C- m-ø- am-[y-a-ßƒ- am-{xw- a-xn- \-ap- v- F- v- Xo-cp-am-\n- p- -Xv- B-fl-l-Xym-]-c-am- Wv.- ]-{X-am-[y-a-ß-fn - h-kv-xp-xm-hn-cp- -amb- hm -Ø-Iƒ- h-cp- p- v- -km-aq-ly-am-[ya-øn - hm -Ø- h-kv-xp-xm-]-c-tam- F- pt\m- m- X-s - B-fn-.- F- pw- B - pw- F-gp-Xmw.- ]-{X-am-[y-aw- k-aq-l-xm-ev-]-cywt\m- m-sx- hm -Ø- sim-sp- p- -Xv- A-]q - h-am-wv- -k-aq-l-am-[y-a-ß-fn - A-ß-s\-sbmcp- Nn- m-hn-j-b-ta- C-.- ]-{X-am-[y-a-ß-fn hy- n-hn-tcm-[w- Xo - m- hm -Ø- N-a- phn-sp- -h-cp- v- - km-aq-ly-am-[y-a-øn - B - pw- F- pw- ]-S- p-hn-smw.- ]-{X-am-[y-a-ßfn - h -Ko-b-{]-Nm-c-Ww- \-S- p- p- -km-aqly-am-[y-a-øn - h -Ko-b-X-bp-sS- Im-f-Iq-Shn-jw- Iq-ew-Ip-Øn- H-gp-Ip-I-bm-Wv.- ]-{X-ßfn - [m-cm-fw- A-kw-_- -hm -Ø-Iƒ- h- cp- p- -km-aq-ly-am-[y-a-ß-fn - h-cp- - ap- m - - v- hm -Ø-I-fpw- t^m -th-up-i-fpwip- - A-kw-_- -am-wv,- a-t-b-ø-c-am-wv.- F- n-epw- km-aq-ly-am-[y-aw- \n-e- \n - -Ww.- A-Xn-\pw- h-en-b- ]- v- h-ln- m-\p- v.- A- sxm-cp- H- -aq-en-bm-wv- F- p- hym-tam-ln- - cp-sx- p-am-{xw.- ]-{X-am-[y-aw- h-f-sc-sbm- pw- {]-_-e-a- m- Ø- P-Ωp- -Im-iv-ao-cn - \n- p- - H-cp- dn-t m - v- B-i- -bp-w -Øp- p P-\- h-cn- A-h-km-\w- k-aq-l-am-[y-a- Øn - P-\-ß-sf- sr- n- - {]-Nm-c- Ww- A-e-b-Sn- p.- t]m-fn-tbm- hm-ivkn- kzo-i-cn- - Ip- n-iƒ- a-cn- pho-gp- p- F- -Xm-bn-cp- p- hm -Ø.- Ip-Øn-sh- v- kzo-i-cn- - e- - - W- n-\v- Ip- n-i-fp-ss- c- n-xm- ƒ- B-kv-]-{Xn-I-fn-te- v- C-c-ºn-s - t m-gm-wv- A-[n-Ir-X - hn-h-c-a-dn-bp- -Xv.- hym-p-hm -Ø-bm-Wv,- H-cp-Ip- n- pw- Hp- pwkw-`-hn- n- n- - F- v- k - m - {]-kv-xm-h-\- C-d- n,- \m- n-ep-s-\o-fw- ssa- v- {]-Nm-c-Ww- \-S-Øn-sb- n-epw- {]- p-œm-h-ÿam-dm- Zn-h-k-ß-sf-Sp-Øp.- ]-{X-{]-h -Ø-I - F- p- \-Sn- p- -h - \-S-Øp- - \q-dp-i-w- n- \v- ssk- p-i-fpwhm-sv-kv-b- v- -s^bv-kv-_p- v- t]-pp-i-fpw- I-iv-ao-cn- `mj-bn-ep- v.- Zn-h-k-hpw- A-h - H- cp- ]-cn-tim-[-\-bpw- \-S-Øm-sX- I- -Xpw- ti- -Xp-sa- mw- A-Sn- p-hn- Sp- p.- h -Ko-b- kz-`m-h-ap- - ho- Un-tbm-Iƒ- {]-N-cn- n- p- p.- F- m-h-cpw- dn-t m - -am-cm-bn-cn- p- p- -A-[n-Ir-X - \n- -lm-b-x- {]-I-Sn- n- p- p.- ]-{X-{]-h -Ø-\-Øn-s - l-cn-{io- A-dn-bm-Ø- Ip-sd- hm-sv-kv- B- v- tp-w-en-ãp-iƒ- \-S-Øp- dn-t m - n-ßv- \m-iw- hn-x-bv- p-i-bm- Wv.- C-h - ]-e-cpw- tp-w-en-ãp-i-f-,- {In-an-\-ep-I-fm-Wv.- ]-c-º-cm-k-xam-[y-a-ß-fp-ss- Xn-tcm-[m-\w- C-Xpt]m-sem-cp- A-h-ÿ- F-hn-sS-bpwkr- n- mw.-.- ]-{X-am-[y-a-ß-fn h-kv-xp-xm-hn-cp- -am-bhm -Ø-Iƒ- h-cp- p- v- km-aq-ly-am-[y-a-øn hm -Ø- h-kv-xp-xm-]-c-tam- F- p-t\m- m- X-s - B-fn-.- F- pw- B - pw- F-gp-Xmw.- ]-{X-am-[y-awk-aq-l-Xm-ev-]-cyw t\m- m-sx - hm -Ø- sim-sp- p- -Xv- A-]q -h-am-wv- - k-aq-l-am-[y-a-ß-fn - A-ß-s\-sbm-cp- Nn- m-hn-j-b-ta- C ]{X{]h -ØI -

15 Sn- F - tkm-]ip-am - -F- m- I-Y-bpw- \o- p- t]m-ip-tºmƒa-c-w-øn - A-h-km-\n- p- p.- A-Xpam- n- \n-dp-øn- I-Y- ]-d-bp- - B-fm-Is - \- - Im-Yn-I-\pw- A- A-]-cm- -Øn-se- a-c-ww- F- - Ir-Xn-bn - G- W-Ãp- sl-anw-mv- sh- F-gp-Xn-b-Xv- B- Wv- C-Xv.- A-sX,- A-Xm-Wv- kr-jv-sn-bpss- \n-b-aw,- {]-am-ww.- -]-s - Po-hn-X-Øn-s - A-]-cm- - Øn - \-S- - a-c-ww- C-hn-sS- H-cp- {]- Xn-`-bp-sS- A-k-a-b-Øp- - A-kv-X-a-bw- B-bn-cp- p.- -L-\-Kw-`o-c-am-b H-cp- am-[y-a-t]-tcm- (am-ãv- sl-uv-),- A-s - n - h-en-b- D- tzym-k- Nn- -tam- (su-kn-k-t\-j- )- am- {Xw- \n-ß-sf- am-[y-a-{]-h -Ø-I- B- p- n-.- A-s - n - _n-cp-z-tam,- _ncp-zm-\- -c- _n-cp-z-tam,- _n-cp-zm-\- -c- _p-cp-zm-\- -c- _n-cp-z-tam- (]n.-f- v.-un)- H- pw- \n-ß-sf- H-cp- \- - am-[y-a-{]- h -Ø-I- B- p-i-bn-.- A-]-cm- -Øn-sea-c-Ww ]n.- hn.- txm-a-kv -H-cp- hy- n-sb- H-cp- \- - am-[y-a-{]- h -Ø-I- B- p- -Xv- B- hy- n-bpss- km-aq-ln-i- t_m-[-hpw- km-aq-ln-i- {]-Xn-_- -X-bpw- B-sW- v- Rm- ]- d-bpw.- Cu- h-i- Im-cy-ß-fn-ep- - A-Snbp-d- - \n-e-]m-sp-am-wv.- C-Xv- ]-Øv- ap- X - ssh-in- v- B-dv- a-wn-h-sc- ^-b - A-gn- pw- si- n-bpw- k-a-bw- I-f-bp- k - m - tpm-en-b-.- Cu- tpm-en-snøp-hm- H-cp- X-cw- t{im-[m-th-iw- B- h-iy-am-wv.- Cw- o-jn-se- H-cp- snm- v- I-Sw- F-Sp-Øm - A-Sn-h-b- n - A- nbn- m-ø-h- Cu- ]-Wn- v- h-c-cp-xv.- A-Xv- C- m-ø-h - \- - \- - I-º-\n-Ifn - D-tZym-K- t{i-jv-t- m-cm-bn- t]m-i- Ww.- \- - i-º-f-hpw- \- - Po-hn-X-ku- I-cy-ß-fpw- I-c-ÿ-am- -Ww.- -am-[y-a- {]- h -Ø-\w- ]- n-i-im-e-bn-se- Kp-a-kv- X-]-Wn-b-.- am-[y-a-{]-h -Ø-I- a-l- Xz-h - -cn- -s - - Np-cp-s -gp-øp- mc-t\m- Kp-a-kv-X-t\m- A-.- `m-jm- kzm-... ]{X{]h -ØI - 17

16 [o-\w- am-{x-w- H-cp- hy- n-sb- \- - am-[y-a- {]-h - Ø-I-\m- p- n-.- -Cu- P-\p-h-cn- 30 \v- sh-fp- n-\v \v- Xn-cp-h-\- -]p-c-sø- H-cp- kz-im-cy- B-ip-]-{Xn-bn,- 3 h - j-øn-te-sd- tcm-k-hp-am-bn- a- n- v- a-cn- - F-s - kplr-øv- Sn.-F-.- tkm-]-ip-am - F- - tkm-]- (Gjym-s\- n-se- k-l-{]-h -Ø-I - v- Sn.-F-.-Pn-)- Xn- I- pwhy-xy-kv-x-\m-b- H-cp- am-[y-a- {]-h -Ø-I-\mbn-cp- p.- Zr-iy- -A- -Sn- am-[y-a-ß-fn-se- A-t±-l-Øns - kw-`m-h-\- am-[y-a-{]-h -Ø-I- F- - co-xn-bnep- - km-aq-ln-i- {]-Xn-_- -X,- ]n-s - hy- n- _- -Øn-eq-sS-bp- - am-[y-a- Dƒ- m-gv-n- C-h- h-fsc- {]-[m-\-hpw- ]-cm-a -in- -s -ts- -Xpw- B-Wv.- -tkm-]- P-\-Io-b-\m-b- H-cp- am-[y-a-{]-h -Ø-I- B-bn-cp- p.- G-jym-s\- v- \yq-kn-se- I-Æm-Sn-sb- - Zr-iy-hm -Øm- ]-c-º-c- C-Xn-\v- D-Zm-l-c-W-am-Wv.- tkm- ]- F-s - k-l-{]-h -Ø-I-\m-bn-cp- p,- Cu- \m-sv- - \yq-kv- sssw- {Kq- n.- A-Xn-\v- ap- t]- R-ßƒ- X-Ωn - A-dn-bp-am-bn-cp- p.- {]-[m-\-am-bpw- ss_sse-\n-eq-ss-bpw- ]n-s - C-S-s m-s - U -ln- am-xr- `q-an- _yq-tdm-bn - t\-cn- v- I- pw- R-ßƒ- I-em- Iu-ap-Zn- F- - B-gv-N-]-Xn- n I-fp-sS- B-cw- `-Øn-epw I-fp-sS- B-cw-`-Øn-epw- Xp-S - -bmbn- F-gp-Xp-am-bn-cp- p.- tkm-]- A- v- am-xr-`q-an- _yqtdm-bp-ss- U -ln- _yq-tdm-bn - te-j-i- B-bn-cp- p.- Rm- -Cw- o-jv- ]-{X-ß-fp-sS- te-j-i-\pw.- Cuss_-sse- ku-lr-zw- B-Wv C-cp-h-cpw- Cu- \m-sv- - \yq-kv- sss-an - tn - -t mƒ- ]-S - v- ]- -en- -Xv.- R-ßƒ- H-cp-an- m-wv- Cu- am-[y-a-ÿm- ]-\-Øn - tn-cp- -Xv.- A-t±-lw- U -ln-bn-epw- Rm- ssl-{zm-_m-zn-epw.- A-ß-s\-bpw- ss_-sse- ku-lr-zw- Xp-S - p B-b-t m-tg- pw- F-\n- v- ssl-{zm-_m-zpw- B-{ m-{]-tz-ipw- a-sp-øp.- ]- {X-Øn-s - U -ln- _yq-tdm-bn - H-gn--h-p-h -t mƒtnm-zn- p-hm-ßn-b- H-cp- ÿ-ew- am- -hp-am-bn- Rm- U -ln- v- h- n- I-b-dn.- U -ln-bn - F-\n- v- ]- d-bp-hm-\m-bn- A-[n-Iw- kp-lr-øp- ƒ- A- v- D- mbn-cp- n-.- D- -h-cn - {]-ap-j- ]-{X-{]-h -Ø-I- \m-b- tkm-]- X-s -bm-bn-cp- p.- A-Xn-\m - tkm- ]-\v- F-gp-Xn-:- Rm- h-cp- p.- Xm-a-kn- p-hm-\p- ÿ-ew- th-ww.- -A-Xp-t]m-se- X-s - tkm-]- F-\n- v- Xm-a-k-ÿ-e-hpw- ]-d- v- h- p.- H- cp- Rm-b-dm-gv-N- U -ln-bn-se-øn.- X - m-e- Xm-a-kw- B-{ m-`-h-\n.- D- -I-gn- v- dm-^n-am - n-ep- - C- Uy- \yq-kv- t]- - skm-ssk- n-bn-se- A- mw- \-º - ap-dn-bn-se- Cu- \m-sv- - \yq-kv- sssw- Hm-ô-kn-se-Øn.- Rmb-dm-gv-N- tkm-]- Uyq- n-bn-em-sw- v- ]- d- n-cp-s - n-epw- Bƒ- Hm-ô-kn - D- m-bn-cp- n-.- ss-en- {]n- - Hm- td- - ( A- v- I-ºyq- - H- pw- C-.- ss-en- {]n- -dpw- sss-]n-ãpw- am-{x-ta-bp- q-)- ]-d- p- tkm-]- H-cp- {]- v- tim- -^-d- kn-\v- t]m-bn-cn- p-i-bm-wv.- D- S- h-cpw.- tkm-]- D-S- X-s - h- p.- F-Xn - h-iøp- - am-h-e- m - lm-fn - ap- nwt]-gv-k-w - tem-t_m --Un-s - t\-xmhpw- ap- C- Uy- t^m-dn- k - okv- Aw-K-hp-am-b- jm-ln-_p-±n-s - ]-{Xk-tΩ-f-\w- B-bn-cp- p.- _m-_-dn- a-kv- PnZv- kw-_- n- v.- tkm-]- ]-d- p sn-dn-b- tãm-dn-bm-wv- C-Xv- I-gn- v- D- S- C-d-ßmw.- C-d-ßm-sa- v- ]-d- m - {]-kv- -_nte- v- F- m-w - w.- \yq-kv- t]- - skm-ssk- n-bp-ss- A-Sp-Øv- X-s -bm- Wv- sd-bv-kn-\-am - n-ep- - {]- v- - v- Hm-^v- C- Uy.- A-hn-sS- \n- pw- A-[n- Iw- Zq-sc-b- A-tim-I- tdm-un-ep- - A-{ -`-h-\pw.- ]-s,- c- n-s-øpwtkm-]- F-s - A-t±-l-Øn-s - _pf- v- tam-t m - ssk- n-fn - sim- m- n.- H-cp- Nn-c-Im-e- ku-lr-zw- C-hn-sS- \n- pw- B-cw-`n- p-i-bm-bn-cp- p.- -\yq-kv- t]- - skm-ssk- n- Hm-ôkn-se- Cu- \m-sv- - \yq-kv- sssw- Hm- ô-kpw- {]-kv- - pw- R-ß-fp-sS- {]-[m- \- k-l-h -Øn-Xz-- ti-{µ-ßƒ- B-bncp- p.- F-{X-sb-{X- tãm-dn-iƒ...-- B-i- b-hn-\n-a-b-ßƒ Rm- tim- -{K-kpwtKm-]- C-S-Xp-]- - ]m - n-i-fpw- B- Wv- I-h - sn-bv-xn-cp- -Xv.- tkm-]-\v- C- S-Xp-]- - cm-jv-{so-bw- \- m-bn- -dn-bm-ambn-cp- p.- A-t±-l-Øv- H-cp- C-Sp-Xp-]- - ]- m-ø-ew- D- m-bn-cp- p.- A-t±-l- Øn-s - A-Ω-bp-sS- B-Zy- ` -Øm-hv- ]n.- Ir-jv-W-]n- - ti-c-f-øn-s - I-Ωyq-Wn- Ãv- {]-ÿm-\-øn-s - X-e-sXm- - - B-bn-cp- p.- tkm-]-s - A- - ip-no- {µw- t -{X-Øn-se- {]-[m-\- ]q-pm-cnbpw- B-bn-cp- p.- Ir-jv-W-]n- - I-W- -\n-eq-ss- tkm-]-\v- C-S-Xp-]- - ]m - n-i-fn - {]-txy-in- pw- kn.-]n.-fωn- - \- - tkm-gv-k-kv- D- m-bn-cp- p.- Ir-jv- W-]n- - _- -sø- p-dn- v- A-t±-lwhn-i-Z-am-bnti-c-f- km-ln-xy- A- m- U-an- A-hm -Uv- e-`n- - ip-no-{µw- tc-j- I-fn - F-gp-Xn-bn- p- v.- tpm-en-i-gn- m - R-ß-fp-sS- H-cpku-lr-Z-tI-{µ-am-bn-cp- p -{]-kv- -_v-.- H-t -sd- Iq- p-im-sc- Im-Wm-\m-hpw.- k- -dn-b-bpw- i-in-ip-am-dpw H-s - C-hnsS-bp- m-ipw.- H-cp- Im-e-Øv- hn-p-b-\pw ]{X{]h -ØI -

17 1990 s - B-Zy-Øn - tkm-]\pw- k- -dn-bbpw- i-in-ip-am-dpw- H-cp- ss-en-hn-j- Nm-\-en-s\- Ip-dn- v- km-km-cn- p- -Xv- F-\n- v- -_n-se- _m-dn - h- v- tiƒ- m-am-bn-cp- p.- F-t m- H-cp- ]p-xn-b- ]- -Xn-bm-sW- v- F-\-n- v- a-\- n-em-bn.- ]n- o-svtkm-]- C-Xv- F-t m-sv- C-Xv- ]-d- p.- a-e-bm-f-øn - H-cp- ]p-xn-b- ss-en-hn-j- Nm-\en - h-cm- t]m-ip-i-bm-wv.- i-in-ip-am-dpw- k- -dn-bpw- B-Wv- C-Xn-s - ]n-d-in - {]-[m-\-am-bpw.- tkm-]-\pw- D- v.- tkm-]-\pw- k- -dn-bpw- ÿn-c-am-bn- k- tω-fn- v- a-[p-]m-\w- \-S-Øn-bn-cp- -Xpw- C-hn-sS-bm-Wv.- A-ß-s\-bm-Wv- tkm-]- hn-p-b-s - [ -Ω-]p-cm-W-Øn - C-Ss]-Sp- -Xpw- {]-[m-\- I-Ym-]m-{X-Øn-s - t]-cv- {]-Pm-]-Xn-sb- v- \m-a-i-c-ww- snbv-x-xpw.- C-Xv- hn-p-b- [ -Ω-]p-cm-W- Øn-s - B- ap-j-øn - tc-j-s -Sp-Ønbn- p- v.- A-ß-s\-X-s -bm-wv- tkm-]- k- -dn-bp-ss- B - -dn-bmw- F- - I-Y-bn - C-S-s]- -Xpw.- {]-kv- -_v- R- ß-fp-sS- H-cp- hn-lm-c- ti-{µ-am-bn-cp- p.- B- \m-fp-i-fn - A-Xm-b-Xv s - B- Zy-Øn - tkm-]\pw- k- -dn-bbpw- i-in- Ip-am-dpw- H-cp- ss-en-hn-j- Nm-\-en-s\- Ip-dn- v- km-km-cn- p- -Xv- F-\n- v- - _n-se- _m-dn - h- v- tiƒ- m-am-bn-cp- p.- F-t m- H-cp- ]p-xn-b- ]- -Xn-bmsW- v- F-\-n- v- a-\- n-em-bn.- ]n- o-svtkm-]- C-Xv- F-t m-sv- C-Xv- ]-d- p.- a-e-bm-f-øn - H-cp- ]p-xn-b- ss-en-hn-j- Nm-\n - h-cm- t]m-ip-ip-i-bm-wv.- i-in-ip-am-dpw- k- -dn-bpw- B-Wv- C-Xns - ]n-d-in - {]-[m-\-am-bpw.- tkm-]-\pw- D- v.- B- Zn-h-kw- \yq-kv- t]- - skmssk- n-bp-ss- Hm-^o-kn - \n- pw- - nte- v- tkm-]-s - _p- - n - t]m-iptºmƒ- -_v- A-Sp- m-dm-b-t mƒ- B- Xn-cn-hn -- h- v- tkm-]- F-t m-sv- tnm- Zn- p-:- Bw- sf- I- v- Hu- v- t^m - Zo-kv- \yq- ao-un-b-?- -Rm- ]-d- p- H-cp- ssit\m- p- -Xn - H-cp- sx- pw- C-.- -G-jym-s\- n-s - B-cw-`-hpw- A-sX- Xp- S - v- i-in-ip-am-dpw- k- -dn-b-bpw- tkm- ]-\pw- sa-s - Z -ln-bn - \n- pw- Xn-cph-\- -]p-c-tø-bv- v- am-dp- -Xn-s -bpw- Zr-Iv-km- n-bm-wv- Rm-.- i-in-ip-am-dpwk- -dn-b-bpw- {]-kv- {S-Ãv- Hm-^v- C- Uybp-sS- H-cp- {]-kn- o-i-c-w-øn - B- bn-cp- p.- A-t m-gm-wv- A-h-cp-sS- H-cpkp-lr-Øv- kn- - q - tkm-]-ip-am - ti- _nƒ- ss-en-hn-j- F- - B-i-b-hp-ambn- A-h-X-cn- p- -Xv.- tkm-]ip-am - kn- - q - ^m - Cu-tÃ- - C- -twm-an-ivdn-hyq- F- - {]-kn- -am-b- hm-cn-i-bp-sste-j-i- B-bn-cp- p.- A-t±-lw- IqsS q-ss- tlm-mv-timmn-epw- a- pw- t]m- Ip-am-bn-cp- p.- A-t±-lw- i-in-ip-am-dn-t\m- Spw- k- -dn-b-tbm-spw- tlm-mv-timmn-se- G- -hpw- ]p-xn-b- sk- tk-j-\m-b- ti- _nƒ- ss-en-hn-j-s\- p-dn- v- H-cp- hn-hc-ww- \ -In.- iin-ip-am-dn-\pw- k- dn-b- pwtkm-]-\pw- H- pw- H-cp- ]n-snbpw- In- n-bn-.- A- v- A-Xv- C- Uybn - {]-Nm-c-ap- - H-cp- Im-cyw- B-bn-cp- n-.- F- m - Sm-Pv-am- kn-ßv- tlm- -en - ti-_n - ss-en-hn-j- Im-Wn- p- p- m-bn-cp- p.- A-h - A-hn-sS- t]mbn- A-Xv- I- p.- A-t mƒ- kn- - q - tkm- ]-Ip-am-dn-s - kw-i-bw- B-bn-cp- p- C-... ]{X{]h -ØI - 19

18 kw-km-cw- I-gn- v- bm-{x- ]-d- v- C-d-ßp-hm- t\-c-øv- tkm-]- ko- n - \n- pw- F-gp-t - p.- F-s - Iq-sS- Iym-_n-s - hm-xn - h-sc- A-\p-K-an- p.- A-t±-lw- ]-d- p- sl-z - ( `m-cy-)- hn- n - C-.- A-s - n - D- -`- -Ww- ho- n - B-Im-am-bn-cp- p.- Rm- ]-d- pk- -dn-bp-ss- Iq-sS-bm-Wv- Xm-a-kn- p- -Xv.- `- -Ww- A-hn-sS-bp- v.- ]n-cn-bp-hm- t\-c-øv- ssi-sim-sp- p-tºmƒ- R-ßƒ- I-Æn - I-Æn - t\m- n.- F-s - a-\- n-eq-ss- A-t mƒ- an- n-a-d- tnm-zyw- C-Xm-bn-cp- p.- \-Ωƒ- C-\n-bpw- Im-Wp-tam-?- tkm-]-s - ap-j-hpw- Ku-c-hw- \n-d- -Xm-bn-cp- p. Xv.- \-ap- pw- F- p-sim- v- ti-_n - hn-j- ti-c-f-øn - Xp-S-ßn- q-ss-?- i-in-ip-am - A-t±-l-tØm-Sv- H-cp- s{]m-p-iv-sv- dn-t m - v- X- ø-dm- m- ]-d- p.- A-t±-lw- dn-t m - v- X-øm-dm- n.- i-in-ipam - A-Xv- {]-kv-{s-ãv- Hm-^v- C- Uy-bpsS- No- ^v- F-Un- -dpw- P-\-d - am-t\-p-dpw- a-e-bm-fnbp-am-b- D-Æn-Ir-jv-W-\v- k-a - n- p.- D-Æn- Ir-jv-W- ]p-xn-b- s{]m-p-iv-sn-\v- X-ev-]-c-\mbn-cp-s - n-epw- {S-Ãn-s - t_m -Uv- C-Xn - A-{X- B-fl-hn-izm-kw- {]-I-Sn- n- n-.- Imc-Ww- h- ]-W-w- ap-s- v- B-h-iy-am-Wv.- ]mfn-t m-bm - {]-kv- {S-Ãv- D-Ø-cw- ]-d-tb- - Xm-bn-h-cpw.- hn- p-sim-sp- p-hm- i-in-ip-am-dpw- k- dn-bpw- X-øm-dm-bn-.- i-in-ip-am - tam-kv-timbn - _n-kn-\-kv- \-S-Øp- - A-Ωm-h-\m-bsd-Pn- ta-t\m-s - km-º-øn-i- k-lm-b-tømss- G-jym-s\- v- H-cp- bm-ym - yw- B- p-ibm-bn-cp- p.- A-ß-s\-bm-Wv- i-in-ip-am-dpwk- -dn-bpw- tkm-]-ip-am-dpw- ]-Xn-sb- Xn-cp-h- \- -]p-c-tø- v- bm-{x-bm-ip- -Xv.- tkm-]- \v- C- Uy- p-tu-bp-ss- Xn-cp-h-\- -]p-cw- te- J-I-\m-bn- tpm-en- A-t mƒ- e-`n- n-cp- p.- kn- - p - tkm-]-s\- Ip-dn- v- ]n- o-sv- A-[n-Isam- pw- ti- n- n-.- Bƒ- Xn-cp-h-\- -]p-øv- D- v.- -tkm-]-s - I-Æm-Sn- G-jym-s\- n-s - B- cw-`-øn-te- X-s - D- m-bn-cp- p.- {]-W-bvtdm-bn-bp-sS- C- Uy- Zo-kv- ho- v- ( \yq-u ln- n.-hn.- - C-t m-g-sø- F-.-Un.- n.-hn- - Zq-c-Z -i- kw-cw-`w-)- i-in-ip-am-dn-s - a-wnam-t -gv-kv- ( ]n.-sn.-sf- - Zq-c-Z -i- kw-cw- `w)- F n-h t]m-se- I-Æm-Sn-bpw- C- Uy- ss-en-hn-j- N-cn-{X-Øn-se- A-{K-Km-an-bm-bncp- p.- tkm-]-s - I-Æm-Sn- A-h-km-\w- h-sci-_v-zw- C- m-ø-h-s - i-_v-z-am-bn- \n-e-sim- p.- B- H- - Im-c-W-Øm - A-t±-lw- ti-cf-øn-se-bpw- C- Uy-bn-se- X-s -bpw- Zr-iyam-[y-a- N-cn-{X-Øn - A-\-iz-c-\m-bn- \n-e- sim- pw.- -]-{Xm-[n--] - F- - ÿm-\-sø-bpw- ÿm- ]-\-sø-bpw- ]-{X-hy-h-km-bn-Iƒ- C- m-xm- n- sim- n-cn- p- - Cu- Im-e-Øv- tkm-]- B- hw-i-øn-se- A-h-km-\- I-Æn-I-fn - H- m-bn-cp- p.- H-cp- am-[y-a- ÿ-]-\-øn-s - am-[y-a-[ -Ωw- \-S-tØ- -Xpw- \n- -bn-t - -Xpw- ]-{Xm-[n-]-k-an--Xn- B-sW- pw- a-dn- v- am-[y-a-hy-h-km-bn-bp-ss- I- -h-s- -cm-jv-{sob- Xm-ev-]-cy-ßƒ- A-s - pw- A-dn-bm-hp- - ]-{Xm-[n-] - B-bn-cp- p- tkm-]-.- G-jyms\- v- \-S-Øn-t m- -Xpw- Cu- B-Z -i-øn - A-Sn-bp-d- p-sim- v- X-s -bm-bn-cp- p.- -Rm- A-h-km-\-am-bn- tkm-]-s\-im-wp- -Xv- I-gn- -h -jw- H-Iv-tSm-_ - B-Zy-hm-c- Øn - B-Wv.- A-t±-lw- tcm-kn-bm-bn-cp- p.- Nn-In- -bn - B-bn-cp- p.- o-wn-x-\pw- B-bn-cp- p.- I-Æm-Sn- ho- pw- Xp-S-ßn-bn-cp- p.- I-em-Iu-ap-Zn-bn-se- iw-jp-ap-jw- F- - B-gv-Nm-]w- n-bpw- ho- pw- Xp-S-ßn-bn-cp- p.- kw-km-cw- I-gn- v- bm-{x- ]-d- v- C-d-ßphm- t\-c-øv- tkm-]- ko- n - \n- pw- F- gp-t - p.- F-s - Iq-sS- Iym-_n-s - hm-xn h-sc- A-\p-K-an- p.- A-t±-lw- ]-d- p- sl- Z - ( `m-cy-)- hn- n - C-.- A-s - n - D- -`- -Ww- ho- n - B-Im-am-bn-cp- p.- Rm- ]- d- p- k- -dn-bp-ss- Iq-sS-bm-Wv- Xm-a-kn- p- -Xv.- `- -Ww- A-hn-sS-bp- v.- ]n-cn-bp-hm- t\-c-øv- ssi-sim-sp- p-tºmƒ- R-ßƒ- I- Æn - I-Æn - t\m- n.- F-s - a-\- n-eq-ss- A-t mƒ- an- n-a-d- - tnm-zyw- C-Xm-bn-cp- p.- \-Ωƒ- C-\n-bpw- Im-Wp-tam-?- tkm-]-s - ap-j-hpw- Ku-c-hw- \n-d- -Xm-bn-cp- p.- R- ßƒ- A-h-sS- h- v- ]n-cn- p.- C-,- C-\n- H- cn- -epw- Im-Wp-I-bn- - tkm-]- \-Ωƒ.- -tkm-]- a-cn- - Zn-h-kw- kn-\n-am-xm-cw- a- Ωq- n- G-jym-s\- n - ]-d-bp-i-bp m-bn- tkm- ]- a-e-bm-f- Zr-iy-am-[y-a-Øn-se- B-Zy-sØ- Xm-cw- B-bn-cp- p-sh- v.- i-cn-bm-w-xv.- B- \- -{Xw- C- v- Xm-cm-]-Y-Øn - tn - n-cn- p- p.- A- n-am-`n-hm-zy-ßƒ- tkm-]-.- slan-mv-shsb-x-s - D- -cn- p-sim- v- C-Xv- A- h-km-\n- n- mw H-cp- a-c-w-øn-\v- \-ΩƒssZ-h-tØm-Sv- I-S-s - n-cn- p- p.- Cu- A-h-km-\- hm-n-iw- F-gp-Xn-b-Xv- \- Ωp-sS- ]-Xn-hv- k-t -X-am-b- U -ln- {]-kv- - _v- Hm-^v- C- Uy-bn - h- m-wv.- ]-Xn-hv- I- em-]-cn-]m-sn-iƒ- pw- B-Nm-c-sh-Sn- pw- tijw.- C-Xn-\- p-dw- F- v- hn-s-hm-ß - tkm- ]-.- Im-Wmw,- I-Æm-Sn- Xp-S-c-s. (U -ln-bn-se ap-xn - ]{X{]h -ØI\m-Wv- teji ) ]{X{]h -ØI -

19 kn.- Fw.- A p-dlv-am - hm Ømhgn-I-fn-eqsS \S- m ]Tn- n Kpcp "hcn-iƒ - pdw' Ip Zo]v \ømcpss BflI-Y-bm-Wv.- F- m - h-cn- Iƒ- - p-d-ap- - Im-gv-N-bpw- A-Xn-s - F-gp-Øp-am-Wv- ]-{X-{]-h -Ø-\w- F- v- ]-Tn- n- p-x- -h- kn- Fw- A-_v-Zp-dlv-am- F- - A-_v-Zp-.- ]-d-bm-sx- ]-d-bp- -Xm-Wv- hm -Ø-bn-se- G- -hpwh-en-b- hm -Ø- F- - hn-\n-a-b-co-xnbp-ss- ]-cn-io-e-i-\m-bn-cp- p- A-t±-lw.- F-gp-Xm-sX- t]m-b-sx- mw- ]-d- p- ]- I - p-x-,- a-\- n-s - F-gp-Øm-im- B-bn-cp- p- F-\n- v- A-_v-Zp-.- F- \n- v- am-{x-a-,- Xm - -cy-ß-fn - k- am-\-x-bp- - H-t -sd- t] - v- A-_v-Zpkn. F. txmakv - A-Xm-bn-cp- p B-K-kv-Xv- am-k-øn-se- H-cp- Znh-kw- H-cp- {Km-ay-Po-hn-X-Øn-s - A-]- I -j-x-bpw- A - -hm-b-\-bp-ss- A-l- m-c-hpw,- H-cp- cm-{xn-im-e- k - m - Pohn-X-Øn-s - a-sp- pw- t]-dn-bm-wv- ]-{X- {]-h -Ø-\- ]-cn-io-e-\-øn-\m-bn- sim- n- tz-im-`n-am-\n- B- o-kn-s - ]-Sn-I-S- -Xv.- A-Xn-s - \m-emw- \mƒ- X-s - A-dn- p- kn- Fw- A-_v-Zp-d-lv-am- F- - \yq-kv- F-Un- -dp-ss- a-\- n-se- ]- {X-{]-h -Ø-\w- F- - sxm-gn-en-s - Nq- Sv.- k - m - Po-hn-X-Øn-s - B-e-kywt]-dn- \-S- -h-\v- ]-cn-io-e-\-im-e-øv- {]-... ]{X{]h -ØI - 21

20 txy-i- Im-c-W-hpw- A-\p-a-Xn-bpw- C- m-sx- H-cp- Znh-kw- ]-cn-io-e-\w- ap-s- p- -Xn - {]-txy-in- v- F- s - n-epw- Ku-c-h-ap- -Xm-bn- txm- n-bn-cp- n-.- H-cp-Zn-h-k-sØ- A-\-[n-Ir-X- A-h-[n-bpw- B-tLmjn- v- ssh-in- F-Øp-tºmƒ,- m-kv- F-Sp- p- -Xv- `w-kn-bm-bpw- hr-øn-bm-bpw- h-kv-{xw- [-cn- - H-cpsN-dp- - m-c-.- C-S-th-f-bn-em-W-dn-bp- -Xv- C-Xv- timgn-t m-s - \yq-kv- F-Un- - B-sW- v.- B- Zn-\w- ]n-cn-bp-tºmƒ- c- v- Im-cyw- t_m-[y-am-bn.- H- v- - Cu- \yq-kv- F-Un- - A-dn-bm- tem-i-ß-fn-te- v- I- -tem-sn- p- - I- n-øm-\m-sw- H-cp- ]m - n- {]-Xy-b-im-kv-{Xwkz- w- Im-gv-N- m-sn-s - A-Sn-ÿm-\-am- n- a-c-ww- h-sc- \n-e-\n -Øn-b-t m-gpw,- kw-`-h-ß-fp-ss- \m-\m-h-i-ßƒhm -Øm- {]-h -Ø-\-Øn - F-ß-s\- A-\m-hr-X-am- mw- F- -Xv- io-en- m-sa- v- Cu- Kp-cp- ]-Tn- n- p-x- p-;- kz- w- F-gp-Øn-eq-sS-bpwh -Ø-am-\-Øn-eq-sS-bpw.- v.- c- v- - B- D- - -Æp-I-fn - \n-d-sb- B- m- ti-jn-bm-sw- v.- Im-ew- t]m-i-sh- H-cp- Im-cyw- t_m- [y-am-bn.- Cu- hn- m-\- X-Sm-Iw- Zml-ap- -h-\v- A-Xv- Xo-cp-thm-fw- tim-cn- p-sn- p-hm-\p- - Xm-Wv.- A-Xv- kzbw- Nm-ep-Iƒ- Xo - Øv- H-cn-S-tØ- pw- H-gp-In- {]-th-in- n-s - pw- A-dn- p.- F-\n-s m- -ap- m-bn-cp- h - sh- n-ts-jv- cma-ir-jv-w-\pw- F- ]n- N-{µ-ti-J-c-\pwkn- Un- jm-pn-bpw- si- c-a-bpw- ]n- P-b-\m-Ypw- c-hnh -Ω-bpw- - Cu- X-Sm-I-Øn -\n- pwkm-[y-amthm-fw- sh- w- tim-cn- p-sn- -h.- F-\n- -dn-bm- Ø- F-{X-tbm- t] - th-sd-bpw.- H-cp- ]m - n- {]-Xy-b-im-kv-{Xw- kz- w- Im-gv-N- m- Sn-s - A-Sn-ÿm-\-am- n- a-c-ww- h-sc- \n-e-\n -Ønb-t m-gpw,- kw-`-h-ß-fp-ss- \m-\m-h-i-ßƒ- hm -Øm- {]-h -Ø-\-Øn - F-ß-s\- A-\m-hr-X-am- mw- F- -Xv- io-en- m-sa- v- Cu- Kp-cp- ]-Tn- n- p-x- p-;- kz- w- F-gp-Øn-eq-sS-bpw- h -Ø-am-\-Øn-eq-sS-bpw.- \n-t m-kv- I-km-Zv-km- o-kn-s - {In-kv- Xp-hn-s - A- y-{]-tem-`-\-øn-s\-xn-scti-c-f-øn-se- a-x- k-zm-nm-c-hm-zn-iƒtim-em-l-e-hp-am-bn- C-d-ßn-Øn-cn- - Ime-Øv,- A-_v-Zp- - tz-im-`n-am-\n-bn - F- gp-xn-b- ap-j-{]-kw-kw- Cu- Im-gv-N- m-sns - D-Ø-a-Zr-jv-Sm- -am-bn-cp- p.- tpm-en-k-a-b-sø- k-º - - k-a-b- Øn-\- p-d-ap- - th-f-i-fm-bn-cp- p- b- Ym - -Øn - Xn-cn- -dn-b-en-s - C-S-ßfm-b-Xv.- A-Xv- Nn-e-t mƒ- R-ßƒ- Xma-kn- n-cp- - tim-gn-t m-s - kq-cy-im- ntem-uv-pn-s - ap-dn-bm-bn-cp- p.- a- p- Nne-t mƒ- A-Xv- sn-e-hq - th-wp-hn-s - ssk-t m- B- o-km-bn-cp- p,- A-s - n - A-Xv- tim-gn-t m-s- I-S- p-d-øns - hn-im-e-x-bm-bn-cp- p.- tim-bm- apl-ω-zv,- sn-e-hq - th-wp,- Nn- - c-ho- {µ-,- si- P-b-N-{µ-,- H- si- tpm-wn,- _m-_p- `-c-zzm-pv- - C-h-cp-sS-sbm-s km- n-[y-ß-fn - ]-{X-{]-h -Ø-\-Øns -bpw- cm-jv-{so-b-øn-s -bpw- B-g-ßfn -\n- v- Im-Wm-Ø- ap-øp-iƒ- H-s m- m-bn- A-_v-Zp-d-lv-am- F- - a-\p-jy- ap-ßn-sb-sp-øp- sim- p-h- p- Im- Wn- p-x- p.- h-b-\m- n - B-Zn-hm-kn- kv- {Xo-I-sf- s]m-eo-kv- b-p-am-\- m - Nmcm-bw- sim-sp-øv- \r-øw- sn-øn- p- F- - ti- p-tiƒ-hn-sb,- ti-c-fw- sr- n-bhm -Ø-bm- n- am- m-\p- - si - m-bnam-dn-b-xv- A-_v-Zp- - ]-Tn- n-,- a- m - pw- ]-Tn- n- m- I-gn-bm-Ø- ]m-t-ßfm-bn-cp- p.- a-g- s]-øm-ø- Rm- p-th-e- I-fp-sS- `m-hn-kq-n-i-ß-sf- I-s -Øm- k-lm-bn- -Xpw- H-cp- Ip-f-Øn-se- H- cp- ao-\n - I- - A-]q -h-x,- H-cp- a- lm- a- y-tcm-k-sø- a-d-\o- m-\p- - A-t\z-j-W- Iu-Xp-Iw- B-bn- D-W - - Xpw- B- I-f-cn-bn-se- A-`ym-k-ap-d-bn - \n- p- X-s -bm-wv.- ]-{X-{]-h -Ø-\-Øn-s - A- m-z-an-iv- X-e-ß-fn-te- p- - h-gn-iƒ- Im-Wn- p- X-cp- -Xn - am-{x-am-bn-cp- n- - Cu- Kp ]{X{]h -ØI -

21 A-_v-Zp- - F- pw- H-cp- h-gn-bn-eq-ss- am-{x-ta- k- -cn- p- q.- A-Xv- tz-im-`n-am-\n-bp-ssh-gn- B-bn-cp- p.- tz-im-`n-am-\n-bp-ss- h-gn- F- m - A-_v-Zp- -bv- v- ti-h-ew- H-cp- ]-{X-Øn-s - h-gn- A-bn-cp- n-.- A-sXm-cp- Po-hn-X-ho- -W-Øn-s,- cm-jv-{so-bhn-izm-k-øn-s - h-gn-bm-bn-cp- p.- B- hn-izm-k-øn-s - {]m-tbm-kn-i- \-S-Øn- n - h- - A-]-N-b-ßƒ- kr-jv-sn- - ssh-cp-[y-ßƒ- ]-e-t m-gpw- B- Po-hn-X-Øn - ap-dn-hp-i-fm-bnam-dn-bn-cp- p.- tim-gn-t m-sv- tzim-`n-am-\n-bn-seøn-b C.Fw.Fkn-s\m- w- cp-hn-s - C-S-s]-S.- sxm-gn-en-s - {]m-tbm-kn-i- X-eß-fn - B-h-iy-am-b- B-fl-hn-izm-kw- h-f -Øp- - Xp- ap-x,- Po-hn-X-Øn-s - {]-Xn-k- n- ap-lq -Øß-fn - hm-sn-t m-im-xn-cn- m-\p- - Dƒ- -cp-øv- D- m- n-sb-sp- p- -Xn - h-sc- B- kzm-[o-\w- h-ep- Xm-bn-cp- p.- F-{X-sb-{X- k-µ -`-ß-fn - C-Xv- sx-fn- p-\n- p-!-!- Rm- ]m-e- m- v- tz-im-`n-am-\n- dn-t m - -dm-bn- {]- h -Øn- p- - Im-ew.- H-cp-Zn-h-kwssh-io- v- B-dp-a- Wn- I-gn- v- ss-en-{]n- -dn - H-cp- k-tµ-iw- sx-fn- p.- "-ap- ti-{µ-a-{ n- Fw- Pn- si- ta-t\m- A- -cn- p.- Po-hn-X-Nn-{Xw- su-uv-sse-\n-\v- ap-ºv- F- Øn- p-i.-'- C-Xm-bn-cp- p- k-tµ-iw.- Fw- Pn- si- ta-t\m- H- - m-e-øv- _m-ey-im-ewsn-e-hn- p- F- - m-sx- ]m-e- m-sp-am-bn- H-cp- _- - hpw- \n-e-\n -Øn-bn-cp- n-.- _- -s - -h - m - pw- A-t±-l-sØ- p-dn- v- H- p-a-dn-bn-.- ]m-e- m-sv- amt\-pv-sa- v- A-tkm-kn-tb-j-s - H-cp- ]-cn-]m-sn-bn - ]-s -Sp-Øn-cp- p- F-,- ssh-in- n- n-b- hn-h-c-øns - ]n- m-se- t]m-b-t mƒ- Po-hn-X-Nn-{Xw- ssi-bn h- p.- su-uv-sse- I-gn- n- v- A-t mƒ- A-c- a- Wn- q - ]n- n- n-cp-s - n-epw- hm -Ø- F-Øn- p.- ]n-t - v- H- mw- t]-pn - A-Xv- A- -Sn- p-h-cn-i-bpwsn-bv-xp.- ]n- o-sv- tim-gn-t m-s -Øn-b-t mƒ,- Hm-^okv- k-a-bw- I-gn- p-f-f- Iq-Sn-t -c - th-f-bn - A- km-[y-am-b- Im-cy-ßƒ- G - n- p- -Xn-se- bp- nbn- m-bv-a-bpw- {Iq-c-X-bpw- H-cp- ]-cm-xn-bm-bn- Rm- D- -bn- p.- A-t mƒ- Kp-cp-hn-s - a-dp-]-sn- C-ß-s\-:- "-"- B- k-tµ-i-øn-s - A-h-km-\w- \yq-kv- F-Un- - F- -,- kn- Fw- A-_v-Zp-d-lv-am- F- m-bn-cp- psh- -Xv- \o- {i- n- n-t.- kn- Fw- A-_v-Zp-d-lv-am- kn- F - txm-a-kn-t\m-sv- H-cp- Im-cyw- sn-øm- B-hiy-s - m - A-Xv- \-S- n-cn- pw- F- - D-d- p- -XpsIm- m-wv- A-Xv- A-b- -Xv.- su-uv-sse- I-gn- t m-gpw- A-Xv- In- m-xn-cp- n- pw- A-Xn-\v- ÿ-e-an- vt]-pv- si- m-\m-wv- Rm- U-kv-In - \n -tz-in- -Xv.-'-'- H-cp- dn-t m - -dp-ss- B-fl-hn-izm-kw- h-f -Øm- C- Xn-\- p-dw- G-Xv- hm- p-i-fm-wp- -Xv.- R-ß-fp-sS- Iq- -Øn-se- txm - p- - bp- -Øn-set]m-cm-fn-bm-bn-cp- p- k-æn- B- {Uq-kv- F- - A- Im-e-Øn - s]m-en- p-t]m-b- Xo-s m-cn.- B- o-kvkm-l-n-cy-ß-tfm-sv- kz- w- B-fl-tNm-Z-\-I-sf- s]mcp-ø-s -Sp-Øp- -Xn - ]-cm-p-b-s - - k-æn,- tz-im- `n-am-\n- hn- v- a-lm-flm-km- n- k -h-i-em-im-em- Poh-\- m-c-\m-bn- tn - p.- B- \m-fp-i-fn - tim- -b- Øv- {]-h -Øn- n-cp- - Rm- H-cp- Zn-h-kw- k-ænsb- t^m-wn - hn-fn- v- ]-d- p.- "-"-\n-s - m-wm- H-cmƒ- h- n- p- v.- \o- th-kw- h-cn-i.-'-'- k-æn-bp-ssa-dp-]-sn- D-S-.- "-"-A-_v-Zp- -b- m-sx- F-s - m-wm- B-cv- h-cm-\m-sm.- Rm- C-Xm- F-Øn.-'-'- A-dn- h - v- A-{X- kp-xm-cy-am-b- hy- n-xz-am-bn-cp- p- A- _v-zp- -bp-ts-xv ap-x - 33 h -jw- F-s - {]n-b-s - - Kp-cp-hpwkp-lr-Øp-am-bn-cp- p- A-_v-Zp-.- tz-im-`n-am-\n- hn- v- Rm- ]-e- h-gn-i-fn-eq-ss- k- -cn- p.- B- k- mc-h-gn-i-fn-se- mw- F-s - {]-tnm-z-\-am-bn-cp- p- Cu- Kp-cp- A-\p-`-hw.- A-_v-Zp- - \ -In-b- ]m-tw- Cu- h- gn-i-fn - F-\n- v- Xp-W-bm-bn.- A-_v-Zp- - F- pw- H-cp- h-gn-bn-eq-ss- am-{x-ta- k- -cn- p- q.- A-Xv- tz-im-`n-am-\n-bp-ss- h-gn- B-bn-cp- p.- tz-im-`n-am-\n-bp-ss- h-gn- F- m - A-_v-Zp- -bv- v- ti-h-ew- H-cp- ]-{X-Øn-s - h-gn- A-bn-cp- n-.- A-sXm-cp- Po-hn-X-ho- -W-Øn-s,- cm-jv-{so-b- hn-izmk-øn-s - h-gn-bm-bn-cp- p.- B- hn-izm-k-øn-s - {]mtbm-kn-i- \-S-Øn- n - h- - A-]-N-b-ßƒ- kr-jv-sn- - ssh-cp-[y-ßƒ- ]-e-t m-gpw- B- Po-hn-X-Øn ap-dn-hp-i-fm-bnam-dn-bn-cp- p.- [m-cm-fw- A-h-k-c-ßƒtX-Sn-h- -t m-gpw- A-sXm- pw- h-gn-am-dn- Nn- n- m- \p- - Im-c-W-ß-fm-bn-.- tz-im-`n-am-\n-bn - \n- pwhn-c-an- m- G-Xm-\pw- h -j-ßƒ- _m- n-\n -s h- - h-en-b- A-h-k-c-sØ-bpw- A-t±-lw- H-gn-hm- n.- Cu- Xo-cp-am-\-ßƒ- F- -sø-bpw- i-cn-i-fm-bn-cp- p- F- v- Cu- te-j-i-\v- A-`n-{]m-b-an-.- C- m-cy-søs m- n- ]-e- cm-{xn-i-fn-epw- R-ßƒ- h-gn- -Sn- n- p-ap- v.- ]-t - A-_v-Zp- -sb- kw-_- n- n-s-tøm-fw- B- D-t]- n- -ep-iƒ- am-{x-am-bn-cp- p- i-cn.- B- hn-izm-k-ßƒ- A-t±-l-Øn-\v- Po-hn-Xw- X-s -bm-bncp- p.- F-s - X-e-ap-d-bp-sS- Kp-cp- A-\p-`-h-ßƒ- H- s m- m-bn- A-kv-X-an- p-i-bm-wv.- Hm-tcm- Kp-cp-hns - a-c-w-hpw- iq-\y-x-bpw- A-\m-Y-Xz-hp-am-Wv- {]nb-cn - kr-jv-sn- p-i.- A-_v-Zp- -bp-ss- th -]m-sn-\vti-jw- G-Im- - \n-an-j-ß-fn - F- n - \n-d-bp- -.- Xpw- Cu- A-\m-Y-Xz-am-Wv (ao-un-b h- - \yq-kv- Nm-\-en - No-^v- \yq-kv- F-Un- -dm-wv- te-j-i- )-... ]{X{]h -ØI - 23

22 a-ebm-f- ]-{X-{]-h -Ø-\w- A-Sn-ÿm- \- aq-ey-ß-fn - \n- pw- _-lp-zq-cw- A- I- p-sim- n-cn- p- p.- C- y-bn-se- F- m-e-sø-bpw- a-lm- am-cm-b- ]-{X-{]- h -Ø-I-sc- s]- p-h-f -Øn-b- ti-c-f- Øn - C- v- ]-{Xm-[n-]- am - p- ]- I-cw- _n-kn-\- v- Xm -]-cy- m - ]- {X-hn-`-h-ßƒ- Xo-cp-am-\n- p- - A-hÿ-bn-te- v- h- h-cp-am-\- m-cm-b- ]- {X-ßƒ- F-Øn-t - n-cn- p- p.- C- y-bn - ssssw-kv- Hm-^v- C- Uy- F- - Ip-Ø-I-am-[y-a-ÿm-]-\w- Xp-S-ßnsh- - I- -h-s- am-xr-i-bm-wv- C-h - v- {]n-b- -c-am-bn- txm- p- -Xv.- A- -cn- - {]-ap-j- ]-{X-{]-h -Ø-I-,- Hu- -ep- v- hm-cn-i-bp-ss- ap- F-Un- - hn-t\m- Zv- ta-ø- H-Sp-hn-se-gp-Xn-b-Xv- ]-{X-ßƒap-Jw- \- -s - -h-bm-bn-cn- p- p- F- m- Wv.- sssw-kv- Hm-^v- C- Uy- -bv- v- F- Æ-Øn - F-{X-tbm- Iq-Sp-X - F-Un- -am-cp- m-ipw,- ]-t - Ip-d- m-fp-iƒt - A-h - B-cm-sW- v- kz-bw- Xn-cn- -dn-hp- q- F- v- hn-t\m-zv-ta-ø- F-gp- Xn.- sssw-kn-s - ssh-kv- sn-b -am- k-ao - sp-bn-s - Kp-cp- km- m - dq- ] - v- a -tum-iv- B-sW- pw- A-t±-lwkw-i-b-an- m-sx- ]-d-bp- p.- F- -]-Xp-Iƒ- h-sc- ]-{X-ßƒ- v- C-Xm-bn-cp- n- - ap-jw.- C- -sø-xpt]m-se- ]-{X-Øn-\v- F-Un- - B-h-iyam-tWm- F- - k-tµ-lw- ]-{X-D-S-a-Iƒ- v- D- m-bn-cp- n-.- A- v- ]-{X-tem- I-Øv- ]-d-b-s - n-cp- - H-cp- I-Y-bp- t{x.- A-Xv- C-{]-Im-c-am-Wv- - -sssw-kv- Hm- ^v- C- y-bp-ss- D-S-a- im- n- {]-km-zvsp-bn- A-t±-l-Øn-s - F-Un- -sdt^m-wn - hn-fn- v- H- v- t\-cn- v- Im-W- W-sa- v- ]-d-bp- p.- F-Un- - D-S-s\- Xm -]-cyw- A-dn-bn- p-sim- v- "-A-tß- v- F-s m-gm-wv- H-gn-hp- m-ip-i-"- F- ap-j-ap- - ]-{Xm-[n-]- am-tcm- hy- n-xz-ap- - ]-{X-{]-h -Ø-I-tcm- C v cq-]w- sim- p- n-.- C-h - ]-{X-am-^o-kn-ep-s - v- B-cpw- A-dn-bp- n-,- hn-c-an- v- C-d-ßn-t m-bm-epw- B-cpw- A-dn-bp- n-.- v- `-hy-x-tbm-ss- tnm-zn- p- p.- "-F-s - H-gn-hp-k-a-b-a- - Im-cyw,- Xm- ƒ- v- F- s m-gm-wv- ku-i-cy-s -Sp-I- F- -Xm-Wv- "- - -im- n-{]-km-zn-s - a-dp-]-sn- C-ß-s\- bm-bn-cp- -t{x-!- A-Xm-b-Xv- C- y- F- Un- -am - v- C-ß-s\-sbm-cp- Im-ew- D- m-bn-cp- p.- C- v- Cu- I-Y- \-ap- v- ]p-cm-hr-øw- am-{x-am-wv.- '-]-{Xm-[n-]- am - am - - n-ßn-s - ]m-z-tk-h-i - am-{x-am-wv-'- F- - k-ao - sp-bn-\n-s - G-I- B-]v-X-hm-Iyw- sssw-kv- Hm-^v- C- y-sb- am- n-a-dn- -Xp- t]m-se,- A-Xn- \p- ]-Tn- p-i-bm-wv- C-t mƒ- a-e-bm-f- ]-{X-ß-fn-se- ]p-xp- ap-x-em-fn-øw.- A- Xp- sim- p-x-s - C- v- ap-j-ap- - ]- {Xm-[n-]- am-tcm- hy- n-xz-ap- - ]-{X- {]-h -Ø-I-tcm- cq-]w- sim- p- n-.- C- h - ]-{X-am-^o-kn-ep-s - v- B-cpw- A- dn-bp- n-,- hn-c-an- v- C-d-ßn-t m-bm-epw- B-cpw- A-dn-bp- n-.- am-[y-a-ta-j-e-bn-se- Cu- '-i-º-f- h - X-Xz-im-kv-{Xw-'- C- y-bn-se- \-hap-x-em-fn-ø-hpw- ^m-kn-k-hpw- H-cpt]m-se- Xm -]-cy-s -Sp- - H- m-wv.- A- Xp- sim- m-wv,- dn-e-b- kv- C- U-kv- {So-kv- C- y-bn-se- {]-ap-j- Zr-iy- -A- - Sn- am-[y-a- ÿm-]-\-ßƒ- Iq- -tøm-sshn-e-bv- p- hm-ßn- p- -Xv.- Z-im- -ßƒ- p- ap-ºv- sssw-kv- Hm-^v- C- y-bp-ss- \o-cm-fn- n-sp-ø-øn - \n- v- C.-Fw.-Fkn-s\-t m-ep- - I-Ωyq-Wn-kv- p-im-cp-ss- Dƒ-s -ss- i- -am-b- A-`n-{]m-b-kz-cq- ]-W-sØ-Øp-S - v- c- -s - - am-xr-`qan- ]-{Xw,- ]-Øn-cp-]-Xv- sim- w- I-gn- -t mƒ- A-tX- sssw-kv- Hm-^v- C- ybv- m-bn- kz- w- A-I-Ø-f-Øn - C-cn- n-sw- H-cp- n-b-xv- C-tX- \-h-ap-x-em-fn- Ø-Øn-s - ^-e-am-bn- m-wv.- sssw-kv- Hm- ^v- C- y-bv- m-bnam - - n-mv- irw-je- B-sI- Xp-d- p- sim-sp-øn- v- am-xr- `q-an- v- H-cp- sa- -hpw- D- m-bn- - F- - Xm-Wv- k-xyw.- A-tX-k-a-bw- sssw-kvti-c-f-øn - A-h-cp-sS- th-cp-iƒ- B- gv-øp-i-bpwsn-bv-xp.- hm-b-\- m - p- th- m-ø- A-P- -Iƒ- A-h-cn - A-Sn-t - n- ptºmƒ- ]-I- p- \n- n- v- ^-e-sam- p-an-.- G- -hpw- Iq-Sp-X - A-[ -a-ßƒ- a- d- p-sh- -s -Sp- -Xv- C- v- am-[y-a-tem- I-Øn-em-Wv.- am-[y-a-ßƒ- v- F- m-hsc-bpw- hn-a -in- mw.- Pp-Uo-jy-dn-sb,- P-\-t\-Xm- -sf,- \n-b-a-\n -Ωm-W,- cm- { o-b- kw-hn-[m-\-sø,- D-tZym-K-ÿ-sc,- s]m-eo-kn-ßn-s\,- {In-an-\-ep-I-sf- F- n-\v- k-aq-l-sø- sam-ø-øn v-øs.- F- m - Cu- am-[y-a-ß-sf- B - pw- tnm-zyw- sn-bv-xp-iq-sm.- A-Xn-se- ]p-gp- p-øp-i-fm-b- hy- n-i-sf,- k-l- {]-h -Ø-I-s\- h-[n- m- t\m- n-bh-sc- kw-c- n- p- -h-sc,- hym-p- ]pc-kv-im-c-ßƒ- H- n- p- sim-sp- p- -hsc,- hn-tz-i-bm-{x-i-fpw- a-zy-k - m-cß-fpw- X- n- q- p- -h-sc,- H- pw- tnm- Zyw- sn-øm- ]m-sn- - F- - k-ao-]-\w.- Cu- A-h-ÿ- am-td- -Xp- v.- am-[y-aß-fp-ss- sn-bv-xn-iƒ- \n-in-x-am-bn- tnm- Zyw- sn-ø-s -S-Ww.- A-h-cp-sS- F-Unt m-dn-b - A-[m -an-i-x-bpw- hm -Ø- I-fn-se- Im-]-Sy-hpw- ]-I - sh-fn- - Øn - \n -`-bw- hn-nm-c-w- sn-ø-s -Sp- -Xv- hym-]-i-am-bn-øo-c-ww.- sn-dp-in-s- ]-{X-am-[y-a-ß-fp-sS- I -Ωss[-cy-am-Wv- C-\n- ]-{X-{]-h -Ø-\-Ønse- am-\y-x-bpw- [m -an-i-x-bpw- Xn-cn- p-sim- p-h-cm- h-en-b- txm-xn - k- lm-bw- sn-øp-i- F- v- am-[y-a- -tºmf- \n-cq-]-i - hn-e-bn-cp-øp- p- v.- C- Xv- H-cp- ]-cn-[n- h-sc- i-cn-bm-im-sa- nepw- Np- p- X- p-tºmƒ- sim- -\pw- sim- -Øn-bpw- H- v- F- - snm- p- t]m-se- F- - H-cp- km-[y-x-bpw- cq-]-s -Sm-dps - -Xm-Wv- ]- - -c-am -Yw tim-sn- hm -jn-i- hn- p-h-c-hp- - ]-{Xß-fn-se- ]m-h-s - - G-P- p-am - \n- m- c-xp-i- I-Ωo-j- h -[-\- B-h-iy-s - v- k-a-cw- sn-bv-x-t mƒ- G- -hpw- \ymb-am-b- B- k-a-c-sø- X-I -Øp-]m-fokm- m- Ip-Ø-I-ap-X-em-fn-am -s m- w- \n- -Xv- ti-c-f-øn-se- sn-dn-b- ]- {X-ß-sf- \n-b-{ n- p- -h - Iq-Sn-bm-Wv- F- v- \-ap- v- Hm -an-t - -Xp- v-. kn.f³ ]{X{]h -ØI -

23 hn-[p hn -sk v- ]-{X-am-[y-a- ÿm-]-\-ßƒ- em-`w- D- m- m- th- n- {]-h -Øn- p- ÿm-]-\-ß-fm-wv.- aq-e-[-\w- ap-s- ntdm-sa- o-cn-b-ep-i-fpw- b-{ -ß-fpw- D-]- tbm-kn- v- {]-h -Øn- p- - ÿm-]-\- ßƒ.- A- -Sn- -S-em-kv,- b-{ -ßƒ,- sxm-gn-em-fn Xp-S-ßn-b-h-bm-Wv Cu- hyh-km-b-øn-s - A-Sn-ÿm-\-L-S-I-ßƒ.- A-Xm-b-Xv- ap-x - ap-s- p- - ap-x-em-fnbpw- sxm-gn-se-sp- p- - sxm-gn-em-fn-bpw- F- - a- n-em-wv- A-Xv- \n-e-\n-ev- p- - Xv.- Ip-d- p- Iq-Sn- hn-i-z-am-bn- ]-d- m am -Iv-kv- ]-d- - Nq-j-Wm-[n-jv-Tn-X- hyh-km-b-a m-sx-- a-s m- - - C-Xpw.- R- ßƒ- ]-{X-]-h -Ø-I,- am-[y-a-{]-h - Ø-I - F- v- ]-d- v- s\- v- hn-cn- ptºmƒ- ta -]-d- - Nq-j-W- hy-h-ÿbn - X-s -bm-wv- \-Ω-fpw- F- -dn-bm- "aq-e-[-\w-'- F- - ]p-kv-x-i-øn-s - A-[ym-bw- H- p- a-dn- p-t\m- n-bm - a- Xn-bm-Ipw.- kz- w- ]-{X-ap-X-em-fn- i-º-fw- Iq- n- Ø- p- F- v- ]-d- v- B-Àm-Z-hpw- \- µn-bpw- {]-I-Sn- n- v- sxm-gn-em-fn-i-fp-ss- D-]-Im-c-kv-a-c-W-bp-sS- hm -Ø- Ip-d- v- B-gv-N- ap-ºv- am-xr-`q-an- ]-{X-Øn - I- -Xm-Wv- Cu- Ip-dn- n- m-[m-cw.- sxmgn-em-fn-iƒ- X-ßƒ-s -t m- Hu-Zm-cyw- In- n- F- - a- n-em-wv- {]-Xn-I-cn- n-cn- p- -Xv.- sn-øp- - ]-Wn- v- \ym-b-am-b- Iqen- hm-ßn-sb-sp-øp- F- - A-h-Im-it_m-[-tØ- mƒ- ap-x-em-fn-tbm-sp- - \- µn-bpw- I-S- m-sp-am-wv- D-]-Im-c-kv-a-c-Wbn - sx-fn- p- \n- -Xv.- C-S-Xv- - h-e- Xv- t`-z-an- m-sx- an- - am-[y-a-ÿm-]-\- ß-fn-se- Po-h-\- m-cpw- Cu- {]-h-w-x- Im- m-dp- v.- sxm-gn-se-sp- p- -h-cp-ss- B-Zy- kw-l-s-\- si- n- -Sp-Ø-t mƒ- Iqen- H-cp- Hu-Zm-cy-a- F- m-wv- sxm-gnem-fn-iƒ- B-Zyw- Xn-cn- -dn- -Xv.- Cu- sxm-gn-em-fn-i-fpw- A-h-cp-sS- ]n- Xp-S - - m-cpw- 19Dw- 20 Dw- \q- m- p-i-fn - cm-jv-{s-ßƒ- a-dn- n-sp-i-bpw- A-Xn-s - A-Xn-cp-Iƒ- am- n- h-c- p-ibpw- ]p-xn-b-h- \n -Ωn- -bpwsn-bv-x- Xv- \mw- hm-bn-s - n-epw- A-dn- n- p- m-hpw.- 6 am-kw- ap-gp-h- bq-tdm- ns\ kv-xw-`n- n- p-sim- v- 21 mw- \q- m- n - sxm-gn-em-fn-iƒ- k-a-cw- sn-øp- -Xv- h-sc- \o- p- p- B- k-a-c- N-cn- {Xw.- X-ßƒ- sxm-gn-em-fn-i-fm-sw- pwtpm-en- v- Iq-en- H-cp- Hu-Zm-cy-a-s - pwap-x-em-fn-bp-ss- ap- n - Hm- m-\n- v- \nev-t - -h-c-s - pw- A-Sn-a-k-{º-Zm-bw- X-I - p-t]m-bn- F- pw- A-Xv- X-ßƒ- X-s -bm-wv- X-I -Ø-sX- pw- Xn-cn- dn-bp- - sxm-gn-em-fn-i-fm-wv- \-Ωƒ- C- p- Im-Wp- - tem-i-sø- \n -Ωn- -Xv.- bq-wn-b- F- - hm- v- sxm-gn-em-fn-bpss- A-fl-t_m-[-Øn-s -bpw- kw-l-s-\mi- n-bp-ss-bpw- {]-Xo-I-am-Wv.- ]-Wn-sb- Sp- p- - A-h-\pw- A-h-fpw- tn - v- hnb- v- H-gp- n- c- w- sim-sp-øv- \n -Ωn-... ]{X{]h -ØI - 25

24 ap-x-em-fn- D- m- p- sxm-gn-em-fnkw-l-s-\-bn - Aw-K-am-bn-cn- p-i-bpwap-x-em-fn- ]-d-bpw- hn-[w - {]-h -Øn- p-i-bpwsn-øp- - sxm-gn-em-fn- A-Sn-a-Øw- P- m-h-im-i-am-bn- I-cp-Xn-bn-cp- - A-Sn-a-bn - \n- pw- H- pw- Zq-c-Ø-. s -Sp-Ø-Xm-Wv- B- hm- n-s - C- sø- A - w.- B- A - -Øn-s\m- w- A-h - v- Po-hn- m- ]- n-bn-s - n - a-s m-cp- hm- v- I-s -Øp- -Xmhpw- \- -Xv.- I-gn- - ]-Øv- C-cp-]-Xvh -j-øn-\n-s-bv- v- ti-c-f-øn-seam-[ya- {]-h -Ø-I - kz-bw- H-cp- sxm-gn-emfn-bm-bn- hn-`m-h-\w- sn-øp- p-t m.- X- ßƒ- pw- H-cp- bq-wn-b-\p- v- F- p- ]-d-bp-tºmƒ- B- hm- n-\v- ta -]-d- - A - w- X-s -bm-twm- \-Ωƒ- I-ev-]n- p- -Xv-?- A-tXm- - n-\pw- sxmgn-em-fnkw-l-s-\- pw- C-S-bv- p- - a- [y-ÿ- kw-l-s-\-bm-bn- B-tWm- Cubq-Wn-b-s - \n-ev-]v-?- tnm-zyw- H- v- Iq-Sn- hy- -am- mw.- k-a-cw- sn-øm-økw-l-s-\- v- bq-wn-b-s\- - t]-cv- B- h-iy-ap-t m-?- C- -gn- - Im-e-ß-fn - G-Xv-/- F-{X- sxm-gn-em-fn-i-fp-ss- A-h- Im-i- {]-iv-\-ß-fp-am-bn- bq-wn-b \n-c-øn-en-d-ßn-?- F- m-bn-cp- p- A-Xn-s -sbm-s - A-h-km-\w-?- a-[y-ÿ- N - -Iƒ- - p-dw- {]-h - Ø-\-ß-sfhn-`m-h-\w- sn-øm-\p- - I-cp-Øp-t m- Cu- kw-l-s-\- v-?- `-c-w-iq-s-hpw- A-[n-Im-c-hpw- h- p- \o- p- - ku-p-\y-ßƒ- vap- n - ap- p-a-s- n- sxm-gn-em-fn-i-sf- Xo-sd-gp-Xn- sim-sp- m-xn-cn- m- \p- - \-s - p-t m-?- am-[y-a-{]-h -Ø-\-Øn-\n-S-bn - sx- n- -cn- s - pw- a- pw- t]m-eo-kv- ]n-sn-bn-em-hp- - am-[y-a- sxm-gn-em-fn-i-sfkw-c- n- m-\p- - F- v- kw-hn-[m-\-am-wv- Cu- bq-wn-b-\p- -Xv-?- h - -t_m-[-an- m-ø-h - bq-wn-b-s\- - hm- v- D-]-tbm-Kn- m-xn-cn- p- -Xm-hpw- \- -Xv.- ap-x-em-fn- D- m- p- - sxm-gn-em-fnkw-l-s-\-bn - Aw-K-am-bn-cn- p-i-bpwap-x-em-fn- ]-d-bpw- hn-[w- {]-h -Øn- p-i-bpwsn-øp- sxm-gn-em-fn- A-Sn-a-Øw- P- m-h-im-i-am-bn- I-cp-Xn-bn-cp- - A-Sn-a-bn - \n- pw- H- pw- Zq-c-Ø-.- ap-x-em-fn-bp-ss- Xm-ev-]-cy-a- sxm-gn-em-fnkw-l-s-\-bv- p- m-ti- -sx- pw- ap-x-em-fn-bp-ss- Xm-ev-]-cy-Øn-\vhn-cp- -am-wv- sxm-gn-em-fn-bp-ss- e- y-ß-sf- pw- Cu- B- -cn-i- sshcp- y-am-wv- C-Xn-s - Im-X-se- pw- D- - h-kv-xp-x-bm-wvam -Iv-kvap-X - C-tßm- p- - F- m- sxm-gn-em-fn-bq-wn-b- t\-xm- -fpw- ]-dbm- {i-an- -Xv.- a-\- n-em- - m- F- v- \-Ωƒ- Xo-cp-am-\n- m - ]n- n-s-xn-t\m-sv- a- - n-sp-øw- \-S-Øm- B - p-am-hn-.- X-ß-fn-sem-cm-sf- A-\-[n-Ir-X-am-bn- ]n-cn- p- hn-sp-tºmƒ- kw-l- Sn-X- sxm-gn-em-fn- h - w- F-ß-s\- {]-Xn-I-cn- p- F- -dn-b-w-sa- n - I-gn- - A- v- h -j-am-bn- _m- v- Po-hn- m - A- m-cm-jv-{s- - km- º-Øn-I- Ip-Ø-I- `o-a m-cp-ss- Ip-Øn-\v- ]n-sn- v- \n-e- v- \n -Øn-bk-a-c-kw-`-h-ßƒ- H- p- kq-jv-a-am-bn- t\m- n-bm - a-xn.- R-ß-fp-sS- H- n- p- - k-a-cw- X-ß-tf- mƒ- ap-tº- X-I - p-i- ap-x-em-fn-sb- B-bn-cn- p-sa- v- ap-x-em-fn-sb-t]m-se- sxm-gn-em-fn-bpw- Xn-cn- -dn- - Xn-s - A-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn-em-Wv- ta-ev-]-d- - k-a-c-ß-f-{x-bpw- hn- `m-h-\w- sn-bv-x-xpw \-S- m- n-b-xpw.- H-cp- ]-{X-ap- X-em-fn- sxm-gn-em-fn-i-fn-sem-cm-sf- ]n-cn- p- hn-sp-tºmƒ- Cu- ta-j-e- kv-xw-`n- n- m-\-dn-bm-ø-h - bq-wn-b-s\- - hm- v- D-]-tbm-Kn- -cp-xv,- sxm-gn-em-fn- F- v - kzbw- kw-t_m-[-\- sn-øp-i-bp-a-cp-xv.- (ao-un-b- h- - \yq-kv- Nm-\-en kv-s]-jy - I-d-kv-t]m- - v- B-Wv- te-jn-i-) ]{X{]h -ØI -

25 am-xr-`q-an-bn-se- hn-c-an- - Po-h-\- m - p- \n-b-a-{]-im-cw- e-`n-t - - {Km- nhn- n- Dƒ-s -ss-bp- - dn- -b -sa- v- B- \p-iq-ey-ß-fn - \n- pw- \n-b-a-hn-cp- am-bn- e- - -W- n-\v- cq-]- ]n-sn-s -Sp- Øp- sim- n-cn- p- - k-ao-]-\-øn-s\- Xn-scti-c-f- ]-{X-{]-h -Ø-I- bq-wnb- kw-ÿm-\- \yq-kv- t]- - C- kvs]-œ - v- ]-cm-xn- \ -In.- e- - -Wn- n-\v- cq-]- \- -s - - {]-ap-j- ]-{X-{]- h -Ø-I - Dƒ-s -ss-bp- -h-cp-ss- Xm - ]-cy-hpw- A-`y -Y-\-bpw- ]-cn-k-wn- m- Wn-Xv.- ]-{X-Po-h-\- m - p- - th-pvt_m -Uv- \-S- m- n-b-xp-am-bn- _- - s - v- am-xr-`q-an- D-S-a-ÿ - \-S- m- n-b- {Iq-c-am-b- {]-Xn-Im-c- \-S-]-Sn-I-fp-sS- H- Sp-hn-e-sØ- C-c-I-fm-Wv- B- ÿm-]-\- Øn - \n- pwhn-c-an- - ]-{X-{]-h -Ø- I-cpw.- am-xr-`q-an-bn-se- ]-{X-{]-h -Ø-I - vam-xr-`q-an-bn-se- hn-c-an- - ]-{X-{]-h -Ø-I - v- B-\p-Iq-ey- \n-tj-[w- si.-bp.-u-ªyp.-sp.- \n-b-a-t]m-cm- -Øn-\vkq-]ow-tIm-S-Xn- hn-[n- {]-Im-cw- \ -ti- - th-x-\- p-sn-»n-i- Dƒ-s -ss-bp- - B-\p-Iq-ey-ßƒ- \n-b-a-hn-cp- -am-bn- ]n- Sn-s -Sp-Ø-Xv- ]-cn-l-cn- p-in- m-\m-wv- bq- Wn-b- \yq-kv-t]- - C- kv-s]-œ-sd- k-ao-]n- n-cn- p- -Xv.- ]-{X-tØm-sSm- w- {]-N-cn- n- p- p- H- cp- kw-kv-im-c-hpw- F- -Xm-Wv- am-xr-`qan-bp-ss- ]-c-ky-hm-n-iw.- B- am-[y-aÿm-]-\w- G-Xm-\pw- h -j-am-bn- \-S- m- n-s m- n-cn- p- - kw-kv-im-c-øns - {]-[m-\- C-c-I-fm-bn-cp- p- A-Xn-se- Po-h-\- m.- C- y-bn-se- ]-{X-Po-h-\- m-cp-ss- i-º-f-]-cn-jv-i-c-w-øn-\m-bnti-{µ-k - m - \n-tbm-kn- - P-Ãn-kva-Po-Zn-b- th-pv-t_m -Un-s - ip-]m -i- Iƒ- \-S- m- m ti-{µ-k - m - hn- m-]-\w- ]p-d-s -Sp-hn-s - nepw- ]-{X-D-S-a-Iƒ- \-S- m- m- X-ømdm-bn-.- am-{x-a- - A-h - th-pv-t_m -... ]{X{]h -ØI - 27

26 am-xr-`q-an-bn-se- ]-{X-{]-h -Ø-I - v- H-cp- {]-txy-i- km-l-n-cy-øn P-\-h-cnap-X \-hw-_ - h-sc- \ -In-bn-cp- - A-e-h- kv,- A-Xm-b-Xv- i-º-f- p-sn-»n-i- \ -Im-\p- - ]q - -Im-e- {]m-_-ey-øn-\vap-ºp- - Im-e-Øv- \ -In-b- Cu- Xp-Iap-gp-h- Ip-Sn-»n-I-bv- v- ]-I-c-am-bn- I-W- m- n- Xn-cn- p-]n-sn- p-sim- m-wvam-xr-`q-an- {]Xn-Im-cw- snbv-xxv.- Uv- X- n- -f-bm-\m-bn- kp-{]ow-tim-s-xn-sb- k-ao- ]n- p-i-bpwsn-bv-xp.- F- m - ]-c-tam- -X-\o-Xn- ]o-t-øn-s - hn-[n- C-h-cp-sS- ap-j-tø- - I-Sp-Ø- A-Sn-bm-bn.- H-c- -cw- t]m-epw- Xn-cp-Øm-sX- th-pvt_m -Uv- dn-t m - v- \-S- m- m-\m-b-cp- p- hn-[n.- K-Xy- -c-an- m-sx,- A-Xp-h-sc- a-po-zn-b- th-pvt_m -Uv- dn-t m - v- \-S- m- n- - F- v- {]-Jym-]n- p- \-S- n-cp- - am-xr-`q-an- D-S-a- i-º-f- ]-cn-jv-i-c- Ww- `m-kn-i-am-bn- \-S- m- m- X-øm-dm-bn ^n- {_-h-cn- G-gmw- Xo-b-Xn-bn-se- kp-{]ow-tim-s-xn- hn- [n- {]-Im-cw ap-x - i-º-f- ]-cn-jv-i-c- Ww- \-S- m-t - -Xp- v.- "-2014 am - v- h-sc-bp- i-º-f- p-sn-»n-i- \m-ev- Xp-ey- K-Up- -fm-bn- C- pap-x - H-cp- h -j-øn-\-iw- \ -Ip-I-bpw- am - vap-x - ]p-xn-b- kv-si-bn-en - i-º-fw- \ -Ip-I-bpwth-Ww'- F- m-bn-cp- p- kp-{]ow-tim-s-xn- hn-[n.- F- m - C-Xv- am-xr-`q-an-bn-se- `q-cn-]- w- Po-h-\- m - pw- e-`n- n-.- tim-s-xn- hn-[n- C-ß-s\- ew-ln- -Xv- tem-i-sø- N- w- ]-Tn- n- p- - ]-{Xw- X-s -sb- -Xv- C-cn- s,- A-Xn-\- p-d-tø- v- Po-h-\- m-cp-ss- ]n- - - nbn - ssi-øn- v- hm-cm- am-xr-`q-an- I-s -Øn-b- X- { w- `o-i-c-am-bn-cp- p.- am-xr-`q-an-bn-se- ]-{X-{]-h - Ø-I - v- H-cp- {]-txy-i- km-l-n-cy-øn P- \-h-cnap-x \-hw-_ - h-sc- \ -In-bn-cp- - A-e-h- kv,- A-Xm-b-Xv- i-º-f- p-sn-»n-i- \ -Im- \p- - ]q - -Im-e- {]m-_-ey-øn-\v- ap-ºp- - Im-e- Øv- \ -In-b- Cu- Xp-I- ap-gp-h- Ip-Sn-»n-I-bv- v- ]-I-c-am-bn- I-W- m- n- Xn-cn- p-]n-sn- p-sim- m- Wv- am-xr-`q-an- {]XnIm-cw- snbv-xxv.- hn-c-an- - {]ap-j ]-{X-{]-h -Ø-I-cn - H-cm-fm-b- F-.-]n.- cm-tp-{µ-\n - \n- pw- am-xr-`q-an- ssi- em- n-b-xv- 2,-28,-335 cq-]-bm-wv.- i-º-f- p-sn-»n-i- sim- Sp-Øn-s - p- am-{x-a-,- {Km- p-hn- n-bn - \n- pw- H- cp- e- -tøm-fw- cq-]- I-h-cp-I-bpwsn-bv-xp.- I-º- \n-bp-ss- ^n-\m- kv- am-t\-p - \ -In-b- hn-i-zo-i-c- W-Øn - ]-d- n-cn- p- -Xv,- cm-tp-{µ-\v- 1,-32,-365 cq-]- i-º-f- p-sn-»n-i- \ -ti- -Xm-sW- pw- F- m ap-x h-sc- \ -In-b- A-e-h- kv- Xn-cn- p-]n-sn- p- -Xn-\m - Ip-Sn-»n-I-sbm- pw- X-cm-\n-s - pw,- t]m-cm-ø-xn-\v- ]n-cn-bp-tºmƒ- \ ti- - {Km- p-hn- n-bn - \n- pw- 95,-970 cq-]- ]n-sn- p-i-bpwsn-bv-xn-cn- p- p- F- p-am-wv.- A-Xm-b-Xv- ]- v- \ -In-b- Nm-b- m-iv- C-s mg-sø- I-W- n - X- n- n-gn- v- C-\n- \n-ßƒ-s m- pw- C- - F- p- ]-d-bp-i- am-{x-a-,- _m- n- ss]- k- In- m- a-sn- p-øv- X- p-i-bpwsn-bv-xp.- C- tx- K-Xn- X-s -bm-bn-cp- p- ]n- o-sv- hn-c-an- - F- m- ]-{X-{]-h -Ø-I - pw- t\-cn-ts- n- h- -Xv.- Sn.- A-cp- -Ip-am - F- - su-]yq- n- F-Un- - v- {Km- n-hn- n-bn - \n- pw- \- -am-b-xv- c- -c- e- tøm-fw- cq-].- a-s m-cp- su-]yq- n- F-Un- -dm-b- Sn.- kp-tc-jv-_m-_p-hn-\v- H-t -ap- m - e- w.- cm- Pn-sh- p- t]m-b- ko-\n-b - dn-t m - - si.-b.- ss_-pp-hn - \n- pw- X- n-sb-sp-ø-xv- c- v- e- w.- C-tX-t]m-se- cm-pn-sh- p-t]m-b- kv-s]-j - I-d-kv-t]m- - v- hn.-f-. -{]-k- -\v- \ -Im-Xncp- -Xv- ap- m - e- w.- Cu- ]- n-i- \o-fp-i-bm- Wv.- {Km- p-hn- n- \n-b-a-{]-im-c-tam- h - n-mvtp-wen-ãv- B-Œv- {]-Im-c-tam- {Km- n-hn- n-bn - \n- v- C-{]-Im-cw- Xp-I- Xn-cn- p-]n-sn- m-hp- -Xp-a-.- th- Pv-t_m -Uv- i-º-f- h -[-\- {]-Jym-]n- - Im-em-h- [n- v- ]p-d-øp- - Im-e-Øv- \ -In-b- H-cp- B- \p-iq-eyw.- A-Xn-\v- B-Zm-b-\n-Ip-Xn- t]m-epw- Poh-\- m - \ -In-bn- p- v.- C-Xv- F-s - n-epw- Xncn-sI- X-tc- -Xm-Wv- F- - H-cp- I-cm-dn-epw- Po-h- \- m - G -s - n- n-.- {Iq-c-X- C-hn-sS- Xo - n-.- {Km- n-hn- n- Xp-I- hnc-an- v- 30 Zn-h-k-Øn-\-Iw- \ -I-W-sa- m-wv- hyh-ÿ.- b-ty- w- ]n-sn-s -Sp-Ø-Xn-s - _m- n- Xp- I- t]m-epw- \ -In-b-tXm- aq- pw- \m-epw- am-kwssh-in- v.- Cu- Xp-I- k-a-b-øn-\v- In- n-bn-cp-s - n - _m- n-en- m - In- p-am-bn-cp- - A-c- e- - Øn-te-sd- cq-]-bm-wv- cm-tp-{µ-\pw- kp-tc-jv-_m ]{X{]h -ØI -

27 {Km- p-hn- n- \n-b-a-{]-im-c-tamh - n-mvtp-w-en-ãv- B-Œv- {]-Im-c-tam- {Km- n-hn- n-bn - \n- v- C-{]-Im-cw- Xp-I- Xn-cn- p-]n-sn- m-hp- -Xp-a-.- th-pv-t_m -Uv- i-º-f- h -[-\- {]-Jym-]n- - Im-em-h-[n- v- ]p-d-øp- - Im-e-Øv- \ -In-b- H-cp- B-\p-Iq-eyw.- A-Xn-\v- B-Zm-b-\n-Ip-Xn- t]m-epw- Po-h-\- m - \ -In-bn- p- v.- C-Xv- F-s - n-epw- Xn-cn-sI- X-tc- -Xm-Wv- F- - H-cp- I-cm-dn-epw- Po-h-\- m - G -s - n- n-.- _p-hpw- Dƒ-s -ss- an- -h - pw- \- -am-b- Xv.- H-cp- Xp- n- tnmc- t]m-epw- Nn- m-sxamw-kw- A-dp-sØ-Sp- p- - ssj-tem- n-b- {]-Xn- Im-cw- t\m- q.- C-Xn-s\m-s - F- m- ]-d-bp-i- \-Ωp-sS- \m- n.- am-{x-a- - Cu- Po-h-\- m-cp-ss- ]n.- F-^v.- A-S- -Xn-epw- I- - -fnbp-s - m-wv- ]-cm-xn.- am-k-th- X-\-Øn - th-cn-b-_nƒ- t]- F- - H-cn-\w- Dƒ-s -Sp-Øm-sX-bm- Wv- C-h-cp-sS- ]n.-f-^v.- A-S- n- p- -Xv.- F- m - Cu- Ip-Sn-»n- I-sb- - n- an- m- -ta-bn-.- F- pam-{x-a-,- hn-c-an- - ]-e- Po-h-\- m-cp-ss-bpw- {Km- n-hn- n- ]p-xnb- i-º-f-kv-si-bn - A-\p-k-cn- Fw ]n- ho-tc{µip-am I-W- m- n-bn- p- -Xpw- F- m-wv- A-dn-hv.- ]-cn-jv-i-c-w-øn- \p- ap-ºp- - \n-c- n-em-wv.- C- Xp-aq-ew- X-s - ]-e - pw- \mepw- A- pw- e- w- cq-]- {Km- nhn- n- C-\-Øn - \- -am-bn- p- v- F- pw- ]-d-bp- p.- Cuv- Im-cyß-sf- m-am-wv- ]-cm-xn-bn - Nq- n- m-wn- n-cn- p- -Xv.- Z-im- -ßƒ- am-xr-`q-an-bp-ss- B-flm -Y- tk-h-i-cm-bn- Po-hn- - ]m-hw- ]-{X-{]-h -Ø-I - F- p- sn-øpw.- H-cp- I-W- pw- hnc-an- -h - v- I-º-\n- A-[n-Ir-X - t_m-[-]q - w- X-s - sim-sp-øn- n-.- In- n-b-xpw- hm-ßn- an- msx- ÿ-ew- Im-en-bm- n-s m- ]n- hn- N{µ - p-i.- D-S-a- Xo-cp-am-\n- pw,- A- Sn-bm- an- -cp-xv.- th-pv-t_m -Uv- \-S- m- n-b-xn-s - {]-Xn-Imcw- Po-h-\- m-cp-ss- ta - Xo - m- k-xy,-k-a-xz,- kzm-x-{ yß-fp-sshn-f-\n-e-am-bn-cp- - ]-{X-Øn-\v- bm-sxm-cp- a-\- m- n- p-øp-an-.- H-cpkp-{]-`m-x-øn - A-h - Im- o- \n -ØnsXm-gn-em-fn-I-sf- ]- n-wn- n- p.- a-s m-cp- Zn-h-kw- an- - t]mse- a-s m-cp- Xo-cp-am-\w- {]-Jym-]n- p- - C- p- ap-x - s]- j- \n -Ø-em- p- p.- th-sdm-cp- Zn-h-kw- h- - {]-Jym-]-\w- C-ßs\- - \m-sf- ap-x - \n-ßƒ- v- Sn.-F.- C-,- ku-p-\y-am-bn- \ -Ip- - ]-{X-an-,- ss-en-t^m- - A-e-h- kn-.- tzm-jw- ]-d-b-cp-x-t m,- th-pv-t_m -Uv- i-º-f- ]-cn-jv-i-c- Ww- \-S- m- n- F- - t]-cp- ]-d- v- ap-x-em-fn-am - kz- w- i- º-fw- ]-e- a-s-ßm-bn- D-b -Øn-bn- p- v.- sx- n-,- ]-t - ]n n-bn - ssi-øn- p-hm-cn-bn- p- X-s - th-twm- Cu- ]-Wn- F- s -bp- q- ]-e - pwkw-i-bw... ]{X{]h -ØI - 29

28 hn-a -i\w- F-.- {]-`m-i-c- jm-pn- tp- -_v- F-Un- v- sn-bv-x- "s^-bv-kv-_p- v- \-h-a-e-bm-f-øn-s - ssk-_ - am-\n-s^-tãm-'- F- - ]p-kv- X-Iw- s^-bv-kv-_p- n-epw- Hm- -sse- tp-w-ep-i-fn-epw- \yq-kv-t]m - -ep-ifn-epw- tªm-kp-i-fn-epw- a- p-am-bn- a-ebm-fn-iƒ- \-S-Øn-h-cp- - C-S-s]-S-ep-Isf- Ip-dn- v- `m-hn-bn - \-S- m- km- [y-x-bp- - B-g-Øn-epw- ]-c- n-ep-ap- - A-t\z-j-W-ß-fp-sS- {]-[m-\-s - - B-[m-c-ß-fn-sem- m-bn-cn- pw. "Ccp-]-sØm- mw- \q- m- n-s - B-Zy-Z-i- I-ß-fn - a-e-bm-fn-bp-ss- km-aq-ly-pohn-xw- kr-jv-sn- - kmw-kv-im-cn-i-cm-jv- {So-b-ß-fp-sS- N-cn-{X-sa-gp-Xm- `m-hn- p-th- n- I-cp-Xn- sh- p- - H-cp- \- b-tc-j-bm-bn- Im-Wmw- Cu- ]p-kv-x-isø-'- F- - jm-pn-bp-ss- A-h-Im-i-hm- Zw- an- -hm-dpw- i-cn-bm-sw- p- X-s - ]-d-bmw.- ssk-_ - am-[y-a-ß-fn - {]-Xy- s - - A-º-Xv- te-j-\-ßƒ- A-s - n - F-gp-Øp-Iƒ- k-am-l-cn- -s - n-cn- p- - Cu- ]p-kv-x-i-øn - G- -hpw- {it -b-am-bn- F-\n- v- A-\p-`-h-s - -h- (1)- hn.-]n.-d-po-\-bp-ss- "F-s - a-{z-km- A-\p-`-hw-', -(2)- B-km-Zn-s - "h-cq- Im- Wq,- "tªm-k-dp-ss- c- w- sx-cp-hp-i-fn - '- (3)- Fw.-B.-A-\n - Ip-am-dn-s - "am - Iv-kn-s\-bpw- {io-\m-cm-b-w-s\-bpwtn -Øp- hm-bn- p-tºmƒ-', -(4)- l - j- Sn.-Fw.-s - "aq- m -: -tnm-zy-ßƒ- D-Ø-c-ßƒ-' -(5)- k-\o-jv- C-f-bn-S-Øns - "tam-un-sb- Adn- -bm- ]p-sn-s\- hmbn- p-i-'- (6)- Fw.-hn.-s_- n-bp-ss- "-Pohn-Xw- km- n-'- (7)- Kn-co-jv- P-\m -±-\- s - "Im- m-cn-bp-sshn-øv-' -(8)- C.-]n.- cm-p-tkm-]m-e-s - "-Xo-cp-am-\-ßƒ-'- (9)- si.-si.-_m-_p-cm-pn-s - "ap- ow- hn-cp- -X-bpw- am -Iv-kn-Ãv- am-\-z-wv-u-ß-fpw- '- (10)- A-\n -Ip-am - ]n.-hn-bp-ss- "-a-ebm-f-ø-\n-a-bpw- am-s-ºn-am-cpw-'- F- nh-bm-wv.- C-h- Hm-tcm- pw- Hm-tcm- \n-e- m-wv- {i-t -b-am-bn-øo-cp- -Xv. -k-\ojn-s - te-j-\w- am-jm- sk- - F- am-[y-a-{]-h -Ø-I- F-gp-Xn-b- "-Zn- am- hn-øu-sv- F- s^-bv-kv,- Zn- A- -sse- Iv- en- ssd-kv- Hm-^v- hv-em-zn-an - ]p-sn- '- F- - ]p-kv-x-i-sø- ap- \n -Øn- ]p-sn-s -bpw- \-tc-{µ-tam-un-bp-ss-bpw- cm ]{X{]h -ØI -

29 -s^-bv-kv-_p- n-epw- a- pw- {]-I-Sn- n- -s -Sp- - A-`n-{]m-b-ß-fn-epw- I-a- p-i-fn-epw - _-lp-`q-cn-]- -hpw- ]-t,-c-ß-s\- ku-a-\-ky-tøm-ss- k-ao-]n- m-hp- -h-b-.- A-h- cm-jv-{so-b- I- n-i-fp-ss-tbm- h -Ko-bhm-Zn-I-fp-sS-tbm- \n- n-]v-x-xm -]-cy-ß-fp- - Nn-e- P-\-hn-cp- - {Kq- p-i-fp-ss-tbm- H-s - \n-e-]m-sp-i-fp-ss- {]-Jym-]-\-am-Wv.- hm-b-\- I-c-p-X-tem-sS-b-s - n - A-h- A-t\-Iw- sx- n- m-c-i-fm-hpw- D-ev-]m-Zn- n- p-i.- A-d-_v- kv-{]nw-kv-,- A-d-_v- hn- - F- o- c- v- {]-tbm-k-ß-fpw- A-ta-cn- -bn - kr-jv-sn- -s - -h-bm-wv.- A-Xn-s - A - w- \mw- H- - t\m- -Øn - I-cp-Xp- -Xp- t]m-se- kzm-`m-hn-i-am-bn- D-cp-Øn-cn- p- h- k -h-x-{ -kz-x- -amsbm-cp- P-\-k- -bcm-jv-{so-b- ap-t - -am-bncp- n- - A-d-_vh-k- w- F- -Xp- X-s -bm-wv jv-{so-b-po-hn-x-ß-sf- Xm-c-X-aywsN-bv-Xv- h-f-sc- Ku-c-h-]q -W-am-b- \n-k-a-\-ßƒ- A-h-X-cn- n- p- - i- -am-b- te-j-\-am-wv.- si.-si.-_m- _p-cm-ppw- A-\n -Ip-am - ]n.-hn-bpsa- mw- Xm- m-ß-fp-sste-j-\- Øn - Xn-I- pw- bp- n-k-l-ambm-wv- X-ß-fp-sS- hm-z-ßƒ- A-h- X-cn- n- n-cn- p- -Xv.- \n-ßƒ- v- A-h-tbm-Sv- tbm-pn- mw,- hn-tbm-pn- mw.- A-Xv- a-s m-cp- Im-cyw.-F- mbm-epw- C-Ø-cw- F-gp-Øp-Iƒ- ]- e- ]p-\-cm-tem-n-\-iƒ- pw- \-sωt{]-cn- n- p-sa- - Im-cy-Øn - kw- i-b-an-.- cm-jv-{so-b-t\-xm- ƒ- pw- kmwkv-im-cn-i-\m-b-i- m - pw- am-{x-a- - a- p- -h - pw- ]-e- ]-e- Imcy-ß-sf- Ip-dn- pw- A-`n-{]m-bw- ]- d-bm-\p-s - pw- A-h-sb- mw- {i- n- -s -ts- -h-bm-sw- pw- _- lp-kz-c-x- F- - bm-ym - y-sø- A-h-K-Wn- p-sim- v- \-Ωp-sS- Nn- m-po-hn-øn-\v- C-\n- ap-t m- p-t]mhm-\m-hn-s - pwkw-i-b-c-ln-xam-bn- t_m-[y-s -Sp-Øp- p- v- Cu- ]p-kv-x-i-øn - k-am-l-cn- -s - ncn- p- - te-j-\-ßƒ.- jm-pn- tp- -_v- Cu- k-am-lm-c-øn-eq-ss- a- e-bm-fn-k-aq-l-tøm-sv- ]-d-bm- D- t±-in- p- - G- -hpw- {]-[m-\-s - - Im-cy-hpw- A-Xp-X-s -bm-sw- p- txm- p- p.- ssk-_ - C-S-ß-sf- B-hn-jv- m-c- kzm-x-{ y-øn-s - B-tLmj-ÿ-en-I-fm-bn- I- v- B-lv-fm-Zn- p- -h-cm-bn- H- p-h-f-sc- t]-cp- v.- B - pw- F- pw- F-gp-Xmw,- F- n-s\- Ip-dn- pw- A-`n-{]m-bw- ]-dbmw,- \n-b-{ n- m-\pw- Xn-cp-Øm- \pw- B-cp-an- - F-s m-s - h-cp- -Xv- \- -Xp- X-s - F- v- H-gp- - a- n - ]-d- p-t]m-hp- -Xn - ]-t - Im-cy-an-.- ssk-_ -kv-s]- bn-kn-se- kzm-x-{ yw- \n-cp-]-{z-ham-b- B-flm-hn-jv- m-c-ßƒ- m-wv- Hm-tcm- hy- n-bpw- D-]-tbm-Kn- p- -sx- n - A-Xv- A-bm-fp-sS-/-Ah-fp-sS- Im-cyw- \n-ßƒ- -Xv- {i- n- m-\pw- {i- n- m-xn-cn- m-\pw- kzm- X-{ y-ap- v,-f-gp-x-s - - F- n-s\- Ip-dn- pw- A-`n-{]m-bw- ]-d-bm-\p- - _m-[y-x-sbm- pw- \n-ßƒ- n- t m- F- p- ]-d- v- kw-k-xn- A- h-km-\n- n- mw.-]-t,-cm-jv-{so-b- {]-iv-\-ß-sf- - n,- km-aq-ly-kmw-kv- Im-cn-I- hn-j-b-ß-sf- - n- H-cmƒ- ]- d-bp- - A-`n-{]m-bw- A-Xn-\v- ]pdw-tam-sn-bn-se- n-epw- Ku-c-h-ap-s - n - kzm-`m-hn-i-am-bpw- \n-ßƒ- {]- Xn-I-cn- m- X-øm-dm-tb- pw.-a- Xn - sx- m-bn- H- p-an-. -s^-bvkv-_p- n-epw- a- pw- {]-I-Sn- n- s -Sp- - A-`n-{]m-b-ß-fn-epw- I-a- p-i-fn-epw- _-lp-`q-cn-]- -hpw- ]- t,-c-ß-s\- ku-a-\-ky-tøm-ssk-ao-]n- m-hp- -h-b-.- A-h- cmjv-{so-b- I- n-i-fp-ss-tbm- h -Kob- hm-zn-i-fp-ss-tbm- \n- n-]v-x- Xm -]-cy-ß-fp- - Nn-e- P-\-hn-cp- - {Kq- p-i-fp-ss-tbm- H-s - \n-e- ]m-sp-i-fp-ss- {]-Jym-]-\-am-Wv.- hmb-\- I-cp--X-tem-sS-b-s - n - A- h- A-t\-Iw- sx- n- m-c-wi-fm-hpw- D-ev-]m-Zn- n- p-i.- s^-bv-kv-_p- pw- a- v- ssk-_ - C-S-ß-fpw- Nn-e- cm-jv-{so-b-ap-{zm-hm- Iy-ßƒ- A-Xn-th-K-Øn - e- - -W- n-\v- B-fp-I-fn - F-Øn- p- p-sh- pw- A-Xv- `-c-w-iq-s-ß-sfhn-d- n- p- - h-ºn- - _-lp-p-\- ap-t - -ßƒ- v- Im-c-W-am-hp- psh- pw- A-d-_v- kv-{]nw-kv- F- vt]-cv- \ -I-s - - h-en-b- cm-jv-{sob-kw-`-h-øn - \n- v- \-ap- v- a- \- n-em-bn.- ]-t,-b- ap-t - - Øn-s - ^-ew- H- pw- X-s - B-imh-l-am-bn-.-A-d-_v- hn- - F- vhn-fn- -s -Sp- - I-Sp-Ø- cm-jv-{sobm-\n- n-x-xz-øn-te- pw- X-I - bn-te- p-am-wv- A-Xv- Cu-Pn-]v-Xv,- e-_-\-,-sb-a-,-kn-dn-b- Xp-S-ßnb- cm-py-ß-sf- X- n-hn- -Xv.- P-\-k- -b- cm-jv-{so-b-øn-s - ^-e-{]m-]v-xn-bn - I-Sp-Ø- A-hnizm-k-ap- m- n-bn-cn- p- p- A-d- _v- h-k- -Øn-s - ]-cn-wm-aw.- Hm -an-t - p- - a-s m-cp- Im-cyw- Iq-Sn-bp- v.- A-d-_v- kv-{]nw-kv-,- A- d-_v- hn- - F- o- c- v- {]-tbm-kß-fpw- A-ta-cn- -bn - kr-jv-sn- s - -h-bm-wv.-a-xn-s - A - w- \mw- H- - t\m- -Øn - I-cp-Xp- -Xpt]m-se- kzm-`m-hn-i-am-bn- D-cp-Øncn- p- h- - k -h-x-{ -kz-m-x- am-sbm-cp- P-\-k- -b-cm-jv-{so-b- apt - -am-bn-cp- n- - A-d-_v- h-k- w- F- -Xp- X-s -bm-wv-.- ]-{X-ß-fpw- B-\p-Im-en-I-ß-fpwam-{Xw- hm-bn- p-]-cn-n-bn- n- p- -h - v- tum.-jm-pn- Cu- ]p-kv-x-i-... ]{X{]h -ØI - 31

30 hn.-]n.-d-po-\ Hm- -sse- am-[y-a-ß-fn - km-ln-xy-øn-s - P-\m-[n-]-Xy-h - -c-w-sø- G- -hp-a-[n-iwk-lm-bn- -Xv- tªm-kp-i-fm-wv.- ]-{Xm-[n-]-cp-sSk-lm-b-an- m-sx- X-s - B - pw- F-gp-Xmw.- I-Y-bp-sS-bpw- I-hn-X-bp-sS-bpw- ku-µ-cy-sø-bpw- D-b - - `m-hp-i-xz-sø-bpw- a- pw- ]- n- H-cpsN-dn-b- hn-`m-kw- B-fp-Iƒ- D- m- n- {]-N-cn- n- p- t]m- - B-i-b-ß-sf- ap-gp-h- \n-cm-i-cn- v- kz-x-{ -am-b- B-flm-hn-jv-Im-cw- \-S-Øm- F-{X-tbm- t] - v- A-h-k-cw- \ -In- F- -Xm-Wv- tªm-kv- F- - \-h-am-[y-awsn-bv-x- tk-h-\w.- Øn - k-am-l-cn- n-cn- p- - te-j-\-ßfn - ]-e-xpw- h-f-sc- hy-xy-kv-x-am-bn-øs - A-\p-`-h-s -Spw.-Cu- te-j-\-ß-fn - ]-e-xpw- A- -Sn-am-[y-a-ß-fn - {]-Xy- s - m-epw- H-c-]m-I-X-bpw- txm- n-s - pam-{x-a- - A-h- hm-b-\- m-cp-ss- k-hn-tij- {i- - t\-sm- km-[y-x-bp- -h-bpw- B-Wv. -]-t,- F- p-sim-t m- A-Øc-Øn-ep- - am- - B-\p-Im-en-I-ß-fn - A-[n-I-sam- pw- {]-Xy- -s - p- Im-Wp- n-.- Cu- ]p-kv-x-iw- hm-bn- p- I-gn- t mƒ- txm- n-b- H-cp- {]-[m-\- Im-cyw- \-h-am-[y-a-ß-fp-ss- {]-Nm-cw- C-\n-bpw- h - [n- p-i-bm-sw- n - A-Xv- ]p-xn-sbm-cp- P-\m-[n-]-Xy-s]m-Xp-a-Wv-U-e-Øn-s - krjv-sn- v- h-gn-sh- pw- F- -Xp- X-s -bm- Wv. -h-f-sc- s]-s - v- {]-Xo- n- m-hp- - X- - B- am- w.-im-c-ww- ]-{X-hm-b-\- mcn-epw- Sn-hn- t{]- -I-cn-epw- K-Wy-am-b- H-cp- hn-`m-k-øn-\v- C-t m-gpw- ssk-_ - C-S-ßƒ- A-{]m-]y-am-bn-Ø-s - Xp-S-cp-- I-bm-Wv.- ]-t,-cu- \n-e- G-sd- Im-ew- C-ß-s\- Xp-S-cp-I-bn-.- Ip-d- p- h -j-ßƒ- p- ap-ºv- h-sc- samss_ - t^m- - _-lp-`q-cn-]- -Øn-\pw- H-c- p-x-am-bn-cp- p.- F-s - n-epw- X- ßƒ- v- A-Xp-]-tbm-Kn- m-\m-hp-sa- v- A-h - I-cp-Xn-bn-cp- n-.- C-t m-gm-sw- n - \-Ωp-sS- \m- n - P-\-kw-Jy-sb- mf-[n-i-am-bn-cn- p- p- sam-ss_ - t^m- Wp-I-fp-sS- F-Æw.- A-Xp- t]m-se- Hm- -sse- am-[y-a-ß-fpw- ]-tøm- ]-Xn- \-t m- h -jw- Iq-Sn- I-gn-bp-tºmƒ- P- \-ß-fn - `q-cn-]- -Øn-\pw- A-Xn-]-cn-Nn- X-am-bn-Øo-cp- - A-h-ÿ- h-cm- X-s bm-wv- km-[y-x.- a-e-bm-f-øn-se- k -Km-fl-I- km-ln- Xy-sØ- C-t mƒ-ø-s - tªm-kp-i-fpwssk-_ -am-kn-i-i-fpw- kzm-[o-\n- p-xp- S-ßn-bn- p- v.- s^-bv-kv- _p- v- I-Ym-tI- {µ-am-bn- h-cp- - G-Xm-\pw- sn-dp-i-y-ifpw- t`-z-s - - H-cp- t\m-h-epw -(hy-k-\- k-ap- -bw- - A-a -)- a-e-bm-f-øn - D- m-bn- -gn- p.-i-hn-x-sbbm-wv- Hm- -sse- am-[y-a-ßƒ- G- -hp-a-[n-iw- k- lm-bn- -Xv.-I-hn-X-sb-gp-Øv- G-Xm-\pw- t] - v- am-{xam-bp- - kn- n-b-s - pw- h-en-b- I-hn-I-fm-bn- sim- m-s-s -Sp- -h-cn - ]-e-cpw- F-gp-Xp- -Xp- t]m-se-tbm- A-ev-]w- Iq-Sn- sa- -s - - co-xn-bn-tem- F-gp-Xm- ]- p- - \q-dp-i-w- n-\m-fp-iƒ- \-Ωp-sS- \m- n-ep-s - pwsx-fn-bn- m- tªm-kp-iƒ- pw- s^-bv-kv- _p- n-\pwkm-[n- n- p- v.-i-hn-x-bv- v- C-Xp-sIm- p- m-b- ]-cn-thj-\-jv-s-sø- ]- n- Hm -Øv- Zp-:-Jn-t - - Im-cy-an-.- Im-c-Ww- Cu- am-[y-a-sø- Iq-Sp-X - bm-ym - y-t_m- [-tøm-ss- t\m- n- m-wm- I-gn-bp- -Xn-eq-sS- \-ΩpsS- `m-hp-i-xz-øn-\v- kw-`-hn- p- - ap-t - -Øn-\p- ap- n - B- \-jv-sw- F-{X-tbm- sn-dp-xm-bn-cn- pw.- Cw- o-jv- `m-j-bn - h -jw- txm-dpw- e- - -W- n- \m-fp-i-fm-wv- tªm-kp-i-fn-epw- ssk-_ -am-kn-i-i-fnepw- a- p-am-bn- F-gp-Xp- -Xv.- Cu- ssk-_ -I-hn-Iƒ- n-s-bn - H-cp- sj- n-tbm- Io- v-tkm- D- m-bm - A- Xv- Xn-cn- -dn-b-s -Sm-sX- t]m-ip-sa- v- ssk-_ -km-ln- Xy-sØ- Ip-dn- v- c- p-aq- v- h -jw- ap-ºv- hm-bn- - H- cp- te-j-\-øn - I- -Xm-bn- Hm - p- p.-km-ln-xy-c- Ip-d- p- h -j-ßƒ- p- ap-ºv- h-sc- sam-ss_ t^m- - _-lp-`q-cn-]- -Øn-\pw- H-c- p-x-am-bn-cp- p.- F-s - n-epw- X-ßƒ- v- A-Xp-]-tbm-Kn- m-\m-hp-sa- v- A-h - I-cp-Xn-bn-cp- n-.- C-t m-gm-sw- n - \-Ωp-sS- \m- n - P-\-kw-Jy-sb- m-f-[n-i-am-bn-cn- p- psam-ss_ - t^m-wp-i-fp-ss- F-Æw.- A-Xp- t]m-se- Hm- -sse- am-[y-a-ß-fpw- ]-tøm- ]-Xn-\-t m- h -jw- Iq-Sn- I-gn-bp-tºmƒ- P-\-ß-fn - `q-cn-]- -Øn-\pw- A-Xn-]-cn-Nn-X-am-bn-Øo-cp- - A-h-ÿ- h-cm- X-s -bm-wv- km-[y-x ]{X{]h -ØI -

31 N-\-I-fp-sS- s]-cp- w- X - m-e-tø- v- B-i-b- p-g- -hpw- A-hy- -X-I-fpw- D- m- mw.-]-t.-b-ym - - I-hn-X-sb- Xncn- -dn-bm-\p- - H-cp- km-ln-xy-hn-zym-`ymkw- ssk-_ -I-hn-X-I-fp-sS- hm-b-\-bn-eqss- \-ap- v- e-`n- pw.- I-hn-X-bp-sS- si- pap-d- ]-cn-io-en- v- F- n-s\-bpw- G-Xn-s\- bpw- I-hn-X-bm- n- am- n- a-lm-i-hn-i-fmbn- am-dn-b-h-sc- \-ap- -dn-bmw.- `m-hn-bn - ]-t - Iq-Sp-X - bm-ym - y-t_m-[-tømss- I-hn-X-sb- k-ao-]n- m-\pw- b-ym - - I-hn-I-sf- am-{xw- Aw-Ko-I-cn- m-\p- - I- hn-xm-t_m-[w- kzm-b-ø-am- m-\pw- \-ap- v- I-gn-bpw.-ssk-_ -kv-s]-bv-kn-se- c- N-\-Iƒ- \-sω- A-Xn-\v- k-lm-bn- pw.- Hm- -sse- am-[y-a-ß-fn - km-ln-xy- Øn-s - P-\m-[n-]-Xy-h - -c-w-sø- G- -hp-a-[n-iw- k-lm-bn- -Xv- tªm-kp-i-fm-wv.- ssk-_ - am-[y-a-ß-fp-ss- ^- e-ß-sf- ssh-cp-[ym-fl-i-ambn-ø-s - th-ww- a-\- n-em- m-.- A-h- B-hn-jv- m-c- Øn-s - ]p-xn-b- P-\-Io-b- a- Wv-U-e-ß-sf- bm-ym - y-am- n-øo -Øp- F- -Xv- h-kv- Xp-X-bm-Wv.- A-`n-{]m-bw- ]-dbm-\pw- k -Km-fl-Im-hn-jv- m-cw- \-S-Øm-\p-ap- - A-h- Im-iw- G-Xm-\pw- Nn-e- A-\p- {K-lo-X - v- am-{x-ap- -X-s - v- ssk-_ - F-gp-Øp-Iƒ- F- m-h-sc-bpw- t_m-[y-s -Sp- Øn- -gn- p.- ]-{Xm-[n-]-cp-sS- k-lm-b-an- m-sx- X-s - B - pw- F-gp-Xmw.- I-Y-bp-sS-bpw- I-hn- X-bp-sS-bpw- ku-µ-cy-sø-bpw- D-b - - `mhp-i-xz-sø-bpw- a- pw- ]- n- H-cpsn-dn-bhn-`m-kw- B-fp-Iƒ- D- m- n- {]-N-cn- n- p- t]m- - B-i-b-ß-sf- ap-gp-h- \n-cm- I-cn- v- kz-x-{ -am-b- B-flm-hn-jv-Im-cw- \-S-Øm- F-{X-tbm- t] - v- A-h-k-cw- \ -In- F- -Xm-Wv- tªm-kv- F- - \-h-am- [y-awsn-bv-x- tk-h-\w.- km-ln-xy-c-n-\-sb- - n-bp- - B-Vy-[mc-W-I-fp-sS- X-I - - v- tªm-sk-gp-øv- h- en-b- txm-xn - h-gn-sh- n- p- v.- Cu- ]- cn-wm-aw- X-ß-fp-sS- ]-cn-th-j-øn-\v- h- en-b- \-jv-sw- h-cp-øp- -Xn-ep- - `o-xn- Im-c-W-am-Wv- I-hn-I-sf-s m- v- h-gn- \-S- m- ]- m-xm-bn-,-km-ln-xyw- X-I - p- F-s m-s - Nn-e - hn-e-]n- p- -Xv.- s^-bv-kv- _p- n-s - {]-h - Ø-\w- tªm-kp-i-fp-ss-xn - \n- v- h-f-sc- hy-xy-kv-x-am-wv.- kvt\-l-hpw- ku-lr-z-hpw- ]- p-sh- p- -Xn-\pwkz- w- cq-]-hpw- X- ß-fp-sS- Iq-Spw-_mw-K-ß-fp-sSt^m-t m-i-fpw- Iq-sS- q-ss- {]-Z - in- n- p- -Xn-\pw- t^m-t m-{km- ^n-bn-epw- tc-jm-nn-{x-\n -an-xn-bnepw- s]-bn- nw-kn-ep-ap- - X-ßfp-sS- I-gn-hp-Iƒ- {]-I-Sn- n- m- \p-sam-s -bm-wv- Iq-Sp-X-em-fp-Ifpw- s^-bv-kv-_p- n-s\- D-]-tbm- Kn- p- -Xv.-C-sXm- pw- tam-i-amsw- v- Rm- I-cp-Xp- n-.- ]-{X-am-[y-a-ß-fn - cm-jv-{so-bt\-xm- -fp-ss-bpw- kmw-kv-im-cn- I-t\-Xm- -fp-ss-bpw- a- pw- t^mt m- ÿn-c-am-bn- A- -Sn- p- h-cp- p- v.-km-[m-c-w- m - v- B- km-[y-x-bn-.-kz- w- t^m-t ms^-bv-kv-_p- v- h-gn- A-t\-Imbn-c-ß-fp-sS- Im-gv-N-bn-se-Øn- m- A-h - B-{K-ln- p- -Xnepw- {i-an- p- -Xn-epw- A-[nt -]m -l-am-bn- H- p-an-.- ssk-_ - am-[y-a-ß-fp-ss- ^- e-ß-sf- ssh-cp-[ym-fl-i-am-bn- Ø-s - th-ww- a-\- n-em- m-.- A-h- B-hn-jv- m-c-øn-s - ]p-xn-b- P-\-Io-b- a-wv-u-e-ßsf- bm-ym - y-am- n-øo -Øp- F- -Xv- h-kv-xp-x-bm-wv.- A-`n- {]m-bw- ]-d-bm-\pw- k -Km-fl-Imhn-jv- m-cw- \-S-Øm-\p-ap- - A- h-im-iw- G-Xm-\pw- Nn-e- A-\p- {K-lo-X - v- am-{x-ap- -X-s - vssk-_ - F-gp-Øp-Iƒ- F- mh-sc-bpw- t_m-[y-s -Sp-Øn- -gn- p.- C-sXm-s -bpw- \-Ωp-sScm-jv -{So-b-Øn-s -bpw- sam-ø-ønep- - P-\m-[n-]-Xy-t_m-[-Øns -bpw- B-tcm-Ky-I-c-am-b- h-f - -sb- G-sd- k-lm-bn- pw.-a- m-cy-øn - kw-i-b-an-.- ]- t,-a-s m-cp- h-kv-xp-x- {]-txy- Iw- Hm -an-t - -Xp- v.-ssk- _ - F-gp-Øp-I-fn - ln-µp-h - Ko-b-X-bp-sS-bpwap- ow- h -Kob-X-bp-sS-bpw- hn-a -i-\w- Im- Wmw,- cm-jv-{so-b- t\-xm- ƒ-s - Xn-sc-bpw- cq- -am-b- A-`n-{]m-b- {]-I-S-\-ßƒ- Im-Wmw,- I-ayq-Wn- Ãp-Im -s -Xn-sc-bp- - ]-cn-lmkw- Im-Wmw,- ]m-cn-ÿn-xn-im-ht_m-[-øn-s - B-hn-jv- m-cw- Dƒ-s -ss- ]-e-xpw- Im-Wmw. -]- t,-tim - -td- p-i-sf-tbm- tz-i- Øn-\-I-Øp- X-s -bp- - h- In- S- km-º-øn-i- A-[n-Im-c-tI-{µß-sf-tbm- hn-a -in- p- - F-gp- Øp-Iƒ- an- -hm-dpw- C-s - p- X-s - ]-d-bmw.- A-s - n - \ma-am-{x-am-tb- D- q- F- v - ]-d-bmw. - Cu- ]-cn-an-xn- F-{X-bpwth- Kw- a-dn-i-s- m- I-gn-b-Ww.- C- Xp- t]m-ep- - a- -t\-iw- ]-cn-an- Xn-I-fpw- cm-jv-{so-b-am-b- A- - X-bpw- A-[o-c-X-bp-sa- mw- h- en-sbm-cp- i-x-am-\w- ssk-_ - B-hn-jv- m-c-ß-fp-ss-bpw- {]-iv- \-am-wv.-jm-pn- tp- -_v - X-s - ]pkv-x-i-øn - Xn-c-s -Sp-Øv- A- h-x-cn- n- n-cn- p- - Ku-c-h-]q - W-am-b- F-gp-Øn-s - F-{X-tbma-S-ßm-Wv- ssk-_ - kv-s]-bv-knse- ]m-gv- c-n-\-iƒ.-cu- ÿn- Xn- am-dp-sa- pw- `m-hn-bn - Iq- Sp-X - D-Ø-c-hm-Zn-Xz-tØm-sS,- Ku-c-h-_p- n-tbm-ss,-k -Km-fl- I-X-tbm-sS- ssk-_ - C-S-ßƒ- {]-tbm-p-\-s -Sp-Øm- h-f-sctb-sd- t] - ap-t m- p- h-cp-sa- pw- \-ap- v- Xo - -bm-bpw- {]- Xo- n- mw.- (jm-pn- tp- -_v- F-Un- v- sn-bv- X- t^-kv-_p- v- \-h-a-e-bm-f-øns - ssk-_ - am-\n-s^-tãm- F- - ]p-kv-x-iw- {]-Im-i-\w- snbv-xv- G-{]n - 12 \v- ]-ø- q-cn snbv-x {]kw-kw.- {]ikv-x Fgp-Øp-Im-c\pw- - {]`m-ji\pam-wv- F - {]`m-ic.-)... ]{X{]h -ØI - 33

32 ]{X-{]-h ØI s] -j ] -Xn: N- -ßƒ t`-z-k-xn sn-øm {iaw Xp-S-ßn 1993 cq-]o-i-cn ]-{X-{]-h -Ø-I s] -j ]- -Xn-bp-sS N- -ßƒ cq- ]o-i-cn- p-tºmƒ ti-c-f-øn A - Sn am-[y-a-ßƒ am-{x-ta D- m-bn-cp- p p. A-Xn-\m A -Sn am-[y-aß-fn-se ÿn-cw \n-ba-\w e-`n Poh-\- m - p am{xw _m-[-iam-b co- Xn-bn-em-Wv N- -ßƒ D- m- n-bxv. F- m C- v A-X ÿnxn. am- [y-a-ta-j-e-bn ÿncw I-cm \nb-a-\-ßfpw hym-]-i-am-bn- -gn p. C-Xn-\p t\-sc I-Æ-S- n- p Im-cy-an. \n-e-hn-ep- \n-_- -\-I-fn-se {]- iv-\-ßƒ aq-ew C- v H-t -sd am-[ya-{]-h -Ø-I - v s] -j ]- -Xnbn tn-cm ]-ehn-[ X-S- -hm-zßƒ D- -bn- -s -Sp-I-bmWv. Cu {]-iv\-sø a-dn-i-s- m-\m-bn s] j N- -ßƒ t`-zk-xn sn-ø-w-sa- v ]-{X-{]-h -Ø-I bq-wn-b B- h-iy-s -Sp-Ibpw A-Xn {]-Im-cw H- cp D-]-k-an-Xn-sb k - m \n-tbm- Kn- p-ibpw sn-bv-xn-cn- p-i-bmwv. Cu k-an-xn- p ap-ºm-si {]-[m-\ t`-zk-xn \n -t±-i-ßƒ bq-wn-b tc-jm-aq-ew k-a - n- p I-gn- p. C- \nbpw H-t -sd I-S-º-Iƒ I-S- m- \p v. \-Ωp-sS \n -t±-i-ßƒ sxmgn, \nb-a, [-\-Im-cy h-ip- p-iƒ Iq-Sn Aw-Ko-I-cn- m-te Im-cy-ßƒ kp-k-a-am-ip-i-bp p. s]- j- ]- -Xn- \ne-hn-ep N- -ßƒ- 1.- Np-cp- -t -cpw- hym-]v-xn-bpw- {]m-cw-`-hp-w- - (1)- Cu- N- -ßƒ- v- 1993se- ti-c-f- kw-ÿm-\- ]- {X-{]-h -Ø-I- s]- j- ]- -Xn- N- -ßƒ- F- vt] - ]-d-bmw.- (2)- C-Xn-\v- ti-c-f- kw-ÿm-\w- ap-gp-h- hym-]v- Xn- D- m-bn-cn- p- -Xm-Wv.- (3)- Cu- N- -ßƒ- D-S-\-Sn- {]m-_-ey-øn - h-cp- -Xpw G-{]n -am-kw- 30 mw- Xo-b-Xn-tbm- A- Xn-\p-ti-j-tam- tpm-en-bn - \n- v- hn-c-an- -h-tcmhn-c-an- p- -h-tcm- B-b- F- m- ]-{X-{]-h -Ø-I - pw- Cu- N- -ß-fn-se- a- v- hy-h-ÿ-iƒ- v- hn-t[- b-am-bn- Cu- ]- -Xn- {]-Im-c-ap- - s]- j- B- \p-iq-ey-ßƒ- e-`n- p- -Xn-\v- A -l-x-bp- m-bn- cn- p- -Xm-Wv.- 2. e- y-ßƒ-:- ti-c-f- kw-ÿm-\-øp-\n- pw- {]-kn- o-i-cn- -s -Sp- - ]-{X-ß-fn - h - nw-kvtp -W-en-kv- p-i-fm-bn- tk-h-\-a-\p-jv-tn- -ti-jwtpm-en-bn -\n- pwhn-c-an- p- -h-cp-ss-bpw- A-hcp-sS- Ip-Spw-_-Øn-s -bpw- t -aw- A-`n-hr- n-s - Sp-Øp- -Xp- e- y-am - n- A-h - v- -ti-c-f- kwÿm-\- ]-{X-{]-h -Ø-I-s]- j- ]- -Xn- F- t]-cn - H-cp- s]- j- ]- -Xn- -G -s -Sp-Øphm- D-t±-in- p-sim- p- -Xm-Wv.- 3. \n - -N-\-ßƒ-:- (F-)- ]-{X-{]-h -Ø-I- F- m - ti-c-f- kw-ÿm-\-øp-\n- pw- {]-kn- o-icn- -s -Sp- - H-t m- A-Xn-e-[n-I-tam- ]-{X-Øn-\pth- n- tpm-en- sn-øp-h- -cpw- 1955se- h - n-mvtp -W-en-kv- p-i-fp-ss-bpw- a- v- hm -Øm-]-{X- Po-h- \- m-cp-ss-bpw- (tk-h-\- hy-h-ÿ-i-fpw-)- ]-e-h-ihy-h-ÿ-i-fpw- B-Iv-Sv- (1955se- 45)- {]-Im-cw- cq-]o- Ir-X-am-bn- p- - th-pv-t_m -Un-s - ]-cn-[n-bn - h- cp- -Xp-am-b- F- m- tp -W-en-kv- p-i-fpw- F- - Y-am-Ip- p.- (_n-)- "-Ip-Spw-_w-'- F- m - ]-{X-{]-h -Ø-I-s - `m-cy- A-s - n - ` -Øm-hv,- 25 h-b-kv- I-hn-bp-Itbm- hn-hm-ln-x-cm-hp-i-tbm- sn-bv-xn- n- m-ø- A- h-cp-ss- Ip- n-iƒ,- ]-{X-{]-h -Ø-I-s\- B-{i-bn- p- I-gn-bp- - am-xm-]n-xm- ƒ- F- -Y-am-Ip- p.- (kn-)- "-`-c-w-k-an-xn-'- F- m - 10 mw- N- -{]-Im-cap- - `-c-w-k-an-xn- F- -Y-am-Ip- p.- (Un-)- "-tk-h-\w-'- F- m - ti-c-f- kw-ÿm-\-øp- \n- pw- {]-kn- o-i-cn- -s -Sp- - H-t m- H- n-e-[n- I-tam- ]-{X-Øn-\p-th- n- Xp-S - -bm-tbm- A-s - n - C-S-th-f-I-tfm-Sp-Iq-Sn-tbm- H-cp- ]-{X-{]-h -Ø- I- F- - \n-e-bn - tpm-en- sn-bv-xn- p- - sam- Øw- Im-e-b-f-hv- F- -Y-am-Ip- p.- (Pn-)- "-tpm-en-bn - \n- pwhn-c-an- p-i-'- F- m ]{X{]h -ØI -

33 G-sX- n-epw- ÿm-]-\-øn - ]-{X-{]-h -Ø-I-\mbn- tk-h-\-a-\p-jv-tn- p-h-c-sh- tpm-en-bn - \n- pap-d-{]-im-cw- dn- -b - sn-øp-i-tbm- ÿm-]-\-øn-s - {]-h -Ø-\w- \n-e- p-t]m-b-xn-\m - tpm-en-bn - Xp- S-cm- I-gn-bm-sX- h-cn-i-tbm- A-Y-hm- a-s -s - nepw- Im-c-W-Øm - tpm-en-bn - Xp-S-cm- I-gn-bmsX- t]m-hp-i-tbm- sn-øp-i- F- -Y-am-Ip- p.- (F-^v-)- "-ÿm-]-\w-'- F- m - ti-c-f- kw-ÿm-\- Øp-\n- pw- {]-kn- o-i-cn- -s -Sp- -Xpw- 1955seh - nw-kvtp -W-en-kv- p-i-fp-ss-bpw- a- p-]-{x- Poh-\- m-cp-ss-bpw- (tk-h-\- hy-h-ÿ-i-fpw-)- ]-e-h- I- hy-h-ÿ-i-fpw-- B-Iv-Sv- (1955se- 45)- _m-[-i-ambn- p- -Xp-am-b- ]-{X- {]-kn- o-i-c-w- ÿm-]-\-ßƒ- F- -Y-am-Ip- p.- (Pn-)- "-]- -Xn-'- F- m - Cu- N- -ßƒ- {]-Im-c-ap- - ]-{X-{]-h -Ø-I- s]- j- ]- -Xn- F- -Y-am-Ip- p A -l-x-: Xm-sg- ]-d-bp- - {]-Imc-ap- - G-sXm-cp- ]-{X-{]-h -Ø-I-\pw- Cu- ]- -Xn-bn- Io-gn - s]- j- A -l-x-bp- m-bn-cn- p- -Xm-Wv.- (1)- Xp-S- -bm-tbm- A-s - n - C-S-thf-I-tfm-Sp-Iq-Sn-tbm- Ip-d- -Xv - ]-Øv - h - j- m-e-sø- tk-h-\-øn-\p-ti-jwtpm-en-bn - \n- p- hn-c-an- p-i-bpw- Cus]- j- ]- -Xn-bn - Aw-K-am-bn-cn- p-i-bpwsn-øp- - H-cmƒ.- (2)- X-t -X- m-ø- Im-c-W-Øm - ]- Øv- h -j- m-e-sø- tk-h-\w- ]q - Øn-bm- m- I-gn-bm-sX- t]m-hp-i-bpwtpm-en- C- m-xm-ip-i-bpw- F- m - sam- Øw- A- p-h -j-øn - Ip-d-bm-Xp- - Im-ew- tpm-en- sn-øp-i-bpw- Cu- ]- - Xn-bn - Aw-K-am-bn-cn- p-i-bpwsn-øp- - H-cmƒ.- F- m - Cu- D-]-N- -Øn - ]-d- n-cn- p- - H-cmƒ- v- Cu- N- ßƒ- {]-Im-cw- A-\p-h-Z-\o-b-am-b- s]- j- Xp-I-bp-sS- 50 i-x-am-\-øn - Iq-Sp-X - s]- j-\v- A -l-x-bp- m- bn-cn- p- -X-.- Iq-Sm-sX- Cu- ]- -Xn-bn - H-cn- - Aw-K-am-bn- tn-cp-i-bpw- s]- j- B- \p-iq-ey-ßƒ- t\-sp-i-bpwsn-øp-i-tbm- C-S-bv- p-h- v- Aw-K-Xzw- \- -am-hp-itbm- D-t]- n- p-i-tbm- sn-øp-i-bpw- Cu- N- -ßƒ- {]-Im-cw- e-`y-am-b- s]- j- hm-ßp-i-bpwsn-bv- X- H-cmƒ- v- ho- pw- Cu- ]- -Xn-bn - Aw-K-am- Ip-I-tbm- s]- j-\v- A -l-\m-ip-i-tbm- sn-øm- hp- -X s]- j- \n-[n-: (1)- Cu- ]- -Xn- {]-Im-c-ap- - s]- j- \ -Ip- -Xn-te- v- H-cp- s]- j- \n-[n- cq-]o-i-cn-t - -Xm-Wv.- (2)- \n-[n-bn - Xm-sg- ]-d-bp- -h- h-c-hp-sim- n- t - -Xm-Wv.- (F-)- k - m - hn-ln-xw- (_n-)- ]-{X-{]-h -Ø-I - am-kw- txm-dpw- A-S-bv- p- - Aw-im-Zm-bw.- (kn-)- ]-{X- D-S-a-I-fn - \n- pw- e-`n- p- - G- sxm-cp- kw-`m-h-\-bpw.- (3)- N- w- 10 {]-Im-c-ap- - `-c-w-k-an-xn-bn - \n- [n- \n- n-]v-x-am-bn-cn- p- -Xpw- {]-kv-xp-x- `-c- W-k-an-Xn- Cu- ]- -Xn- {]-Im-c-ap- - s]- j- \ -Ip- -Xn-\v- A-Xv- D-]-tbm-Kn-t - -Xp-am-Wv ]-{X-{]-h -Ø-I-sc- Aw-K-am-bn- c-pn-kv- - sn-ø -: 18 h-b-kv- ]q -Øn-bm-bn-cn- p-i-bpw- F- m - 60 h-b-kv- ]q -Øn-bm-Im-Xn-cn- p-i-bpw- H- cp- ]-{X-{]-h -Ø-I-\m-bn- tpm-en- sn-øp-i-bpw- snøp- - G-sXm-cmƒ- pw- Cu- ]- -Xn-bn - H-cw-Kam-bn- c-pn-kv- - sn-øp- -Xn-\v- A -l-x-bp- m- bn-cn- p- -Xm-Wv.- F- m - Cu- N- -ßƒ- {]m-_-ey-øn - h-cp- - k-a-b-øv- ]-{X-{]-h -Ø-I-\m-bn-cn- p- - H- cmƒ- C-Xv- {]m-_-ey-øn - h- v- B-dp-am-k-Øn-\-Iw- H-cw-K-am-bn- c- Pn-kv- - sn-tø- -Xm-Wv.- (2)- Aw-K-am-bn- c-pn-kv- - sn-øp- -Xn-\p- - A-t]- - \n -±n-jv-st^m-d-øn - `-c-w-k-an-xn-bp-ss- I- -ho-\ - v- \ -ti- -Xm-Wv.- (3)- Hm-tcm- A-t]- -tbm-sp-sam- w- A-t]- - tpm-en- sn-øp- ÿm-]-\-øn-s - t]-cv,- A-t]- - I-s - tpm-en,- A-bmƒ- tpm-en-bn - {]-th-in- - Xo-b-Xn,- ÿm-]-\-ønse- sd- m -Uv- {]-Im-c-ap- - A- bm-fp-ss- P-\-\- Xo-b-Xn- F- n-hkw-_- n- v- A-bmƒ- tpm-en- snøp- - ÿm-]-\-øn-s - D-S-a- \ - In-bn- p- - H-cp- kv-t - p-sa- v- Iq- Sn- h-bv-t - -Xm-Wv.- (4)- Cu- N- -ßƒ- {]-Im-c-ap- - H-cp- A-t]- - I- -ho-\-tdm- A- t±-lw- A-[n-Im-c-s -Sp-Øn-b- Hm-^ok-d-tm- kzo-i-cn-t - -Xpw- A-t]- -I-s - t]-cpw- a- v- hn-h-c-ß-fpw- C-Xn-te- m-bn- kq- n- n- p- - Aw- K-Xz- c-pn-kv- -dn - tn - p- -Xn-\v- B-h-iy-am-b- \-S-]-Sn- kzo-i-cn-t - -Xp-am-Wv Aw-K-Xzw- kw-_- -am-bs]m-xp-hy-h-ÿ-iƒ-: (1)- H-cp- Aw- K-Øn-\v- A-dp-]-Xv- h-b-kv- ]q -Ønbm-Ip-I-tbm- Aw-K-am-b-ti-jw- \m - -Xv- h -jw- ]q -Øn-bm-Ip-I-tbm- c- n - G-Xm-tWm- B-Zyw- kw-`-hn- p- -Xv- A-t mƒ,- A- bmƒ- v- Cu- ]- -Xn- {]-Im-c-ap- - s]- j-\v- A - l-x-bp- m-bn-cn- p- -Xm-Wv.- (2)- H-cp- Aw-Kw- H-cp- h -j-øn - Ip-d-bm-Ø- Im-e-tØ- v- ]-{X-{]-h -Ø-I-\m-bn- tpm-en-bn - G -s -Sm-Xn-cn- p-i-bm-sw- n - A-bmƒ- v- Cu- ]- -Xn-bn - D- - Aw-K-Xzw- kz-ta-[-bm- d-±m-bn- t m-ip- -Xm-Wv.- (3)- H-cp- Aw-Kw- Xp-S - -bm-bn- B-dp-am-k-Øn - Iq-Sp-X - Im-ew- A-bm-fp-sS- Aw-im-Zm-bw- A-S-bv- m-xn-cn- p- -X- ]- w- A-bm-fp-sS- Aw-K-Xzw- kzta-[-bm- d-±m-bn-t]m-ip- -Xm-Wv.- F- m - A-bmƒ- v- tpm-en-bn - G -s -Sm-t\m- Aw-im-Zm-bw- A-S-bv - m-t\m- I-gn-bm-Xn-cp- -Xp- \ym-... ]{X{]h -ØI - 35

34 b-am-b- Im-c-W-ß-fm-sW- v- t_m-[y-s -Sp- - ]- w- A-bmƒ- \n-[n-bn-te- p- - Aw-im-Zm-b- Ip- Sn-»n-I- ap-gp-h- A-S- p-xo - p- -Xn-t,- `-c- W-k-an-Xn- A-bm-fp-sS- Aw-K-Xzw- ]p-\x-ÿm-]n- psim-sp-t - -Xm-Wv.- F- m - H-cw-K-Øn-\v- aq- p- X-h-W-bn - Iq-Sp-X - C-{]-Im-cw- Aw-K-Xzw- ]p- \x-ÿm-]n- p-sim-sp- m-hp- -X-.- (4)- Aw-K-Xzw- \- -s - - H-cw-K-Øn-\v- A-bmƒ- ]- -Xn-bn - A-Xp-h-sc- A-S- n- p- - Xp-I,- A- bmƒ- Aw-K-a- m-xm-b- Xo-b-Xn- ap-x - H-cp- h -j- Øn-\p-ti-jw- a-s- n- n- m- A -l-x-bp- m-bn- cn- p- -Xm-Wv \n-[n-bn-te- p- - Aw-im-Zm-bw:- Hm-tcm- Aw- K-hpw- Xm-sg- ]-d-bp- - {]-Im-c-ap- - \n-iv-nn-x- Xp- I- {]-Xn-am-kw- \n-[n-bn-te- v- Aw-im-Zm-b-am-bn- \ - ti- -Xm-Wv.- (1)- 18 h-b-kvap-x - 35 h-b-kv- h-sc- 25 cq-].- (2)- 36 ap-x - 45 h-b-kv- h-sc- 30 cq-]- (3)- 46 h-b-kvap-x - 60 h-b-kv- h-sc- 40 cq-] Aw-im-Zm-bwkzo-i-cn- p- - hn-[w-:- (1)- Hmtcm- Aw-K-hpw- A-bmƒ- \n-[n-bn-te- v- \ -ti- - Aw-im-Zm-bw- F- m-am-k-hpw- ]-Ømw-Xo-b-Xn- p-ap- ºm-bn- A-bmƒ- tpm-en- sn-øp- - ÿm-]-\w- ÿn- Xn- sn-øp- - Pn- -bn-se- Pn- m- {S-j-dn-bn - C-Xnte- m-bn- K-h- -sa- v- Xp-d- p- - ti-{µo-ir-x- A- u- n - \n-t -]n-t - -Xmv sk-]v- w- _ - am-kw- H- mw- Xo-b-Xn- ap-x - Aw-im-Zm-bw- A-S- v- Xp-S-tß- -Xm-Wv.- Hm-tcm- Aw-K-Øn-\pwt^m-t m- ]-Xn- - ]m-kv-_p- v- \ -Ip- -Xm-Wv.- A- Xn - Hm-tcm- am-k-hpw- A-bmƒ- A-S- p- - Xp-Ibpw- Xp-I- A-S- - Xo-b-Xn-bpw- A-Xp-h-sc- A-S- - B-sI- Xp-I-bpw- tc-j-s -Sp-Øn-bn-cn- -Ww.- ]mkv-_p- n - Im-Wn- n- p- - hn-h-c-ßƒ- Cu- ]- - Xn- {]-Im-c-ap- - s]- j- B-\p-Iq-ey-ßƒ- I- W- m- p- -Xn-\p- - A-Sn-ÿm-\- tc-j-bpw- sxfn-hpw- B-bn- I-W- m- p- -Xm-Wv.- H-cw-K-Øn-\v- ]m-kv-_p- v- \- -s - p-t]m-ip- kw-k-xn-bn,- hn-e-bm-bn- 10 cq-]- hm-ßn-b-ti-jw- H-cp- Uyq-πn-t - v- ]m-kv-_p- v- \ -Ip- -Xm-Wv.- (2)- Hm-tcm- am-k-hpw- A-S-bv-t - - Aw-im-Zm-bw- A-S-bv- p- -Xn - ho-gv-n- h-cp-øp- - H-cw-K-Øn- \v,- Ip-Sn-»n-I-Øp-I- ap-gp-h- ]-en-i- k-ln-xw- H- cp-an- v- A-S- p-xo - p- -Xn-\v- A-h-Im-i-ap- m-bncn- pw.- F- m - Xp-S - m-bn- B-dp-am-k-Øn - Iq- Sp-X - ho-gv-n-h-cp-øp- - H-cw-K-Øn-\v- Cu- A-h- Im-iw- D- m-bn-cn- p- -X `-c-w-k-an-xn-: Cu- ]- -Xn-bn-eq-sS- \- S-Øn- n-\p-xm-sg- ]-d-bp- -h - A-S-ßp- - G-gv- Aw-K-ß-fn - I-hn-bm-Ø- H- cp- `-c-w- k-an-xn- D- m-bn-cn- p- - Xm-Wv.- (F-)- ap-jy-a-{ n- (sn-b -am- )- (_n-)- ]-ªn-Iv- dn-te-j- kv- U- b-d-œ - (I- -ho-\ -).- (kn-)- k - m - {]-Xn-\n-[n- Iƒ- (Un-)- ]-{X-{]-h -Ø-I- {]- Xn-\n-[n-Iƒ `-c-w-k-an-xn-bp-ss- A-[n-Im-c-ßƒ:- (1)- s]- j- A-t]- -Iƒ- ]-cn-k-wn- v- A -l-cm-b- A- t]- -I - v- s]- j- A-\p-h-Zn- p-i.- 16Dw- 17Dw- N- -ßƒ- {]-Im-cw- A-t]- - \n-c-kn- p-i,- ]p-\-cmtem-n-\- sn-øp-i- Xp-S-ßn-b-h.- 2)- N- w- 7 - ]-d-bp- - {]-Imw-c- Aw-K-Xzw- \- - s - -h-cp-ss- A-t]- -Iƒ- ]-cn-k-wn- v- A -l-cm-bh - v- Aw-K-Xzw- ]p-\x-ÿm-]n- p-sim-sp- p-i.- 3)- ]- -Xn-bp-sS- Im-tem-Nn-X-am-b- hn-i-k-\w- B- kq-{x-ww- sn-øp-i.- 4)- `-c-w- k-an-xn- v- A-Xn-s - G-sX- n-epw- A- [n-im-c-ßƒ- X-ß-fp-sS- C-S-bn -\n- v- aq- w-k-ßfp- - H-cp- D-]-k-an-Xn- v- G - n- p-sim-sp- m-hp- -Xm-Wv s]- j- Xp-I-: (1)- {]-Xn-am-k- s]- j- Xp-I- B-bn-cw- cq-]- B-bn-cn- p- -Xm-Wv.- 2)- aq- v- h -j-øn-sem-cn- - B-h-iy-sa- p-i- m - s]- j- Xp-I-bpw- Aw-im-Zm-b-hpw- ]p-\ - \n -W-bw- sn-øm-hp- -Xm-Wv k - m - k-lm-bw-: k - m-cn-s - km-º- Øn-I- k-lm-bw- 10 e- w- cq-]-bm-bn-cn- pw s]- j-\v- A-t]- - \ -Ip- -hn-[w-:- (1)- H- cw-kw,- A-bmƒ- v- 60 h-b-kv- Xn-I-bp-I-tbm- A-s - n - Aw-K-am-b-ti-jw- 40 h -jw- ]q -Øn-bm-Ip-Itbm- sn-bm-dm-ip-tºmƒ- \n-iv-nn-x- t^m-d-øn - (A- \p-_- w- 11)- `-c-w-k-an-xn-bp-ss- I- -ho-\ - v- H- cp- A-t]- - \ -ti- -Xm-Wv.- km-[m-c-k-xn-bn - A-bmƒ- X-s - dn- -b -sa- n-\v- aq- p-am-kw- ap-ºv- {]-kv-xp-x- A-t]- - \ -In-bn-cn- -Ww.- A-t]- -tbm-ssm- w- A-bmƒ- tpm-en- sn-øp- ÿm-]-\-øn-s - D-S-a-bn -\n-t m- tpm-en- sn-øp- - Pn- -bn-se- h - nw-kvtp -W-en-kv- v- bq-wn-bs - {]-kn-u- v- A-s - n - sk-{i- -dn-bn -\n-t mhm-ßn-bn- p- - sxm-gn - k - n-^n- - v- Iq-Sn- lm-p- cm-t - -Xm-Wv.- (2)- Aw-K-am-bn-cn- -th- a-cn- p-t]m-bn- p-f-f-h-cp-sskw-k-xn-bn - Ip-Spw-_-Øn-\v- Ip-Spw-_-s]- j-\v- A ]{X{]h -ØI -

35 t]- - \ -Im-hp- -Xm-Wv s]- j- A-\p-h-Zn- p- -hn-[w-:- (1)- A-t]- - e-`n- p-i-gn- v- H-cp-am-k-Øn-\p- n - `-c-wk-an-xn-tbm- A-Xv- A-[n-Im-c-s -Sp-Øp- - D-]-k-an- Xn-tbm- A-Xv- ]-cn-k-wn- v- Xo-cp-am-\w- F-Sp-t - - Xpw- A-X-\p-k-cn- p- - H-cp- D-Ø-c-hv- I- -ho-\ - \ -ti- -Xp-am-Wv.- 2)- G-sX- n-epw- Im-c-W-h-im - k-an-xn- v- ta - -d- - H-cp- am-k-øn-\p- n - tbm-kw- tn-cm- km-[n- m-ø-]- w- I- -ho-\ - v- X-\n- v- D-Ø-at_m-[y-ap- - A-t]- -I-fn -t - aq- p-am-k- me-tø- v- Xm - m-en-i-am-bn- s]- j- A-\p-h-Zn- v- D-Ø-c-hv- \ -Im-hp- -Xm-Wv.- `-c-w-k-an-xn-bp-sssxm- -Sp-Ø- tbm-k-øn - X-s - Xm - m-en-i- s]- j- A-\p-h-Zn- -s - n- p- - A-t]- -I-fn-t - Xo-cp-am-\w- F-Sp-t - -Xm-Wv.- 3)- `-c-w-k-an-xn- Xo-cp-am-\w- F-Sp- p- -Xv- G-Xv- Xo-b-Xn-bn-em-bm-epw- A-t]- -I- dn- -b - sn-bv-x- Xo-b-Xn- v- sxm- -Sp-Ø-am-kw- H- mw- Xo-b-Xn- ap-x - A-bmƒ- v- s]- j- A-\p-h-Zn-t - -Xm-Wv A-t]- - \n-c-kn- :- `-c-w-an-xn- v,- a-xnbm-b- Im-c-W-ß-fp-s - v- I- m,- G-sXm-cw-K-Øn- \pw- s]- j- \n-c-kn- p-hm-\p- - A-[n-Im-c-apbm-bn-cn- pw.- \n-c-kn- m-\p- - Im-c-Ww- A-t]- bn - tc-j-s -Sp-Øp-I-bpw- A-Xv- A-t]- -I-s\- A- dn-bn- p-i-bpwsn-tø- -Xm-Wv ]p-\-cm-tem-n-\:- (1)- \n-c-kn- -s - - H-cp- A- t]- - kz-ta-[-bm-tbm,- a- p- X-c-Øn-tem- ]p-\-cmtem-\-s -Sp-Øv- s]- j- A-\p-h-Zn- p-hm- `-c- W-k-an-Xn- v- ]q -Æ-am-b- A-[n-Im-cw- D- m-bn-cn- pw.- (2)- \n-c-kn- -s - - A-t]- -I-\v,- A-t]- - \nc-kn- - hn-h-cw- In- n- aq- p-am-k-øn-\-iw- X-s - A- t]- - ]p-\-cm-tem-nn- -W-sa- v- `-c-w-k-an-tbm-svtc-jm-aq-ew- A-t]- n- m-hp- -Xm-Wv.- `-c-w- k-an- Xn-bp-sS- A-Xn-t -ep- - Xo-cp-am-\w- A- n-a-am-bn- cn- p- -Xm-Wv Ip-Spw-_-s]- j- : (1)- s]- j- e-`n- psim- n-cn- p- - H-cmƒ- v- a-c-ww- kw-`-hn- m - A-bmƒ- hm-ßn-s m- n-cp- - s]- j-s - 50 i-xam-\w- Xp-I- Ip-Spw-_- s]- j-\m-bn- \ -Ip- -Xm- Wv \m-a-\n -t±-iw:- (1)- Hm-tcm- A-t]- -I-\pw- A-bm-fp-sS- Ip-Spw-_-Øn-se- H-cw-K-sØ- \m-a-\n - t±-iw- sn-tø- -Xm-Wv.- Cu- \m-a-\n -t±-i-øn-s - A-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn-em-bn-cn- pw- H-cw-K-Øn-s - a-c-wm- \- -cw- A-bmƒ- -l-x-s - - Xp-I-Iƒ- \ -Ip- -Xpw- Ip-Spw-_-s]- j- A-\p-h-Zn- p- -Xpw.- 2)- kz- -am-bn- Ip-Spw-_w- C- m-ø- H-cw-K-Øn-\v- X-s - _- p-thm- k-lm-bn-tbm- B-b- G-sXm-cmsf-bpw- \m-a-\n -t±-iw- sn-øm-hp- -Xm-Wv.- F- m - ]n- o-sv- Ip-Spw-_w- D- m-ip- - kw-k-xn-bn - A- {]-Im-c-ap- - \m-a-\n -t±-iw- kz-ta-[-bm- d-±m- p- - Xm-Wv.- 3)- H-cn- - \m-a-\n -t±-iw- sn-bv-xp- I-gn- m - A-Xn-\v- am- w- h-cp-øm-hp- -X-.- F- m - \m-a- \n -t±-iw- sn-ø-s - -bmƒ- a-cn- p-t]m-ip-i-tbm- (2)- mw- D-]-N- -Øn - ]-d- - {]-Im-c-ap- - {]-txy-ikm-l-n-cy-ß-fn-tem- `-c-w-k-an-xn- v- ho- p-ap- - \m-a-\n -t±-iw- A-\p-h-Zn- m-hp- -Xm-Wv.- C-Xn-te- p- - A-t]- - I- -ho-\ - pw- \ -ti- -Xm- Wv ]-Ww- \ -I :- s]- j- Xp-I- F- m-amk-hpw- 6 mw- Xo-b-Xn- v- ti-jw- Pn- m- {S-j-dn-bn - \n- pw- sn- v- ap-tj-\- \ -Ip- -Xm-Wv s]- j- d-±m- -: s]- j- A-\p-h-Zn- -Xv- sx- m-b- Im-c-W-ß-fn-t -em-sw-t m- sx- mb- hn-h-c-ßƒ- \ -In- I-_-fn- n- v- A-\p-h-Zn- n- - Xm-tWm- G-sX- n-epw- k-a-b-øv- t_m-[y-s -Sp- - ]- w- `-c-w-an-xn- v,- A-\p-h-Zn- - s]- j- D-S- \-Sn- d-±m- m-hp- -Xm-Wv.- B- kw-k-xn-bn - hm-ßnb- Xp-I- ap-gp-h- A-Xp- hm-ßn-b- Bƒ- Xn-cn- -Sbv- p-hm- _m-[y-ÿ-\m-ip- -Xm-Wv.- F- m - H- cm-fp-ss- s]- j- d-±m- p- -Xn-\v- ap-ºv,- A-bmƒ- v- ]-d-bp-hm-\p- -Xv- ]-d-bm-\p- - A-h-k-cw- \ - In-bn-cn- -Ww ]- -Xn- t`-z-k-xn- sn-ø -:- K-h- -sa- n-\vkz-ta-[-bm-tbm- A-s - n - `-c-w-k-an-xn-bp-ss- ip- ]m -i-bn-t -tem- Cu- N- -ß-fn,- ]n- Im-e- {]m- _-ey-tøm-ss-tbm,- ap- Im-e- {]m-_-ey-tøm-sstbm- G-s - n-epw- Iq- n-tn - p-i-tbm- t`-z-k-xnh-cp-øp-i-tbm,- hy-xym-kw- h-cp-øp-i-tbm- sn-øm- hp- -Xm-Wv hym-jym-\-hpw- hn-i-zo-i-c-w-hpw-: Cu- ]- -Xn- \-S- m- p- -Xn-tem,- N- -ßƒ- hym-jym-\n- p- -Xn-tem- F-s - n-epwkw-i-b-ßƒ- D- m-ip-i-tm- G-sX- n-epw- {]-txy-i- Imcy-sØ- kw-_- n- v- hn-i-zo-i-c-ww- B-h-iy-am-bn- h-cn-i-tbm- sn-øp- - ]- w- `-c-w-k-an-xn- A-Xv- K-h- sa- n-te- v- d-^ - sn-tø- -Xpw- A- Xn-t - K-h- -sa- n-s - Xo-cp-am-\w- A- n-a-am-bn-cn- p- -Xp-am-Wv.-... ]{X{]h -ØI - 37

36 s] j ] -Xn: bqwn-b A-h-X-cn- n- -{][m-\ t`-zk-xn \n- t±ißƒ \v _lp. ]n.b.un. U-b-d-Œ-dpsS Hm-^o-kn tn - ti-c-f kw-ÿ-\ ]-{X- {]-h -Ø-I s] j ] -Xn ss_tem t`- ZK-Xn D-]-k-an-Xn tbm-k-øn-\p ap-ºm-si tic-f ]-{X-{]-h -Ø-I bq-wnb-\p th- n A-h- X-cn- n- t`-zk-xn \n -t±-ißƒ. N- w h-\ip- v 2 e- yßƒ "ti-c-f kw-ÿm\-øp \n pw {]-kn- o-i-cn- -s - Sp -htbm kw-t{]-j-ww AY-hm {]-t ]Ww snø-s -Sp -htbm B-b ]-{X Zr-iy Hm sse tduntbm am-[y-a-ß-fnepw ti-c-f-øn-\p ]pd- Øv a-e-bm-f-`m-j-bn {]-kn- o-i-cn- -s -Sp-Itbm kw-t{]-j-ww sn-ø-s -Sp-Itbm sn-øp- hm -Ømam-[y-a-ß-fp-sS ti-c-f-øn {]-h -Øn- p h-cp- hm - Øm-Im-cym-e-b-ß-fn-epw tkh-\w A-\p-jvTn- tijw tpm-en-bn \n pw hn-c-an- p- -h-cp-ssbpw A- h-cp-ss Ip-Spw-_-Øn-s bpw t -aw A-`n-hr- n-s -Sp- Øp -Xp e- y-am- n A-h - v ti-c-f kwÿm-\ am-[y-a-{]-h -Ø-I s] j ] -Xn F- t]-cn H-cp s] -j ] -Xn G -s -Sp-Øm D-t±-in- p- -Xm-Wv " F- v t`-zk-xn h-cp-øww. h-ip- v 3 \n - -N-\ßƒ A- "]-{X-{]-h -Ø-I F- m ti-c-f kw-ÿm-\- Øp \n pw {]-kn- o-i-cn- p-itbm kw-t{]-j-ww AY-hm {]-t ]Ww sn-øp-i-tbm sn-øp- Ht m A-Xn-e-[n-Itam hm -Øm-am-[y-a-ß-fnepw ti-c-f-øn- \p ]pd-øv a-e-bm-f-`m-j-bn {]-kn- o-i-cn- p-itbm kw-t{]-j-ww AYhm {]-t ]Ww sn-øp-itbm snøp- a-e-bm-f-hm -Øm-am-[y-a-ß-fp-sS ti-c-f-øn-se hm -Øm-Im-cym-e-b-ß-fnepw tpm-en sn-øp- -hcpw...". F- v t`-zk-xn sn-øww. A-1 F- H-cp D-]-h-Ip- m-bn "]-{X-{]-h -Ø-I F- m A- -Sn Zr-iy- tduntbm am-[y-a-ß-fn-se \yq-kv hountbm HmUntbm F-Un-, \yq-kv sse-t{_-dn-b Xp- Sßn-b tp -W-en-Ãv hn-`m-k-ß-fn-se Po-h-\- mcpw Dƒ-s -Spw" F- v Iq- n-t - Ww. D "tkh-\w F- m ti-c-f kw-ÿm\-øp \n pw {]-kn- o-i-cn- -s -Sp -htbm kw-t{]j- Ww sn-ø-s -Sp -htbm B-b ]-{X Zr-iy Hm sse tduntbm am-[y-a-ß-fnepw ti-c-f-øn-\p ]pd-øv a-e-bm-f-`m-j-bn {]-kn- o-i-cn- -s - Sp-Itbm kw-t{]j-ww sn-ø-s -Sp-Itbm sn-øp- hm -Øm-am-[y-a-ß-fp-sS ti-c-f-øn {]-h - Øn- p h-cp- hm -Øm-Im-cym-e-b-ß-fn-epw Ht m A-Xn-e-[n-I-tam am-[y-a-ß-fn Xp-S - bmtbm C-S-thf-I-tfm-Sp IqSntbm H-cp tp - W-en-kv- v F- \n-e-bn tpm-en sn-bv-xn- p sam-øw Im-e-bf-hv F- -Y-am-Ip- p" F- v t`-zk-xn h-cp-øww. F "ÿm]-\w F- m ti-c-f kw-ÿm-\- Øp \n pw {]-kn- o-i-cn- p-itbm kw-t{]j- Ww sn-øp-i-tbm sn-øp- Xpw ti-c-f-øn-\p ]pd- Øv a-e-bm-f-`m-j-bn {]-kn- o-i-cn- p-itbm kwt{]j-ww sn-øp-itbm sn-øp- a-e-bm-f-hm - Øm-am-[y-a-ß-fp-sS ti-c-f-øn-se hm -Øm-Imcym-e-b-ß-fpw 1955se h - nwkv tp -W-en-Ãv B-Œv _m-[-i-am-bn- p- Xpw Zo -L-Im-e-I-cm hy-h-ÿ-bn ÿn-c-\n-ba-\w \-S-Øp- hm - Øm-am-[y-a-ÿm-]-\-ßfpw- F- -Y-am-Ip p" F- v t`-zk-xn sn-øww. h-ip- v 6 Aw-K-am-bn c-pn-ã snø H mw D-]-h-Ip- n-se c mw hm-n-i-am-bn tn - Øn- p- `m-kw C-t mƒ A-{]-k- -am-i-bm H-gn-hm- Ww. h-ip v 8 -Aw-im-Zmbw Cu h-ip- p {]-Im-cw \n- -bn- n- p- Awim-Zm-bw ]-g-b-xmwv. Ah \n-e-hn-ep- Awim-Zm-b-kw-Jy-bm- n ]p-xp- n tn - Ww. h-ip- v 12 s] -j Xp-I C-Xn-se H mw D-]-h-Ip- v \n-e-hn-ep- s] j Xp-I tn Øv ]p-xp- Ww. h-ip- v 13 k - m k-lmbw k - m k-lm-b-am-bn \ -Ip- ]p-xp nb Xp-I Dƒ-s -Sp-Øn ]-cn-jv-i-cn- Ww ]{X{]h -ØI -

37 {]-XnIm-c ÿ-ew am- -Øn-s\-Xn-sc bq-wnb-s C-S-s]S A\ym-bam-b {]-XnIm-c ÿ-ew am- -Øn-s\-Xn-sc am-xr-`q-an No-^v t^m-t m-{km-^ ]n. a-t\m-pn-\p th- n te-_ h-ip- n-\p ap-ºmsi bq-wn-b D- -bn hm-z-k-xn-iƒ tc-jm-aq-ew \ -Ip-I-bp- mbn. C-Xm-Wv Xm-sg sim-sp- p- Xv. From P-\-d sk-{i- dn, ti-c-f bq-wn-b Hm-^v h - n-mv tp -W-en-kv- vkv, tik-cn _n -Un-Mvkv, ]p-fn-aq-sv P-Mvj, Xn-cp-h-\- -]p-cw 1 To Pn m te-_ Hm-^ok, kn-hn tãj, ]m-e- m-sv k, hn-j-bw. am-xr-`q-an-bn-se ]-{X-{]-h -Ø-I ]n. a-t\m-pv X-s A-\ym-b ÿ-ew am- - Øn-s\-Xnsc \ In-b ]-cmxn kq-n-\ 1. ]m-e- msv Pn m te-_ Hm-^o-k \v ]m-e- m- v sh v \-SØnb sam-gn-sb-sp v. 2. am-xr-`q-an am-t\-pv-sa vn-s hn-i-zo-icww dtd ta hn-j-b-øn kq-n-\ c- {]-Im-cw am-xr-`q-an am-t\-pv-sa v \ In-b hn-i-zo-i-c-w- Øn -ta Xm-sg- -d-bp- Im-cy-ßƒ hn-i-zo-i-cn- m B-{K-ln- p p. 1. ti-c-f-øn-se am-[y-a-{]-h -Ø-I-cp-sS Aw-Ko-Ir-X t{s-uv bq-wn-b-\m-bn {]-h -Øn- v A-c \q- m- n-e-[n-iw ]n- n- kw-l-s-\-bm-wv ti-c-f bq-wn-b Hm-^v h - n-mv tp -W-en- Ãvkv (si.bp.u-ªyp.sp). am-xr-`q-an-bn-se F m ÿncw tp -W-en-Ãp-Ifpw Aw-Kam-b kw-l-s-\-bp-am-wv CXv. am-xr-`q-an-bn-se Dƒ-s -ss-bp- ]-{X-{]-h -Ø-I-cp-sS tk-h-\ th- X-\ {]-iv-\-ß-fp-am-bn F m C-S-s]-S-epw t\-c-sø \-S-Øn-bn- p -Xv si.bp.u-ªyp.sp. BWv. ]-{X-{]-h -Ø-I-cp-sS thpv-t_m -Uv kw-_- -am-bn d-{]k v sn-bv-xxpw kp-{]owtim-s-xn-bn am[y-a D-S-a-Iƒ ^-b snbv-x ti-kn I- n-tn - Xpw Dƒ-s -ss F m... ]{X{]h -ØI - 39

38 X-e-Øn-ep-ap- hn-j-b-ß-fn C-S-s] sxm-gn-em-fn bq-wn-b-\m-wv C-Xv. 2. am-xr-`q-an I-º-\n-bn- {]-h -Øn- p- -Xm-bn Im-Wn- n- p- am-xr-`q-an tp -W-en-Ãv-kv bq-wn-b H- cp t{s-uv bq-wn-bt\m c-pn-kv- sn-bvx kzx-{ kw-ls-\tbm t]m-epa. si.bp.u-ªyp.sp.bp-ss am- Xr-`q-an-bnse bq-wn- v am-{x-am-wv am-xr-`q-an tp -W-en-Ãv-kv bq-wnb. C-Xp t]m-se Hmtcm am-[y-a-ÿm- ]-\-Ønepw A-Xm-Xv ÿm-]-\-øn-s t]-cp tn -Øp- si.bp.u-ªyp.sp. bq-wn- p-iƒ {]-h -Øn- p- p- v. Cu sk bq-wn- p-i-fn {]-h -Øn- p- F m Aw-K-ßfpw si.bp.u-ªyp.sp.bp-ss Aw-K-ßfmWv. 3. A-\ym-bhpw {]-Xn-Im-c-]-c-hp-am-bn ]m-e- m-sv \n pw _w-k-ep-cp-hn-te- v ÿ-ew am- -s - ]n. a- t\mpv, A-ßn-s\ sn-ø-s - k-ab-øv ( )si.bp.u-ªyp.sp.bp-ss kw-ÿm-\- -Ωn- n Aw-K-am-bncp p. C-t mƒ h -j-ønepw A-t±-lw kw-ÿm-\- -Ωn- n Aw-K-am-bn {]-h -Øn- p h-cn-i-bm- Wv. 4. ÿ-ew-am- -w A-\ym-b-am-sW- -Xn-\m C-S-s]-S-W-sa- m-h-iy-s - v ]n. a-t\m-pv si.bp.u-ªyp.sp bpss A sø kwÿm-\ P-\-d sk-{i- -dn- v I-Øv \ -In-b-Xn-s\-Øp-S - m-wv kwl-s-\ ]-cm-xn ^- b sn-bv-xxv. C-Xv sxm-gn-em-fn kw-l-s-\-bp-ss A-h-Im-ihpw _m-[y-x-bp-am-wv. am-xr-`q-an-bn-se tp - W-en-kv- p-i-fp-ss sxm-gn -kw-_- am-b {]-iv-\-ß-fn C-S-s]-Sm si.bp.u-ªyp.sp. v A-h-Im-ian F- am-xr-`q-an am-t\-pv-sa n-s hm-zw ]-cn-lm-ky-hpw bp- n-c-ln-x-hp-am-wv. 5. \n-b-a-{]-im-cw c-pn-ã sn-bvx H-cp sxm-gn-em-fn kw-l-s-\-bv- v {]-h -Øn- m G-sX- nepw Iº- \n am-t\-pv-sa ns -d A-\p-hm-Zw B-h-iy-an. A-Xp sim- pxs si.bp.u-ªyp.sp v {]-h -Øn- m am-xr-`q-an- DSabp-sS Aw-Ko-Im-chpw A-\p-hm-Zhpw B-h-iy-an. si.bp.u-_yp.sp. v X-ß-fp-sS Aw-Ko-Im-cw C-s pw A-Xn-\m sxm-gn-em-fni-sf {]-Xn-\n-[o-I-cn- m A-h-Im-i-an-s - p-ap- am-xr- `q-an I-º-\n-bp-sS hm-zw ]-cn-lm-kyhpw hn-nn-{x-hp-amwv. 6. ]n. a-t\m-pn-s\ A-\ym-b-am-bm-Wv ÿ-ew am- nb-xv F- -Xn-\v [m-cm-fw sx-fn-hp-iƒ D v \v ti-{µ-k - m t\m nss^ sn-bv-xv \-S- m- m \n -t±-in- P-Ãn-kv a-po-zn-b thpv-t_m - Uv ip-]m -i-iƒ ti-c-f-øn-se ]-{X-ap-S-aIƒ \-S- m- m-ø-xn-s\-xn-sc si.bp.u-_yp.sp \-hw- _ 21 \v kw-ÿm\-sø hnhn-[ ti-{µ-ß-fn \-SØn-b [ -W-bn ]-s -Sp-Ø-Xn-\v am-xr-`q-an-bn-se 36 tp -W-en-ÃpI-sf C- y-bn-se t\m -Ø Cu-kv- v kw-ÿm-\-ßƒ Dƒ-s ss A-Xn-hnZq-c ÿ-e-ß-fnte- v ÿ-ew am- n-b-xn-s `m-k-am-bm-bn-cp- p ]n.a-t\m-pn-s\bpw ÿ-ew am- n-bxv. am-xr-`q-an- v Hmôtkm k - p-te-jt\m C-Xph-sc C m-ø, C- y-bn-se {]ap-j Cw- ojv, ln-µn Zn-\-]-{X-ßƒ- p t]m-epw tej-itcm Hmôtkm C m-ø ÿ-e-ß-fn-te- m-wv ti-c-f-øn-se {]m-tzin-i `m-j-bn-ep- am-xr-`qan ]{Xw A-Xn-s Po-h-\- m-sc ÿ-ew am- nb-xv F -Xv Xo Øpw A-\ym-bhpw {Iq-chpw {]-Xn-Im-c-_p- ntbmss-b-p Xpas - n ]n-s F- m-wv F- v tnm-zn-t - n-bn-cn- p- p. 7. _w-k-eq-cp-hn H- A-\y-`m-jm-]-{X-ßƒ- pw Ãm^v t^m-t m-{km-^ -am-cn. A-Xp t]m-se X-s k - m B pw A-{I-Un-t -j A-\p-h-Zn- p- p-an. A-{I-Un-t -j C m-sx _w-k-ep-cp-hn {]- h -Øn- m-\pw hm -Øbpw Nn-{X-ßfpw \n -`-b-am-bn ti-j-cn- m\pw I-gn-bn. {io. a-t\m-pv A-{I-Unt j-\v A-t]- n-s - n-epw A-\p-h-Zn- -s - n. a-t\m-pv _w-k-ep-cp-hn H-cp {]-bm-khpw Iq-Sm-sX {]- h -Øn- p- p F pw A-{I-Un-t -j e-`n- p F- pw Iº-\n am-t\-pv-sa n-s hn-i-zo-i-c-w- -Øn {]-kv-xm-hn- p -Xv hm-kv-x-h-hn-cp- -am-wv. 8. {]-Xn-Im-c-]-c-am-bn ÿ-ew am- -s - {io. a-t\m-pn-\v A -lam-b No-^v t^m-t m-{km-^ F- {]-tamj X-kvXn-I H-cp h -j-tøm-fw A-t±-l-Øn-\v \n-tj-[n- -s p. {]-tam-j a-\-]q - w \ -Im-sX amt\-pv-sa v {]-Xn-Im-cw Xp-S-cp-I-bm-bn-cp p. H-Sp-hn, ÿ-e-am- -Øn-s\-Xn-sc te-_ -h-ip- n ]-cm-xn \ -In-b-Xn-\p ti-j-am-wv X-S- p-sh- n-cp- {]-tam-j \ -Im am-t\-pv-sa v X-øm-dm-b-Xv. 8. C-Xn \n-s mw kp-hy- -am-ip- Im-cyw, {io. ]n. a-t\mpn-t\m-sv am-xr-`q-an am-t\-pv-sa v Xn- I pw {]-Xn-Im-tc- -tbm-ss-bm-wv s]-cp-am-dn h-cp -Xv F- m-wv. am-xr-`pan-bn \-S- p sxm-gn ]o-v- \--ß-fn C-S-s]-Sp -Xp t]mepw X-S-bm-\pw sxm-gn {]-iv-\-ßƒ ]pd-øv A-dn-bm-Xn-cn- m-\p-ap- {i-aßfpw Iº-\n t_m-[-]q - w \-S-Øp- -Xmbpw hy- -amwv. A-Xn-\m \n-e-hn \-ev-in-bn- p- ]-cm-xnbn h-kv-xp-x-bp- v F- v sx-fn- n-cn- -bmwv. C-Xp-am-bn _- -s - v Iq-Sp-X sx-fn-hp-iƒ \ -Im I-gn-bp- H-cp U-k- t]-sc- n-epw, thpv-t_m -Uv \-S- m- m B-h-iy-s - -Xn-s t]-cn am-xr-`q-an D- S-a-ÿ-cp-sS ]o-v-\-øn-\n-c-bm-bn cm-pn sh-t - n h- n- p v. C-h-sc-bpw te-_ Hm-ô-kn hn-fn- p h-cp-øn sx-fn-sh-sp- m-hp- -Xm-Wv. 9. A-\ym-b-ambpw {]-Xn-Im-c-]-c-ambpw am-xr-`q-an \-SØn-b ÿ-ew am- -ßƒ d-±p sn-ø-w-sa- B-hiy-w bq-wn-b- ho pw D- -bn- p p. C-Xn-\mbn Cu ti-kn B-h-iyam-b Iq-Sp-X sx-fn-sh-sp- v \- S-Øp-I-bpw h-kv-xp-xm-hn-cp- -am-bn k-xy-hm-mv-aq-ew X- v te-_ h-ip- n-s\ sx- n- -cn- n am-xr-`q-an am-t\-pv-sa n-s\bpw {io. a-t\m-pn-s\bpw H-cp-an p hn-fn- p-h-cp-øn sam-gn-sb-sp- -W-sa pw A-`y -Yn- p p. hn-izm-k-]q w, kn. \m-cm-bw, P-\-d sk-{i- dn ]{X{]h -ØI -

39 kn- p- kq-cy-ip-am-dn-s\-xn-sc- h-[-ò-j-wn-:- si.-bp.-u-ªyp.-sp.- {]-Xn-tj-[n- p- am-[y-a-{]-h -Ø-I -s Xn-cm-b hy- n-lxybv- pw- ò-jwn-bv- pw- FXn-sc si.-bp.-u-ªyp.-sp.- Xn-cp-h\ ]p-cøvkw-lsn- n- am-[y-a km-w-kv-im-cn-i Iq- m-bv-abn - kn-]n-sf Fw- kw-ÿm-\ sk{i dn-b v- Aw-Kw- Fw- hn- tkm-hn-µ - kw-km-cn- p- pkn- p- kq-cy-ip-am - Xn-cp-h-\- -]p-cw-:- G-jym-s\- v-\yq-kvtim- -Hm -Un-t\- n-mv- F-Un- -dpw- ti-cf-øn-se- {]-ap-j- am-[y-a-{]-h -Ø-I-bpam-b- kn- p- kq-cy-ip-am-dn-s\-xn-sc- A- k-ln-jv-wp-x-bp-ss- C-cpƒ-a-\- p- -h - \-S-Øn-b- h-[-ò-j-wn-bn - ti-c-f- ]- {X-{]-h -Ø-I- bq-wn-b- i- n-bm-bn- A-]-e-]n- p.- am-[y-a-kzm-x-{ y-øn-\pt\-sc- D-b-cp- - C-Ø-cw- ò-j-wn-i-sfti-c-f-øn-seam-[y-a-{]-h -Ø-I-k-aqlw- Ku-c-h-tØm-sS- Im-tW- -Xp-s - v- kw-ÿm-\- {]-kn-u- v- ]n.-f.- A- pƒ-k-^q,- P-\-d -sk-{i- -dn- kn.- \mcm-b-w- F- n-h - ]-d- p.- Ip- -hmfn-i-sf- F-{X-bpw- s]-s - v- I-s -Øn- A-d-Ãv- sn-ø-w-sa- pw- {]-kv-xm-h-\- bn - B-h-iy-s - p.- k-aq-l-øn-s - `m-k-am-b- F- m-x-cwhm -Ø-I-fpw- A-h-X-cn- n-t - -Xpw- hni-i-e-\w- sn-sø- -Xpw- am-[y-a-{]-h - Ø-I-cp-sS- {]m-y-an-i- [ -a-am-wv.- A- Xn - ]-e - pw- C- -an- m-ø- hm -Øbpw- C- -am-b- hm -Ø-bpw- D- m-hpw.- am-[y-a-{]-h -ØI - am - v- \SØn- Xn-cp-h-\- -]p-cw-:- am-[y-a- kzm-x-{ ywkw-c- n-t - -Xv- P-\m-[n-]-Xyw- \n-e- \n - p- -Xn-\v- A-Xym-h-iy-am-sW- vap-xn - - am-[y-a-{]-h -Ø-I-\pw- ]-{X- {]-h -Ø-I- bq-wn-b- ap- kw-ÿm- \- {]-kn-u- p-am-b- kn- Ku-co-Zm-k- \m-b - ]-d- p.- Nm-\ - N - -bp-ss- t]-cn - G-jyms\- v- tim-hm-un-t\- nw-kv- F-Un- -dm-b- kn- p- kq-cy-ip-am-dn-s\- t^m-wn-eq-ss- h- [-ò-j-wn- ap-g- n-b-xn-s\-xn-scti-cf- ]-{X-{]-h -Ø-I- bq-wn-b- \-S-Ønb- {]-Xn-tj-[- am - v- D-Zv-Lm-S-\w- snøp-i-bm-bn-cp- p- A-t±-lw.- am-[y-a-{]- h -Ø-I - p- t\-sc- h -[n- p-h-cp- - A-Xn-{I-a-ßƒ- pw- ò-j-wn-iƒ- p-sa- Xn-sc- k-aq-lw- Pm-{K-X- ]m-en- -W-sa- pw- A-t±-lw- B-h-iy-s - p.- kn- p- kq-cy-ip-am-dn-s\-xn-sc- D-b - p-h- - h-[-ò-j-wn- H-cp- hy- n- pt\-sc- am-{xw- D- m-b-x-s - pw- am-[y- a-k-aq-l-øn-s\-xn-sc-bp- -Xm-sW- pw- G-jym-s\- v- No-^v- F-Un- - Fw.-Pn- cm- [m-ir-jv-w- A-`n-{]m-b-s - p.-c-ø-cw- {]-h-w-x-iƒ- Xp-S- -Øn-se- A-h-km- \n- n- n-s - n - P-\m-[n-]-Xy- kw-hn- hm -Ø-bpw- hn-i-i-e-\-hpw- A-\p-Iq-ea-s - n - D-S-s\- h-[n- p-i-f-bp-sa- v- Xocp-am-\n- p-i-bm-sw- n - A-Xv- ò-cp-xzam-wv.- kw-hm-z-ß-fp-ss- X-e-Øn - B- bp-[-{]-tbm-k-ò-j-wn- I-S- p-h-cp- -Xv- A-`n-{]m-b-kzm-X-{ y-øn-t\m- P-\m-[n-]- Xy-Øn-t\m- B-im-ky-a-.- hm -Ø- A- h-x-cn- n- p-tºmƒ- \-S- p- - kw-hm-zsø- C-{X- A-k-ln-jv-Wp-X-tbm-sS- Im- Wp- p- - n - \m-sf- hm -Ø-tb- ]- n- - F- - \n-e-]m-sp-am-bn- h- m-epw- A- p-x-s -ts- -Xn-.- C-Xv- H-d-d-s - m-bnsn-dp- m- ti-c-f-øn-seam-[y-a-{]-h - Ø-I- k-aq-l-hpw- cm-{ o-b-t\-xr-xz-ßfpw- X-øm-dm-I-Ww.- A-k-ln-jv-Wp-X-s - Xn-cm-b- {]-Xn-tj-[-ßƒ- hym-]-i-am-bn- D-b - p-h-c-ww.- -{]-kv-xm-h-\-bn - B- h-iy-s - p.- [m-\-øn-\p-x-s -b-xv- ò-j-wn-bm-ip-sa- v- A-t±-lw- ]-d- p.-bq-wn-b- Pn- m- {]-kn-u- v- kn.-d-low,- sk-{i- -dn- _n.- F-kv- {]-k- -,- {]-kv- -_v- {]-kn-u- v- B - A-Pn-Xv-Ip-am -,-Ko-X- \-ko,- B - ]m - -Xn- tz-hn,- _n.-{io-p-,- B.- A-P-b-tLm-jv,- kw-ÿm-\- sk-{i- -dn- F.-hn.-ap-km-^n - Aw-K-ß-fm-b- F.-kp- Ip-am-c-,- lm-cn-kv- Ip- n- p-dw,- kp-tcjv- sh- n-aw-k-ew,- Pn- m- tpm-bn- v- sk- {I- -dn- F-kv.-sI.-tPm-bn- \m-b - ssh-kv- {]-kn-u- v- ]n.-b - {]-ho- - F- n-h - kw-km-cn- p.-... ]{X{]h -ØI - 41

40 C- ym-hn-j-,- Sn-hn- \yq- Xp-S-ßn-b- Nm-\-ep-I-fn-se- Po-h-\- m - v- th-x-\-hpw- B-\p- Iq-ey-ß-fpw- \ -Im-Ø-Xn-s\-Xnsc- si.-bp.-u-ªyp.-sp.- sk-{i- -dnb- n-\v- ap- n - kw-l-sn- n- - G- I-Zn-\- D-]-hm-kw- F -Un-F-^v- I- -ho-\ - ssh- w- hn-iz- D-Zv- Lm-S-\w- sn-øp- p- C- ym-hn-j-,- Sn-hn- \yq- Xp-S-ßn-b- Nm-\-ep-I-fn-se- Po-h-\- m - v- th-x-\-hpw- B- \p-iq-ey-ß-fpw- \ -Im-Ø-Xns\-Xn-sc- si.-bp.-u-ªyp.-sp.- sk-{i- -dn-b- n-te v- \SØn-b am - v ]{X{]h -ØI -

41 Xn-cp-h\ ]pcøv- ti-k-cn- kv-am-c-i- tp -W-en-Ãv- {S-Ãn-s - Un-Pn- - sse-{_-dn- ap-jy-a-{ n- D-Ω- Nm- n- D-Zv-Lm-S-\w- sn-øp- p- ti-k-cn- aµn-cøn - Un-Pn- - sse-{_-dn- Xp-Sßn- Xn-cp-h-\- -]p-cw- :- Un-Pn- - kw-ÿm- \-am-b- ti-c-f-øn-\v- am-[y-a-{]-h -Ø- I-cp-sS- kw-`m-h-\-bm-wv- ti-k-cn- Un- Pn- - sse-{_-dn-sb- v- ti-k-cn- kv-amc-i- tp -W-en-Ãv- {S-Ãn-s - Un-Pn- sse-{_-dn- D-Zv-Lm-S-\w- sn-bv-xv- ap-jy-a- { n- D-Ω- Nm- n- ]-d- p.- hn-h-ckm-t -Xn-I- hn-zy-bp-ss- {]m-[m-\yw- h - n- p-sim- n-cn- p- - km-l-n-cy- Øn - ti-k-cn- Un-Pn- - sse-{_-dn- v- {]m-[m-\yw- G-sd-bp-s - pw- A- t±-lw- ]-d- p.- am-[y-a- hn-zym - n-iƒ- pw- {]-tbm- P-\-{]-Z-am-Ip- - hn-[-øn - \q- m- p- Iƒ- v- ap-ºv- {]-kn- o-i-cn- - am-k-ko- \p-i-fpw- ]-{X-ß-fpw- Dƒ-s -ss- Un-Pn- - sse-kv- sn-bv-xv- X-øm-dm- n-b-xm-wvsse-{_-dn Xr-»q-cn - \n- v- {]-kn- o-i-cn- - hn-zym-hn-t\m-zn-\n-bpw sim- -Øp- \n- pw- {]-kn- o-icn- - hn-zym-hn-em-kn-\n-bpw- Dƒ-s -ss-bp tØm-fw- {]-kn- o-i-c-w-ß-fm- Wv- Un-Pn- -sse-kv- sn-bv-xn-cn- p- -Xv.- kw-ÿm-\- k - m-cn-s - 20 e- wcq-]- k-lm-b-tøm-ss-bm-wv- Un-Pn- sse-{_-dn-bp-ss- {]-h -Ø-\w- ]q -Ønbm- n-b-xv.- H- -c-e- -tøm-fw- t]-pp- Iƒ- \n-e-hn - Un-Pn- -sse-kv- sn-bv-xn- p- v.- kn- Un- m-wv- Un-Pn- -sse-tk-j- {]-h -Ø-\-ß-fp-sS- Np-a-X-e- h-ln- -Xv.- C-Xn-\v- t\-xr-xzw- \ -In-b- kn- Un- v- Po-h-\- m - v- ap-jy-a-{ n- D-]-lmcw- \ -In.- ti-k-cn- {S-Ãv- sn-b -am- kn- d-low- sk-{i- -dn- _n- F-kv- {]-k- - ssh-kv- {]-kn-u- v- si- F- km- \p,- ]n- B - {]-ho- - kw-ÿm-\- I- Ωn- n- Aw-Kw- cm-pv-tam-l-,- F- kp-ipam-c- ap-xn - - am-[y-a-{]-h -Ø-I-cm-bkn- Ku-co-Zm-k- \m-b - F-kv- B - i- n-[-c-,- kn- Un- v- c-pn-kv-{sm - jm-plm- F- n-h - k- n-ln-x-cm-bn.- {S-jd - ]n- {io-ip-am - \-µn- ]-d- p.- ]p-xp- n-b kn- n- m-kn-^n-t j -: ]{X am-t\pp-sa p-iƒ- v- IØb p- ]-cn-jv-i-cn- kn- n m-kn-^n-t -j am-\-z-fi-ßƒ- -\p-k-cn v ti-c-f-ønse ]-{X-am-[y-a {]-h -Ø-I-cp-sS ho- p-hms-i, sa-t{sm A-e-h -kp-iƒ ]p- Xp- n \n- -bn- -W-sa- v B-h-iy-s - v ti-c-f ]-{X-{]-h -Ø-I bq-wn-b ti-c-f-øn-se hnhn-[ ]-{X-am-t\-Pvsa p-iƒ- v I-Ø-b- p. thpv-t_m - Uv ip-]m -i-iƒ \-S- m- n-b-hbpw A m-ø-h-bpam-b {]ap-j ]-{X-ß-fpsS D-S-a-Iƒ- m-wv I-sØ-gp-Xn-bXv. tic-f-øn a-ebmfa-t\m-c-a-bn ]{X- {]-h -Ø-I - v ]p-xp-xm-bn Im- K-dn D-b Øn-b \-K-c-ß-fn-se h -[n- n A-e-h kv \ -In-Øp-S-ßn-bn- p-s - m-wv A-dn-bp- Xv. a-pozn-b thpv-t_m -Uv ip-]m -i-iƒ cq-]o-i-cn- -t mƒ, ho- p-hm-s-i A-eh kv, sa-t{sm A-e-h -kv Xp-S-ßn-bh-bv- v th- n-bp kn- n m-kn-^nt -j am-\-z-fi-ßƒ- m-bn A-Snÿm-\-am- nb-xv ti-{µ-k - m-dn-s m-kn-^n-t -j am-\-z-fi-ß-fm-sw- v hy- -am- -s - n- p- -Xm-Wv. C-X- \p-k-cn- v a-pozn-b thpv-t_m -Uv ip- ]m -i-i-fn tim-gn- m-sv, sim n, Xncp-h-\- -]p-cw F- o \-K-c-ß-fm-Wv tic-f-øn D-b - Im- -K-dn-bn D- mbn-cp- -Xv. G-Xm\pw am-kw ap -]v C ym K- h -sa v kn- n m-kn-^n-t -j am- \-Z-fi-ßƒ ]-cn-jv-i-cn- p-ibpw t\csø 'C-sk-Uv' Im- -K-dn-bn-em-bn-cp- sim w, Xr-»q, a-e- p-dw F- o \-Kc-ß-sf 'ssh' Im- -K-dn-bn-te- v D-b - Øp-Ibpw sn-bvxncp p (No-2/5/2014- E2(B)dtd ). C-Xp {]-Im-cw e-`y-am-ti- B-\p- Iq-ey-ßƒ- v 2015 G-{]n H- v ap- X ap Im-e {]m-_-eyhpw \ -Inbn-cp p. ti-c-f-øn-se s]m-xp, kz-im-cy-ta- J-e-bn-se _m- p-iƒ Dƒ-s -ss-bp- ]e ÿm-]-\-ßfpw ti-{µ-k - m-dns ]p-xp n-b m-kn-^n-t -j A- \p-k-cn- p- ho- p-hm-s-i A-e-h kv, sa-t{sm A-e-h -kv F nh C-Xn\-Iw X-s \-S- m- n-bn- p v.... ]{X{]h -ØI - 43

42 UnPn ImeØv hm ØbpsS {][m\yw Xocpam\n p Xv P\w: F.]n. cmtp{µ I-Æq - :- hm -Ø-I-fp-sS- {]-[m- \yw- P-\w- Xo-cp-am-\n- p- X-e-Ønte- m-wv - Un-Pn- - Im-e-L- w- am- [y-a-ß-sf- \-bn- p- -Xv- ti-c-f- ao- Un-b- A- m-z-an- ap- sn-b -am- F-.-]n.- cm-tp-{µ-.- ao-un-b- A- m-z-an-bpw- I-Æq - {]-kv- -_pwkw-bp- -am-bnam-[y-a-{]-h -Ø-I - p- th- n- kw-l-sn- n- - am-dp- - am-[y-a-tem-iw- in -]-im-e- D-Zv -Lm- S-\w- sn-øp-i-bm-bn-cp- p- A-t±-lw.- kv-am - v- t^m-wp-i-fp-ss- h-c-hv- hmb-\m-co-xn-iƒ- am- n- -gn- p.- P-\w- F-s m-s - hm-bn- p- p-sh- v- a- \- n-em- n- A-Xn-\-\p-k-cn- v- hm - Ø-Iƒ- \ -Im-\p- - ku-i-cywam-[y-a-ÿm-]-\-ß-fpw- {]-tbm-p-\- s -Sp-Øm- Xp-S-ßn.- C-tXm-sS- K- l-\-am-b- Im-cy-ß-tf- mƒ- hm-b- \- m - Iq-Sp-X - tx-sp- - hm -Ø- Iƒ- \ -Im- am-[y-a-{]-h -Ø-Icpw- \n -_- n-x-cm-ip-i-bm-sw- v - F-.-]n.- cm-tp-{µ- ]-d- p.- ss]-x - dn-tkm - n - \-S- - N-S-ßn - {]-kv- -_v- {]-kn-u- v- si.-sn.- i-in- A- [y- -X- h-ln- p.- ti-c-f- ]-{X-{]-h -Ø- I- bq-wn-b- kw-ÿm-\- P-\-d - sk- {I- -dn- kn.- \m-cm-b-w-,- A- m-z-an- `-c- W-k-an-Xn- Aw-Kw- Zo-]-Iv- [ -a-sw,- A- kn-ã- v- sk-{i- -dn- si.-b.- {]-tam-zv- Ip-am,- {]-kv- -_v- sk-{i- -dn- F-.-]n.- kn.- cw-pn-xv- F- n-h - {]-kw-kn- p.- amdp- - am-[y-a-tem-iw- F- - hn-j-b-øn - F-.-]n.- cm-tp-{µ- m-kv- \-bn- p.- Zr-iyam-[y-a-ß-fn-se- A-Xn-th-K-dn-t m - n-mv- km- [y-x-sh- p-hn-fn- F- - hn-j-b-øn - Zo-]- Iv- [ -a-s-hpw- ssk-_ - ss{iw- hm -Øbm-Ip-tºmƒ- F- - hn-j-b-øn - si-f- ]n- k-_v-c- kv-s]-œ - Fw.-sI.- l-cn-{]- km-zv- F- n-h - m-sk-sp-øp.- ao-un-b- A- m-z-an-bpw- I-Æq - {]-kv- -_pw- kw-l-sn- n- - "am-dp- - am-[y-a-tem-iw'- - in -]-im-e- F-.-]n.- cm-tp-{µ- D-Zv-Lm-S-\w- sn-øp- pamxr`qanbnse am[ya{]h ØI v òjwn: si.bp.uªyp.sp A]e]n p {]-ko- o-i-cn- - hm -Ø-bn - kw-`-hn- - ]m-fn- -bn-epw- A-Xp-h-gn-bp- m-b- a- \-t m-`-ß-fn-epw- am-xr-`q-an- am-t\-pv-sa- pw- F-Un- -dpw- \n -hym-p-am-bpw- ]-cky-am-bpw- tj-z-{]-i-s-\w- \-S-Øn-bn- v- Znh-k-ßƒ- I-gn- n- pw- am-xr-`q-an-bn-seam-[y-a-{]-h -Ø-I -s -Xn-sc- A-{I-amk- -am-b- k-ao-]-\w- Nn-e- ti-{µ-ßƒ- A-h-km-\n- n- m-ø-xv- A-]-e-]-\o-bam-sW- v- ti-c-f-]-{x-{]-h -Ø-I- bq-wnb- {]-kn-u- v- ]n.-f.- A- pƒ- K- ^q,-p-\-d - sk-{i- -dn- kn.-\m-cm-b-w- F- n-h - {]-kv-xm-hn- p.- ]- m-øm-]-am-wv - G- -hpw- h-en-b- {]mb- n-øw- F- -Xv- \-Ωp-sS- kw-kv-im-c- Øn-s - A-hn-`m-Py-`m-K-am-Wv.- P-\m-[n-]- Xy-aq-ey-ß-fn - \n-e-\n - p- - G- -hpwan-i- - \o-xn-t_m-[-hpw- C-Xm-Wv- ]-Tn- n- p- -Xv.- ]-{X-ß-fn - A-Xn-Kp-cp-X-cam-b- ]n-i-ip-iƒ- kw-`-hn- p- -Xv- B- Zy- kw-`-h-a-.- A-{i- -aq-e-ap- m-ip- sx- p-iƒ- v- \n -hym-pw- -a- tnm-zn- p-i- F- -Xm-Wv- am-[y-a-]-{x-{]-h -Ø- \-Øn-se- D-Zm-Ø-am-b- Io-gv-h-g- w.- am- Xr-`q-an-bp-sS- ]-{Xm-[n-] - X-s - B- ]- {X-Øn - am - v- F- v,- H- ]-Xv- Xo-b-Xn- I-fn - kw-`-hn- - ]n-i-iv- Xo -Øpw- A- {i- -bp-ss- ^-e-am-sw- pw- A-Xn - {h- Wn-X-lr-Z-b-cm-b-h-tcm-Spw- Cu- s]m-xpk-aq-l-tøm-sp- X-s -bpw- \n -hym-pw- -a- tnm-zn- p-i-bm-sw- pw- ]-{X-Øns - H- mw- t]-pn - X-s - F-gp-Xp-Ibp- m-bn.- am-{x-a-,- ]-{X-Øn-se- ]-cma -iw- aq-ew- am-\-lm-\n-bp- m-b- k-ap- Zm-b-Øn-se- D- -X- io -j-am-b- hy- n- I-fp-am-bpw- kw-l-s-\-i-fm-bp-sam-s - Hu- ]-Nm-cn-I-am-bn- X-s - ]-c-ky-am-bn- tj- Z-{]-I-S-\w- \-S-Øp-I-bpwsn-bv-x-xm-bna-\- n-em- p- p.- am-[y-a-ßƒ- tim-sn- P- \-ß-fp-sS- a-\- m- n-bm-wv.- A-Xn - h- cp- - Hm-tcm- hm- pw- A-Xo-h-kq-jv-a-Xtbm-sS- X-øm-dm-t - -Xm-sW- -Xn - c- p- ]- -ap- m-hn-.- A-Xn - Im-Wn- p- - A-{i- - Nn-e-t mƒ- A-]-cn-lm-cy-amb- {]-Xym-Lm-Xw- t]m-epw- D- m- p-i-bpwsn-øpw.- am-[y-a-{]-h -Ø-I - v- k-aq-l- Øn - h-en-b- D-Ø-c-hm-Zn-Xz-am-Wv- D- - Xv.- t^-kv-_p- v- t]m-ep- - k-aq-l-am- [y-a-ß-fn - {]-kn- o-i-cn- -h-bm-sw- n t]m-epw- A-h- ]p-\x-{]-kn- o-i-cn- p- - Xv - D-Ø-c-hm-Zn-Xz-tØm-sS-bpw- I-cp-X-temsS-bpwth-ww.- F- m - hm -Ø- F-gp- Xn-b-Xn-s - t]-cn - am-[y-a-{]-h -Ø-I-sct]-sc-Sp-Øv- A-t\z-jn- v- ò-j-wn-s]-sp- Øp- -Xpw- {]-I-S-\w- \-S-Øp- -Xp-am-b- {]-h-w-x-iƒ- A-]-e-]-\o-b-am-Wv.- sxm-gn-en - kw-`-hn- p- - ]n-i-in ÿm-]-\w- \n-cp-]m-[n-iw- -a- tnm-zn- m-epw- A-Xn-se- sxm-gn-em-fn-iƒ- v- òj-wn- Xp-S-cp- -Xv- H-cp- X-c-Øn-epw- A- \p-iq-en- m-\m-hn-.- am-[y-a-ßƒ- Imc-Ww- D- m-ip- - am-\-\- -t -kp-ifn - t]m-epw- hn-[n- m-dp- -Xv- ]-c-kyam-b- -am-]-w-am-wv.- C-Xv- am-\n- p- -Xm-Wv- \-Ωp-sS- kw-kv-im-cw.- sxm-gnem-fn- t{zm-l- \-S-]-Sn-Iƒ- aq-ew- am-xr- `q-an- am-t\-p-sa- n-t\m-sv- ]-{X-{]-h -Ø- I- bq-wn-b-\v- H-t -sd- hn-tbm-pn- p-i-fp- v.- ]-t - am-[y-a-{]-h -Ø-I-sc- C-c- I-fm- p- - {]-h-w-x- B-cn - \n- p- m-bm-epw- bq-wn-b- i- -am-bn- apt m- p-h-cpw- - {]-kv-xm-h-\-bn - ]-d- p.- ]-c-ky-am-b- tj-z-{]-i-s-\-øn-\- p-dw,- {]-Xn-tj-[-ap-b -Øn-b-h-cp-sS- k- Ω -±-Øn-\p- h-g-ßn- am-[y-a-{]-h -Ø- I-sc- Ip-cp-Xn- sim-sp- m- {i-an- p- - Xv- G- -hpw- A-\m-h-iy-am-b- Im-cy-am-bn- ]-{X-{]-h -Ø-I- bq-wn-b- Im-Wp- p.- C-Xv- k-aq-l-øn-\v- \ -Ip- - k-tµ-iw- A-Xy- w- sx- m-sw- p- am-{x-a- - A-]- I-S-I-c-am-b- Io-gv-h-g- w- kr- n- -ep-am- Wv.- C-Ø-cw- k-ω -±-ßƒ- p- ]n- n-se- Xm -]-cy-ß-sf- Xp-d- p-im- -Ww.- ap-dnhp-w- m- th- -Xv- Ip-cp-Xn-b-,- ]-ckv-]-cw- a-\- n-em- m-\p- - {i-a-ß-fm- Wv.- am-[y-a-{]-h -Ø-I-sc- B- -cn-i-amb- Xn-cp-Ø - \-S-]-Sn- - p-dw- a- v- co-xnbn - in- - v- hn-t[-b-am- p- -Xn - \n- pw- am-xr-`q-an- am-t\-pv-sa- v- ]n- n-cn-b- Ww.- bq-wn-b- B-h-iy-s - p ]{X{]h -ØI -

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