999 tnm-tzym-ø-c-߃- Xm-^v- vhttp://

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1 999 tnm-tzym-ø-c-߃- 1. C y-bn - G- -hpw- Iq-Sn-b- `q-cn-]- - Øn -(5,-92,-502)- tem-iv-k-`mw-k-am-b-xv- - A-\n - _-kp- (2004) 2.- -G-Xp- cm-pm-hn-s - Im-e-Øm-Wv- _p- -a- Xw- t\- m-fn - {]-N-cn- -Xv- - A-tim-I ap-jy-a-{ n-bm-b-ti-jw- {]-[m-\-a-{ n-bmb- B-Zy- hy- n- - sam-dm -Pn- tz-im-bn G- -hpw- km-[m-c-w-am-b- ssh-d-kv- tcm- Kw- - P-e-tZm-jw k-ω-xn-bp-ss- \n -am-ww- F- - k-ao-]- \-sø- p-dn- v- hn-i-zo-i-cn- - B-[p-\n-I- Nn- -I- - t\mw- tnmw-kv-in D-cp-fp- - {K-lw- F- -dn-b-s -Sp- -Xv- - bp-dm-\-kv C- y-bn-se- [m-xp- ]-cy-th-j-w-øn-\v- Np-a-X-e-s -Sp-Øn-bn- p- - k - m - ÿm-]-\w- - Pn-tbm-f-Pn- - k -th- Hm- ^v- C- y G- -hpw- P-\-km-{µ-X-Iq-Sn-b- Zzo-]p- cmjv-{sw- - knw-k- q G-Xp- cm-py- m-cm-wv- X-ß-fp-sS- cm-pysø- {Uq- v- -bp - F- p- hn-fn- p- - Xv- - `q- m ti-c-f-øn-se- B-Zy-sØ- kv-ss]-k-kv- ]m - v- - ]p- -Sn Xn-cp-h-\- -]p-cw- Zq-c-Z -i- ti-{µ-øns - B-Zy- U-b-d-Iv-S - - si.-ip- n-irjv-w tbm-k-t -a-k-`- cq-]w-sim- -Xv- G-Xv- k- ap-zm-b-øn-s - ]p-tcm-k-xn- e- y-an- m-wv- - {_m- -W-k-ap-Zm-bw G- -hpw- P-\-kw-Jy- Ip-d- - C- y- kw-ÿm-\w- - kn- nw {Iq-kv-s^ - v- -tp- -_v- tcm-k-øn-s - a- s m-cp- t]-cv- - {`m- n- -ip- tcm-kw G- -hpw- sn-dn-b- a-kv-xn-jv-i-ap- - ss{]- ta- v- - au-kv- eo-a J-Pp-cm-tlm- t -{X-߃- G-Xp- kwÿm-\-øm-wv- - a-[y-{]-tz-iv C- y-bn - G- -hpw- D-b-c-Øn-ep- - kwÿm-\- X-e-ÿm-\w- (2205 ao.-)- -jnw-e G- -hpw- P-\-kw-Jy- Iq-Sn-b- tim-a- sh -Øv- Aw-K-cm-Pyw- - C- y ti-c-fw- ssz-h-øn-s - kz- w- \m-sv- F- - ]-c-ky-hm-iy-øn-s - D-]- m-xm-hv- - hmƒ- - sa- U-kv B-sc-bm-Wv- P-\w- _-lp-am-\-]q -hw- kq- {]- v- A-ø- F- p- hn-fn- -Xv- - ssx- m- Sv- A-ø hn-iv-tsm-dn-bm- sa-tωm-dn-b - F-hn-sS-bm- Wv- - sim - -Ø F- m-h - pw- \ -Im-hp- - c-iv-x-{kq- v- - H- {Kq- v In-g- n-s - kv-tim-sv-e- Uv- F- -dn-b-s - Sp- - C- y- kw-ÿm-\w- - ta-lm-e-b G-Xp- hn-j-b-øn-se- s\m-t_ - k-ωm- \-am-wv- kw-l-s-\-iƒ- pw- e-`n- m- A -l-x- D- -Xv- - k-am-[m-\w C- y- D-]-`q-J-Wv-U-Øn-s - sx-t - b- w- -I-\ym-Ip-am-cn km- -c-x-bp-ss- ]n-xm-hv- F- v- hn-tijn- n- -s - - ti-c-f-øn-se- \-thm- m- \- \m-b-i- - Nm-h-d- Ip-cym-t m-kv- G- en-bm-kv C- y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- I- - \n -am- W-im-e- - hn-im-j-]- -Ww hn-ip- - ] -h-xw- F- -dn-b-s -Sp- -Xv- - ^yq-pn-bm-a G- -hpw- Nq-Sp- Iq-Sp-X-e-\p-`-h-s -Sp- - tic-f-øn-se- Pn- - - ]m-e- m-sv C- y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- I - -cn-j-\n- - dm-wn-k-rv-pv G- -hpw- th-k-øn - \o- p- - ]- n- s]- Kzn G-Xp- hw-i-øn-se- cm-pm-hm-bn-cp- p _nw-_n-km-c- - - ssi-ip-\m-k G-Xp- hw-i-øn-se- G- -hpw- {]-K-ev-`-\mb- cm-pm-hm-bn-cp- p- cp-{z-zm-a- - i-i- hw--iw Ip- n- -Æ- Kp-cp- ƒ- v- hm-kv-`-sm- \-µ- F- - t]-cp- \ -In-b-Xv- - B-e- Øq - in-h-tbm-kn ti-c-f-øn-se- C- m-an-i- \-thm- m-\- Øn-s - ]n-xm-hv- - h- w- au-e-hn G-Xv- ssh-t{km-bn- m-wv- c- mw- Cug-h- sa-tωm-dn-b - k-a - n- -Xv- - I-gv- k I -Wm-S-I-Øn-se- G- -hpw- h-en-b- \-Kcw- - _mw- q Km- n-pn- F-hn-sS-h- m-wv- B-Zy-am-bn- k- Xym-{K-l-a-\p-jv-Tn- -Xv- - Z- n-wm-{^n ti-c-f-øn-se- B-Zy-sØ- km-aq-ln-it -a- kw-l-s-\-bm-b- s]m- m-\n- Du- \-Øn - C-kv-emw- k-`- kv-ym-]n-x-am-b- Xv- G-Xv- h -j-øn - - F.-Un C- y-bn - tum-iv-ts-gv-kv- Zn-\-am-bn- (Pqsse- 1)- B-N-cn- p- -Xv- B-cp-sS- P- - Zn-\-am-Wv- - tum.-_n.-kn.-tdm-bv Kp-cp-hm-bq - k-xym-{k-l- I-Ωn- n-bp-sssk-{i- -dn-bm-bn-cp- -Xv- - si.-ti-f B-cp-sS- in-jy-\m-bn-cp- p- kq -Zm-kv- - h- -`m-nm-cy Kp-cp-hm-bq - k-xym-{k-l-øn-s - thm-f- n-b - Iym-]v- - -F.-sI.-tKm-]m-e I-Y-k-cn-Xv-km-K-cw- c-nn- -Xv- - tkm-a-tzh G-Xp- hw-i-øn-se- G- -hpw- {]-kn- -\mb- cm-pm-hm-wv- ]p-en-ti-in- c- m-a- - Nm-eq-Iy I-ºyq- -dn-s - sxm- p-t\m- m-hp- - `m- K-ß-sf-sb- mw- tn -Øv- \ -In-bn-cn- p- - `m-k-øn-s - t]-cv- - lm -Uv-sh-b m-t m-a- F- - tcm-kw- _m-[n- p- -Xv- - I-Æn-s\ ,-25,-000 \-So-\-S- am - A-`n-\-bn- - Nn-{Xw- - s_- l G-Xp- Im-b - A-d-_n- -S-ep-am-bn- tbm- Pn- p- n-s-øm-wv- \o- -I-c- A-gn- - A-jv-S-ap-Sn- m-b C- y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- im-kv-{x-\-k-cw- - sim - -Ø tim-gn-t m-sv- X-Øz-{]-Im-in-I- B-{i-awÿm-]n- -Xv- - hm-kv-`-sm-\-µ ssx- m-sv- A-ø-bp-sS- b-ym -Y-t]-cv- - kp- -cm-b A-`n-\-h- ti-c-fw- F- - {]-kn- o-i-c-wwÿm-]n- -Xv- - hm-kv-`-sm-\-µ G- -hpw- sx-t -b- -sø- h- I-c- -A- m - n {Lm-W-i- n- G- -hpw- Iq-Sp-X-ep- - Pohn- - {km-hv C- y-bn-em-zy-am-bn- \m-ep- h-cn- F-Iv-kv- {]-kv- th- \n-e-hn -h- - kw-ÿm-\w- - Kp-P-dm-Øv {Sm- kn-ã-dp-i-fpw- sf.-kn.-bpw- D- m- m-\p-]-tbm-kn- p- - sk-an- I- -Iv-S - - sp -ta-\n-bw B-fl-hn-Zym-kw-Lw- ÿm-]n- -Xm-cv- - hm- Kv-`-Sm-\-µ {_n- o-jv- ]m -e-sa- n - Aw-K-am-b- B- Zy-sØ- `m-c-xo-b- - Zm-Zm-`m-bv- \-h-tdm- Pn P-lmw-Ko - N-{I-h -Øn- G-Xp-t]-cn-em- Wv- ap-ºv- A-dn-b-s - n-cp- -Xv- - k-enw Z-lv-t_mƒ- ssh-zyp-x- \n-e-bw- G-Xpkw-ÿm-\-Øv- - a-lm-cm-jv-{s em- am -sk-bn -kv- G-Xv- cm-py-øn-s - tz-io-b- Km-\-am-Wv- - {^m- kv N-cm - C- sj-cn-^v- ]- n- G-Xv- kw-ÿm- \-Øm-Wv- - P-Ωp-I-iv-ao _m-uv-an- - - F- p- t]-cp- - c- p- {Kma-߃- D- - cm-pyw- - Cw- - v B-cp-sS- kv-a-c-w-bv- m-wv- Aw-P-Zv- A- en- Jm- {]n-b-z -in-\n- F- - cm-kw- Nn- -s -Sp-Øn-b-Xv- - C-µn-cm-Km- n _m- p- P-\-hn-`m-Kw- G-Xv- `q-j-wv-u-ønem-wv- - B-{^n X-an-gv-tZ-i-Øn-s - ss_-_nƒ- F- -dn- dp -]m-z-\-øn - H- mw- ÿm-\-øv- - ti-c-fw em- n- Hu-tZym-Kn-I- `m-j-bm-b- G-Icm-Pyw- - h-øn- m C- y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- lr-z-b-am- - i- kv-{x-{in-b-bv- p- t\-xr-xzw- \ -In-b-Xv- - ]n.-th-wp-tkm-]m kp-{]ow- tim-s-xn- No-^v- P-Ãn-km-b- G- I- A-ta-cn- - {]-kn-u- v- - hn-eywtlm-hm -Uv- Xm-^v- vhttp:// b-s -Sp- -Xv- - Xn-cp- p-d I-S-h- q - A-t\ym-\yw- G-Xp- hn-`m-k-hpam-bn- _- -s - n-cn- p- p- - \-ºq-Xn-cn- am X-e-t m-dn-s\- mƒ- h-ep- -ap- - I-Æp- - ]- n- -H- -I- - n Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn - \n- -l-i-c-w-{]- ÿm-\-øn-\v- t\-xr-xzw- \ -In-b-Xv- - F.- si.-]n I-Sp-h-bp-sS- P- -tz-iw- - ssk-_o-cn-b kzm-x-{ ym-\- -cw- C- y-bn-em-zy-am-bn- A- m-cm-jv-{s- hn-am-\-øm-h-f- ]-Z-hn- \ -In-b-X- v- - A-l-Ω-Zm-_m-Zv P-hm-l -em - s\-{lp sn-b - am-\m-b- ap-\n-kn- m-en- n- - A-e-l-_m-Zv cm-po-hv-km- n-h-[-øn-\p-]n- n-se- kp-c- m-]m-fn- -I-sf- - n- A-t\z-jn- - I-Ωnj- -P-bn- I-Ωn-j B-Zy-sØ- ^n-tdm-zn-b- A-hm -Un-\v- A - l-\m-b-xv- -F.-]n.-sP.- A-_v-Zpƒ- I-emw ssp-h-h -Ko-I-c-W-im-kv-{X-Øn-s - ]n- Xm-hv- - Imƒ- en-s\-b-kv F-kv.-Fw.-F-kv.-F- -Xn-s - ]q -W-cq-]w- - tjm - v- sa-tk-pv- k -ho-kv G-Xv- cm-py-hp-am-bn- m-wv- C- y- B-ZysS-Ãv- {In- - v- am- v- I-fn- -Xv- - Cw- - v F-kv.-F-.-Un.-]n.-tbm-K-Øn-s - B- ÿm-\w- - sim- w I-hn-Xn-e-I- F- - _-lp-a-xn- ]-Wv-Un- v- I-dp- -\v- \ -In-b-Xv- - sim- n-cm-pm-hv B-sc- {]-Io -Øn- m-wv- Ip-am-c-\m-im- Zn-hy-tIm-In-ew- c-nn- -Xv- - a-lm-i-hn- Sm-tKm G-X-h-b-h-Øn-s - {]-h -Ø-\w- X-I-cmdn-em-Ip-tºm-gm-Wv- U-bm-en-kn-kv- \-S- Øp- -Xv- - hr C- ym- Un-ssh-U-Uv- c-nn- -Xv- - tum.- cm-tp-{µ-{]-km-zv B-sI- F-{X- In-tem-ao- -dm-wv- C- y- bq-wn-b-s - A-Xn -Øn In.-ao tem-i-øv- G- -hpw- Iq-Sp-X - t] - h-[- in- -bv- v- hn-t[-b-am-ip- - cm-pyw- - ssn-\ {]m-no-\- `m-c-x-øn - A-b-kv- F- -dnb-s - n-cp- - tem-lw- - sn-ºv bq-wn-t^mw- kn-hn - tim-uv- \n-e-hn-ep- - G-I- C- y- kw-ÿm-\w- - tkm-h C- y-bn - G-Xp- kw-ÿm-\-am-wv- d- -

2 92.- -thm- p-snbv-xhsc Xn-cn- dn-bp- Xn-\pth n- am-bv- m-\m-im-ø- a-jn- D-]-tbm- Kn- - B-Zy-sØ- C-e ap- nw- sf-iy-kw-lw- ÿm-]n- -Xm-cv- h- w- au-e-hn ap-ßn-a-cn- p- -Xn-\p-ap-ºv- Ip-am-c-\m-im- k- -cn- n-cp- - t_m- v- - sd-uo-a C- y-bn - G- -hpw- Iq-Sp-X - hn-kv-xo - W-Øn - Ir-jn- sn-ø-s -Sp- - hn-f- - s\- v G-Xp- h- I-c-bn-se- G- -hpw- \o-fw- Iq- Sn-b- \-Zn-bm-Wv- ss\ - - B-{^n C- y-bn - s]m-xp-a-cm-a-øv- h-ip- v- G- Xv- K-h -W - P-\-d-en-s - Im-e-Øm-Wv- B-cw-`n- -Xv- - U -lu-kn hn-hm-z-am-b- ]- m-_v- tam-u - {]-kw- Kw- \-S-Øn-b-Xv- - B.-_m-e-Ir-jv-W- ]n G-Xv- cm-py-sø- hm-l-\-\n -am-xm- -fm- Wv- thmƒ-thm- - kzo-u I-\m-ep-I-fp-sS- \m-sv- F- -dn-b-s -Sp- - Xv- - ]m-in-kv-xm P-hm-l -em - s\-{lp-hn-s - B-fl-I-Ya-e-bm-f-Øn-te- p- ]-cn-`m-j-s -Sp-Øn-b- Xv- kn.-f- v.-ip F-hn-S-sØ- cm-pm-hm-wv- s\m-t_ - ]pc-kv-im-cw- k-ωm-\n- p- -Xv- - kzo-u G-Xn-s - J-cm-h-ÿ-bm-Wv- ss{u- sfkv- -Im -_- - U-tbm-Iv-ssk-Uv B - m-wv- am-xm-]n-xm- ƒ- ap-sn-nq-spws]-cp-amƒ- F- p- t]-cn- -Xv- - A-øm- ssh- Ip-Wv-T Pm-Xn- Ip-Ωn- c-nn- -Xv- - ]-Wv-Un- v- I-dp {io-\m-cm-b-w-kp-cp-hn-s - B-Zy-in-jy- - in-h-enw-k-zm-k-kzm-an-iƒ a-\p-jy-hm-k-ap- - h- I-c-I-fn - D-jv-Wta-J-em- {]-tz-i-øn-\p-sh-fn-bn - ÿn-xnsn-øp- - G-I- h- I-c- - bq-tdm- v P- -i-xm-_v-zn-tbm-s-\p-_- n- v- Ãm-ºv- ]p-d-s -Sp-hn- -s - - B-Zy- kzm-x-{ y- k- a-c-tk-\m-\n- - _m-e-kw-km-[-c- Xn-e-I ]p-fn-a-c-øn-s - P- -tz-iw- - B-{^n tem-i-sø- B-Zy-sØ- Hm-l-cn- hn-]-wnÿm-]n-x-am-b- B- v-sh -]v- G-Xv- cm-py- Øm-Wv- - s_ -Pn-bw \m-j-w - C- Ãn- yq- v- Hm-^v- kn- - F- hn-ss-bm-wv- - sn-ss G- -hpw- ÿn-c-x- Iq-Sn-b- aq-e-iw- - se-uv G-Xp- cm-py- m-cm-wv- ]p-cp-j- am-cp-sst]-cn-\p-ap- n - bp- F- p-tn - p- -Xv- - aym- a I-Sp-,- Xm- n-,- s\- n- - C-h- aq- n- \pw- Iq-Sn-bp- - t]-cm-wv- - {Xn-^-e G- -hpw- P-\-km-{µ-X- Iq-Sn-b- G-jy- cm-pyw- - knw-k- q P-bn-en - H- ]-Xv- B-gv-N- \n-cm-lm-c-a- \p-jv-tn- v- a-c-ww-h-cn- - kzm-x-{ y-k-ac-tk-\m-\n- - P-Xn- Zm-kv G- -hpw- P-\-km-{µ-X- Ip-d-,- ti-c-f- Øn-se- Pn- - - C-Sp- n P-b-tZ-h- B-cp-sS- k-z-ky-\m-bn-cp- p- - e- v-a-w-tk-\ F-h-d-Ãv- sim-sp-ap-sn- ÿn-xn- sn-øp- cm-pyw- - t\- mƒ km-ln-xy- s\m-t_-en-\ -l-\m-b- B-Zy- {]-[m-\-a-{ n- -k - hn- Ã- - N - n i-x-{zn- F- -dn-b-s - n-cp- - \-Zn-tb-Xv- - k-xv-e-pv tim-gn-t m-sv- hn-am-\-øm-h-fw- ÿn-xnsn-øp- - I-cn- q - G-Xp- Pn- -bn - - a- e- p-dw i-x-hm-l-\- cm-pm- - am-cp-ss- k-z- n- se- `m-j- - {]m-ir-x-`m-j k-ky- h -Ko-I-c-W- k-{º-zm-b-øn-s - B-Nm-cy- - I-tcm-e-kv- en-\-b-kv A-Iv-_ - _p-e-µv- Z -hm-k- \n -an- -Xv- G-Xv- Io-g-S- n-b-xn-s - kv-a-c-w-bv- m- Wv- - Kp-P-dm-Øv k-ap-{z-ß-fn - cm-pm-hv- F- -dn-b-s -Sp- -Xv- -]-k-^n-iv- k-ap-{zw k-ap-{z-\n-c- n -\n- pw- Xm-sg-bm-bn- ÿn- Xn- sn-øp-,- ti-c-f-øn-se- H-cp- {]-tziw- - Ip- -\m-sv D- n-\v- \n-ip-xn- Np-a-Øn-b- B-Zy- cm-pyw- - ssn-\ Km- n-pn- h-[n- -s - - ÿ-ew - - \yq- U -ln Im-in-bp-sS- ]p-xn-b-t]-cv- - hm-cm-w-kn G-Xv- cm-py-hp-am-bn- m-wv- C- y- B-Zy- G-I-Zn-\-{In- - v- am- v- I-fn- -Xv- - Cw- - v ssh-tz-in-i-k-lm-bw-iq-sm-sx- A- p-iq- Sw- ÿm-]n- - B-Zy- a-e-bm-fn- - Nm-h-d-b ss\ - bp- -Øn - {_n- -twm-sv- G- pap- n-b- cm-pyw- - {^m- kv G-Xv- cm-py-sø- Hm-l-cn- hn-]-wn-bm-wvem-t_m-gv-kv- F- -dn-b-s -Sp- -Xv- - {^m- kv F-kv.-F-.-Un.-]n.-tbm-K-Øn-s - ap- Kman-sb- -dn-b-s -Sp- - kw-l-s-\- - hm-hq- p-tbm-kw I -Wm-S-I- kw-ÿm-\-sø- {]-[m-\- D- -hw- - Z-k-d F- ^o -Uv- ]- -Ww- G-Xv- cm-py-øm- Wv- - Cw-Kv-f- v F-Un-1000\pw- 1026\pw- C-S-bv- v- ]-Xn-t\- gv- {]m-h-iyw- C- y-sb- B-{I-an- - ap- nw- B-{I-a-W-Im-cn- -ap-l-ω-zv- K-kv-\n G- -hpw- Iq-Sp-X - Zn-\- -{X-ß-fp- - cm- Pyw- - C- y ti-c-f-øn-s - ]-c-º-cm-k-x- hm-kv-xpssi-en- - \m-ep-si- v ssk-\n-i-cp-ss- bq-wn-t^m-am-bn- Im- n- D-]-tbm-Kn- p- Xp-S-ßn-b- cm-pyw- - C- y G-Xv- cm-py-øn-s - sx- p-in-g- -t\-jybn-se- tim-f-\n-i-fm-wv- C-t m- -ssn-\- F- -dn-b-s - -Xv- - {^m- kv C- y-bn - sx- p-]-sn- m-d- a- -kq- - D-Zv-`-hn- p- -Xv- F-hn-sS-\n- m-wv- - C- y- a-lm-k-ap-{zw X-an-gv- I-hn-X-bn-se- H-Uo-kn- F- -dn-bs -Sp- - Im-hyw- - a-wn-ta-j-e C- y-bn-se- G- -hpw- h-en-b- Hm-Un-t mdn-b-am-b- {io- j- -ap-jm-\-µ- lmƒ- F- hn-ss-bm-wv- -apw-ss_ Iw-]yq- -dn-s - X-e-t m-dv- F- -dn-b-s - Sp- -Xv- - kn.-]n.-bp C- y-bn-se- G- -hpw- h-en-b- hn-hn-t[mtzy-iy- dn-h - hm-en- t{]m-p-iv-sv- - `-{Im- \w-k Km- n- in-jy-bm-b- ao-cm- s_- n-s - b- Ym -Y- t]-cv- - a-u-en- t -Uv sf-iy-cm-jv-{s-k-`-bp-ss- B-Zy-k-tΩ-f-\- Øn - C- y-sb- {]-Xn-\n-[m-\w- sn-bv- X-Xv- - hn-p-b-e- v-an- ]-Wv-Un- v C- y-bn-se- G- -hpw- h-en-b- I- -\n - am-w-im-e- - apw-ss_ ]p-cm-x-\-im-e-øv- A-ko-dn-b- F- -dn-bs - n-cp- - {]-tz-iw- C-t mƒ- G-Xv- cm- Py-Øm-Wv- - C-dm-Jv kn-\m-bv- bp- -Øn - (1973)- Cu-Pn-]v-Xnt\m-Sv- G- p-ap- n-b- cm-pyw- - C-{k-tb C- y-bp-ss- k -h-ssk-\ym-[n-]- - {]- kn-u- v {_n- -Wn-se- B -_ - v- cm-p-ip-am-c-s\- h-c-th - m ]n- v-\n-dw- ]qin-b- \-K-cw- - P-bv-]q P-hm-l - Xp-c- w- G-Xv- kw-ÿm-\- Øm-Wv- - P-Ωp-I-iv-ao I-_p-In,- t\m- F- n-h- G-Xv- cm-py-sø- \m-s-i-cq-]-ß-fm-wv- -P- m tj-iv- A-_v-Zp- -sb Hm-K-kv-Xv- \men-\v- \-S- - \m-j-w - tim- -^-d- kns - k-tω-f-\-øn - I-iv-ao - knw-lw- F- v- hn-ti-jn- n- -Xv- - P-hm-l -em - s\-{lp ti-c-f- kw-ko-x- \m-s-i- A- m-z-an-bp-ssap-j-]-{xw- - ti-fn ti-c-f-øn-se- G- -hpw- Nq-Sp-Iq-Sn-b- amk-߃- - G-{]n,-sa-bv C- y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- ss-en-^n-enw - - k-zv-k-xn tam- -{]-Zo-]-J-Wv-U-\w- c-nn- -Xv- - N- -ºn-kzm-an-Iƒ C- y-bn - B-Zy-am-b- U-_nƒ- U- - tim- v- L-Sn- n- - {S-bn- - knw-l-k-uv- F-Iv-kv-{]-kv ti-c-f-øn-se- G- -hpw- X-Wp- p-iq-sn-bam-k-߃- - Un-kw-_-dpw- P-\p-h-cn-bpw Im-iv-ao-cn-\v- {]-txy-i- ]-Z-hn- \ -Ip- - `-c-w-l-s-\m- h-ip- v Im-kn-cw-K- G-Xv- \-Zn-bp-sS- Xo-c-Øm-Wv- -{_- -]q-{x Im-th-cn- \-Zo-P-e-X - -Øn - Dƒ-s - - Xv- - ti-c-fw,- X-an-gv-\m-Sv,-I -Wm-S-Iw,-t]m- n-t -cn in-h-pn- P-\n- - h -jw In-fn-a- m-tcm- A- n- ] -h-xw- G-Xp-cm- Py-Øv- - Xm- km-\n-b sk-\-k - F- p- t]-cp- - \-Zn-bpw- cm- Py-hpw- G-Xv- h- I-c-bn-em-Wv- -B-{^n hn-{i-tam -h-io-bw,- am-f-hn-im- n-an-{xw,- c-lp-hw-iw,-ta-l-zq-xw- F- n-h- c-nn- - Xv- - Im-fn-Zm-k kz-x-{ -am-ipw-ap-ºv- Cu-Ãv- Xntam - G-Xv- cm-py-øn-s - \n-b-{ -W-Ønem-bn-cp- p- - C-t m-\n-jy F-kv.-sF.-bq-Wn- n-se- A-Sn-ÿm-\-bq- Wn- p-i-fp-ss- F-Æw G-Xv- t\-xm-hn-s - kv-a-c-w-bv- m-wv- l- cn-{]-km-zv- Nu-c-ky- C-µn-cm- I-eym- - F- - cm-kw- Nn- -s -Sp-Øn-b-Xv- - C-µn-cm- Km- n Iv-tfm-Wnw-Kv- \-S-Øn-b- B-Zy- C- m-an- I- cm-pyw- - C-dm k-øn-zv- hw-iw- ÿm-]n- -Xv- - Jn-kv-dv- Jm C-c- - p-f-ºp- - ar-k-ß-fn - h-ep- - Øn - c- mw- ÿm-\w- -Pn-dm-^v ti-c-f- `m-jm- C- Ãn- yq- n-s - B-ÿm- \- a-µn-c-øn-s - t]-cv- - \m-f-µ G- -hpw- Iq-Sp-X - Xp-c- -ß-fp- - sdbn - m-x- - I - - -jnw-e C- y-bn-se- G- -hpw- h-en-b- _p- -a-xkv-xq-]w- - km- n Km- m-cw- Io-g-S- n-b- B-Zy- t] -jy- `-c-wm-[n-im-cn- - Zm-cn-b-kv- H- m-a C- y-bn-se- G- -hpw- h-en-b- hm -jn-i- I- p-im-en- ta-f- \-S- p- - ÿ-ew- - tkm-wn- q am-hv- G-Xv- cm-py-øv- D-Zv-`-hn- - a-c-am-wv- - C- y Jp-Zm-bv- Jn-Xv-a-Xv-K - F- - kw-l-s-\- ÿm-]n- - kzm-x-{ y-k-a-c-tk-\m-\n- - A- _v-zpƒ- Km-^ - Jm ti-c-f-øn-se- I- p-im-en- K-th-j-W-tI- {µw- ÿn-xn-sn-øp- -Xv- - am- p-s - n ]-g-b- \n-b-a-øn - tam-k-kv,- ssz-h-øns - ]-Øp-I -]-\-Iƒ- kzo-i-cn- - kn- \m-bv- ] -h-xw- G-Xv- cm-py-øv- - Cu-Pn- ]v-xv hn-p-b-\-k-c-km-{am-pyw- ÿm-]n-x-am-bh -jw C- y- a-æn -h- v I-ayp-Wn- Ãv- ]m - n- cq-]w-sim- - ÿ-ew- - Im- -]q G-Xv- h- I-c-bn-em-Wv- sim-f-dm-tum- -h- S-t - A-ta-cn C- y-bp-ss- In-g- - Xo-c-Øn-s - sx- - A -[-`m-kw- A-dn-b-s -Sp- -Xv- sim-d-am- - Xo-cw c- -amw-k-ß-fn - C-ß-s\-sbm-cp- a-\pjy- `p-an-bn - Po-hn- n-cp- p-sh- v- h- cpw- X-e-ap-d- hn-iz-kn-s - p-h-cn- - Km- n-pn-sb- - n- C-{]-Im-cw- ]-d- -Xv- sf- Ão C- -s\- n-s - ]-g-b-t]-cv- - A - m-s\- v C-a-b-h-c-º- F- - ÿm-\-t -cp- m-bncp- - tn-c-cm-pm-hv- - s\-spw-tn-c-em-x I-eym-W-Zm-bn-\n-k-`-bp-sS- ÿm-]-i- - ]-Wv-Un- v- I-dp B-e-Øq - kn- m-{i-a-øn-s - ÿm-]- I- - {_- m-\-µ- in-h-tbm-kn \m-c-bm-w-kp-cp-hn-s - c- mw- {io-e- - k- µ -i-\w- G-Xv- h -j-am-bn-cp- p ayq-kn-bw- Hm-^v- tam-tu- - B - v- G- Xv- \-K-c-Øn - - \yq-tbm - v G- -hpw- {]m-no-\-am-b- a-e-bm-fw- en-]n- - h-s -gp-øv tkm -t_m- - k -h-i-em-im-e- F-hn-sSbm-Wv- - ]m-co-kv C- I- kw-kv-im-c-øn-s - A-h-in-jv-S߃- Im-Wp- - am- p-]n- p- G-Xv- cm-py- Øm-Wv- - s]-dp Cu-Pn-]v-Xv- kz-x-{ -am-b- h -jw c- mw- tem-i-a-lm-bp- - m-e-øv- \m-kn- Iƒ- ÿm-]n- - G- -hpw- h-en-b- tim- k- -t{s-j- Iym-ºm-b- Hm-jv-hn- v-kv- G- Xv- cm-py-øm-wv- - t]m-f- v em- n-\-ta-cn- -bn-se- ]p-cm-x-\- P-\-hn- `m-k-am-b- B-kv-sS- p-iƒ- C- -sø

3 G-Xv- cm-py-øm-wv- - sa-iv-kn-t m cq-]-h-xv-i-cn- - P-\-Xm-]m - n-bpss- B-Zy- A-[y- - - sam-dm -Pn- tz- im-bn C- y-bn-se- G- -hpw- h-en-b- Hm-Un-t mdn-b-am-b- {io- j- -ap-jm-\-µ- lmƒ- F- hn-ss-bm-wv- - apw-ss_ G- -hpw- Iq-Sp-X -Im-ew- C- y- {]-[m- \-a-{ n- -P-hm-l -em - s\-{lp c- -hpw- I-Æo-cpw- hn-b - pw- I-Tn-\m- [zm-\-hp-a- m-sx- a-s m- pw- \n-߃- p- X-cm- F-\n- n- - -F- p- ]-d- -Xv- k - hn- Ã- - N - n G- -hpw- Iq-Sp-X -t\-cw- c- p-im-en - \n - p- - k-kv-x-\w- -a-\p-jy C- y-bn - G- -hpw- Iq-Sp-X - Dƒ-\m- S- P-e-]m-X-I-fp- - kw-ÿm-\w- - ti- c-fw Im-fn-L- v- \-K-c-Øn-s - C-t m-f-sø- t]- cv- - sim - -Ø tem-i-øm-zy-am-bn- t]m-uv- Im - kw-hn- [m-\w- \n-e-hn - h- -Xv- - e Cw- o-jv- Cu-Ãn- ym- -º-\n- A-dn-b-s - n-cp- - C-c- -t -cv- - Zn- tpm- - I-º-\n C- y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- ss-en-hn-j- ]- c-º-c- - Xo-kv-c- cm-kv-x Xq-hm-\-Øp-ºn-Iƒ- F- - kn-\n-a- G-Xvt\m-h-en-s\- A-Sn-ÿm-\-am- n-bp- -Xm- Wv- - D-Z-I-t m-f Xn-cp-h-\- -]p-cw- Pn- -bn - kn-hn - tãj- F-hn-sS-bm-Wv- - Ip-S- -\- p- v C- y- X-]m - Ãm-ºn - Nn-{Xw- A- - Sn- -s - - B-Zy- s\m-t_ - tp-xm-hv- c-_o-{µ-\m-yv- Sm-tKm s\- n-s - Xm-gv-h-c- F- -Y-ap- - su- tpm-mv- F- - ]p-cm-x-\-\m-aw- C- ybn-se- G-Xv- kw-ÿm-\-øn-s -Xm-Wv- - kn- nw C- y-bp-ss- G- -hpw- sx-t -b- -sø- Pn- - -I-\ym-Ip-am-cn P-\-kw-Jy-bp-am-bn- Xm-c-X-ayw- sn-øptºmƒ- G- -hpw- D-b - - h-[-in- m- \nc- p- - cm-pyw- - knw-k- q C- y-bn-se- kn-\n-am-cw-k-sø- G- -hpw- D-b - - A-hm -Uv- - Zm-Zm-km-tl-_v- ^m -s ti-c-f-øn-se- B-Zy- h-\n-x- ta-b - - tla-h-xn- Xm-bm- v k - - m- n-s - a-s m-cp- t]-cv- - ]p- p-h- ]m- v ti-c-f- bp- n-hm-zn- kw-l-øn-s - B- Zy- {]-kn-u- v- - Fw.-kn.-tPm-k-^v cm-jv-{s-]-xn-`-c-ww- G -s -Sp-Øm- in- ]m -i- sn-øp- -Xv- - K-h -W Cu-Pn-]v-Xn-ep- m-bn-cp- - lo-tcm- n-^n- Iv-kv- en-]n-bn-se- A-Sn-ÿm-\- Nn- -ßfp-sS- F-Æw t[m-wn- sh- - m- w- G-Xv- Pn- -bn - - ]m-e- m-sv A -Po-cn-b- G-Xv- cm-py-øn-s - tim-f- \n-bm-bn-cp- p- - {^m- kv C- y-bn - Im- n- p-cp- sim- p-h- - Xv- F-hn-sS-\n- m-wv- -ku-zn- A-td-_y Fw-U- F- - ap-ßn- - - G-Xv- cm- Py-Øn-s -Xm-bn-cp- p- - P -a-\n C- y- X-]m -Ãm-ºn - {]-Xy- -s - - B-Zy- kn-\n-am-\-sn- - \ -Ko-kv- Z-Øv Om-{Xm-cn- G-Xv- kw-ÿm-\-sø- B-Znhm-kn- \r-ø-cq-]-am-wv- - ln-am-n - {]- tz-iv Pn-{_mƒ- - ]m-d- F-hn-sS-bm-Wv- - ssl- Z-cm-_m-Zv C- y-bn - G- -hpw- Iq-Sp-X - ÿ-e-øp- \-S- p- - Ir-jn- - s\- v C- y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- B - v- Km-e-dn ÿm-]n-x-am-b-xv- F-hn-sS- - sim - -Ø C- y-bn-se- kn-en- - - hm-en- F- -dnb-s -Sp- -Xv- - _mw- q _m- v-am- ]- -Ww- G-Xv- cm-py-øm-wv- - Xp - n ss- o-kn-s - P- -\m-sv- -{^m- kv Cu-U- Km -U- kv- tã-un-bw- ({In- - v-)- F-hn-sS-bm-Wv- - sim - -Ø Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn se- t -{X- {]- th-i-\m-t\z-j-w- k-an-xn-bn - Aw-K-ambn-cp- - a-e-bm-f- I-hn- - D- q Fw-Sn-hn- G-Xv- cm-py-sø- Sn.-hn.- Nm-\- em-wv- - bp-f-kv-f Ãm-ºn-en-Sw- t\-sn-b- c- m-a-sø- a-e-bmf- I-hn- - h- -tømƒ C- y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- A- m-cm-jv-{s- N-e- n-t{xm- -hw F-hn-sS-bm- Wv- \-S- -Xv- - apw-ss_ cm-po-hv-km- n-h-[-øn-\p-]n- n-se- Kq- Vm-tem-N-\-sb- p-dn- v- A-t\z-jn- - I- Ωn-j- -h -a- I-Ωn-j cm-p-ÿm-\n-se- {]-[m-\-`m-j-iƒ- - ln- µn,- cm-p-ÿm-\n C- y- B-{I-an- m- _m-_-sd- -Wn- -Xv- -Zu-e-Xv- Jm- tem-[n C- ym-n-cn-{x-øn-em-zy-am-bn- ]n-xr-l-xy- \-S-Øn-b- cm-pm-hv- - A-Pm-X-i-{Xp G-Xn-s - ssi-h-gn-bm-wv- lq- n- - Kw-K C- y-sb- F-{X- Im-em-h-ÿm-ta-J-e-Ifm-bn- Xn-cn- n- p- v Hu-dw-K-ko-_v- [ -a-sv- bp- -Øn - P-kz- v- kn-mn-s - t\-xr-xz-øn-ep-,- Zm-cbp-sS- ssk-\y-sø- txm -]n- - h -jw C- y-bn-em-zy-am-bn- h-\n-xm- ta-b - A- [n-im-c-ta- - \-K-cw- - apw-ss_ ap-x h-sc- {_n- o-jv- C- ybp-ss- `m-k-am-bn-cp- - cm-pyw- - aym- a B-cp-sS- D-]-tZ-i-{]-Im-c-am-Wv- K-h -W - \n-b-a-k-`- ]n-cn- p-hn-sp- -Xv- -ap-jy-a-{ n C- y-bn-em-zy-am-bn- k - m - B-`n-ap-Jy- Øn - Nn- n- B-cw-`n- - kw-ÿm-\w- - ti- c-fw C- y-bn-se- kn-\n-am- hy-h-km-b-øn-s - ti-{µw- - apw-ss_ Iym-_n-\- n-s - kp-c- m- k-an-xn-bp-ss- X-e-h- - {]-[m-\-a-{ n Cu-Pn-]v-Xn-s - G-jy- `m-k-øn-s - t]- cv- - kn-\m-bv- s]-\n- kp-e sss- v- sa- - F- - tem-l-k- -c-ønse- L-S-I-߃- - B- n-a-wn,- I-dp-Øobw,- sh-fp-øo-bw C-µn-cm-{]n-b-Z -in-\n- ]n-d- -Xv \- hw-_ - 19\v G-cn-bm-\- F- -dn-b-s - n-cp- - {]-tz-iw- -A-^v-Km-\n-kv-Xm C- ym-k-ap-{z-øn-se- G- -hpw- h-en-b- Zzo-]v- - a-u-km-kv-i G-jy-bn-se- G- -hpw- h-en-b- tn-cn- F- - hn-ti-j-ww kz- -am- n-b- H-dm-ßn- Su- -jn- v- F-hn-sS-bm-Wv- -I- dm- n C- ym-n-cn-{x-øn-se- s]-cn- n-b- Ime-L- w- F- -dn-b-s -Sp- -Xv- - Kp-]v-X-Im- e-l- w G-jy-bpw- B-{^n- -bpw- X-Ωn-ep- - I- c-_- w- th -s]-sp-ø-s - -Xn-\p- Im-c- Ww- - kq-b-kv- I-\m C- ym-n-cn-{x-øn-se- B-Zy-sØ- N-{Ih -Øn- - N-{µ-Kp-]v-X-au-cy Iu- v- Hm-^v- tam- n-{in-tãm- F- - t\mh-en-s\- A-h-ew-_n- v- \n -an- - a-e-bmf- kn-\n-a- - ]-S-tbm- w \-ao-_n-b- G-Xv- cm-py-øn -\n- m-wvkzm-x-{ yw- t\-sn-b-xv- - Z- n-wm-{^n C- y-bp-ss- hn-kv-xo -Ww- D-t±-iw- F- {X- e- w- N-Xp-c-{I- In-tem-ao- -dm-wv ]-Sym-e-bn-se- \m-j-w - C- Ãn- yq- v- Hm-^v- kv-t]m -Sv-kn-\v- B-cp-sS- t]-cm-wv- \ -In-bn-cn- p- -Xv- - t\-xm-pn- kp-`m-jv- N-{µ-t_m-kv C- y- kz-x-{ -am-b- h -jw- a-e-bm-f-øns - B-ÿm-\-I-hn-bm-bn- Xn-c-s -Sp- Ø-Xv- - h- -tømƒ {In-kv-Xp-a-kv- t_mw-_nw-kv- F- - t]-cn - A-ta-cn- - t_mw-_m-{i-a-ww- \-S-Øn-b- Xv- F-hn-sS-bm-Wv- - hn-b- v-\mw F.-B.-d- m- P-\n- -sx-hn-ss- - sn-ss \m-j-w - C- Ãn- yq- v- Hm-^v- hm- - kvt]m -Sv-kn-s - B-ÿm-\w- - 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X-e-h- - K-h -W sx-t - C- y-bp-ss- [m-\y- p-c- F- -dnb-s -Sp- - kv-y-ew- -X- m-hq ssl-z-cm-_m-zn-s\-bpw- sk- - -cm-_m- Zn-t\-bpw- th -Xn-cn- p- - X-Sm-Iw- - lpssk- km-k t] -jy- Dƒ- -S - G-Xv- k-ap-{z-øns - `m-k-am-wv- -C- y- a-lm-k-ap-{zw sã-bn- se- v- Ão - I- p-]n-sn- -Xmcv- - lm-cn- {_-b -en sim- n- cm-py-øv- ssl-t m-s-xn- ÿm- ]n- -s - -Xv- G-Xv- Zn-hm-s - Im-e-Øm- Wv- - B.-sI.-j- -ap-jw- sn- n A-hn-`- - C- y-bn-se- `-c-w-l-s-\m- \n -am-w-k-`-bn-se- Aw-K-߃ Ir-{Xn-a- a-g- s]-øn- m- D-]-tbm-Kn- p- - e-h-ww- - kn -h - A-b-ssU-Uv s]-cp-º-s- v- kz-cq-]w- F- -dn-b-s - n-cp- -Xv- - sim- n-cm-pyw {_n- o-jn- y-bn - s]m-xp-a-cm-a-øv- h- Ip- v- \-S- m- n-b- K-h -W - P-\-d - - U -lu-kn s]m-xp-xn-c-s -Sp- n - thm- p-sn-øm- C- y- ]u-c-\m-h-iy-am-b- Ip-d- - {]mbw iq-\ym-im-i-tø- v- B-Zyw- A-b-bv- s - - Po-hn- - \m-b Izn-kv- F- - ]-Z-Øn-s - D-]- m-xm-hv- - Pnw- su-bv-en-(a-b -e- Uv-) si.-]n.-kn.-kn.-bp-ss- c- m-a-xv- k-tω-f- \-Øn-\v- A-[y- -X- h-ln- -Xv- - k-tcm- Pn-\n- \m-bn-up sim-bm-en- F- n-\p- {]-kn- w- - F-Æ- ip- o-i-c-w-im-e tx- -Sn- h-\y-po-hn-k-t -Xw- G-Xp- \-Znbp-sS- Xo-c-Øm-Wv- - s]-cn-bm G- -hpw- Ip-d- - K -`-Im-ew- D- - Pohn- - A-ta-cn- - H-t m-kw Km- n-h-[-t -kn - hn-[n- {]-kv-xm-hn- - \ym-bm-[n-]- - B-flm-N-c- - A- K -hmƒ ti-c-f-øn-se- G- -hpw- sx-t -b- -sø- \-Zn- -s\-øm ku-c-bq-y-øn-s - ti-{µw- - kq-cy G- -hpw- Ip-d- - P-\-kw-Jy-bp- - hn- I-kn-X- cm-jv-{sw- - Im-\-U P -a- kn -h-dn-s - L-S-I-tem-l-߃- - sn-ºv,- kn- v,- \n G- -hpw- Ip-Sq-X - cm-py-߃- v- kzm- X-{ yw- \ -In-b- cm-pyw- - {_n kq-cy- I-gn- m - `q-an-tbm-sv- G- -hp-a- Sp-Ø- \- -{Xw- - t{]m-iv-kn-am- sk- u-dn a-\p-jy-s - \n-e-\n -]n-\v- A- -co- - Øn-ep- - Hm-Iv-kn-P-s - Ip-d- - A-fhv i-x-am-\w G- -hpw- Iq-Sn-b- {]m-b-øn - C- y- {]- [m-\-a-{ n-bm-b-xv- - sam-dm -Pn- tz-im-bn a-\p-jy-s d- \-s - n-se- A-kv-Yn-Iƒ {In-kv-Xp-a-X-kp-hn-ti-j-ß-fp-sS- F- Æw {]-Im-i-Øn-\v- kq-cy-\n -\n- - `q-an-bnse-øm- th- - k-a-bw- - 8 an-\n- v D-]-{]-[m-\-a-{ n-bm-b-ti-jw- {]-[m-\-a- { n-bm-b- B-Zy- hy- n- -sam-dm -Pn- tz- im-bn G-Xv- h- I-c-bn-em-Wv- kn - v- dq- v- A- Y-hm- ]- v- ]m-x- -G-jy c- p- hy-xy-kv-x-hn-j-b-ß-fn - s\mt_ - k-ωm-\w- t\-sn-b- B-Zy- hy- n- - am-uw- Iyq-dn C-cp-ºv- Xp-cp-ºm-Ip- -Xv- F- p-am- -Øn- \p-zm-l-c-w-am-wv- - cm-k-am- w kq-^n- hn-`m-kw- G-Xp-a-X-Øn-em-Wv- cq- ]w- sim- -Xv- - C- mw C- -\m-j-w - U-h-e-]v-sa- v- G-P- kn-bp-ss- B-ÿm-\w- - hm-jn-mv-s- - Un.-kn kq-cy-kn-zv-[m- w- F- - hm-\-\n-co- -Wim-kv-{X-{K-Ÿw- c-nn- - {]m-no-\- C- y- im-kv-{x- - - B-cy-`-S Xn-cp-h-\- -]p-c-øv- Nm-e- -tºm-fwÿm-]n- - Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq - Zn-hm- -cm- Pm- ti-i-h-zm-kv {]-Ir-Xn-bn - \n- pw- e-`n- m-hp- -Xn - G- -hpw- ip- -am-b- P-ew- - a-g-sh- w k -Zm - ]-t - `-h- G-Xp- ÿm-]-\- Øn-s - B-ÿm-\-am-Wv- - tz-io-b- a-\pjym-h-im-i- I-Ωo-j I-Wz-hw-iw- ÿm-]n- -Xv- - hm-kp-tz-h ti-c-f-øn-se- G- -hpw- sx-t -b- -sø- {Km-a-]- m-b-øv- - ]m-d-»m-e {]-i-kv-x- K-Wn-X- im-kv-{x- - s_ - {Sm- Uv- d-k-en-\v- s\m-t_ - k-ωm-\we-`n- - hn-j-bw- - km-ln-xyw k-am-[m-\-øn-\p- - s\m-t_ - k-ωm- \w- t\-sn-b- {]-Y-a- h-\n-x- - s_ -Ømthm- - k-sv-\ -(1905) s]-cn-ß -Ip-Øv- P-e-ssh-Zyp-X- ]- -Xn- G-Xv- \-Zn- v- Ip-dp-sI-bm-Wv- - Nm-e- p- Sn- p-g G-Xv- bp- -Øn-em-Wv- spm-hm- Hm-^v- B -Iv- {^m- kn-\p-th- n- [o-c-am-bnt]m-cm-sn-b-xv- - i-x-h -j-bp- w B -]v-kv- ] -h-x-øn-s - h-s-t - sncp-hn-eq-ss- ho-ip- - D-jv-W- m- v- s^m C- y-bn-se- G- -hpw- h-en-b- ar-k-im-e- - kp-thm-f-pn- - Km -U- kv,- sim - -Ø B -]v-kv- a-e-\n-c-iƒ- G-Xv- h- I-c-bnem-Wv- - bq-tdm- v C- y-bn-em-zy-am-bn- kv-]o- - ]-Z-hn-bnse-Øn-b- A-\p-tZym-K-ÿ- - hn-ø - `m-bv- ]-t B-Zy-sØ- _-ln-cm-im-i- Sq-dn-Ãv- - su- n-kv- Sn-t m G-Xv- h- I-c-bm-Wv- sdm-hmƒ-uv- A-ap- v-sk- I-s -Øn-b-Xv- -A- m - n k-am-[m-\-øn-\p- - s\m-t_ - k-ωm- \w- e-`n- - B-Zy-sØ- I-dp-Ø- h -K- mc- - dm -^v- _- v- (1950) "-cm-p -jn-'- F- -dn-b-s - n-cp- - `m-c-x-c- Xv-\- tp-xm-hv- - ]p-cp-tjm-øw-zm-kv- T- Wv-U "-a-l -jn-'- F- -dn-b-s - n-cp- - `m-c-x-c- Xv-\- tp-xm-hv- - t[m-wv-tum- ti-i-h- Im -th tim- -{K-kn-X-c- k - m-cn-s - Im-e-Øv- `m-c-x- c-xv-\-bn-eq-ss- B-Z-cn- -s - - B- Zy-Ø- t\-xm-hv- -_n.-b.-aw-t_-zv-i Nm-{µ-bm- ]- -Xn- m-bn- C- y- D-]-tbm- Kn- - _-ln-cm-im-i-hm-l-\-øn-s - \ma-t[-bw- - ]n-f-kv-f -hn- kn `m-c-x-c-xv-\w- t\-sn-b- B-Zy- hn-tz-in- - Jm- A-_v-Zpƒ- Km-^ - Jm Xn-cp-ap- -hm-cw- _o- v- G-Xp- Pn- -bn-em- Wv- - sim- w Ir-{Xn-a- d- -dn-s - A-Sn-ÿm-\- L-S-Iw- - \n-tbm-{]o `q-an-sb- Np- m- N-{µ- F-{X- Zn-h-ksa-Sp- pw sim- n-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- Cw- o-jv- kv- Iqƒ- ÿm-]n- -s - - h -jw Iq- p-ø-c-hm-zn-xzw- F- - B-i-bw- G- Xp- cm-py-øp-\n- p-am-wv- C- y- `-c- W-L-S-\m-\n -am-xm- ƒ- kzo-i-cn- -Xv- - {_n ti-c-fw- h-f-cp- p- c-nn- -Xv- - ]m-em-\mcm-b-w- \m-b G- -hpw- Ip-Sp-X -Im-ew- `-cn- - Jn -Pnkp -Øm- - A-em-hp-±o- Jn -Pn sim- n- tãm- v- F-Iv-kv-tN- v- kv-ym- ]n-x-am-b- h -jw Nm-Ø- tim-x- F- - ÿm-\-t -cn - A- dn-b-s - n-cp- -Xv- - h- p-h-\m-sv- cm-pm-hv C- y-bn-em-zy-am-bn- s]- -in-ip-l-xys]m-xp-p-\-{i- -bn - sim- p-h- -Xv- tpm-\m-y- U ÿm-\-am-\-ß-fp-ss-bpw- a- pw- A-Sn-ÿm- \-Øn - hy- n-i-sf- X-cw-Xn-cn- m-sx- F- m-h - pw- \n-b-a-øn-s - ap- n - Xpey-]-cn-K-W-\- \ -Ip-I- F- -Xm-Wv- - k- a-xzw P-b- v- dn-uv-en- F- -bn-\w- B-a-bp-sSap- -Iƒ- kw-c- n- p- -Xn-\v- th- nsim-fm-hn- m-e-øv- cq-]-h-xv-i-cn- -s - kw-l-s-\- - Xo-cw Po-h-Iw- si- G- -hpw- Iq-Sp-X - A-S-ßnbn- p- - `- y-h-kv-xp- - ]- n-e- -dn-iƒ Cw- o-jp-im - hn-gn- -Øv- hym-]m-c-ime- \n -an- -Xv- G-Xv- h -j-øn - - F.- Un Cu-^ - tkm-]p-cw- F-hn-sS-bm-Wv- - ]m- co-kv t]m - p-ko-kp-im - Nm-en-b-Øv- tim- - \n -an- -Xv- G-Xv- h -j-øn - - F.-Un Km- n-pn- l-cn-p- B-{i-aw- F-hn-sS-bm- Wv- ÿm-]n- -Xv- - k-_ -a-xn Cw- - n - _n - Hm-^v- ssd- v-kv- ]mkm- n-b-xv {In-kv-Xp-a-kv- {So-bp-sS- D -`-hw- -P -a-\n k-ap-{z-\n-c- n -\n- pw- i-cm-i-cn- D-b-cw- G- -hpw- Iq-Sn-b- `q-j-wv-uw- - A- m - n-

5 Ip-tdm-jn-tbm- {]-hm-lw- G-Xv- k-ap-{z- Øn-em-Wv- -]-k-^n-iv- k-ap-{zw `q-tkm-f-øn - G- -hpw- h-s- m-bn- ÿn- Xn-sN-øp- - X-e-ÿm-\-\-K-cw- - sd-bv-ivv- Pm-hn-Iv- (sf-kv-e- Uv-) _p- -s - B-Zy- a-x-{]-`m-j-ww- A-dnb-s -Sp- - t]-cv- - [ -a-n-{i-{]-h -Ø-\w s]-cn-tbm - F- - A-]-c-\m-a-Øn-e-dn-b- s - n-cp- -Xv- -C.-hn.-cm-a-kzm-an-\m-bv C- y-bn-se- G- -hpw- \o-fw-iq-sn-b- tdm- Uv- Xp-c- w- - P-h-l - Xp-c- w `u-a-kq-n-i- ]-Z-hn- e-`n- - ti-c-f-øn-ses\- n-\w- - \-h-c Nn- - -\m - G-Xv- Pn- -bn-em-wv- - C-Sp- n Cw-]o- v-sa- v- t\-cn-sp- -Xn-\v- sxm- -Sp- Øp-h-sc- F-Øn-sb- n-epw- \-S-]-Sn- Xp- S-ßp- -Xn-\p- ap-ºv- cm-pn-h- - A-ta-cn- - {]-kn-u- v- - dn- m -Uv- \n-iv-k H- mw- tem-i-a-lm-bp- w- B-cw-`n- ptºmƒ- {_n- o-jv- {]-[m-\-a-{ n- -sl - s_ - v- sl- dn- B-kv-Izn-Øv k-b- n-^n-iv- am-t\-pv-sa- n-s - ]n-xm-hv- - s{^-u-dn-iv- ss-bv-e B-[p-\n-I- tkm-tjym-f-pn-bp-ss- ]n-xmhv- -am-iv-kv- sh-_ tdm-a- \n-b-a-ß-sf- t{im-uo-i-cn- - N- {I-h -Øn- -P-Ão-\n-b a-\p-jym-h-im-i-߃- kw-c- n- p- -Xv- `-c-w-iq-s-øn-s - _m-[y-x-bm- n-s m- p- - B-Zy-tc-J- - am- m- Im Cw-]o- v-sa- n-s\- A-`n-ap-Jo-I-cn- - B- Zy- bp.-f-kv.- {]-kn-u- v- -B- {Uq- tpm- -k bq-tdm-]y- bq-wn-b-s - ]m -e-sa- v- - kv-{sm-kv-_ -Kv Cw-]o- v-sa- v- `o-j-wn- t\-cn- - B-Zy- bp.- F-kv.- {]-kn-u- v- -tpm- - tsm-bv-e ssl-z-cm-_m-zn-se- `m-c-xv- ssu-\m-an-ivkv- en-an- -Un - F- m-wv- \n -an- p- - Xv- -ssk-u-uv- an-ssk-ep-iƒ bq-tdm-]y- bq-wn-b-s - \o-xn-\ym-b- B-ÿm-\w- -e-iv-kw-_ -Kv B-[p-\n-I- P-\m-[n-]-Xy-Øn-s - kp-hnti-jw- F- -dn-b-s -Sp- -Xv- - tkmjy - tim- -{Sm-Iv-Sv _p- -s - B-Zy-sØ- Po-h-N-cn-{Xw- - _p- -N-cn-Xw tdm-a- ]p-cm-w-ß-fn - _p- n-bp-ss- A- [n-tz-h-x- - an-\ -h H- mw- t_m-b - bp- w- A-dn-b-s -Sp- a-s m-cp- t]-cv- - {Sm- kv-hmƒ- bp- w a-\p-jym-h-im-iw- kw-_- n- - B-ZysØ- B-tKm-f-tc-J- - sf-iy-cm-jv-{s-k- `- Nm C- y-bp-ss- I-hm-Sw- F- -dn-b-s -Sp- - Xv- - apw-ss_ tem-i-øn-se- G- -hpw- ]-g- -ap- - A- kp-j-am-bn- I-W- m- p- -Xv- - Ip-jv-Tw C- y-bn-se- G- -hpw- h-en-b- _-tbm-kv- ^n-b - dn-k -hv- - Kƒ-^v- Hm-^v- am- m s]m-a-td-\n-b- \m-b-bp-ss- P- -tz-iw- - P -a-\n t]m-f-\m-sv- F- - t]-cn - A-dn-b-s - ncp- - {]-tz-iw- - tim-gn-t m-sv B-Zy-sØ- _-ln-cm-im-i-k- m-cn- - bqdn- K-Km-dn- (1961 G-{]n - 12) td-j- Im -Uv- e-`n- m- k-ao-]n-t - - Hm-^o-kv- - k-ssπ- Hm-^o-kv tem-i- \m-fo-ti-c- Zn-\w- - sk-]v-xw-_ th-wm- n-se- bp-h-cm-pm-hv- A-dn-b-s - ncp- - t]-cv- - Xr- m- q - aq Hm-kv-I - in -]w- cq-]-i -]-\- sn-bv-x- Xv- -sk-{un-iv- Kn- - -kv {Ko- v- ]p-cm-w-ß-fn - _p- n-bp-ss- A- [n-tz-h-x- - A-Yo-\ ]p-\-cp- -cn- - \m-f-µ- k -h-i-em-im-ebp-ss- {]-Y-a- hn-kn- - ÿm-\w- \n-cm-icn- -Xv- -F.-]n.-sP.- A-_v-Zpƒ- I-emw kp -Øm-t\- v- Im-e-L- -Øn-se- cm-phw-i-ß-fn - G- -hpw- Ip-d- v- Im-ew- `- cn- -Xv- - Jn -Pn `-c-w-l-s-\-bp-ss- G-Xv- A-\p-Nv-tO-Zw- {]-Im-c-am-Wv- cm-jv-{s-]-xn- Hm -Un-\- kp- Iƒ- ]p-d-s -Sp-hn- p- -Xv C-cp-]-Xmw- \q- m- n-se- Xm-Pv-a-l -'- F- -dn-b-s -Sp- -Xv- - tem- -kv- ss-ºnƒ "-Xm-Pv-a-l-en-s - ap- Km-an-'- F- -dn-b-s - Sp- -Xv- -lp-a-bq-wn-s - i-h-ip-so-cw A-Iv-_-dp-sS- d-h-\yq-a-{ n- cm-pm- txm- U -a - B-hn-jv-I-cn- - \n-ip-xn- hy-hÿ- - k-_v-xn- kw-hn-[m-\w C- y-bn-se- ss_-kn- nƒ- \-K-cw- F- -dn-b-s -Sp- -Xv- - ep-[n-bm-\ ti-c-f- k - m-cn-s - G- -hpw- h-en-b- kmln-xy- _-lp-a-xn- - F-gp-Ø- - ]p-c-kv- Im-cw sf-iy-cm-jv-{s-k-`-bp-ss- ap- Km-an-bm-bncp- - eo-kv- Hm-^v- t\-j- kn-s - (k - h-cm-py-k-jyw-)- B-ÿm-\w- - P-\o-h \-ho-i-c-w-{]-ÿm-\w- kzn- v-k -e- n - A-dn-b-s - - t]-cv- - Im -hn-\n-kw Bw- n- m-\n-k-øn-\p- t\-xr-xzw- \ - In-b- Cw- - n-se- cm-pm-hv- - sl- dn- F- m-a k -h-cm-py-k-jy-øn-s - B-Zy-sØsk-{I- -dn- P-\-d - -k - sp-bnw-kv- F- dn-iv- {U-a- v t_m-iv-k - e-l-f-( )- \-S- - cm- Pyw- - ssn-\ ssl-z-cm-_m-zn-se- \m-j-w - s]m-eokv- A- m-z-an- G-Xv- t\-xm-hn-s d- t]- cn-em-wv- A-dn-b-s -Sp- -Xv- - k -Zm - h- -`v-`m-bv- ]-t ssl-z-cm-_m-zn-se- {]-i-kv-x-am-b-ayq-knbw- - k-em -Pw-Kv- ayq-kn-bw-\ _mƒ- - cm-py-߃- G-Xv- h- I-c-bnem-Wv- - bq-tdm- v B-[p-\n-I- N-cn-{X-Øn-s - ]n-xm-hv- F- -dn-b-s -Sp- -Xv- -en-tbm-t]mƒ-uv- thm- - dm-s A-Sn-a-hw-i-Øn-se- G- -hpw- a-lm-\m-b- `-c-w-i -Øm-hm-bn- ]-cn-k-wn- p- -Xv- - C -Øp-an-jv {]-Xn-`-sb- m - H-cp- i-x-am-\w- {]-tnm- Z-\-hpw- 99 i-x-am-\w- {]-b-xv-\-hp-am-wv- F- p- ]-d- -Xv- -F-Un-k G- -hpw- km-l-kn-i-\m-b- ap-kƒ- N-{Ih -Øn- F- -dn-b-s - -Xv- -_m-_ {]m-no-\- C- y-bn - ln-cwy-- F- -dnb-s - n-cp- - tem-lw- -kz -Æw tem- -kv- a-l - F- - in -]-ku-[w- F- hn-ss-bm-wv- - lw-]n sx-t -A-ta-cn- -bn-se- em- Uv- tem- Iv-Uv- cm-py-ß-tf-sx- mw- -s_m-fn-hn-bbpw- ]-cm-tkz-bpw t\-{x-zm-\-øn-\m-bn- D-]-tbm-Kn- p- - `m- Kw- - tim -Wn-b kp -Øm-t\- v- Im-e-L- -Øn - G- -hpw- Iq-Sp-X - cm-py-hn-kv-xr-xn-bp- m-bn-cp- - `-c-wm-[n-im-cn- - ap-l-ω-zv- _n- Xp- -Iv "-a-[p-ssc-sim- - tnm-f- '- F- p- hn-tijn- - -s - - tnm-f-cm-pm-hv- -]-cm- -I- H- m-a P-lmw-Ko-dn-s - ]-Xv-\n- \q -P-lm-s - ]n- Xm-hv- -C-Øn-am-Zv- D-Zv- Zu-f kz- w- a-i-s - X-S-h-d-bn - n-s- p- a- cn- - ap-kƒ- N-{I-h -Øn- - jm-p-lm ln-µp-ÿm-\n- km-ln-xy-øn-s - kp-h - W-Im-e-L- w- F- -dn-b-s - -Xv- -A-Iv-_- dp-ss- `-c-w-im-ew hm-bp-hn - {]-Xn-[z-\n- tiƒ- m-\p- - {]-Xn-^-e-\- X-e-Øn-s - G- -hpw- Ip-d- - Zq-cw ao hm-cn-sb- p-iƒ- G- -hpw- Iq-Sp-X-ep- - Pohn- - ]m-ºv `q-an-bpw- kq-cy-\p-am-bp- - A-I-ew- G- - hpw- Ip-d- - Zn-h-kw- - P-\p-h-cn Sn- p- ^-tdm- v- ]- -Ww- kv-ym-]n- -Xv- G- Xv- h -j-øn - - F.-Un a-\p-jy-s - G- -hpw- \o-fw- Ip-d- - t]- in- -tã- n-un-b-kv K-Zm-[ - N-tXm-]m-[ym-b- G-Xp- t]-cn-em- Wv- C- ym-n-cn-{x-øn - {]-kn- - - {iocm-a-ir-jv-w- ]-c-a-lw-k {]-Y-a- tem-i-i- v- {In- - v- a- -c-øn hn-p-bn- - cm-pyw- - sh-ãv- C- Uo-kv {^- p- hn-π-h-øn-s - B-i-b-߃- kzm-x-{ yw,- k-a-xzw,- km-tlm-z-cyw C- y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- \yq-kv-{]n- v- ^m- Iv-S-dn- - t\- m-\-k C- Izn-em-_v- kn-µm-_m-zv- F- -Xv- B- Zy-am-bn- ap-{zm-hm-iy-am-bn- D-]-tbm-Kn- - Xv- - `-K-Xv- kn-mv C- y-bn-se- G- -hpw- ]-g- -ap- - Pq-X- - n- - a- m-t -cn a-\p-jy - B-Zy-am-bn- h-f -Øn-b- [m-\y߃- - tkm-x-ºpw- _m -en-bpw C- y-bn-se- G- -hpw- ]-g- -ap- - h -Øam-\- ]-{Xw- - t_mw-s_- k-am-nm A-h-km-\-sØ- Ip-e-ti-J-c- N-{I-h -Øn- - cm-a-h -a- Ip-e-ti-J-c ln-am-n - {]-tz-iv- ssl-t m-s-xn-bp-ss- B-ÿm-\w- -jnw-e a-\p-jy-a-kv-xn-jv-i-øn-s - G-Xp- `m-ksø-bm-wv- a-zyw- _m-[n- p- -Xv- - sk- dn-_- w kz-x-{ - hym-]m-c-ta-j-e-bp- - B-Zy- C- y- Xp-d-ap-Jw- Im- v-e a-e-_m - {_n- o-jv- `-c-w-øn- Io-gn-emb- h -jw G-Xv- k-ap-{z-øn-se- G- -hpw- B-gw-Iq- Sn-b- `m-k-am-wv- ]yq -t m- dn-t m- {S- v- - A-Xv-em- n-iv- k-ap-{zw a-e-_m - am-\z - c-nn- -Xv- - hn-eywtem-k C- -en- m-c-\- m-ø- B-Zy- t]m- v- - tpm- - t]mƒ- c- m-a c- -k-ω -Zw- \n-b-{ n- p- - tlm -tam- - - A-{Un-\m-en C- y-bpw- d-jy-bpw- kw-bp- -am-bn- \n - an- - kq- - tkm-wn-iv- {Iq-bn-kv- anssk - - {_-t m-kv A-a -\m-yv- bm-{x- B-cw-`n- p- - ÿ-ew- - ]-l -Kmw a-\- m-wv- ssz-hw- F- v- {]-Jym-]n- - tic-fo-b- - {_- m-\-µ- in-h-tbm-kn P-\-kw-Jym-kn- m- -Øn-s - D-]- m- Xm-hv- -txm-a-kv- am -Øq-kv B-Iv-Snw-Kv- {]-kn-u- m-b-ti-jw- {]-kn- U- m-b- B-Zy- hy- n- - hn.-hn.-kn-cn C-µn-cm-Km- n- tim- -{K-kv- {]-kn-u- mb- h -jw a-c-w-\n-c- v- G- -hpw- Ip-d- - kw-ÿm- \w- - ti-c-fw `q-an-bp-ss- ]m-fn-iƒ- p- m-ip- - N-e- \-ß-sf- p-dn- p- ]-Tn- p- - im-kv-{x-im- J- - tπ- v- ss-iv-t m-wn-iv-kv sn- -t]- v- G-Xv- \-Zn-bp-sS- Xo-c-Øv- - ]m-em hm- -eq- bp- -Øn - s\-t m-fn-b-s\- ]- cm-p-b-s -Sp-Øn-b-Xv- - B -X - sh- - n d-_ - G- -hpw- Iq-Sp-X - D -]m-zn- n- p- - Pn- - - tim- -bw D-Ø - {]-tz-in-se- G- -hpw- h-en-b- \-Kcw- - Im- -]q Hm-bn - B- v- \m- p-d - Kym-kv- tim - -td-j-s - B-ÿm-\w- -su-dm-uq cm-jv-{s-]-xn- ÿm-\-sø-øn-b- B-ZysØ- kz-x-{ -ÿm-\m -Yn- - tum.- F- kv.- cm-[m-ir-jv-w hm-bp-hn-\p- `m-c-ap-s - v- sx-fn-bn- -Xv- - tsm-dn-sk- n C-bm- ^v-sf-an-mn-s - A-h-km-\- t\mh - - Z- am- hn-øv- tkmƒ-u- K cm-p-cm-p-tnm-f- ti-c-f-am-{i-an- - h -jw- - F.-Un a-lm-cm-jv-{s-bn-se- {]-[m-\- \r-ø-cq-]w- - X-am-i C- m-an-i- ssz-h-im-kv-{x-øn-s - h- m- -fm-b- D-te-a-Iƒ- F- - ]-Wv-Un-X-kaq-l-Øn-s - D-]-tZ-i-߃- A-h-K-Wn- - B-Zy-sØ- U -ln- kp -Øm- - A- em-hp-±o- Jn -Pn C-e-tbm- th-tcm- C- m-ø- H-cp- k-kyw- - I-kv-Iyq- - (aq-sn- m-øm-fn-) A-l-Ω-Zv- \-K-dn-se- \n-kmw-jm-ln-hw-iwÿm-]n- -Xv- - am-en-iv- A-l-Ω-Zv- (1490) a-e-_m - kn-a- dv- ^m-iv-s-dn- F-hn-sS-bm- Wv- - hm-f-bm am -j - Sn-t m- P-\n- - cm-pyw- - s{im- tb-jy N-{µ-Kp-]v-X-au-cy-s - Im-e-sØ- {Ko- v- Aw-_m-k-U - - sa-k-kv-x-\o-kv ssh-jv-twm-tz-hn- t -{Xw- ÿn-xn- snøp- - ÿ-ew- - I-{X ti-c-f-øn - \n-b-a-k-`mw-k-a- m-sx- ap- Jy-a-{ n-bm-b- B-Zy- hy- n- - kn.-a-nyp- X-ta-t\m s]m-xp-am- v- sim-sp- m- cm-jv-{s-]-xn- v- A-[n-Im-cw- \-ev-ip- -Xv- - B - n- nƒ ap-l-ω-zv- _n- Xp- -Iv- ]-Wn-I-gn- n- - \-K-cw- - P-l- ]-\ am -Iv-kn-Ãv- k - m - A-[n-Im-c-Øn h- - B-Zy-sØ- sx-t - A-ta-cn- - cm-pyw- - Nn-en A-e-Iv-km- - B-Zy-am-bn- B-{I-an- p- Io-g-S- n-b- C- y- {]-tz-iw- - X- - in-e ayq-t -j- kn- m- -Øn-s - D-]- m- Xm-hv- - lyq-tkm- Uo-{hn-kv a-z- tam-l- am-f-hy-bp-ss-bpw- ap-l-ω- Z-en- Pn- -bp-ss-bpw- P- -Zn-\w- - Un-kw- _ a-e-bm-f-øn-se- B-Zy-sØ- bm-{xm-hn-hc-w-{k-ÿ-am-b- h -Ø-am-\- ]p-kv-x-iwc-nn- -Xv- - ]m-d-ωm- - txm-am- -Ø- \m A-Iv-_-dp-sS- C-em-ln- I-e- - B-cw- `n- - h -jw C- y-bv- pw- {io-e- -bv- p-an-s-bn-ep- - I-S-en-Sp- n-eq-ss- \n -an- p- - I- - Nm - -tk-xp-k-ap-{zw C- y-bv- pw- Hm-kv-t{S-en-b-bv- pw- tz-iob- {]m-[m-\y-ap- - Zn-\w- - P-\p-h-cn c- v- `q-j-wv-u-ß-fn - kv-yn-xn-sn-øp- - \-K-cw- - C-kv-Xm- _pƒ

6 Cw- o-jp-im - X-e-t»-cn-bn - tim- - \n - an- -Xv- G-Xv- h -j-øn - - F.-Un an-kv- thƒ-uv- B-b- B-Zy- C- y- m-cn- - do-ø- ^-cn-b ap- -bp-ss- txm-sn - {]-[m-\-am-bpw- Im- Wp- - cm-k-h-kv-xp- - Im -kyw- Im - _-tw- v A-t m-tfm- ]-Xn-s\m- v- hm-l-\-øn-s\m- w- a-\p-jy-s\- N-{µ-\n-te- v- sxm-sp-øphn- - tdm- - v- -km-t - - A- v A-ta-cn- - hn-t -]n- - B-Zy- D-]-{K-lw- - F-Iv-kv-tπm-d - (1958 P-\p-h-cn- 31) ap-ß - hn-z-kv-[ - A-Izm- e-mv-kn - izk-\-øn-\v- D-]-tbm-Kn- p- - hm-x-i߃- - Hm-Iv-kn-P-,- lo-en-bw A-ÿn-I-sf- p-dn- p- - ]-T-\w- - Hm-Ãn- tbm-f-pn a- y-ß-fp-ss- cm-pm-hv- F- -dn-b-s -Sp- -Xv- - {km-hv ap-\n-b-d-iƒ- p- {]-kn- -am-b- ÿ-ew- - a-d-bq A-Jn-e- Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq - {K-Ÿ-im-em-kw- L-Øn-s - B-Zy-sØ- sk-{i- -dn- - ]n.- F-.-]-Wn a-e-bm-f-øn-se- B-Zy-sØ- dn-b-en-ãn-iv- Nn-{Xw- - \yq-kv- t]- - t_m-bv ssh-kv- {]-kn-u- n-s\- Xn-c-s -Sp- p- -Xv- - ]m -e-sa- n-se- C-cp- k-`-i-fn-sebpw- Aw-K-߃ P-Ωp- -I-iv-ao-cn-s - th-\ - m-e- X-eÿm-\w- - {io-\-k P-hm-l -em - s\-{lp- P-\n- -Xv- - A-e- lm-_m-zv s]-t{um- A -hm-cn-kv- I-{_mƒ- timgn-t m-s -Øn-b-Xv- G-Xv- h -j-øn - - F.-Un tem-i-øn-se- G- -hpw- h-en-b- X-Sm-I- Zzo- ]v- - am-\n-t m-fn- (lyq-d- - X-Sm-Iw-) a-zy-]m-\w-sim- v- G- -hp-a-[n-iw- tzm-jwkw-`-hn- p- - i-co-c-`m-kw- - I-cƒ B-[p-\n-I- `m-c-x-øn-s - in-ev-]n- - P-hml -em - s\-{lp ti-c-f-øn - Ip-cp-ap-f-Ip- K-th-j-W-tI- {µw- ÿn-xn- sn-øp- -Xv- - ]- n-bq s^-u-d - `-c-w-kw-hn-[m-\-ap- - cm-py- Øn-s - G- -hpw- h-en-b- k-hn-ti-j-x- - A-[n-Im-c-hn-`-P-\w ti-c-f-øn - C-e-Iv-t{Sm-Wn-Iv- thm- n-mvb-{ w- B-Zy-am-bn- D-]-tbm-Kn- - h -jw B-{K- \-K-cw- ÿm-]n- -Xv- - kn- -µ - tem-zn ti-c-f-øn - G- -hpw- Iq-Sp-X - hm-l- \-߃- c-pn-ã - sn-ø-s - n- p- - Pn- - - F-d-Wm-Ip-fw B-h-em-Xn- -ß-e- (\o-xn- -ß-e-)- ÿm- ]n- - ap-kƒ- N-{I-h -Øn- - P-lmw-Ko B-h-em-Xn- -ß-e- \n-dp-ø-em- n-b- ap- Kƒ- N-{I-h -Øn- - jm-p-lm sh- w- ip- o-i-cn- m- D-]-tbm-Kn- p- - cm-k-h-kv-xp- - t m-dn ss\-po-cn-b-bp-ss- X-e-ÿm-\w- - A-_p- P B-cp-sS- N-c-a-Zn-\-am-Wv- hm-b-\m-zn-\-ambn- B-N-cn- p- -Xv- ]n.-f-.-]-wn Cw- o-jv- Cu-kv- n- ym-i-º-\n- kv-ym-]n- X-am-Ip-tºmƒ- B-cm-bn-cp- p- ap-kƒ-n- {I-h -Øn- - -A-Iv-_ C-µn-cm-Km-\v-[n- h-[n- -s - -sx- v H-Iv-tSm-_ c- mw- tem-i-a-lm-bp- -Øn - \n-jv-]- -X- ]m-en-s - n-epw P -a-\n- B- {I-an- - cm-pyw- -t\m -th c- mw- tem-i-a-lm-bp- -Øn - P-\-kw- Jy-bp-sS- G- -hpw- Iq-Sp-X - i-x-am-\wa-c-ww- kw-`-hn- - cm-pyw- - t]m-f- v A-ta-cn- -bn-se- {]-[m-\- a-xw- - {In-kv- Xp-a-Xw B-cp-sS- P- -Zn-\-am-Wv- ti-c-f- k - m - X-Øz- m-\- Zn-\-am-bn- B-N-cn- p- - Xv- - i- -cm-nm-cy B-kv-]n-cn-\n-s - cm-k-\m-aw- A-k-ss km-en-ssk-en-iv- B-kn-Uv C- y- kw-ko-x-øn-\v- kn-xm-dn-s\- ]- cn-n-b-s -Sp-Øn-b-Xv- - A-ao - Jp-{kp C- y- kw-kv-ym-\-øv- ap-jy-a-{ n-kv- Ym-\-sØ-Øn-b- B-Zy- kn-\n-am- \-S- - Fw- Pn- cm-a-n-{µ ss{u-sk- n - D-]-tbm-Kn- p- - C-e-Ivt{Sm-sse- v- - A-tam-Wn-bw- t m-ssd-uv ssa- sssw-kv- B-cp-sS- B-fl-I-Y-bm-Wv- - sp.-_n.-ir-]-em-\n ti-c-f-øn - G- -hpw- Iq-Sp-X-em-bn- Im- W-s -Sp- - ]- n- - Im {_n- o-jv- ]m -e-sa- v- k-tω-fn- p- sim- m-cw- - sh-ãv-an- à - sim- m-cw C- ^v-fp-h- k-bv- v- Im-c-W-am-b- tcm- Km-Wp- - _m-kn- -kv- lo-tam-^n-e-kv Z- n-tw- y-bn -\n- pw- {]-[m-\-a-{ nbm-b- B-Zy- hy- n- - \-c-knw-l-dm-hp c- mw- tn-c-km-{am-py-øn-s - ÿm-]-i- - Ip-e-ti-J-c-h -a G- -hpw- hn-c-f-am-b- c- -{Kq- v- - F- _n- {Kq- v ss- -\-kn-\p- Im-c-W-am-b- tcm-km-wp- - t m-kv-{so-un-bw ti-c-f-øn-se- B-Zy-sØ- {]-txy-i- km- º-Øn-I- ta-j-e- - Im- -\m-sv B-Zy-sØ- Xn-cp- -sim- n- a-{ n-k-`-bv- pt\-xr-xzw- \ -In-b-Xv- - ]-d-hq - Sn.-sI.- \m-cm-b-w-]n tem-i-øn-se- B-Zy-sØ- P-\-d - ] - -kv- Iw-]yq- - - bq-wn-hm-iv Hm-d - do-ssl-t{u-j- sx-dm- n- G-Xptcm-K-Øn-\p- -Xm-Wv- - A-Xn-km-cw hm-en - hn-jw- kq- n- p- - Po-hn- - txƒ hm-kv-tim- \yq-\-kv- s_ -t_m-h- t]- cp-\ -In-b- k-ap-{zw- -]-k-^n-iv- k-ap-{zw Hm-à -en- v-kv- bp- w- \-S- - h -jw Hm-Iv-kn-P- I- p-]n-sn- -Xv- - {]o-ãv-en am-e- -Æv Po-h-I-Øn-s - A-`mhw-aq-ew- D- m-ip- p- - Po-h-Iw- F a-e-_m - I-f-Iv-S - sim-t\m-fn- h-[n- s - -Xv- G-Xv- h -j-øn - - F.-Un sf-iy-cm-jv-{s-k-`-bp-ss- B-Zy- sk-{i- dn- P-\-d - G-Xv- cm-py- m-c-\m-bn-cp- p- -t\m -th aq- p- {]-hm-iyw- `-c-xv- A-hm -Uv- t\-snb- a-e-bm-fn- \-S- - a-ωq- n G-Xv- k-ap-{z-øn-em-wv- Kn-\n-b- {]-hm-lw- -A-Xv-em- n-iv- k-ap-{zw A-Iv-_ - P-\n- - ÿ-ew- - A-a -tim- v- (1542) C-cp-]-Xmw- \q- m- n - P-\n- -h-cn - `mc-x-c-xv-\w- t\-sn-b- B-Zy- hy- n- - em - _-lm-zq - im-kv-{xn A-ta-cn- -bn-se- \m-w-bw- - tum-f ti-c-f-øn - Iq-dp-am- - \n-tcm-[-\- \n-ba-øn-eq-ss- Aw-K-Xzw- \-jv-s-s - - B-Zy- Fw.-F.-F.- - B.-_m-e-Ir-jv-W-]n th-ep-ø-ºn-bv- p-ti-jw- Xn-cp-hn-Xmw- Iq - Zn-hm-\m-b-Xv- - D-Ωn-Wn-Ø-ºn apw-ss_-bn-se- Zm-Z-dn-\p-k-ao-]w- B-cpsS- k-am-[n-ÿ-e-am-wp- -Xv- -_n.-b.- Aw-t_-Zv-I H-cp- en- v- F-{X- C- m-wv H-cp- en- - P-e-Øn-\v- F-{X- `m-c-ap- m- Ipw- - H-cp- In-tem aq-i-\m-b-iv- F- - {]-kn- o-i-c-w-øns - ÿm-]-i- -_n.-b.-aw-t_-zv-i H-cp- H-fn-ºn-Iv-kn - B-dp- kz -Ww- t\- Sn-b- B-Zy- h-\n-x- - {In-Ãn- Hm-t m a-s -ßpw- ]-cm-a -in- n- n- m-ø- hn-j-b߃- a-{ n-k-`-bv- p-th- n- B-cm-WvssI-Im-cyw- sn-øp- -Xv- -ap-jy-a-{ n A-Sn-a-Ø-an- m-ø- G-I- h- I-c- -A- m - n H-cp- hn-`m-k-øn - \n- p-am-{x-am-bn- G- -hpw- Iq-Sp-X - Hm-kv-I - A-hm -Uv- t\- Sn-b-Xv- - sk-{un-iv- Kn- - -kv B-a-tkm- - \-Zn- ]-Xn- p- - k-ap-{zw- - A-Xv-em- n-iv- k-ap-{zw H-cp- Hu- -kv- F-{X- {Kmw ti-c-f-øn - P-tem -k-h-߃- p- Xp- S- w- Ip-dn- p- - h- w-i-fn- - N-º- pfw- aq-ew- h- w-i-fn B-\n- _-k- v- hm-cm-w-kn-bn - sk- {S - ln-µp- kv-iqƒ- ÿm-]n- h -jw B-\v-{[- ti-k-cn- F- - A-]-c-\m-a-Øne-dn-b-s - n-cp- - t\-xm-hv- Sn- {]-Im-iw {^m- kn-se- G-Xv- ayq-kn-b-øn-em-wv- Um-hn- n-bp-ss- hn-jym-x-am-b- sam-wmen-k- F- - s]-bn- dn-mv- kq- n- n-cn- p- -Xv- - ep-hv-dv thm-bv-kv- Hm-^v- C- y- c-nn- -Xv- - Zm-Zm- `m-bv- \-h-tdm-pn C-t m-g-sø- ti-c-f- sk-{i-t -dn-b- v- a- µn-cw- D-Zv-Lm-S-\w- sn-ø-s - - h -jw Hm-d- p-i-fp-ss- \-K-cw- - \m-kv-]q Hm-d- v- _p- v- G-Xp- cm-py-sø- Hu-tZym- Kn-I- {]-kn- o-i-c-w-am-wv- - s\-x -e- Uv-kv C- y-bn-se- hn-am-\-øm-h-f-ß-fn - G- -hpw- \o-fw- Iq-Sn-b- d- -th- D- -Xv- - \yq- U -ln- C-µn-cm-Km-\v-[n- hn-am-\-øm-h- fw a-l-øm-b- hn-π-hw- \-S- - h -jw Fw.-Pn.-k -h-i-em-im-e- ssh-kv- Nm- ke-dm-bn-cp- - m-\-]o-t-tp-xm-hv- bp.- B.-A-\- -aq -Øn k-xy-pn-xv-td-bp-ss- ]-ty - ]m-rv-p-en,- A-]-cm-Pn-X- F- o- kn-\n-a-i-fp-ss- aq-e- I-Y- B-cp-tS-Xm-Wv- - hn-`q-xn-`q-j- - _- tµm-]m-[ym-b F-Xn-cn- m-sx- Xn-c-s -Sp- -s - - B- Zy-sØ- cm-jv-{s-]-xn- - \o-ew- k-rv-po-h- sd-uv-un B-Zy-sØ- C- y- `m-jm-]-{xw- - Zn-Kv- Z -i sh-bv-ãv-em- Uv- F-gp-Xn-b-Xv- - Sn.-F-kv.- F-en-b- v cm-py-k-`- \n-e-hn - h- - Xo-b-Xv G-{]n tem-i-sø- G- -hpw- h-en-b- ] -h-xw- - ln-am-e-bw C- y- H- n-\n-b-\n-s - B-Zy- ]-{Xm-[n- ] - - a- kp-jv-em - \m-k B-Zy-sØ- F-gp-Ø- - ]p-c-kv-im-c-øn- \ -l-\m-b-xv- - iq-c-\m-sv- Ip- - ]n G- -hpw- {]- p-_v-[- A- -co- - {]-Xn- `m-kw- - ssm -Wm-tUm G- -hpw- {]-kn- -\m-b- tem-zn- kp -Øm- - kn- -µ - tem-zn ti-c-f-øn-se- B-Zy- D-]-ap-Jy-a-{ n- - B.-i H-cp- In-tem- ss_- v- F-{X- ss_- m-wv H-cp- tdm-up-t]m-ep-an- m-ø- bq-tdm-]y- \-K-cw- - sh-\o-kv Km- n-pn- A-[y- -X- h-ln- - tim- - {K- v- k-tω-f-\w- - _ -Kmw-(1924) H-cp- Ip-Xn-c-i- n- F-{X- hm-sv-kv- B-Wv tem-i-ta- X-d-hm-Sp- X-\n- o-s -Sn-I-fpw- ]p -I-fpw- ]p-gp- -fpw- Iq-Sn-Ø- Ip-Spw- _- m - F- p- ]m-sn-b-xv- - h- -tømƒ C- y- bq-wn-b-\n - G- p-hp-sam-sphn - e-bn- - aq- v- \m- p-cm-py-߃- ssl- Z-cm-_m-Zv,- Pp-\-K-Vv,- Im-iv-ao H-cp- hym-g-h- - m-ew- F- -Xp-sIm- v- A -Y-am- p- - Im-ew h -jw C- y- bq-wn-b-s d- X-e-h- - cm-jv- {S-]-Xn H-cp- Im-en - c- p- hn-c-ep-iƒ- am-{x-ap- - ]- n- - H- -I- - n B-Zy-am-bn- sa-bv-zn-\w- B-tLm-jn- -s - - \-K-cw- - jn- m-tkm sh-bn- n-mv- t^m - Zn- a-lm-fl- c-nn- -Xv- - B.-sI.-\m-cm-b k-xy-pn-xv- td-bp-ss- B-Zy- Nn-{Xw- - ]- ty - ]m-rv-p-en {_u- - timƒ- F- -dn-b-s -Sp- -Xv- - en- ss - v C- y-bn - G- -hpw- Iq-Sp-X - I-ip-h- n- D -]m-zn- n- p- - kw-ÿm-\w- - ti- c-fw {`w-i-xm-gv-h-c-bn-eq-ss- H-gp-Ip- - C- y- \-Zn-Iƒ- - \ -a-z,- X-]v-Xn {Im- -tøm-h- A- n- ] -h-xw- G-Xv- cm- Py-Øm-Wv- - C-t m-\o-jy bp-td-\n-bw- B-Zy-am-bn- th -Xn-cn- -Xv- bp-pn- s]-en-tkm- v Hm-Iv-kn-P-s - A-`m-hw-aq-ew- i-co-c-i-e- Iƒ- p- m-ip- - tcm-kw- - A-t\m-Iv-kn- b D-Ø -{]-tz-in-s - \o-xn-\ym-b- X-e-ÿm- \w- - A-e-l-_m-Zv ssa-{xm-i-hw-i-øn-s - X-e-ÿm-\w- - h- -`n {_n- -Wn-se- In-co-Sm-h-Im-in-bp-sS- ÿm- \-t -cv- - {]n- kv- Hm-^v- sh-bn -kv bq-wn-t^mw- kn-hn - tim-un-s\- - n- {]- Xn-]m-Zn- p- - `-c-w-l-s-\m- A-\p-t -Zw C- y-bn - \n -an- - B-Zy- Cw-Kv-fo-jv- Nn- {Xw- - tim - v- Um- k Pn- F- -dn-b-s - -Xv- -Pn.-i- -c- p-dp- vhttp://

7 {_- -]p-cw- Uo-k - \n-e-bw- G-Xp- Pn- -bn - - F-d-Wm-Ip-fw C- y-bn - m-kn-iv- `m-jm- ]-Z-hn- e-`n- - c- m-a-sø- `m-j- - kw-kv-ir-xw ssa- -em- -tem- A- y-hn-[n- F- - Nn- {Xw- F-hn-sS-bm-Wv- h-c- n-cn- p- -Xv- - knssã- Nm- -en-s - Aƒ-Øm-c-bn C- y- X-]m -Ãm-ºn - {]-Xy- s - - B-Zy- hn-tz-i- h-\n-x- - B-\n- _-k- v Xr-»q - \-K-c-Øn-s - in-ev-]n- - i- - X-ºp-cm k-xym-{k-lw- _-e-hm- am-cp-ss- D-]-I-c- W-am-Wv- F- p- ]-d- -Xv- - Km- n-pn F-hn-S-sØ- ]m -e-sa- m-wv- tãm - nw- Kv- -t\m -th Xp-fp- Dƒ-s -Sp- - `m-jm-tkm-{xw- - {Zmhn-U- `m-jm-tkm-{xw cm-py-ß-fn- m-ø- G-I- `q-j-wv-uw- - A- m - n C- y-bn - C- m- k-{º-zm-bw- B-Zy-ambn- sim- p-h- -Xv- - ap-l-ω-zv- tkm-dn {im-h-w-_-e-tkm-f- G-Xp- a-x- m-cp-ss- B-cm-[-\m-tI-{µ-am-Wv- - ssp-\-a-xw tlm- n- {Ku- n-s - ho-xn ao tpm-k-^v- kv-an-øv- F- - hy- n- ÿm- ]n- - hn-izm-kw- - tam -a- - hn-izm-kw G- -hpw- h-en-b- A- n-] -h-xw-d- - kmc-bq-y- {K-lw- - snm C- y- ]-{X-{]-h -Ø-\-cw-K-sØ- h-µyh-tbm-[n-i- F- -dn-b-s -Sp- -Xv- - Xpjm - Im- n- tlm-jv C- y-bn - G- -hpw- h-s- p- - kw-ÿm- \- X-e-ÿm-\w- - {io-\-k _w-kmƒ- hn-`-p-\-hp-am-bn- _-\v-[-s - ssh-t{km-bn- - I-gv-k- - {]-`p C- y- bq-wn-b-s - `m-k-am-b- e- -Zzo- ]v- G-Xp- I-S-en-em-Wv- - A-d-_n- -S kz-cm-pv- ]m - n- ÿm-]n- -Xv- - tam- n-em s\-{lp-hpw- kn.-b - Zm-kpw C- y- bq-wn-b-s - F-Iv-kn-Iyp- o-hv- X- e-h- - {]-kn-u- v h-e-øp-\n- pw- C-S-tØm- v- F-gp-Xn-bn-cp- - {]m-no-\-`m-c-x-øn-se- en-]n- - J-tcm- jv-sn G-Xv- cm-py-øn-s - G-jy- `m-k-am-wv- G-jym-ssa-\ - A-Y-hm- A-\-t m-fn-b- - Xp - n H-fn-ºn-Iv- th-zn- \n- -bn- p- -Xv- - C- - \m-j-w - H-fn-ºn-Iv- I-Ωn- n tem-iv-k-`-bn-epw- cm-py-k-`-bn-epw- Aw- K-am-b- a-e-bm-fn- h-\n-x- -A-Ωp- kzm-an- \m-y kz -W-Øn-s - ip- -X- kq-nn- n- m- D-]-tbm-Kn- p- -Xv- - Im-c- v C- y- bq-wn-b-s - G-Xp- `m-k-am-wvt_- sf-e- v-kv- F- pw- A-dn-b-s -Sp- -Xv- - B- -am- \n-t m-_ cm-py-kv-t\-ln-i-fp-ss- cm-p-ip-am-c- F- v- B-sc-bm-Wv- Km- n-pn- hn-ti-jn- n- -Xv- - kp-`m-jv-n-{µ-t_m-kv tem-iv-k-`- cq-]-h - -cn- - Xo-b-Xn G-{]n G- -hpw- a-[p-c-ap- - cm-k-h-kv-xp- - km- -dn C- y- B-W-thm -P-I-Ωo-j-s - B-Zy- A-[y- - - tlm-an- P-lmw-Ko - `m-` G- -hp-a-[n-iw- A- m-cm-jv-{s-_-lp-a-xn- Iƒ- t\-sn-b- C- y- kn-\n-a- - ]n-d-hn tem-iv-k-`-bp-ss- Cw-]o- v-sa- v- t\-cn-ts- n-h- - B-Zy- P-Uv-Pn- - hn.-cm-a-kzm-an C- y- C- Ãn- yq- v- Hm-^v- A-Uzm- kv- Uv- Ã-Uo-kv- F-hn-sS-bm-Wv- - jnw-e C- y-bn - P-\-Xm-]m - n- A-[n-Im-c-Ønte-dn-b- h -jw s^-u-td-j- Hm-^v- C- y- tnw-t_- gv-kv- Hm-^v- sim-ta-gv-kv- B- v- C- Ukv-{Sn- (1927)-ÿm-]n- -Xm-cv- - _n -f-bpw- Xm- p -Zm-kpw {Km-a-]- m-b-øp-i-fp-ss- cq-]-h-xv-i-c- Ww- {]-Xn-]m-Zn- p- - `-c-w-l-s-\m- A- \p-nv-to-zw- - B - n- nƒ tem-iv-x-iv- X-Sm-Iw- G-Xp- kw-ÿm-\- Øm-Wv- - a-wn- q l-cn-x-hn-π-h-øn-s - ]n-xm-hv- - t\m -a- t_m -tem-kv C- y- {In- - n-s - sa- - F- -dn-bs -Sp- -Xv- - sim - -Ø cm-jv-{s-]-xn- \n-hm-kv- F-hn-sS-bm-Wv- - jnw-e Z-em - kv-{so- v- F-hn-sS-bm-Wv- - apw-ss_ l-cn-zzm,- ti-zm -\m-yv- F- o- Xo -Ym- S-\- ti-{µ-߃- G-Xv- kw-ÿm-\-øm-wv- - D-Ø-cm-J-Wv-Uv B-Zy-sØ- m-\-]o-t- tp-xm-hv- -Pn.- i- -c- p-dp- v thm-uv-i- F- - a-zyw- G-Xp- [m-\y-øn - \n- m-wv- - tkm-x-ºv G- -hpw- Iq-Sp-X - `m-j-i-fn-te- v- samgn-am- w- sn-ø-s - n- p- - a-e-bm-f- t\mh - - sn-ωo {Km-a-hn-I-k-\-hp-am-bn- _- -s - v- \otem-t -cn- ]- -Xn- v- t\-xr-xzw- \ -Inb-Xm-cv- - F-kv.-sI.-tU C- y- {In- - n-s - \-gv-k-dn- F- -dnb-s -Sp- -Xv- - apw-ss_ ti-{µ- a-{ n-bm-b- B-Zy- a-e-bm-fn- h-\n- X- e- v-an- F-.- ta-t\m l-km-cn-_m-kv-h-\y-po-hn-kw-c- -WtI-{µw-G-Xp-kw-ÿm-\-Øm-Wv- - Pm - J-Wv-Uv G-Xv- k-ap-{z-øn-em-wv- A-k- j- Zzo- ]v- -A-Xv-em- n-iv- k-ap-{zw tem-i-øn-em-zy-am-bn- ar-km-ip-]-{xnÿm-]n- - cm-pyw- - C- y ti-c-f-øn - {_n- o-jv- C- y-bp-ss- A- Sn-Ø-d- D-e- - hn-π-hw- - ]-g-»n- hn-π-hw ti-c-f-øn - {In-kv-Xy- a-x-hn-`m-k- m - F-Æ-Øn - G- -hpw- Iq-Sp-X-ep- - Pn- - - F-d-Wm-Ip-fw cm-pm-ti-i-h-zm-k-s d- a-c-ww- G-Xv- h - j-øn - - F.-Un ti-c-f-øn - {io- i- -c- kw-kv-ir-x- k - h-i-em-im-e-bp-ss- B-ÿm-\w- - Im-e-Sn Cw- - n-se- ]m -e-sa- v- tl-_n-b-kvtim - -kv- \n-b-aw- ]m-km- n-b- h -jw an-t m- tam -en- `-c-w- ]-cn-jv-im-cw- kw- _- n- - N - -\-S-Øm Cw- - n - t]m-b-t\-xm-hv- -tkm-]m-e-ir-jv-w- tkm-j-se Xp-cp- p-d - c-nn- -X- v- - Xn-cp-h- p-h {io-cm-a-ir-jv-w-an-j-s - A-[y- -\m-b- B-Zy- a-e-bm-fn- - kzm-an- cw-k-\m-ym-\-µ kz-x-{ - C- y-bn - H-fn-ºn-Iv-kn - (1952)- sa-u - t\-sn-b- B-Zy- C- y- mc- - si.-un.-bm-z-hv G- -hpw- D-b-c-Øn -h- p- \-S- - H-fn-ºn- Iv-kv- - sa-iv-kn-t m- kn- n C-µn-cm-Km- n- h-[-t -kn - in- n- s - -h - - k-xv-h- v- kn-mv,- ti-l - kn- Mv,- _ -_o - kn-mv Hu-dw-K-ko-_v- Zm-c-sb- txm -]n- - k- ap-k-vv- bp- w- \-S- - h -jw G- -hpw- A-]q -h-am-b- tem-lw- - tdm-un- bw C- y-bv- p- kzm-x-{ yw- In- p-tºmƒ- Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq - tã- v- tim- -{K-kn-s - {]- kn-u- m-bn-cp- -Xv- - ]- w- Xm-Wp-]n tem-iv-k-`m-kv-]o- - cm-pn- -Øv- sim- Sp-t - -Xv- B - m-wv- - U-]yq- n- kv- ]o- - v G- -hpw- D-b-cw-Iq-Sn-b- ar-kw- - Pn-dm-^v C- y- \m-j-w - tim- -{K-kn-s - A- a-cm-h-xn- k-tω-f-\-øn - A-[y- -X- h- ln- - a-e-bm-fn- - kn.-i- -c- \m-b G- -hpw- lr-z-b-an-sn- p-\n-c- v- Ip-d- k-kv-x-\w- - \o-e-øn-anw-kn-ew tem-iv-k-`m- {]-Xn-]- -t\-xm-hm-b- B- Zy- h-\n-x- - tkm-wn-bm- Km- n ti-c-f-øn - G- -hpw- Ip-d- p- Im-ew- a- { n-bm-bn-cp- -Xv- - Fw.-]n.-ho-tc-{µ-Ip-am C- y- ]m -e-sa- n - G-Xp- k-`-bn-em- Wv- Aw-K-a- m-ø- H-cmƒ- A-[y- -X- h- ln- p- -Xv- - cm-py-k-` ti-c-f- \n-b-a-k-`-bn - t{]m-t w- kv-]o- -dm-b- B-Zy- h-\n-x- - tdm-k-ωm- ]p- q-kv tem-i-sø- B-Zy-sØ- ss-ãv- Syq-_v- inip- - eq-bn- {_u kz-x-{ -`m-c-xw- cq-]-h-xv-i-cn- - a-{ n-k- `-bn -\n- v- cm-pn-h- - B-Zy-a-{ n- - B.- si.-j- -ap-jw- sn- n cm-ti-jv- i -a- _-ln-cm-im-i-øp-t]m-bh -jw G- -hpw- Ip-d- v- I-S -Øo-c-ap- - Z- ntw- y- kw-ÿm-\w- - tkm-h ti-c-f- \n-b-a-k-`-bn - B-Iv-Sn-Mv- kv-]o- -dm-b- h-\n-x- -\-^o-k-øv- _o-hn ap-e- m - D -]m-zn- n- p- - tlm -tam- - - t{]m-em-iv-sn ti-c-f- \n-b-a-k-`mw-k-am-bn-cn-s - A- cn- - B-Zy- hy- n- - tum.-f.-b.-tat\m C- y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- C- jp-d- kv- I- º-\n- - t_mw-s_- ayq-nz - A-jz-d- kvskm-ssk- n- en-an- -Uv t{]m-t m-πm-k-am-wv- Po-h-s - `u-xn-i-amb- A-Sn-ÿm-\w- F- p- ]-d- -Xv- - l- Iv-k-en N-{µ-\n -\n- v- t\m- p- -bmƒ- v- B- Im-iw- F- m-bn- txm- p- p- - I-dp- v t{]w- `m- n-b- A-hm -Uv- G-Xp- ta-j-ebn-em-wv- \ -Ip- -Xv- - ]-{X-{]-h -Ø-\w C- y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- C- -s\- v- ]- {Xw- - ^n-\m- jy - F-Iv-kv-{]-kv N-{µ-Kp-]v-X- c- m-a- G-Xv-t]-cn-em-Wv- {]-kn- -\m-b-xv- -hn-{i-am-zn-xy t{_m- - - hn-mv-kv- c-nn- -Xv- - k-tcm- Pn-\n- \m-bn-up C- y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- C-e-Iv-{Sn-Iv- Im - - td-h N-cn-{X-Øn-s - ]n-xm-hv- - sl-tdm-tum- - kv G- -hpw- Iq-Sp-X -Im-ew- `-cn- - I-ayp-Wn- Ãv- `-c-wm-[n-im-cn- - ^n-u - Im-kv-t{Sm G- -hpw- Iq-Sp-X - Zq-cw- tz-im-s-\w- \-S- Øp- - ]- n- - B -Sn-Iv- ts ti-c-f- I-em-a-Wv-U-e-sØ- ti-c-f- k - m - G-s -Sp-Ø- h -jw C- y- \-thm- m-\-øn-s - ]n-xm-hv- F- -dn-b-s - -Xv- - cm-pm-dmw- tam-l- tdm-bv G-Xp-t\-Xm-hn-s -a-c-w-ti-j-am-wv-km- n-pn-tz-io-b-{]-ÿm-\-øn-s -A-\n-tj- [y-t\-xm-hm-bn-d-b - -Xv- -_m-e-kw-km-[- c- Xn-e-I Nn-Zw-_-c-sØ- \-S-cm-P-hn-{K-lw- \n -an- -Xv- - tnm-f- am C- y- `-c-w-l-s-\-bp-ss- F-{Xm-a-sØ- `m-k-øn-em-wv- (]m - v-)- P-Ωp- I-iv-ao-cns\- kw-_- n- - {]-txy-i- hy-h-ÿ- Dƒs -Sp-Øn-bn-cn- p- -Xv G-Xp- cm-pm-hn-s - ]-Wv-Un-X-k-Z- m-bncp- p- A-jv-S-Zzn- zn-p-߃- - Ir-jv-W-tZ- h-cm-b C- y- bq-wn-b-\n-se- G- -hpw- sn-dnb- Pn- - - am-ln Np-h- - {Xn-tIm-Ww- F- n-s - Nn- -am- Wv- - Ip-Spw-_m-kq-{X-Ww {Ko-\n- v- tc-j-bpw- `q-a-[y-tc-j-bpw- kw- K-an- p- - t]m-bn- v- G-Xv- k-ap-{z-ønem-w- -A-Xv-em- n-iv- k-ap-{zwv G- -hpw- Ip-d- - `q-cn-]- -Øn-\p- Xnc-s -Sp- -s - - {]-kn-u- v- - hn.-hn.- Kn-cn X-an-gn-se- G- -hpw- ]-g-b- Ir-Xn- - txm - m- n-bw C- y- {In- - v- So-an - C-Sw- In- n-b- k- ºq -W- a-e-bm-fn- - {io-im- v C- y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- {I-a-h-Xv-Ir-Xsk- k-kv- \-S- - h -jw lp-a-bq-wn-s - i-h-ip-so-cw- F-hn-sS-bm- Wv- - U -ln bp-f- s]m-xp-k-`-bp-ss- A-[y- -bmbn- sx-c-s -Sp- -s - - B-Zy-h-\n-X- hn-p-b-e- v-an- ]-Wv-Un- v C- y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- A- m-cm-jv-{s- N-e- n-t{xm- -hw F-hn-sS-bm- Wv- \-S- -Xv- -apw-ss_ cn-lv-em- F- - Ir-Xn- c-nn- -Xv- - C-_v- _-Øq-Ø G- -hpw- Iq-Sp-X - cm-py-߃- v- kzm- X-{ yw- \ -In-b- cm-pyw- - {_n C- y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- ayq-kn-bw- - sim - -Ø ti-c-f- \n-b-a-k-`-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- tim- -{K-kv- kv-]o- - - A-e-Iv-km- - ]-

8 d-ºn-ø-d U -ln-bn - ]p-cm-wv- In-e- \n -an- -Xv- - sj -jm C- y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- bq-tdm-]y- tim- - \n -an- -sx-hn-ss- - sim- n-bn C- y-bn - km-º-øn-i- h -jw- B-cw- `n- p- -Xv- - G-{]n ti-c-f- am -Iv-kv- F- -dn-b-s - -Xv- si.-zm-tam-z-c C- y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- C- -\m-j-w - ^n-enw- s^-ãn-h - \-S- - \-K-cw- - apw- ss_ G- -hpw- Iq-Sp-X - cm-py-ß-fp- - `q-j- Wv-Uw- - B-{^n Hm-t m-a- kp -Øm- am - `-c-ww- \-S- Øn-bn-cp- - cm-pyw- - Xp - n D-Ø -{]-tz-in-s - km-º-øn-i- - hym-hkm-bn-i- X-e-ÿm-\w- - Im- -]q Hm-Iv-kv-t^m-Uv- bq-wn-th-gv-kn- n-bp-sstum-iv-s-td- v- e-`n- - C- y- N-e- n-{xkw-hn-[m-b-i- - k-xy-pn-xv-td hm-jn-mv-s- - \-K-cw- G-Xv- \-Zn-bp-sS- Xoc-Øm-Wv- - t]m-t m-am-iv hm-jnw-kv-s- - sa-tωm-dn-b - F-hn-sS-bm- Wv- -hm-jnw-kv-s- - Un.-kn Hm-d- v- hn-π-hw- F- p-am-bn- _- -s - n-cn- p- p- - ^m -a-kyq- n- -kv C- y-bn-se- G- -hpw- \o-fw- Iq-Sn-b- _o- v- (I-S- p-dw-)- -sn-ss -bn-se- a-do-\m- _o- v N-ta-en- tz-hn- P-bn- A-hm -Uv- G-Xpta-J-e-bn-em-Wv- \ -Ip- -Xv- - ]-{X-{]-h - Ø-\w C- y- {]-kn-u- n-s d- kv-ym-\-sø- G-Xp- cm-py-øn-s d- `-c-w-ø-e-h-\p-ambn- m-wv- km-[m-c-w-am-bn- Xm-c-X-ayw- snøp- -Xv- -{_n Sm-tKm-dn-s - Ko-Xm-Rv-P-en- A-tX-t]-cn a-e-bm-f-øn-te- v- X -P-a- sn-bv-x-xm-cv- -Pn.-i- -c- p-dp- v C-t m-g-sø- ti-c-f- sk-{i-t -dn-b- v- a- µn-cw- ]-Wn-I-gn- n- - cm-pm-hv- -B-bn-eyw- Xn-cp-\mƒ O-tµ-e- am - `-cn- n-cp- - cm-pyw- - _p- tµ -J-Wv-Uv G-Xn-s - I-hm-S-am-Wv- A-sse- Z -hm-k- - Ip-Ø-_v-an-\m P-\m-[n-]-Xy-sØ- \n -h-nn- - en- -s - {]- i-kv-x-am-b- {]-kw-kw- - sk- n-kv-_ -Kv G-Xn-s - km- n-[yw-aq-e-am-wv- i-co-c-ønse- c- w- I- -]n-sn- m-ø-xv- - sl- mcn C-t -h-sc- e-`n- n- p- -Xn - G- -hpw- h- en-b- h-{pw- - I- n-\ tem-i-øn-se- G- -hpw- h-en-b- tz-io-tbm- Zym-\w- - t\m -Øv- Cu-Ãv- {Ko- em- Uv- \m-j-w - ]m - v P-\n-X-I-im-kv-{X-Øn-s - ]n-xm-sh- -dnb-s -Sp- -Xv- - {Kn-K - sa- U P- m-\n - t_mw-_n-sm- A-\p-a-Xn- \ - In-b- A-ta-cn- - {]-kn-u- v- - lm-cn- F-kv.- {Sq-am Cu-\m-Sv- G-Xp- `m-j-bn-se- ]-{X-am-Wv- - sx-ep- v ti-c-f- t^m-d-ãv- U-h-e-]v-sa- v- tim - -td-j-s - B-ÿm-\w- - tim- -bw P-e-Øn-s - hn-in-jv-s- Xm-]-[m-cn-X- F- {X Pqƒ-kv- {]-Xn- In-tem-{KmwsI -hn C- y- {In- - v- So-an-s - B-Zy-sØ- Iym- ]v- - - kn.-si.-\m-bn-up c- v- ssn-\-bn - F- - Ir-Xn- c-nn- -Xv- - si.-fw.-]-wn Cw-]o- v-sa- n-\v- hn-t[-b-\m-b- K-h -W - P-\-d - - hm-d- tl-ãn-mv-kv tam- n- Im -tem- Im - dm-en- \-S- p- cm-pyw- - sam-wm-t m Pn-dm-^n-s - I-gp-Øn-se- A-ÿn-Iƒ C- y- C- Un-s]- U- kv- B-Iv-Sv- \ne-hn -h- - Xo-b-Xn Hm-K-Ãv d-jy-bp-ss- tz-io-b- Im-bn-I- hn-t\m-zw- - kmw-t_m Po-h-im-kv-{X-Øn-s - ]n-xm-hv- F- -dn-bs -Sp- -Xv- - A-cn-tÃm- n ti-c-f-\n-b-a-k-`-bp-ss- N-cn-{X-Øn - G- -hpw- Iq-Sp-X - {]m-h-iyw- Im-Ãn-Mv- thm- v- {]-tbm-kn- - kv-]o- - - F.-kn.-tPm- kv thm-bv-kv- Hm-^v- Z- lm - v- B-cp-sS- B- fl-i-y-bm-wv- - ar-wm-fn-\n- km-cm-`m-bn s - {]-hm-l-am-wv- ssh-zyp-xn- - C- e-iv-t{sm-wp-iƒ th-wm- n - ]p-e-t -Sn- \n-tcm-[n- - `-c- Wm-[n-Im-cn- - tim- -bw- ti-c-f-h -a d-kn-bm- kp -Øm-\- h-[n- -s - - h - jw Po-hn- p- - k-\ym-kn- (kn-µm- ]o -)- F- -dn-b-s - - ap-kƒ- N-{I-h -Øn- - Hu-dw- K-ko-_v dm-h -]n- n- F-Iv-kv-{]-kv- F- -dn-b-s - Sp- - Im-bn-I-Xm-cw- - sjm-bv-_v- A ti-c-f-øn - ]q -W-am-bn- ssh-zyp-xo-icn- -s - - B-Zy-sØ- {Km-a-]- m-b-øv- - I-Æm-Sn-(]m-e- m-sv- Pn- -) dm-jv- _n-lm-cn- t_m-kv- C- y- C- Uns]- U- kv- eo-kv- ÿm-]n- -sx-hn-ss- - P- m Pv-Rm-\-]o-Tw- t\-sn-b- B-Zy- X-an-gv- kmln-xy-im-c- -]n.-hn.-a-jn-em-wv-u-w- (A- Jn-e- ) C- y- D-]-`q-J-Wv-U-Øn - H-cp- hn-tzi-i-iv-xn-bp-ss-bpw- ta -t m-bv-a-bv- phn-t[-b-am-im-ø- H-tc-sbm-cp- cm-pyw- -t\- mƒ ti-c-f-øn - B-Zy-am-bn- ssh-zyp-xn- D- ]-tbm-kn- p- {]-h -Øn- - hy-h-km-b- kwcw-`w- - I-Æ- tz-h- I-º-\n F-{X- h -j-øn-sem-cn- -em-wv- H-fn-ºn- Iv-kv- \-S- p- -Xv C- y-bn-se- G- -hpw- h-en-b- kw-kv-ym- \w- - cm-p-kv-ym F-{X- Un-{Kn- tc-jmw-i-sø-bm-wv- A- m-cm-jv-{s- Zn-\m- -tc-j-bm-bn- I-W- m- p- -Xv C-µn-cm-Km- n-bp-ss- N-c-a-Zn-\w- B-N-cn- p- -Xv- - tz-io-b- ]p-\-c - -W-Zn-\w c- mw- tem-i- a-lm-bp- - m-e-øv- s\- hn - tnw-_ -se-bn- {_n- o-jv- {]-[m- \-a-{ n- ]-Z-sam-gn- -t mƒ- ]-I-c- mc-\m-b-xv- -k - hn- Ã- - N - n C- y-bp-ss- B-sI- hn-kv-xo -W-Øn-s - F-{X- i-x-am-\-am-wv- ti-c-fw C- y- D-]-`q-J-Wv-U-Øn-se- G- -hpwh-en-b- cm-pyw- - C- y s\-{lp- ]-s -Sp-Ø- B-Zy- tim- -{Kkv- k-tω-f-\w- - _- n- q -(1912) ti-c-f- km-ln-xy- A- m-z-an-bp-ss- B- Zy- A-[y- - - k -Zm - si.-fw.-]-wn s\m-_ - k-ωm-\-zm-\w- \-S- p- - Xob-Xn- - Un-kw-_ ti-c-f- km-ln-xy- A- m-z-an-bp-ss- B- Zy-sØ- B-ÿm-\w- - Xn-cp-h-\- -]p-cw d- - t_m -Un-s - B-ÿm-\w- -tim- -bw D- -bn-\n- G-Xp- \-Zo-Xo-c-Øv- - n-{] s\-t m-fn-b-s\-xn-sc- {S-^ -K-dn - Cw- o-jv- tk-\-sb- \-bn- -Xv- - A-Uv-an-d slm-td-tjym- s\ -k C- y- D-]-`q-J-Wv-U-Øn-se- G- -hpwsn-dn-b- cm-pyw- - `q- m t{_m-uv-tk-pv- ]m-x-bn - sd-bn - m-f߃- X-Ωn-ep- - A-I-ew ao C- y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- A- -Sn-b-{ wÿm-]n- -sx-hn-ss-bm-wv- - tkm-h-bn t{i-jv-t- `m-jm- ]-Z-hn- e-`n- - B-Zy- C- y- `m-j- -X-an-gv t m-tdm-^n- n - A-S-ßn-bn-cn- p- - temlw- - a- o-jyw NmNv-\m-a- F- -Xv- G-Xv- {]-tz-i-øn-s - N-cn-{X-sØ- p-dn- v- {]-Xn-]m-Zn- p- - Ir- Xn-bm-Wv- - kn- v I-cn-ºn -\n- p- In- p- - ]- -km-c- - kp- t{im-kv C- y- `-cn- - B-Zy-sØ- A-^v-Km- hwiw- - tem-zn- hw-iw Nm -an-\m - F-hn-sS-bm-Wv- - ssl-z-cm- _m-zv c- p- X-e-ÿm-\-ß-fp- - C- y- kwÿm-\w- - P-Ωp- Im-iv-ao H-cp- m-kn-se- P-e-Øn - H-cp- sf-kv- I-j-Ww- s]m-ßn- n-s- p- p.- A-Xn-sesF-kv- I-j-Ww- D-cp-In-Øo - - D-S- P-e-\n-c- v- - hy-xym-kw- h-cp- n tum.- im-c-zm- I-_o-dn-s\- ]p- \ -hn-hm-lw-sn-bv-x- t\-xm-hv- -_n.-b.- Aw-t_-Zv-I tim- -{K-kp-am-bn- ]q-s\- D-S-º-Sn-bn - G -s - - t\-xm-hv- -_n.-b.-aw-t_-zv- I H-cp- C- y- kw-ÿm-\-øn-s - ap-jya-{ n-bm-b- B-Zy- a-e-bm-fn- h-\n-x- Pm- \-In- cm-a-n-{µ- (Fw.-Pn.-B-dn-s - ]-Xv- \n-bm-bn-cp- - A-h - ssh- w- kz-tz-in- \n-bm-bn-cp- p.-) C.-Fw.-F-kv.- a-{ n-k-`-bp-ss- Im-e-Øv- \n-b-a-k-`-bn - `q-]-cn-jv-i-c-w-_n sim- p-h- - d-h-\yq- a-{ n- - si.-b.- Ku-cn-b-Ω- hn-s\- k-µ -in- - h -jw H-cp- km-[-\w- D -]m-zn- n- p- -Xn-\vk - m - \ -Ip- - Ip-Ø-h-Im-iw- t]- - v Du -P-Øn-s - F-kv.-sF.-bq-Wn- v- - Pqƒ du-e- v- \n-b-aw- G-Xp-h -j-am-wv Dw-tdm-bn- hn-am-\-øm-h-fw- G-Xv- kwÿm-\-øm-wv- - ta-lm-e-b s]- -K- - F- -Xv- G-Xp- cm-py-hp-am-bn- _- -s - n-cn- p- p- - bp.-f-kv.-f ti-c-f-øn - G- -hpw- Iq-Sp-X - Im-ew- {]-Xn-]- - t\-xm-hm-bn-cp- -Xv- - C.-Fw.- F-kv C- y- hn-]-wn-bn-se- G- -hpw- hn-e-iq- Sn-b- kp-k- - hy-rv-p-\w- - Ip- p-aw Im-bn-I-tI-c-f-Øn-s - ]n-xm-hv- F- -dnb-s -Sp- -X- - ti-w - tkm-z-h -a-cm-p ti-c-f-øn - D-]-Xn-c-s -Sp- n - ]-cm- P-b-s - - G-I- a-{ n- - si.-ap-c-fo-[-c s]m- m-kyw- F- - aq-e-i-øn-\v- si- F- - {]-Xo-Iw- e-`n- -Xv- G-Xp- em- n- hm- n - \n- m-wv- - Im-en-bw ti-c-f-øn - D-]-Xn-c-s -Sp- n-eq-ss- ko- p- \n-e-\n -Øn-b- B-Zy- Aw-Kw- - tdmk-ωm- ]p- q-kv C- y- hn-zym-`ym-k-øn-s - am- m-im - - F- -dn-b-s -Sp- -Xv- - hp-uv-kv- su-kv- ]m- v G- -hpw- Ip-d- v- A-Xn -Øn-bp- - cm-pyw- - h-øn- m i-iv-x- X-ºp-cm- A- -cn- -Xv- G-Xv- h - j-øn - - F.-Un s]m- -t m- Cu-t -gv-kv- F- - Nn-{Xw- c-nn- -Xv- - hm- tkm-kv C- y- hw-i-p - G- -hpw- Iq-Sp-X-ep- - Zzo-]p-cm-jv-{S-߃- - au-do-jy-kv,- ^n-pn I -Wm-S-I-Øn-se- \r-ø-cq-]w- - b- - Km-\w ti-c-f-øn - \n-e-\n- n-cp- - a-cp-a- - Øm-b- Zm-b-{I-a-sØ- p-dn- v- ]-cm-a -in- - {]-Y-a- hn-tz-i- k- m-cn- - {^-b - tpm -Um-\-kv e- -Zzo-]v- k-aq-l-øn - F-{X- Zzo-]p- Iƒ- D- v E-jn-tI-in -h- v- Kw-K-bp-am-bn- kw-k-an- p- - \-Zn- - N-{µ-`m-Khttp:// tim-h- ]q-xq - F- v- ]- v- A-dn-b-s - n-cp- - \-K-cw- - tim-b-º-øq cq-]w-sim- -\mƒ- ap-x - a-[y-\n-tcm-[-\w- \n-e-hn-ep- - kw-ÿm-\w- - Kp-P-dm-Øv ti-c-f-øn - G- -hpw- Ip-d- p-im-ew- A- [n-im-øn - Xp-S - - a-{ n-k-`-bv- p- t\- Xr-Xzw- \ -In-b-Xv- - si.-i-cp-wm-i-c C- y- H-fn-ºn-Iv- So-an-s\- \-bn- - B- Zy- h-\n-x- - ssj-\n- hn -k- -(1992) D-t m- n-b- c-nn- -Xv- - txm-a-kv- aq s]- kn - A-hm -Uv- G-Xp- ta-j-e-bnem-wv- \ -Ip- -Xv- - hn-zym-`ym-kw ti-c-f-øn - G- -hpw- D-b-c-Øn - ÿn- Xn- sn-øp- - ]- -Ww- - aq- m D-t -J- Km-b-I- F- -dn-b-s - - a-e-bmf- I-hn- - D- q d-tbm- - I- p-]n-sn- -Xv- - tpm-k-^v- kzm- (1883) H-cp- k-a-n-xp-c- - -bp-ss- h-i-ß-fp-ss- F- Æw c-_o-{µ-\m-yv- Sm-Kq - {io-\m-cm-b-w-kp-cp-

9 e-lp-`m-kv-i-co-b-øn-s - I -Øm-hv- - i- -c-\m-cm-b-w ti-c-f-øn - G- -hpw- Iq-Sp-X - Im-ew- D-]-ap-Jy-a-{ n- - A-hp- m-z - Ip- n- \-l em- a-dm-_v-se- F- - {^- p-t\m-h - a- e-bm-f-øn-te- v- hn-h -Ø-\w- sn-bv-x- Xv- - \m-e- m- v- \m-cm-b-w-ta-t\m C- y- I-d- kn-bn - F-{X- `m-j-bn aq-eyw- tc-j-s -Sp-Øn-bn- p- v s]m-xp-xn-c-s -Sp- v- \-S- - B-Zy- G- jy- cm-pyw- - C- y s]-se-bp-ss- b-ym -Y- t]-cv- - F-Uv-K - A-cm- -kv- tum-\m-kn-sa-t m s]-t{sm-fn-b-øn-s - A-kw-kv-Ir-X-cq-]w- A-dn-b-s -Sp- - t]-cv- - {Iq-Uv- Hm-bn I -Wm-S-I-kw-Ko-X-Øn-s - hm-\-ºm-sn- F- p- hn-ti-jn- n- -s - -Xv- - Fw.-F-kv.- kp- -e- v-an C- y- Ãm- n- n- - C- Ãn- yq- n-s - ÿm-]-i- - ]n.-kn.-a-l-e-t\m-_n-kv em-e- e-pv-]-xv- dm-bn-bp-ss- a-cw-øn-\p- Im-c-W- m-c-\m-b- km- tu-gv-kv- F- t]m-eo-kp-tzym-k-ÿ-s\- h-[n- -Xv- - `-K-Xv- kn-mv em-tlm - {]-Jym-]-\-Øn - H- p-h- -Xv- - A-S - _n-lm-cn- hm-pv-t]-bn I-{_m-fn-s d- sim- n- k-µ -i-\w- G-Xvh -j-øn - - F.-Un C- y- in- m-\n-b-aw- {]m-_ey-øn h - h -jw I-fn-bm- w- F- - kn-\n-a- G-Xv- tj-iv-kv- ]n-b - \m-s-i-sø- A-Sn-ÿm-\-am- n-bp- -Xm-Wv- - H-Y-t m G-gp- I-S-ep-I-fm - Np- -s - - cm-pyw- ku-zn- A-td-_y ti-c-f-øn - G- -hpw- Iq-Sp-X -Im-ew- U- ]yq- n- kv-]o- -dm-b-xv- - B.-F-kv.- D-Æn C- y- Ip-Spw-_m-kq-{X-W-Øn-s - ]n- Xm-hv- F- -dn-b-s -Sp- -Xv- - B.-Un.- Im -sh sa-un- -td-\n-b-s - Xm-t m - F- -dnb-s -Sp- -Xv- - Pn-{_mƒ I-\m - irw-k-e- hn-]p-e-am-b- co-xn-bn - \n -an- - Xp- -Iv- kp -Øm- - ^n-tdmkv- jm- Xp- -Iv C- y- kn-\n-a-bp-ss- X-e-ÿm-\w- F- -dn-b-s -Sp- -Xv- - apw-ss_ I-dp-Ø- a-c-ww- F- -dn-b-s -Sp- - tcm- Kw- - tπ-kv C- y- kw-kv-ym-\-ß-fn - aq-ey- h - [n-x- \n-ip-xn- \n-e-hn - h- - Xo-b-Xn G-{]n sd-uv- se-uv- F- -dn-b-s -Sp- -Xv- - ss{sπw-_n-iv- s{s-t{sm-iv-ssk-uv ti-c-f-øn - H-cp- a-wv-u-e-øn -\n- p- X-s - G- -hpw- Iq-Sp-X - {]m-h-iyw- hn- P-bn- -Xv- - si.-fw.-am-wn Hu-dw-K-ko-_n-s - `m-cy- dm-_n-b- Zp-cm- \n-bp-ss- i-h-ip-so-cw- - _o-_n- Im- a- Jv-_-c C- y- kw-kv-ym-\-ß-fn - kz- w- `-c- W-L-S-\-bp- - G-I- kw-ÿm-\w- - P- Ωp- -I-iv-ao I -]-\- Nu-f- _-ln-cm-im-i-øp-t]m-b- Xv- G-Xp- t]-s-i-øn-em-wv- - sim-fw-_n- b tim-ssh- F- -dn-b-s -Sp- -Xv- G-Xv- \- K-c-am-Wv- - tim-b-º-øq H-cp- km-{am-pyw- kz- -am- n-b- B-ZysØ- U -ln- kp -Øm- - A-em-hp- ±o- Jn -Pn tdm-f-iv-kv- hm- p-i-º-\n-bp-ss- B-ÿm- \w- F-hn-sS-bm-Wv- -P-\o-h P-hm-l -em - s\-{lp- e-iv-\u- tim- - {K-kv- k-tω-f-\-øn -h- v- Km- n-pn-sb- B-Zy-am-bn- I- - h -jw C- y- a-lm-k-ap-{z-øn-se- G- -hpw- h- en-b- Zzo-]v- - a-u-k-kv-i D-Ø-tc- y-bn-se- A-h-km-\-sØ- ln-µp- N-{I-h -Øn- -l -j-h - -\ G- -hpw- ]-g- -ap- - hn-h-cm-h-im-i-\n-ba-kw-hn-[m-\w- \n-e-hn-ep- - cm-pyw- - kzo- U P-kyq- v- {]-ÿm-\w- B-cw-`n- -Xv- -C-t - jy-kv- Hm-^v- e-tbm-f D-Æm-bn- hm-cy - kv-am-c-i-i-em-\n-e-bw- F-hn-sS-bm-Wv- - C-cn-ßm-e- p-s C- y- a-x- -km-aq-ln-i- \-thm- m-\- Øn-s - ]n-xm-hv- F- -dn-b-s -Sp- -Xv- cm-pm-dmw- tam-l- tdm-bv Km- n-pn- A-l-Ω-Zm-_m-Zn-\-Sp-Øv- sim- v-dm-_v- F- - ÿ-e-øv- k-xym-{k-lm- {i-aw- ÿm-]n- -Xv H-cp- in-ip- h-f - p-h-cp-tºmƒ- F- p-ifp-ss- F-Æw- - Ip-d-bp- p B-Zw-kv- {_n-uv-pn-s - (cm-a-tk-xp-)- \ofw In.-ao tz-ho-n-{µ-kp-]v-xw- F- - kw-kv-ir-x- \m- S-I-Øn-se- ti-{µ- I-Ym-]m-{Xw- -N-{µ-Kp- ]v-x- hn-{i-am-zn-xy G-Xv- Po-hn-bp-sS- a-kv-xn-jv-i-øn-em-wv- {]-Ir-Xn-bn-se- G- -hpw- h-en- w- Iq-Snb- \yq-tdm- - Im-W-s -Sp- -Xv- - H-Iv- tsm- -kv tz-io-b- ]- -km-c- K-th-j-W- ti-{µw- F-hn-sS-bm-Wv- -Im- -]q a-{ n-am - v- h-ip- p-i-fp-ss- Np-a-X-e- hn- `-Pn- p-\ -Im- K-h -W-sd- D-]-tZ-in- p- -Xv- B-cm-Wv- -ap-jy-a-{ n G-Xv- Po-hn-bp-sS- im-kv-{x-\m-a-am-wvtlm-tam- km-]n-b- kv- -a-\p-jy H-cp- tem-iv-k-`mw-k-øn-\v- Cw- o-jn-temln-µn-bn-tem- {]-kw-kn- m- A-dn-bn- m- F- n - am-xr-`m-j-bn - k-`-bn - {]-kw- Kn- m- A-\p-a-Xn- \ -Im- B - m- Wv- A-[n-Im-cw- -kv-]o P-lmw-Ko-dn-s - ap-jy-cm- n-bm-bn-cp- - Xv- - \q -P-lm C- y- C- Ãn- yq- v- Hm-^v- k-b- kvÿm-]n- -Xv- - Pw-j-Uv-Pn- Sm d-jy- hn-t -]n- - B-Zy- _-ln-cm-im-ihm-l-\w- - kv-]p-sv-\n-iv C- y- C- Ãv- yq- v- Hm-^v- s]-t{sm-fn-bwÿn-xn- sn-øp- -Xv- - su-dm-uq tem-i- ]-cn-ÿn-xn- Zn-\w- - Pq ti-c-f-øn-se- B-Zy-sØ- k - m - B- ip-]-{xn- Xn-cp-h-\- -]p-c-øv- {]-h -Ø- \-am-cw-`n- -Xv- G-Xv- h -j-øn - - F.-Un tdm-th-gv-kv- I- v- G-Xp- I-fn-bp-am-bn- _- -s - n-cn- p- p- - ^p-sv-t_mƒ ti-c-f-øn-se- B-Zy-sØ- s{]m-^-j- W - ^p-sv-t_mƒ- - v- - F-^v.-kn.-sIm- n sp -tkm- - sh- - m- w- G-Xp- \-Zn-bn - - i-cm-h-xn hn-c-ep-i-fn-s - n-epw- \-J-߃- D- - Pohn- - B-\ Ãm-ºn - Nn-{Xw- A- -Sn- -s - - B-Zy- C- y- h-\n-x- - ao-cm-`m-bn C- y- kw-ÿm-\-ß-fn - ap-jy-a-{ nÿm-\w- G- -hpw- Iq-Sp-X - Im-ew- h- ln- -Xv- - tpym-xn- _-kp c-_o-{µ-\m-yv- Sm-Kq - P-\n- - ho-sv- - spdm-km-t m- `-h-\w C- y- kw-ÿm-\-øn - G- -hpw- Iq- Sp-X - {]m-h-iyw- ap-jy-a-{ n-bm-b- h-\n- X- - am-bm-h-xn c- mw- tnm-f- km-{am-py-øn-s - b-ym - Y- ÿm-]-i- - hn-p-bm-e-b ti-c-f-øn - I-fn-a- - \n-t -]w- Iq-Sp- X-ep- - {]-tz-iw- - Ip- -d C- y-bp-ss- B-Zy-sØ- \m-t\m- ss-iv-t\mf-pn- ]-T-\- ti-{µw- -_mw- q se- v- F- - ]-Zw- G-Xv- Im-bn-I- hn-t\m- Z-hp-am-bn- _- -s - n-cn- p- p- - tem- - ss- o-kv C- y-bn-se- ssl-t m-s-xn-i-fn - G- - hpw- Iq-Sp-X - P-Uv-Pn-am-cp- -Xv- - A-e- l-_m-zv sf.-f-kv.-b.-h.- ÿm-]n-x-am-b- h -jw C- y-bn-se- ssh-t{km-bn-am-cn - G- - hpw- Iq-Sp-X -Im-ew- ]-Z-hn- h-ln- -Xv- en- en-xv-tkm- {]-`p hn-p-b-\-k-c-km-{am-py-øn-s -A-h-in-jv- S-߃- Im-Wm- I-gn-bp- - lw-]n- G- Xv- kw-ÿm-\-øm-wv- - I -Wm-S-Iw C- y- kw-ÿm-\-øv- A-[n-Im-c-Øn h- - B-Zy-sØ- {]m-tz-in-i- cm-jv-{so-b- ]m - n- - Un.-Fw.-sI sf-iy-cm-jv-{s-k-`- kv-ym-]n- m- ap- Isø-Sp-Ø-h-cn - {]-ap-j-\m-b- A-ta-cn- - {]-kn-u- v- - {^m- v-fn- Un- dq-kv- sh - v C- y- kw-ÿm-\-øv- a-{ n-bm-b- B- Zy- h-\n-x- -hn-p-b-e- v-an- ]-Wv-Un- v C- y-bn-se- ssl-t m-s-xn-i-fp-ss- F- Æw ti-c-f-øn,- hy-`n-nm-c- p- w- B-tcm-]n- n-cp- - kv-{xo-iƒ-s -Xn-sc- kzo-i-cn- ncp- - \-S-]-Sn- - kv-am -Ø- hn-nm-cw- p-dp- v ti-c-f-øn-se- B-Zy-sØ- s]m-xp- Xn-cs -Sp- n - I-ayp-Wn-Ãv- ]m - n- F-{Xko- v- t\-sn ti-c-f-øn - Xp-S - p-h-cp- - km-ap-zmbn-i- kw-h-c-ww- G-Xp- {]-t m-`-øns - ^-e-am-wv- - \n-h -Ø-\- {]-t m-`- Ww eq-bn- ]-Xn-\m-dm-a-s\- h-[-in- -bv- v- hnt[-b-\m- n-b-sx- v P-\p-h-cn ti-c-f-øn - Xp-S - -bm-bn- G- -hpw- Iq- Sp-X -Im-ew- ap-jy-a-{ n- - kn.-a-nyp- X-ta-t\m eq-kn- m-\n-b- C-t mƒ- A-dn-b-s -Sp- t]-cv- - t]m - p-k ti-c-f-øn-em-zy-am-bn- C-e-Iv-t{Sm-Wn-Ivthm- n-mv- sa-jo- D-]-tbm-Kn- - a-wv-uew- - ]-d-hq eq-wm - Im-Ãn-Iv- F- -dn-b-s -Sp- -Xv- - kn -h - ss\-t{s- vhttp:// C- y-bn-se- sss-u - Xp-d-ap-Jw- - Im- v-e hn-iv-tsm-dn-b- sh- - m- w- G-Xv- \-Zn-bnem-Wv- - kmw-_-kn sf-iy-cm-jv-{s-k-`-bp-ss- k -h-i-em-ime-bp-ss- B-ÿm-\w- - tsm- n-tbm hm-k- - {Sm-P-Un- G-Xp- I-em-]-hp-am-bn- _- -s - n-cn- p- p- - a-e-_m - I-em-]w Hm-K-Ãv- hn-π-hw- F- -dn-b-s -Sp- -Xv- - Izn- n- ym- k-a-cw Hm-kv-t{S-en-b-bn-se- G- -hpw- h-en-b- \- K-cw- - kn-uv-\n C- y-bn-se- G- -hpw- \o-fw- Iq-Sn-b- I- \m - - cm-p-ÿm- I-\m - (C-µn-cm-Km- n- I-\m -) hm-kv-tim- U- Km-a- C- y-bn-te- p- ]pd-s - - t]m - p-k - Xp-d-ap-Jw- - t_-ew hm-kv-tim- U- Km-a- h- n-d-ßn-b- ]- em-bn-\n- I-S- p-dw- G-Xp- Pn- -bn - - tim- gn-t m-sv C- y- kw-ÿm-\-øv- ap-jy-a-{ n-bmb- B-Zy- k- ym-kn-\n- - D-am-`m-c-Xn kn.-_n.-sf.-bp-ss- ti-c-f-bq-wn- n-s - B- ÿm-\w- - sim- n en-tbm-t]mƒ-uv- _v-fqw- B-cp- kr-jv-sn- - I-Ym-]m-{X-am-Wv- - sp-bnw-kv- tpm-bv- kv sh- -kv-en- {]-`p-hn-s d- ssk-\n-i-k-lmb- hy-h-kv-y-bn - H- p-sh- - B-Zy-sØ- \m- p-cm-pyw- - ssl-z-cm-_m-zv ti-c-f-øn - N-µ-\- m-sp- - {]-tz-iw- - a-d-bq enw-km-b-øp-i-fp-ss- B-cm-[-\m-aq -Øn- - in-h eo- Izm- bp- G-Xp- cm-py-sø- B-Zy- {]-[m-\-a-{ n-bm-wv- - knw-k- q sim - -Ø- ]- -W-Øn-s - ÿm-]-i- - tpm-_v- Nm -t\m- v ti-c-f-øn - s]m-eo-kv- ayq-kn-bw- F- hn-ss- ÿn-xn- sn-øp- p- - sim- w eo-em-h-xn- F- - Ir-Xn- t] -jy-\n-te- v- X -P-a- sn-bv-x-xv- - s^-bv-kn Sn- p- kp -Øm-s - X-e-ÿm-\-am-bn-cp- -Xv- - {io-cw-k-]- -Ww C- y- kw-ÿm-\-øv- ap-jy-a-{ n-bmb- B-Zy- Z-fn-Xv- h-\n-x- - am-bm-h-xn kq-cy-im- n- c-nn- -Xm-cv- -Pn.-i- -c-