i_vz-øn-s bpw kwko-x-øn-s bpw

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3 i_vz -Xn v imkv{x-am-kni {]kn- o-i-c-w-øns 48 mw h jw 2017 Pqsse e w 561 ticf imkv{xkmlnxy ]cnjøv {]kn oicww i-_v-z-]t-\-øn-\v H-cp ap-j-hp-c : tum. \-ho kp-tc-{μ 13. i-_v-z-øn-s ]-cn-wm-a-h-gn-iƒ : tum. si. kp-[ 16. i-_v-z-te-j-\w aƒ- n-{sm- n-se-øp-tºmƒ : tum. C. Fw. ap-l-ωzv 18. kw-ko-x-øn-s Du -P-X-{ w : tum. a-[p X-e- p-fw 22. i-_v-z-ap-j-cn-x-am-b ssk-e v-hm-en : s{]m-^. C. Ip- n-ir-jv-w 24. i-_v-z-a-en-\o-i-c-w-øn-s Im-Wm- p-d-߃ : tum. kn. tpm ]-Wn- 29. A-`n-am-\-I-c-am-b N-cn-{X-t\- w : Pn. A-ø- 32. t{k- v _m-cn-b do-^pw Nn-e D-Xv-I-WvT-I-fpw : Sn. Kw-Km-[-c 33. Du-gn-bw : tkm-a Im-cym- v 34. km-aq-ly-im-kv-{x-]t-\w kv-iq-fp-i-fn : tum. si. F. K-tW-iv 38. H-cp So- -dp-ss I-Øv 41. ªm- v k-eyq- v : tum. Pn. _n-]n 44. A- -Sn- ]p-kv-x-iw a-cn-t m? : dq-_n Un-{Iq-kv 46. GI-Z-ßfpw a pw : kptajv Fkv.-F-kv. ImgvN-bv - pdw Ih Nn{X-߃ i_vz-øn-s bpw kwko-x-øn-s bpw {]tbm-k-ønse almhnπ-h-am-bn-cp p Ah Bte-J\wsNøm\pw hos -Sp- p-hm\pw klm-bn {Kma-t^m. txmakv B hm FUn-k I p-]n-sn CXn\v IqSp-X anihv \evinbxv Ae-Ivkm- {Klmw - s_ BWv. {Klmws_ cq]-i-ev]\ snbvx {Kma-t^m-WmWv apj-nn-{x-øn. a\p-jy Cu `qan-bn Bhn `-hn- -Xpap-X kwkoxw Ahs IqsS-bp- v. a\pjy ]cn-w-an v hnimkw {]m]n- -txmssm w ]e-xcw kmt -Xn-I-hn-Zy-I-fp-]-tbm- Kn- p D]-I-c-W-ßfpw hni-kn- p-ibpw temi-saßpw hym]n- p-ibpw snbvxp. kwkvim-c-߃ n-s-bn kwko-txm-]-i-c-wß-fpss sim epw simsp- epw \S- n- p- v. C y-bn DZv`-hn v hni-kn- n- kwkotxm-]-i-c-w-ß-fn Nne-XmWv ]pdw- I-h-dn. ASp-Ø -e w (2017 BKÃv) {]-txy-i-hn-j-bw : amuw- Iyqdn imkv{xw PohnXwXs

4 Xp-S -]T-\-km-[y-X-Iƒ ss{]-a-dn-x-ew ap-x _n-cp-zm-\- -c-x-ew-hsc-bp- hn-zym n-iƒ- v hn-hn-[ kv-tim-f -jn- p-iƒ \-ev-in-h-cp- p- v. an-sp- -cm-b hn-zym - n- Iƒ- v am-{x-am-wv ap -Im-e-ß-fn kv-tim-f -jn- v e-`n- n-cp- -sx- n i-cm-i-cn hn-zym - n-iƒ- p-iq-sn e-`n- pw-hn-[w kv-tim-f -jn- p-i-fp-ss F- Æ-hpw ssh-hn-[y-hpw C-t mƒ h -[n- n- p- v. k- ao-]-im-e-øv B-hn-jv -I-cn- p-\-s- m- n-b kv -tim-f - jn- p-iƒ Iq-Sp-X B-I -j-i-hp-am-wv. {i- n-t - Im-cy-߃ kv -tim-f -jn- p-iƒ- v A-t]- n- p- hn-zym - n-iƒ {i- n-t - Nn-e {]-[m-\ Im-cy-ßfp- v. Pq-sse ap-x H-Iv-tSm-_ -h-sc-bp- am-kß-fn-em-wv an- -hm-dpw kv-tim-f -jn- p-iƒ- v A- t]- -Wn- p- -Xv. C- v _-lp-`q-cn-]- w kvtim-f -jn- p-iƒ- pw A-t]- n- p- -Xv Hm sse co-xn-bn-em-wv. A-Xp-sIm- v kv -tim-f -jn- v kw-_- n- v {]-kn- o-i-cn- p- A-dn-bn- p-iƒ hn- Zym - n-iƒ b-ym-k-a-bw {i- n- n-cn-t - -Xm-Wv. ap -Im-e-ß-fn -\n- v hy-xy-kv-x-am-bn hn-zym - n-bp-ss _m- v A- u- n-te- v t\-cn- m-wv kvtim-f -jn- v Xp-I F-Øp- -Xv. A-Xn-\m _m- v A- u- v \-º, _m- n-s IFSC tim-uv F- nh A-t]- m-t^m-d-øn {i- m-]q -hw tc-j-s - Sp-tØ- -Xp- v. kv-tim-f -jn- p-i-sf- p-dn- p hn-i-z-am-bn {]-Xn- ]m-zn- m ÿ-e-]-cn-an-xn A-\p-h-Zn- p- n-. F- m hn-i-zmw-i-ß-ß-fpw _- -s - sh-_v-ssk- p- I-fn e-`y-am-wv. A-Xp-sIm- v ssk- p-i-fp-ss hnem-kw \-ev-ip- p. ti-c-f-øn G- -hpw A-[n-Iw kv-tim-f -jn- p-iƒ tim-tf-pv hn-zym-`ym-k-h-ip- v h-gn-bm-wv e- `y-am-hp- -Xv. Cu ]- -Xn-I-fn π-kv h hn- Zym n-iƒ- v A-t]- n- m-hp- -h Xm-sg sim- Sp-Øn-cn- p- p. hn-i-zmw-i-߃ www. dcescholarships.kerala.gov.in F- sh-_v-sskπ-kv Sp ]T-\-Øn-\v kv-tim-f -jn- p-iƒ n e-`n- pw. 1. tã- v sa-dn- v kv-tim-f -jn- v 2. Un-kv-{Sn-Iv-Sv sa-dn- v kv-tim-f -jn- v 3. t]m-ãv sa-{sn-iv kv-tim-f -jn- v 4. sk -{S sk-œ kv-tim-f -jn- v 5. ln-μn kv-tim-f -jn- v 6. kw-kv-ir-x]t-\ kv-tim-f -jn- v 7. ss{]-a-dn/sk- -dn kv-iqƒa-[ym-]-i-cp-ss a- ƒ- p- sa-dn- v kv-tim-f -jn- v 8. ap- nw/\m-sm hn-zym - n-\n-iƒ- p- kv -timf -jn- v 9. A- / hn-i-emw-k hn-zym - n-iƒ- p- kvtim-f -jn- v 10. ssk-\n-i-cp-ss B-{in-X - p- kv -tim-f -jn- v National Scholarship Portal en-epw ta-ev-]-d- kv-tim-f -jn- p-i-fp-ss hn-i-zmw-i-߃ e-`n- pw. a- p Nn-e kv-tim-f -jn- p-iƒ 1. ap-t m- -k-ap-zm-b hn-zym - n-iƒ- p- "hn- Zym-k-ap- -Xn' kv-tim-f -jn- v. (C-Xn-\v sk- -dn hn-zym n-iƒ- pw A-t]- n- mw) www. kswcfc.org.in 2. C- y Hm-bn kv-tim-f -jn- v. www. iocl.scholarships 3. a-x-\yq-\-]- hn-zym - n-\n-iƒ- p- _o-kw l-kv-d-xv a-l \m-j-\ kv-tim-f -jn- v _o-un/kn-\n-a/j-\n sxm-gn-em-fn-i-fp-ss a- ƒ- p- kv-tim-f -jn- v. (H- mw X-cw ap-x - p- A -l-cm-b hn-zym - n-iƒ- v C-Xv e- `n- pw.) kv-tim-f -jn- p-iƒ kw-_- n- v C-hn-sS \-ev- In-b hn-h-c-߃ ]q -W-a-. A -l-cm-b ]-e hn- Zym n-i-fpw bym-k-a-bw A-t]- \-ev-ip- n- F- -Xv H-cp h-kv-xp-x-bm-wv. s{]m^.- F.sI. tkmhn-μ ]{Xm-[n]kanXn : H Fw i -c (FUn ), Fw Znhm-I-c (amt\pnmv FUn ), ]n Fw kn m (Atkm-kn-tb v FUn- ), s{]m^. F si tkmhn-μ (Atkm-kn-tb v FUn- ), s{]m^. Fw `mkvi-c, s{]m^. Fw tkm]m-e, Fw ]n k\n Ip-am, si kptc-{μ ASp-Øne, ]n kp\n tzhv, tum. ]n apl-ωzv jm^n, s{]m^. F kpti-jv, F Pb-cm-P, hn N{μ-_m-_p, ]n Fw KoX, si B Atim-I, kwkox tn\w-]p n, A] W a t mkv. en]n hn\ymkw: _npp taml Fw. Nn{Xo-I-cWw: kxojv, Ih : kptc-{μ ASp-Øne, te Hu v & {Km^nIvkv : d\ojv si. ]n. hm jni hcn-kwjy `150 H -{]Xn `15. UnUn/ Fw H Ab-bv pi. hcn- m-cpss {]iv\-ßfpw hcn-kw-jybpw Ab-bv m-\p hnemkw: amt\-pnmv FUn-, imkv{x-ti-c-fw, Nme- pdw ]n H, timgn-t m-sv e mail : ksspmagazine@gmail.com Ph: IØp-Ifpw cn-\-ifpw Ab-bvt hnemkw: FUn-, imkv{x-ti-c-fw, ]cn-jzv `h, Xfm v, IÆq e mail : sasthrakeralam@gmail.com,

5 FUn-t m-dn-b H-cp Ip-Xn- p-nm- -Øn-s Hm -a-bv- v 1969 Pq-sse 21. km-t -Xn-I-hn-Zym-cw-K-Øv a-\p-jy-s Ip-Xn- p-nm- -Øn-s Zn-\-am-bn-cp- p A-Xv. A- m-w-t m a-\p-jy B-Zy-am-bn N-{μ-\n C-d-ßn-b-Xv. A-hn-sS F-Øn-b \o Bw-kv-t{Sm-ßv a-\p-jy-cm-in-bp-ss h -Im -sh- m-wn-sx- v B-Àm-Zw-sIm- p. Cu kw-`-hw im-kv-{x- -km-t -Xn-I-im-kv-{X-cw-K-ß-fn D- m- n-b A-\p-c-W-\-߃ Ip-d-s m- p-a A- -sø tkm-hn-b- v bq-wn-b kv-]p-sv-\n- v F- B-Zy _-lncm-im-i-hm-l-\w hn-t -]n- -t mƒ-ø-s kv-iq-fp-i-fn-se-bpw k -h-i-em-im-e-i-fn-se-bpw im-kv-{x-]t-\w sa- -s -Sp-Øm-\pw ]p-\x-kw-l-sn- n- m-\p-ap {i-a-߃ tem-i-øm-i-am- \w \-S- p-i-bp- m-bn bq-dn- K-Km-dn _-ln-cm-im-i-øv F-Øn-b-t mƒ Cu Zn-ibn-ep- {]-h -Ø-\-ß-fp-sS B- w ho- pw h -[n- p. C- y-bn-epw im-kv-{x-]t-\-cw-k-øpw im-kv-{x-k-th-j-w-cw-k-øpw am- -߃ Zr-iy-ambn. sa- -s - im-kv-{x- -K-Wn-X-im-kv-{X-]mTy-]- -Xn X-øm-dm- m {i-aw \-S- p. A-Sn-ÿm- \-im-kv-{x-k-th-j-w-øn-\pw ss-iv-t\m-f-pn-hn-i-k-\-øn-\pw ap -K-W-\ \-ev-in. km-º-øn-i-cw-k-øv D-Zm-c-h-Xv-I-c-W-hpw kz-im-cy-h-xv-i-c-w-hpw B-tKm-f-h-Xv-I-c-W-hpw h- -txm-ss C- y-bpƒ-s -ss-bp- cm-py-߃ A-Sn-ÿm-\-im-kv-{X-K-th-j-W-Øn -\n- v ]n- m- w t]m-bn. ]p-xn-b ss-iv-t\m-f-pn-hn-i-k-\-øn-\pw {]m-[m-\yw \-jv-s-am-bn. Cu km-l-n-cy-øn im-kv-{x-]t-\-øn-s co-xn-im-kv-{x-hpw D- -S- -hpw ]-cn-jv-i-cn- m Im-cy-am-bn {i-a-ß-sfm- pw \-S- p- n-. Nn-e-t m-sg- n-epw, ss-iv-t\m-f-pn-sb im-kv- {X-am-bn sx- n- -cn- v ss-iv-t\m-f-pn-]t- \-am-bn im-kv-{x-]t-\-sø \yq-\o-i-cn- p-i-bpw sn-øp- p. Pq-sse 21 ho- p-sa-øp-tºmƒ, _- ln-cm-im-i-k-th-j-ww km-t -Xn-I-hn- Zym-cw-K-Øpw hm -Øm-hn-\n-a-b-cw-K- Øpw B-tcm-Ky-cw-K-Øpw a- pw \ -Inb kw-`m-h-\-iƒ Hm -an-t a-xn-bm-hq. A-h-sb- mw b-ym - -Øn km-[y-am- n-b-xv A-Sn-ÿm-\-im-kv-{X-Øn-se K-th-j-Ww-h-gn Iq-Sn-bm-sW- pw Xn-cn- -dn-tb- -Xp- v. C- m-cy-߃ \-Ωp-sS kv-iq-fp-ifn N - -sn-ø-ww. Iq- -Øn A- - hn-izm-k-߃ ]p-xn-b cq-]-øn Xn-cn- p-h-cp- km-l-n-cyw-iq-sn I-W- n-se- Sp-Øv kv -Iq-fp-I-fn-se im-kv -{X-hn-Zym-`ymkw F-ß-s\ ]p-\x-kw-l-sn- n- m-sa- pw an-sp- -cm-b Ip- n-i-sf im-kv-{x -]T-\-Øn-te- v F-ß-s\ B-I -jn- msa- pw ]-cn-tim-[n- p-sa- v {]-Xo- n- -s. F-Un- 5

6 1. _n-kv _m-tßm, ln-kv-kv _m-tßm? {]-]- w D- m-b-sx-ß-s\? kn- m- -߃ amdn-am-dnhs - nepw C-t mƒ im-kv-{x-tem-iw a-lmhn-kv-t^m-s-\-kn- m- w (Big Bang Theory) Aw- Ko-I-cn- p-i-gn- p. F- m Cu kn- m- -hpw {]- iv-\-ß-fn- m-ø-x-. H-cp sn-dn-b B- -Øn-s h- ep- -Øn -\n- pw \mw C- v Im-Wp- A- \- -am-b h-en- -Øn-te- v {]- ]- w hn-i-kn- v h-ep-xm-bsx-ß-s\? C- Xn-\p-Ø-cw tx- S-sh-bm-Wv 1980 I-fn A- Kp-Øv F- im-kv-{x- {Zp-X-hn-Im-kw F-s m-cp kn- m- w apt m- p-sh- -Xv. a-lm-hn-kv-t^m-s-\-øn-s B-ZysØ sk- n-s H-cp-`m-Kw k-a-bw-sim- v {]-]- w A-Xn-{Zp-Xw h-ep-xm-bn F- m-wv A- Kp-Øv kn- m- n- -Xv. F- m-h-cpw {]-]- -Øns {Zp-X-hn-Im-k-L- -sø Aw-Ko-I-cn- p- p-s - n-epw A-sX-ß-s\ D- m-bn F- -Xn-\v hy- -amb D-Ø-c-sam- p-an-. C-Xn-\v D-Ø-cw tx-sp- -Xn c- p h-kv-xp-x- Iƒ k-lm-b-øn-\p- v. H- m-a-xm-bn, {Zp-X-hn-Imkw A-Zn-i (scalar) am-wv. A-Xv F- m Zn-i-I-fnte- pw kw-`-hn- n-cp- p. c- m-a-xm-bn, {Zp-X-hn-Imkk-a-b-Øv A-Xn-\v Im-c-W-am-b {]-Xn-`m-kw Ipd- p-k-a-b-tø-s - n-epw "Kp-cp-Xzm-I -j-w-hn-cp- -am-b' H-cp kz-`m-hw Im-Wn- n-cp- p. {Zp-X-hn-Imk-Øn-\v D-Ø-cw-In- m-sx A-t\z-j-W-߃ \-S- p- Im-e-Øm-Wv 2012 ln-kv -kv t_m-tkm-wn-s\ (im-kv -{X-tI-c-fw, 2017 P-\p-h-cn, t]. 23 Im-Wp-I.) I-s -Øp- -Xv. ln-kv -kv t_m-tkm B-Wv a- p ]-e I-W-߃- pw {Z-hy-am-\w (mass) \-ev -Ip- -Xv. ln-kv-kv t_m-tkm-wn-s\ H-cv A-Sn-ÿm-\-I-Wsa- -Xn-ep-]-cn a-s m-cp-x-c-øn ho- n- K-thj-I-cm-Wv kzn-kv s^-u-d C -kv- n-syq- v Hm-^v ss-iv-t\m-f-pn-bn-se s^-tum s_-kp-t m-hpw an- Jm-tb jm-t]m-jv-\n-t m-hpw. {]-]- -Øn-s B-Zy-Im-e-Øv ln-kv-kv ^o -Uv H-cp kq- Nm - Pv A-h-ÿ-bn-em-bn-cp- p-sh- pw A-Xm-Wv {Zp-Xhn-Im-k-Øn-\v Im-c-W-am-b-sX- p-am-wv A-h-cp-sS \n-k-a-\w. Cu \n-k-a-\-sø i-cn-sh- m-\pw ]p-jv -Sns -Sp-Øm-\pw a- p K-th-j-I ap-t m- p-h- n- p- v. 2. sn-cn- ss] -a-c-߃ im- -k-ap-{z-øn-se H-cp Zzo-]p-k-aq-l-am-b \yq- Im-e-tUm-Wn-b-bn Im-W-s - n-cp- H-cp-X-cw kq- Nn-bn-e-a-c-ß-fm-Wv Ip- v ss]. h-f-sc D-b-cwsh- p- -h-bm-wv C-h. a-\p-jy \- p-h-f -Øn-bpw a- pw C-h Im-e-{I-ta-W `q-an-bp-ss F- m Im-em-hÿm-ta-J-e-I-fn-te- pw hym-]n- p. Im-en-t^m -Wn-b t]m-fn-ss-iv-\n-iv kv-t - v k - h-i-em-im-e-bn-se am- v dn- B-Wv C-h-bp-sS H- cp khn-tij-x {i- n- -Xv. Im-en-t^m -Wn-b-bnse Ip- v ss]-\p-i-sf- mw sx-t m- v sn-cn- m- Wv h-f-cp- -Xv. a- p ss] -a-c-ß-sf- mw Ip-Ø-s\- bm-wv h-f-cp- -Xv. a- p- ÿ-e-ß-fn-epw C-h sncn- m-twm h-f-cp- -Xv F- -dn-bm am- v dn- Hm-kv-t{S-en-b-bn-se H-cp kp-lr-øn-t\m-sv A-t\zjn- p. D-S D-Ø-cw In- n. A-hn-sS-bpw Ip- v ss]- \p-iƒ sn-cn- m-wv h-f-cp- -Xv, ]-t, sn-cn-hv h-s-t m- m-wv F- p-am-{xw! Cu hn-nn-{x {]-Xn-`m-kw {i- -bn -s - am- pw k-l-{]-h -Ø-I-cpw C-Xn-s\ hn-i-z-am-bn ]Tn- m Xo-cp-am-\n- p. A-h A- v `q-j-wv-u-ßfn, D-Ø-cm -[-tkm-f-øn 7 Un-{Kn- pw 35 Un- {Kn- pw C-S-bn-epw Z- n-wm -[-tkm-f-øn 12 Un- {Kn- pw 42 Un-{Kn- pw C-S-bn-epw D- 18 {]-tz-iß-fn h-f-cp- Ip- v ss]-\p-i-sf ]-cn-tim-[n- -t mƒ A- p-x-s -Sp-Øp- H-cp-Im-cyw a-\- n- em-bn. F- m ss]-\p-i-fpw `q-a-[y-tc-j-bv- -Sp -tø- v sn-cn- m-wv h-f-cp- -Xv. F- p-sim- m-wn-xv? Iq-Sp-X {]-Im-iw tx-sm-\p- H-cv A-\p-Iq-e-\w (adaptation) B-bncn- mw Cu sn-cn- v \n-ev-]v F- m-wv A-h Pqsse

7 imkv{x-ti-cfw I-cp-Xp- -Xv. 3. h-cp- q, πm-kv-a sp- vsπ-bv-\p-iƒ G- -hpw D-b-c-Øn-epw th-k-x-bn-epw ]-d- m I-gn-bp- -Xv sp- v hn-am-\-߃- m-wv. sp- v F- n- \p-i-ƒ X-s aq- p-x-c-ap- v. S -t_m-^m -sp- v, S -t_m-sp- v, dmw-sp- v F- n-h. km-[m-c-w F- m bm-{xm-hn-am-\-ß-fn-epw D-]-tbm-Kn- p- -Xv S -t_m- ^m -sp- v F- n-\m-wv. S -t_m-sp- v D-]-tbm-Kn- n-cp- -Xv {^- v- -P -a tim -tim -Uv (Concorde), d-jy Sn.bp. 144 F- o kq- -tkm- Wn-Iv hn-am-\-ß-fn-em-wv. 30 In.ao. B-Wv Cu hnam-\-ß-fp-ss D-b-c-]-cn-[n. dmw-sp- p-iƒ Nn-e anssk-ep-i-fn am-{x-ta D-]-tbm-Kn- p- p- q. kn-t\m hm-x-i-sø A-tbm-Wo-I-cn- v D-]- tbm-kn- p- A-tbm {X-Ã-dp-Iƒ Nn-e D-]-{Kl-ß-fn D-]-tbm-Kn- p- p- v. ]-t, A-h \- ev-ip- X- (thrust) h-f-sc Ip-d-hm-Wv. A-tbm F- n-\p-i-tfm πm-kv-a F- n-\p-itfm hn-am-\-ß-fn D-]-tbm-Kn- p- -Xv A-km-[yam-sW- v I-cp-Xn-bn-cn- p-tºm-gm-wv s_ -en kmt -Xn-I k -h-i-em-im-e-bn-se s_ - m v tkmkv-, hn-am-\-ß-fn D-]-tbm-Kn- m-hp- πm-kva F- n-\p-am-bn cw-k-øp-h- -Xv. hm-bp D-]-tbm- Kn- m-hp- (air breathing) A- -co- -a -Z-Øn {]-h -Øn- p- F- n-\m-wv A-t±-l-hpw k-l- {]-h -Ø-I-cpw hn-i-kn- n-s -Sp-Ø-Xv. H-t m-c-t m \m-t\m-sk- v am-{xw \o- p-\n-ev- p- C-e-Iv- {Sn-Iv Un-kv-Nm -Pv D-]-tbm-Kn- v hm-bp-hn-s\ πm-kvam-cq-]-øn hn-l-sn- n- v ]p-d-tø- v X- p-i-bm- Wv F- n sn-øp- -Xv. πm-kv-a-bp-ss _-ln -K-a-\-{]-th-Kw (exhaust velocity) sk- n 20 In.ao. B-bn-cp- p. Cu km-t -Xn-I-hn-Zy D-]-tbm-Kn- v sn-dn-b hn-am-\-ßsf 100 In.ao. D-b-c-Øn ]-d- n- m I-gn-bp-sa- v tkm-kv- -epw k-l-{]-h -Ø-I-cpw I-cp-Xp- p. 4. Ip-c-ß- m-cpw "]Tn- m ' Xp-S-ßn Po-hn-Iƒ ]-c-kv-]-cw B-i-b-hn-\n-a-bw \-S-Øp- p-s - v F- m-h - pw A-dn-hp- -Xm-Wv. F- m a- p- -h sn-øp- -Xv I- p-]tn- p-i-bpw ]n- o-sv {]-tbm-kn- p-i-bpw sn-øp- -Xv a-\p-jy - v am-{x-ap- I-gn-hm-sW- m-wv I-cp-Xn-bn-cp- - Xv. Cu [m-c-w-sb Xn-cp-Øm D-X-Ip- -Xm-Wv C-t m-t\-jy-bn-se _m-en-zzo-]n-se D-ep-hm- p A- º-e-Øn-\-Sp-ØpI-gn-bp- Ip-c-ß- m-cp-ss {]-hr- Øn-Iƒ. A-h N-c- v ssi-am h-s (barter) Øn-\p- I-gn-hp-Iƒ Im-Wn- p- -Xm-bn s_ - Pn-b-Øn-se eo-kv k -h-i-em-im-e-bn-se ^m-\n t{_m-sv -tim F- ss{]-ta- v hn-z-kv -[ (primatologist) bpw k-l-{]-h -Ø-I-cpw A-h-Im-i-s -Sp- p. D-ep-hm- p A-º-e-]-cn-k-c-Øv I-gn-bp- \m-ev Ip-c-ß -kw-l-ß-sf-bpw ]n- o-sv A-hn-tS-s -Ønt - A- m-a-sø H-cp kw-l-sø-bp-am-wv t{_m-sv -tim ]T-\-hn-t[-b-am- n-b-xv. Ip-c-ß- m hn-t\m-z-k- m-cn-i-fp-ss I-Æ-S, sxm- n, Im-a-d F- n-h-sbm-s X- n-sb-sp- pw. (A-h-sc D-]-{Z-hn- p- I-bn-.) X- n-sb-sp-ø Ip-c-ß-\v ]n- o-sv Xn- ms\-s - n-epw sim-sp-øm sxm- n km-[-\-߃ hn- p-sim-sp- pw. tam-jv-sn- -Xm-sW- n-epw km-[-\- ߃ C-Ø-c-Øn ssi-am h-sw sn-øp- - Xv B-Zy-am-bm-Wv I-s -Øn-b-Xv. Iq- -Øn-se ap-xn - -h-sc I- p-]tn- v Ip- p- Ip-c-ß- m-cpw C-Xp io-en- p- -Xm-bn I-s -Øn. ]n- o-sv F-Øn-t - A- m-a-sø kw-l-ønep- -h-cpw a- p kw-l-ß-fn-ep- -h-cp-ss {]-hr-øn I- n- m-wv tam-j-w-hpw ssi-am h-s-hpw ]Tn- -Xv. Cu kz-`m-hw P- -hm-k-\ (instinct) A-s - pw a-dn- v Ip-c-ß- m-cp-ss ]-c-º-c-bn-eq-ss ssiam-dp- kmw-kv-im-cn-i-kz-`m-h-am-sw- pw t{_m-svtim I-cp-Xp- p. a-\p-jy G-sX- mw h-gn-i-fneq-ss-bm-wv C- -sø m-\-k-ºm-z-\-co-xn ssih-cn- -sx- v a-\- n-em- m Cu ]T-\w k-lmbn- p-sa- pw t{_m-sv-tim I-cp-Xp- p. ]n. Fw. kn m 7

8 "im-kv-{x-ti-c-f'-øn-s Cu e- w i-_v-z- -Xn- m-wv. Cu hn-j-b-øn-s hn-hn-[-h-i-ßsf- p-dn- p- B-dp te-j-\-ß-fpw am-kn-i-bp-ss a-[y-øn-se c- p t]-pp-i-fn-ep- D- -S- -hpw Dƒ-s -ss G-gv hm-b-\-km-a-{kn-iƒ sim-sp-øn-cn- p- p. te-j-\-ß-sf- mw B ta- J-e-bn-se hn-z-kv-[-cm-b A-[ym-]-I /K-th-j-I X-øm-dm- n-b-xm-wv. A-h hm-bn- -tijw Iq-Sp-X hy- -X B-h-iy-ap- Im-cy-ß-fp-s - n F-Un- - v F-gp-Xp-a-t m. hn-i- Zo-I-c-W te-j-\-߃ sim-sp- mw. \n-»-_v-z-am-b H-cp km-l-n-cyw a-\p-jy - v A-Nn- y-am-wv. `q-an-bn Po-h ]-cn-w-an- -t mƒ {I-ta-W Po-hn-Iƒ i-_v-zw D- m- m-\pw tiƒ- m-\pw Xp-S-ßn. tum. \-ho kp-tc-{μ * i-_v-z-ap-j-cn-x-am-wv \-Ωp-sS tem-iw. ]-cn- ]q W \n-»-_v-z-x-bp- H-cp \n-an-jw-t]m-epw \- ap- v A-Nn- -\o-b-am-wv. F- m-wv i-_v-zw? i- _v-z-sa- m A-Xv k- -cn- p- am-[y-a-øn (hm-x-iw, {Zm-h-Iw, J-cw) cq-]-s -Sp- I-Wn-I-Ifp-sS I-º-\-am-Wv. i-_v-zw D- m-ip- -Xpw k- -cn- p- -Xpw F-ß-s\-bm-sW- v \-ap- v H-cp kv-]o- -dn-s {]- h -Ø-\-Øn-eq-sS a-\- n-em- mw (t]. 9 se t_m- Iv-kv Im-Wp-I). i-_v-zw H-cn-S-Øp-\n- v a-s m-cn-s-tø- v k- cn- p-tºmƒ am-[y-a-øn-se I-W-߃ A-h-bp-sS \n-e-hn-ep- ÿm-\-sø B-kv-]-Z-am- n I-º-\w sn-øp-i am-{x-am-wv sn-øp- -Xv. hm-bp-i-w-߃ i-_v-z-tøm-ssm- w k- -cn- p- n-. I-W-ß-fp-sS I-º-\w-aq-ew am-[y-a-øn-s hn-hn-[-`m-k-ß-fn-se k-ω -Zw hy-xy-kv-x-am-bn-cn- pw. Nn-e `m-k-ß-fn A-Xv Iq-Sp-X-epw a- p-`m-k-ß-fn Ip-d-hpw B-Wv. C-ß-s\-bp- m-ip- a -Z-hy-Xn-bm-\-Øn-s apt m- p- \o- -am-wv i-_v-z-x-cw-kw. I-W-ß-fp-sS I-º-\w a- p-i-w-ß-fn-te- v \oßp-tºmƒ Du -P-hpw ssi-am- -s -Sp- p. am-[y-a- Øn-se I-W-ß-fp-sS k- m-c-an- m-sx-bp- Du - P-kw-{I-a-Ww X-cw-K-ß-fp-sS H-cp k-hn-ti-j-x-bm- Wv. P-e-X-cw-K-ß-fn-epw C-Xp-X-s -bm-wv kw-`-hn- p- -Xv. Pqsse

9 imkv{x-ti-cfw eu-uv kv-]o- {]-h -Øn- p- -sx-ß-s\? F- m eu-uv kv-]o- -dn-epw H-cp U- b-{^w D- v. (km-[m-c-w-bm-bn t]- - sim- p- -Xv.) kv-]o- -dn -\n- v i-_v- Zw D- m-ip- -Xv Cu U-b-{^-Øn-s I-º-\w-sIm- m-wv. U-b-{^w ap-t m- pn-en- p-tºmƒ A-Xn-\-Sp-Øp- hmbp-i-w-ß-sf ]p-d-tø- v X- p-i-bpw A-Xv ]n-t m- v N-en- p-tºmƒ hm-bp- I-W-ß-sf D- n-te- v h-en- p-i-bpw sn-øp- p. Cu N-e-\w I-W-ß-fp-sS I-º-\-am-bn am-dp- p. Cu I-W-ßfp-sS I-º-\w A-h-bp-sS A-Sp-Øp- a- p I-W-ß-fn-te- pw ssi-am-ds -Sp- p. C-ß-s\ Du -Pw ssi -am-dn-ss -am-dn-bm-wv i-_v-zw H-cn-S- Øp-\n- v a-s m-cn-s-tø- v k- -cn- p- -Xv. ta-ev -]-d- -hn-[w hym-]n- v, \-ΩpsS Im-Xp-I-fn-ep- hm-bp-i-w-ßfn I-º-\w F-Øp-I-bpw A-ß-s\ A-Xv I -W-]-S-Øn-te- v (ear drum) ssi-am- -s -Sp-I-bpw sn-øp-tºm-gm- Wv i-_v-zw tiƒ- p- -Xv. B-b-Xn, B-hr-Øn, X-cw-K-ssZ -Lyw i-_v-z-xw-c-k-ß-sf X-cw-Xn-cn- p- -Xv {]-[m-\- am-bn aq- v Kp-W-ß-fn-eq-sS-bm-Wv. Bb-Xn, Bhr- Øn, Xcw-K-ssZ Lyw F n-h-bm-w-h. i-_v-zw k- -cn- p- am-[y-a-øn-se I-W-߃- v k- pe-\-ÿm-\-øp-\n- p- G- -hpw Iq-Sn-b ÿm\m -am-wv B-b-Xn (amplitude). i-_v-z-øns Xo{hXbp-sS A-f-hv B-b-Xn-bm-Wv \n -Wbn- p- -Xv. B-b-Xn Iq-Sp-tºmƒ H- -bpw Iq-Spw. 9

10 hn-hn-[ am-[y-a-ß-fn i-_v-z-øn-s th-k-x am-[y-aw th-k-x (m/s ) hm-bp 330 Im -_ U-tbm-Iv-ssk-Uv 259 \o-cm-hn 494 sh- w a-sæ-æ 1324 c-kw (mercury) 1450 C-cp-ºv 5960 h-{pw kv-{xo-i-fp-ss-bpw ]p-cp-j- mcp-ss-bpw i-_v-z-øn-ep- hy- Xym-kw B-hr-Øn \n-an-ø-am- Wv. kv-{xo-i-fp-ss i-_v-z-øns B-hr-Øn s]m-xp-sh, ]p-cp-j- m-cp-ss-xn-t\- mƒ Iq-Sp-X-em-bn-cn- pw. H-cp sk- n i-_v-zw k- -cn- p- am-[ya-øn-se Hm-tcm I-W-hpw ap-t m- pw ]p-d-tim- pw t]m-ip- -Xn-s (I-º-\-Øn-s ) F-Æ-am-Wv B- hr-øn (frequency). sl -Sv-kv (hertz-hz) B-Wv A-Xn-s bq-wn- v. a-\p-jy-\v G-I-tZ-iw 20 Hz \pw 20,000 Hz \pw C-S-bv- p- i-_v-z-߃ am-{xta tiƒ- m km-[n- p-i-bp- q. kv-{xo-i-fp-ssbpw ]p-cp-j- m-cp-ss-bpw i-_v-z-øn-ep- hy-xymkw B-hr-Øn \n-an-ø-am-wv. kv-{xo-i-fp-ss i-_v- Z-Øn-s B-hr-Øn ( Hz) s]m-xpth, ]p- cp-j- m-cp-ss-xn-t\- mƒ ( Hz) Iq-Sp-X-em-bncn- pw. H-cp \n- n-x-k-a-b-øv H-tc Iº-\m-h-ÿ-bnep c pkao]_nμp- ƒ -X-Ωn-ep- G- -hpw Ip-d- Zq-c-am-Wv X-cw-K-ssZ -Lyw (wave length). i-_v-z-øn-s th-k-x i-_v-z-øn-\v k- -cn- m H-cp am-[y-aw B-hiy-am-b-Xn-\m iq-\y-x-bn - q-sn k- -cn- p-i- Pqsse

11 imkv{x-ti-cfw amiv kwjy Hcp hkvxp-hns Hcp am[y-a-ønse k m-c-th-k-xbpw B am[y-a-øn i_vz-øns thk-xbpw XΩn-ep A\p- ]m-x-amwv amiv kwjy. Cu A\p-]mXw H n IqSp- Xembm hkvxp k -cn- p- Xv kq tkm-wniv thk- Øn-emsW v ]d-bp- p. GWÃv am ns Hm a-bv mbn \evinb t]cm-wn-xv. i_vz-th-k-øn ]d- p- h amiv 1 k -cn- p- psh v ]d-bp- p. amiv 2 BIs, i_vzthk-øns c v as-ßns\ kqnn- n- p- p. GWÃv amiv bn-. A-Xn-\m _-ln-cm-im-i-øp-sh- v i- _v-zw tiƒ- m km-[y-a-. hm-bp-hn i- _v-z-øn-s th-k-x G-I-tZ-iw 330 m/s (sk- n 330 ao.) B-Wv. i-_v-zw H-cp X-cw-K-am-b-Xn-\m X-cw-K߃- v s]m-xp-hm-bn- p- k-hn-ti-j-x-isf- mw i-_v-z-øn-\pw D- v. {]-Xn-^-e-\w, A- ]-h -Ø-\w (refraction), hn-`w-k-\w (diffraction), hy-xn-i-c-ww (interference) Xp-S-ßn-b {]-Xn-`m-k-߃ i-_v-z-øn-\pw _m-[-i-am-wv. 11

12 tum-]v-f {]-`m-hw A-Xn-th-Kw ]m-bp- Xo-h- n Nq-fwhn-fn- v I-S- p-t]m-ip-tºmƒ Nq-fw-hn-fn-bpsS i-_v-z-øn-ep- hy-xn-bm-\w \n-߃ i- n- n- p- m-imw. \-Ωp-sS A-Sp-tØ- ph-cptºmƒ H-cp i-_v-z-hpw \-sω I-S- v A-I-te- pt]m-iptºmƒ th-sdm-cp i-_v-z-hp-am-wv tiƒ- p- -Xv. tumπ {]`mhw Imc-W-am-Wn-Xv. Hcp i_vz-t{km-x v tiƒhn- m-c\v ASp-tØ p hcn-i-tbm tiƒhn- m-c i_vzt{kmx- n-\-sp-tø v k -cn- p-itbm snøptºmƒ i_vz-øns BhrØn IqSn-b- XmbntXm pw. adn v i_vz-t{km-x pw tiƒhn- m-c\pw Bt]- n-i-ambn XΩn AI-ep-I-bm-sW- n BhrØn Ipd- -XmbntXm pw. CXmWv tumπ {]`m-hw (Doppler effect). {]Imihpw tumπ {]`mhw ImWn- pw. (imkv{x-ti-c-fw, 2016 \hw-_, t]. 9 ImWp-I). tkm-wm P-tem-]-cn-XeØn-epw P-em- -`m-k-øpw K-Xn-\n -W-bw (navigation), k-tμ-i-hn-\n-abw (communication), h-kv-xp- -fp-ss ÿm-\-\n -W-bw F- n-h i-_v-z-x-cw-k-ß-sf D-]- tbm-kn- v sn-øp- km-t -Xn-I-hn-Zy-bv- m-wv tkm-wm F- p-]-d-bp- -Xv (SONAR - SOund Navigation And Ranging). D-Zm-l-c-W-am-bn H-cp \n- -e-t{km-x- n -\n- v D- -hn- i-_v-zw Zq-sc-bp- H-cp h-kv- Xp-hn -X- n Xn-cn- p-h-cms\-sp- p- k-a-bw A-f- m i-_v-z-øn-s th-k-x D-]-tbm-Kn- v B h-kv-xp-hn-te- p- Zq-cw \-ap- v I- p-]n-sn- mw. *A-kn. s{]m-^-k, Du -P-X-{ hn-`m-kw, C- y C -kv- n-syq- v Hm-^v kv-t]-kv k-b -kv B -Uv ss-iv-t\m-f-pn (sf. sf. F-kv. Sn.), Xn-cp-h-\- -]p-cw Pqsse

13 imkv{x-ti-cfw a-\p-jy i-_v-zw tiƒ- p- -sx-ß-s\? sn-hn-bp-ss {]-h -Ø-\w ]-cn-tim-[n- p-i-bm-wv. tum. si. kp-[* Po-hn-I-fp-sS ]-cn-wm-a-{]-{in-b-bn X-e-t m-dns hn-im-k-øn-epw _p- n-bp-ss an-i-hn-epw _- lp-zq-cw ap- n-se-øn-b-xv a-\p-jy-\m-sw- n-epw {ih-w-ti-jn-bp-ss Im-cy-Øn a- p Po-hn-I-sf A- t]- n- v \mw h-f-sc ]n-d-in-em-sw- v ]T-\-߃ sx-fn-bn- p- p. a-\p-jy-\v tiƒ- m ]- p- i- _v-z-øn-s B-hr-Øn 20 20,000 Hz B-Wv. 20,000 Hz (20kHz) \v ap-i-fn-em-wv i-_v-z-x-cw-k-øn-s B-hr-Øn-sb- n i-_v-zw Aƒ-{Sm-tkm-Wn- pw (ultrasonic) Xm-sg-bm-sW- n C -{^m-tkm-wn- pw (infrasonic) B-Wv. c- -t\-sm k-lm-bn- p- i-_v-zw i-_v-z-x-cw-k-ß-sf kzo-i-cn- p-hm-\pw D-Xv-]m- Zn- n- p-hm-\p-ap- I-gn-hv a-\p-jy Dƒ-s -Sp- k- kv-x-\n-i-fn am-{x-a- a- p I-ti-cp-In-I-fn-epw (vertebrate) A-I-ti-cp-In-I-fn-epw (invertebrate) D- v. h-f-sc D-b - B-hr-Øn-bn-ep- i-_v-z-x-cw-k-ßsf kzo-i-cn- m k-kv-x-\n-h -K-Øn -s - h- Δm, Xn-anw-K-ew, tumƒ-^n Xp-S-ßn-b-h-bv- v km-[n- pw. h-δm ]p-d-s -Sp-hn- p- Aƒ-{Sm-tkm- Wn-Iv i-_v-zw A-h-bp-sS k- m-c-am -K-sØ-bpw C-c-]n-Sp-Ø-sØ-bpw kz-bw-c- -sb-bpw k-lm-bnh-δm ]p-d-s -Sp-hn- p- Aƒ-{Sm-tkm- Wn-Iv i-_v-zw A-h-bpsS k- m-c-am -K-sØbpw C-c-]n-Sp-Ø-sØbpw kz-bw-c- -sbbpw k-lm-bn- p- p. 13

14 Po-hn-Iƒ- v tiƒ- m-hp- i-_v-zw Po-hn-Iƒ tiƒ- m-hp- B-hr-Øn (Hz ) \n-im-i-e-`w ,000 a- yw a-c-ø-h-f X-Ø tim-gn Xn-anw-K-ew ,000 h-δm ,000 aq-ß ,000 F-en ,000 ]q ,000 ap- -]- n ,000 \m-b ,000 ap-b ,000 B-Sv ,000 Ip-Xn-c ,500 ]-ip ,000 B-\ ,000 a-\p-jy ,000 p- p. G- -hpw Iq-Sp-X B-hr-Øn-bn-ep- i-_v-z-xcw-k-߃ {K-ln- m-\pw ]p-d-s -Sp-hn- m-\pw A-Iti-cp-In-bm-b \n-im-i-e-`-߃- v km-[n- pw. C- Xn-s Iq- -Øn-ep- t{k- am-iv-kv (Galleria mellonella) F- \n-im-i-e-`-øn-\v h-δm-en-s\- mƒ 100 khz Iq-Sp-X-epw a-\p-jy-s\- mƒ 150 a- S-ßv A-[n-I-hpw B-hr-Øn-bn-ep- i-_v-z-x-cw-k- ß-sf Xncn -dn-bm ]- p-sa- v A-Sp-Ø-Im-e-sØ ]T-\-߃ sx-fn-bn- p- p. am-{x-a-, C-Xv ]p-d-s - Sp-hn- p- 300,000 Hz (300 khz) B-hr-Øn-tbmfw h-cp- Aƒ-{Sm-tkm-Wn-Iv i-_v-zw X-s i- {Xp-hm-b h-δm-en-s Aƒ-{Sm-tkm-Wn-Iv i-_v -Z-sØ (110,000 Hz) {]-Xn-tcm-[n- p-sim- v A-Xn-s B- {I-a-W-Øn -\n- pw c- -t\-sp-hm k-lm-bn- p- I-bpw sn-øp- p. t{k- am-iv-kv (Galleria mellonella) Pqsse

15 imkv{x-ti-cfw sn-hn-bp-ss {]-h -Ø-\w I-ti-cp-In-I-fn tiƒ-hn-sb- A-\p-`-hw km- [y-am- p- -Xv ]-t -{μn-b-ß-fn-sem- m-b sn-hnbp-ss {]-h -Ø-\w-sIm- m-wv. C-Xv i-_v-tzm -PsØ B-th-K-cq-]-Øn X-e-t m-dn F-Øn- phm-\p- kw-hn-[m-\-sam-cp- p- p. C-Xn-\p-th- n a-\p-jy-\n sn-hn-bp-ss `m-kß-fm-b _m-ly-i -Ww, a-[y-i -Ww, B- -c-i - Ww F- n-h kw-bp- -am-bn {]-h -Øn- p- p. a- [y-i -W-Øn-\pw _m-ly-i -W-Øn-\pw C-S-bn ÿn-xn-sn-øp- I -W-]-Sw, _m-ly-i -W-\m-fnbn-eq-sS {]-h-ln- p- i-_v-z-x-cw-k-ß-fp-ss B- hr-øn-b-\p-k-cn- v I-º-\w sn-øp- p. C-ß-s\ I - W-]-S-Øn cq-]-s -Sp- I-º-\w a-[y-i -W-Ønep- am-en-b-kv, C -I-kv, kv-t -]o-kv F- n-h Dƒ-s - A-ÿn-irw-J-e-bn-te- v hym-]n- n- v A- Xn h -[n- -txm-xn I-º-\w kr-jv-sn- p- p. C-Xn-s Xp-S -hym-]-\w B- -c-i -W-Øn-se {Zh-Øn-s N-e-\-Øn I-em-in- p- p. B- -c-i -W-Øn-se A-ÿn-\n -an-x A-d-bnse {Z-h-am-b s]-cn-enw-^n-em-wv (perilymph) B- Zy-N-e-\-߃ A-\p-`-h-s -Sp- -Xv. Cu N-e-\-߃ ]n- o-sv D- -d-bp-ss `m-k-am-b tim- n-b-bn-se (cochlea) kv-x-c-\n -an-x `n-øn-bn-te- v hym-]n- p-ibpw A-Xv tim- n-b-bn-se {Z-h-Øn-s (endolymph) N-e-\-Øn-\v Im-c-W-am-hp-I-bpw sn-øp- p. C-Xv tim- n-b-bp-ss kv-x-c-`n-øn-bn ÿn-xn-sn-øp- I-º-\-{Km-ln-bm-b k-hn-ti-j-tcm-a-tim-i-ß-sf D- tø-pn- n- p- p. tcm-a-tim-i-ß-fn kw-pm-x-am- Ip- D-tØ-P-\-am-Wv B-th-K-cq-]-Øn {i-h-w- \m-un-h-gn X-e-t m-dn-se sk-dn-{_-øn F-Øp- -Xpw {i-h-ww km-[y-am- p- -Xpw. *A-tkm. s{]m-^-k, P- p-im-kv-{xhn-`m-kw, ti-{μ k -h-i-em-im-e (ti-c-fw), Im-k-d-tKm-Uv Xn-cp-Øv 2017 Pq -am-kw im-kv-{x-ti-c-føn F \n-t\m, em \n-\m F- te-j-\-øn (t].17, tim-fw 2) H- mw-j-wv-un-i-bn-se A-h-km-\-hm-Iyw "km-[m-c-w-\n-e-sb A-t]- n- v Xm-]-\n-e Iq-Sn-b L- -sø F \n-t\m-sb- pw Xm-]-\n-e Ip-d- L- -sø em \n-\m-sb- pw ]-d-bp- p' F- v Xn-cp-Øn hm-bn- p-i. sx- p-]- n-b-xn tj-zn- p- p. FUn- 15

16 i-_v-z-te-j-\-øn-s km-t -Xn-I-hn-Zy-bn H-cp Ip-Xn- p-nm- w D- m-bn- p- v. A-Xv \-Ωp-sS tiƒ-hn-kp-jw h -[n- n- n- p- v. tum. C. Fw. ap-l-ω-zv* {]m-no-\-a-\p-jy-\v i-_v-zw D- m- p- b-{ ߃ \n -an- m A-dn-bm-am-bn-cp- p-sh- n-epw 1857 em-wv B-Zy-am-bn i-_v -Z-sØ sd-t m -Uv -sn-øm I-gn- -Xv. F-Uzm -Uv en-tbm am - o -hn-t B-Wv t^m -Hm-t m-{km-^v F- D-]-I-c-Ww C- Xn-\m-bn I-s -Øn-b-Xv. m-kv-tπ- n ]p-i ]n-sn- n- -Xn-\p-ti-jw A-Xn i-_v-z-x-cw-k-߃ ]-Xn- n- m-wv sd-t m -Uv sn-bv-x-xv. ]-t, C-Xn - \n- v i-_v-zw ho- pw tiƒ- p-hm ]- p-am-bn-cp- n-. ]q -W-am-bn i-_v-zw sd-t m -Uv sn-øm- \pw Xn-cn-sI tiƒ- m-\p-ap- km-t -Xn-I-hn-Zy kzm-b-ø-am- m 1875 h-sc Im-Øn-cn-t - n-h- p. Im-em-\p-kr-X-am-bn km-t -Xn-I-hn-Zy-I-fn h- am- -߃- -\p-k-cn- v i-_v-z-te-j-\-sø \mepbp-k-ß-fm-bn X-cw-Xn-cn- mw. bm-{ n-i bp-kw 1877 ap-x 1925 h-sc-bp- Im-e-L- -am-wn-xv. i-_v-zw B-Zy-am-bn sd-t m -Uv sn-bv-x-xv txm-akv B -hm F-Un-k cq-]-i-ev-]-\-sn-bv-x knen- t^m-twm-{km-^v F- sd-t m -Un-Mv D- ]-I-c-W-Øn-em-Wv. "Mary had a little lamb' F- ]m- m-wv B-Zy-am-bn sd-t m -Uv sn-bv-x-xv. bm-{ n-i sd-t m -U-dp-I-fn tim-wn- B- txm-a-kv B -hm F-Un-k Pqsse

17 imkv{x-ti-cfw Ão-cn-tbm-t^m-Wn-Iv sd-t m -Un-Mv \mw c- p sn-hn-iƒ-sim- m-w-s m G-Xv i-_v-z-hpw tiƒ- p- -Xv. sd-t m -Uv snbv-xv tiƒ- p- i-_v-z-øn Cu kzm-`m-hn-im-\p-`-hw D- m- m-\m-bn c- p Nm-\-ep-I-fnem-bn ({Sm- v) i-_v-zw sd-t m -Uv sn-bv-xm (C-S-Xpw, h-e-xpw) hy-xy-kv-x Zn-i-I-fn-eqsS i-_v-zw h-cp- -Xp-t]m-se tiƒ- p-hm km-[n- pw. C-Xv i-_v-z-øn-\v "Zn-im-t_m-[w' D- m- m k-lm-bn- p. en-tbm-t]mƒ-uv tãm-t m-hv-kv-in bpw A-e ªpw-en-\pw tn - m-wv Ão-cn-tbm-t^m-Wn-Iv sd-t m -Un-Mv B-Zy-am-bn D-]-tbm-Kn- p-xp-s-ßn-b-xv. ]n- o-sv {Sm- p-i-fp-ss F-Æw Iq- p-hm-\pw kw-ko-txm-]-i-c-w-ß-fp-ss i-_v-z-hpw a-\p-jy-i-_v-z-hpw sh-tδ-sd sd-t m -Uv sn-øp-hm-\pw Xp-S-ßn. C- v Im-Wp- aƒ- n Nm-\ /{Sm- v sdt m -Un-Mv kw-hn-[m-\w {I-ta-W km-[y-am-hp-i-bpw sn-bv-xp B-Zy-am-bn Ão-cn-tbm F.]n. Un-kv-Iv cw-k-øp-h- p tumƒ-_n sss- v -F (Dolby Type-A) B-Zy-am-bn kn-\n-a-bn h- p-xp-s-ßn B-b-t m-tg- pw tumƒ- _n Ão-cn-tbm-bpw h- p. Ir-Xn-bn-ep- H-cp h-en-b tlm D-]-tbm-Kn- v i-_v-z-sø t^m- -kv sn-øn- p-i-bpw i-_v-z-xcw-k-߃- -\p-k-cn- p- hm-bp-hn-se a -Z-hy-Xymkw D-]-tbm-K-s -Sp-Øn kn-en- -dn /Un-kv-In ]p-c- n-bn- p- sa-gp-in-tem ar-zp-e-tem-l-øn-tem H- cp kq-nn (stylus) N-en- n- v s]m-gn-iƒ D- m- nbm-wv sd-t m -Uv sn-øp- -Xv. i-_v-zw B-Zy-am-bn sd-t m -Uv sn-bv-x-xv txm-a-kv B -hm F-Un-k cq-]-i-ev-]-\-sn-bv-x kn-en- t^m-twm-{km-^v F- sd-t m -Un-Mv D-]-I-c-W- Øn-em-Wv. 17 sd-t m -Uv -sn-bv -X kn-en- /Un-kv -Iv H-cp \n- n-x-th-k-øn (78RPM, 45 RPM, 33.3 RPM ) I-d- n A-Xn-s ap-i-fn-eq-ss kv-ss -e-kpw A-Xn-\v ]n- n L-Sn- n- n- p- U-b-{^-hpw N-en- n- v A- Xn-t\m-SptN - p- tlm-wn-\-i-sø hm-bp-hn a -Z-hy-Xym-kw D- m- p-tºmƒ i-_v-zw ho- pw tiƒ- m km-[n- p- p em-wv A-e-Iv-km- {K-lmw s_ {Kma-t^m \n -an- -Xv hn-ss\ sd-t m - Uv-kv D-]-tbm-Kn- v F-an s_ -fn-\ {Km-at^m \-ho-i-cn- p. ]n- o-sv sd-t m -Un-ßn-\mbn ssh-zyp-txm-]-i-c-w-ß-fpw Im- n-tim-]-i-c-wß-fpw D-]-tbm-Kn- m -Xp-S-ßn. A-tXm-Sp-Iq-Sn i- _v-z-øn-s Kp-W-X-bpw Xo-{h-X-bpw ]-Xn- -S-ßv Iq- p-hm km-[n- p. C-e-Iv-{Sn- bp-kw C-e-Iv-{Sn- /C-e-Iv-t{Sm-Wn-Iv-kv D-]-I-c-W߃ sd-t m -Un-ßn-\m-bn {I-ta-W D-]-tbm-Kn- p-xp-s-ßn B-Zy-sØ i-_v-z-ap-j-cn-x kn- \n-a "Zn Pm- v kn-ß ' ]p-d-øn-d-ßn. H-cp h-en-b sd-t m -Uv-sπ-b s{]m-p-iv-s-dp-am-bn Iq- n-tbm-pn- n- m-wv C-Xn i-_v-zw-\-ev-in-b-xv tum lp B ^n-en-an-\-i-øv i-_v-z-`m-kw-iq-sn sd-t m -Uv sn-øp-hm-\p- kmt -Xn-I-hn-Zy hn-i-kn- n-s - n-epw 1930 RPM - revolution per minute (Hcp an\n nse Id Øns FÆw) (tijw 49- mw t]pn )

18 kw-ko-x-øn-s c-kw B-kz-Zn- -W-sa- n A-Xn-se K-Wn-X-hpw Du -P-X-{ -hpw Dƒ-s m- -Ww. F- n-te sn-ssº-sb-bpw F-kv. Pm-\-In-sb-bpw ]q -W-am-bn B-kz-Zn- m-\m-hq. tum. a-[p X-e- p-fw* "_-l-f-ap- m- -t, Cu ]m-s m- v ti-t ms ' F- v \mw ]-e-t m-gm-bn ]d-bm-dp v. {ip- Xn-a-[p-c-am-b kw-ko-x-hpw a-sp- n- p- _- l-f-hpw i- -X-cw-K-ß-fm-Wv. F- psim- m-wv kw-ko-xw {i-hy-kp-jw ]-I-cp- -Xpw _-l-fw i-ey-s -Sp- Øp- -Xpw B-Ip- -Xv? kw-ko-xw (music) ]-e B-hr-Øn-bn-ep- i- -X-cw-K-ß-fp-sS lm -tam-wn- I-am-b k-a-\z-b-am-wv. F- m H- (noise) F- -Xv ]-c-kv-]-cs]m-cp-ø-an- m-ø ]-e B-hr- Øn-I-fn-ep- i- -X-cw-K-ß-fpsS an-{in-x-am-wv. kw-ko-x-hpw H- -bpw Nn-{Xw 1, 2 F- n-h ]-e tn-cph-i-fn-ep- t\ -h-c-iƒ D-]-tbm- Kn- v h-c- -Xm-Wv. Nn-{Xw 1 \n- v hy-xy-kv-x-am-bn Nn-{Xw 2 aq- v sn-cn-hp- I-fn-ep- h-c-iƒam-{xw H-cp {]-txy-i-xc-øn {I-ao-I-cn- v \n -an- -Xm-Wv. C-Xm- Wv Nn-{Xw 2 s\ hy-xy-kv-x-hpw kp-μ-c-hpam- p- -Xv. C-Xp-X-s -bm-wv _-l-f-hpw (H- ) kw-ko-x-hpw X-Ωn-ep- hy-xym-kw. Nn-{Xw 3 a-g-bp-ss i- -Øn A-Sßn-bn- p- B-hr-Øn-I-fp-sS {Km-^pw Nn-{Xw 4 {ip-xn-tn -Ø Xw-_pcp-hn -\n- p- \m-z-øn-s {Km- ^pw B-Wv. kw-ko-x-øn i- -X-cw-K-߃- v \n -Zn- -am-b B-hr-Øn-bpw B B-hr-Øn-Iƒ- v Ir-Xy-am-bn \n -h-nn- n- p- {I-a-hpw ]-c-kv -]-c-_- -hp-ap- v. kw- Ko-X-Øn-\v im-kv-{xo-b-h-iw Iq-Sm-sX H-cv B-kzm- Z-\-X-ew-Iq-Sn-bp- v. kw-ko-x-øn-\v K-Wn-X-im-kv-{X-hpw Du -P-X- Pqsse

19 imkv{x-ti-cfw Nn-{Xw 1 Nn-{Xw 2 kw-ko-x-øn i- -X-cw-K-߃- v \n -Zn- -am-b B-hr-Øn-bpw B B-hr-Øn-Iƒ- v Ir-Xy-am-bn \n -h-nn- n- p- {I-a-hpw ]-c-kv- ]-c-_- -hp-ap- v. kw-ko-x-øn-\v im-kv-{xo-b-h-iw Iq-Sm-sX H-cv B- kzm-z-\-x-ew-iq-sn-bp- v. { -hp-am-bn ASpØ_- -ap- v. ]n-bm-t\m, A- t m -Un-b, lm -tam-wn-bw ap-x-em-b kw-kotxm-]-i-c-w-߃ ]-cn-tim-[n- m A-h-bn-se t\m- p-i-sf (notes) kq-nn- n- p- I- -Iƒ (key) kz-cm-jv-s-i-ß-fm-bn A-Sp- n-bn-cn- p- p-sh- v Im- Wmw. A-Xn "k' ap-x "\n' h-sc-bp- kz-c߃ A-tX-{I-a-Øn B-h -Øn- p- -Xm-bn \- ap- v Im-Wmw. G-sXm-cp-kw-Ko-X-hpw "k, cn, K, a, ], [, \n' A-Y-hm "C, D, E, F, G, A, B' F- o kzc-ß-fn Nn-e-tXm F- m-tam {I-ao-I-cn- p- m- nbn- p- -Xm-Wv. Cu {I-a-Øn-\-\p-k-cn- m-wv kw-ko- X-sØ \mw ]-e cm-k-ß-fm-bn Xn-cn- n-cn- p- -Xv. k-]v-x-kz-cw F- p-]-d-bp- p-sh- n-epw b-ym - -Øn Hm-tcm kz-cm- -I-Øn-epw 12 kz-c-ß-fp- v F- -Xm-Wv i-cn. F- m-wv Cu kz-c-߃ X- Ωn-ep- ]-c-kv-]-c-_- w? H-cp kz-cm- -I-Øn-se kz-c-ß-fp-ss B-hr-Øn A-Xn-\p-ap- n-ep- kz-cm- -I-Øn-se X-Øp-ey-am-b kz-c-ß-fp-ss B-hr-Ønbp-sS ]-Ip-Xn-bpw sxm- p-]n- n-ep- -h-bp-ss C-c- nbp-am-wv. (Nn-{Xw 5). A-ß-s\-h-cp-tºmƒ B-sI 12 kz-c-ß-fp- -Xp-Im-c-Ww H-cp kz-c-øn-s B- hr-øn A-Xn-\p-sXm- p-xm-sg-bp- kz-c-øn-s 12 2 a-s-ßm-wv. D-Zm-l-c-W-am-bn "k' F- kz-c- Øn-s B-hr-Øn B-sW- n "cn' bpss-b-hr-øn X 12 2 = B-Wv. Nn-{Xw 3 Nn-{Xw 4 19

20 kw-ko-txm-]-i-c-w-ß-fp-ss {]-h -Ø-\w kz-c-ß-sf-bpw A-h X-Ωn-ep- _- -søbpw-]- n -]-d- p-h-t m. C-\n kw-ko-txm-]-i-c-w߃ F-ß-s\-bm-Wv {]-h -Øn- p- -sx- p-t\m- mw. Xo-s - n- q-sn-epw-a- pw d- -_m -Uv h-en- p-si- n Kn- m D- m- n \-Ω-fn ]-e-cpw sn-dp- -Im-e-Øv I-fn- n- p- m-hpw. kw-ko-txm-]-i-c-w߃, F- m i- -t{km-x- p-i-sf-bpw-t]m-se-xs i- -A-\p-\m-Z-I-ß-fm-Wv (sound resonators). C-h-sb D-tØ-Pn- n- p-tºmƒ A-h ]p-d-s -Sp-hn- p- bm-{ n-i-x-cw-k-ß-fm-wv i- -X-cw-K-߃. A-h A-\p-ssZ -Ly (longitudinal) X-cw-K-ß-tfm A-\p-{]-ÿ (transverse) X-cw-K-ß-tfm B-Imw. G-sXm-cv A-\p-\m-Z-I-Øn-\pw A-Xn-s `u-xn- I-Kp-W-Øn-\-\p-kr-X-am-bn H-cp {]-Ir-Xy-\p-k-c- W-am-b kzm-`m-hn-i B-hr-Øn-bp- v (natural frequency). H-cv A-\p-\m-Z-I-sØ D-tØ-Pn- n- ptºmƒ A-h-bn A-Xn-s kzm-`m-hn-i B-hr- Øn-bn-ep- \n- -e-x-cw-k-߃ (standing waves) D- m-hp-i-bpw A-tX B-hr-Øn-bn-ep- i- w ]p-d-s -Sp-hn- p-i-bpw sn-øp- p. A-\p-\m-Z-I-Øns `u-xn-i-kp-w-øn am- w-h-cp-øn A-h-bp-sS kzm-`m-hn-i B-hr-Øn-bn hy-xn-bm-\w-h-cp-ønbm-wv hn-hn-[-x-c-øn-ep- \m-z-߃ ]p-d-s - Sp-hn- p- -Xv. A-\p-\m-ZI-Øns \o-f-hpw A-Xv ]p-d-s -Sp-hn- p- i_vz-øns X-cw-K-ssZ -Lyhpw t\ -A-\p-]m-X-Øn-epw B-hr-Øn hn-]-co-xm- \p-]m-x-øn-ep-am-wv. ho-w- -ºn-bn -\n- p- \m-z-øn-s B-hr- Øn I-ºn-bp-sS \o-fw, h-æw, ap-dp- w F- n-hsb B-{i-bn- n-cn- p- p. ho-w-ao- p- -bmƒ hn-cep-sim- v X-{ n-bp-ss I-º-\w-sN-øp- J-fi- Nn-{Xw 5 Øn-s \o-f-øn hy-xn-bm-\w h-cp-øn-bm-wv H- tc-i-ºn-bn -\n- pw hn-hn-[-kz-c-߃ ]p-d-s -Sphn- p- -Xv. ho-w, Kn- m, ]n-bm-t\m ap-x-em-b X-{ n-hm-zy-ß-fpw sn-, X-_-e Xp-S-ßn-b Xmfhm-Zy-ß-fpw A-\p-{]-ÿ (transverse) X-cw-K-ßfm- Wv ]p-d-s -Sp-hn- p- -Xv. F- m Hm-S- p-g, \m- Z-kz-cw Xp-S-ßn-b Ip-g -hm-zy-߃ A-\p-ssZ -Ly- X-cw-K-ß-fm-Wv D-±o-]n- n- p- -Xv. Hm-S- p-g-en-ep- kp-jn-c-߃ hn-c-ep-i-fm A-S- pw- Xp-d- pw A- Xn-s hm-bp-bq-]-øn-s \o-f-øn hy-xym-kw h-cp-øn-bm-wv hn-hn-[ B-hr-Øn-bn-ep- i- w ]p-d-s -Sp-hn- p- -Xv. C-hn-sS-bpw kv -]-μn- p- hmbp-bq-]-øn-s \o-fw Iq-Sp- -Xn-\-\p-k-cn- v B-hr- Øn Ip-d-bp- -Xm-bn Im-Wmw. Xm-f-hm-Zy-߃ H-cp ]m-{x-øn-se P-e-Øn-ep- m-ip- A-e- Iƒ- v k-am-\-am-b X-cw-K-ß-fm-Wv sn-, Xn-ane, X-_-e, ar-zw-kw ap-x-em-b Xm-f-hm-Zy-߃ D- m- p- -Xv. ho-w, h-b-en F o X-{ n-hm-zyß-fn-ep- A-\p-c-W-\-߃ (reverberations) kzm- `m-hn-i B-hr-Øn-bp-sS ]q -W-kw-Jym-Kp-Wn-X߃ B-Wv. ]-t, sn- -bn-ep- A-\p-c-W-\- ߃ kzm-`m-hn-i B-hr-Øn-bp-sS ]q -W-kw-Jym- Kp-Wn-X-߃ A-. A-Xn-\m sn- -bp-ss \m- Zw a- p- kw-ko-txm-]-i-c-w-ß-fp-am-bn {ip-xntn - p-hm km-[n- n-. A-tX-k-a-bw X-_-e, ar-zw-kw Xp-S-ßn-b D-]-I-c-W-ß-fp-sS {]-X-e-Øn hr-øm-im-c-øn-ep- (I-dp-Ø) a-jn F- p-]-d-bp- ]-Zm - w, ]q -W-kw-Jym-Kp-Wn-X-ß-fm-b A- \p-c-w-\-߃ ]p-d-s -Sp-hn- m k-lm-bn- p- p. H-tc B-hr-Øn-bn-ep- \m-zw ]p-d-s -Sp-hn- p- Pqsse

21 imkv{x-ti-cfw tb-ip-zm-kpw Pm-\-In-bpw \-Ωp-sS I-WvTw h-f-sc k- o - W-am-b H-cp i-t m-]-i-c-w-am-wv. I-WvT-Øn-se i- -A-d-bn (larynx) h-en- p-si- n-b d- -_m -Up- Iƒ-t]m-se-tbm lm -tam-wn-b-ønse do-up-iƒ-t]m-se-tbm D- A- \p-\m-z-i-߃ D- v. A-h-bm-Wv kz- \-X- p- ƒ (vocal cords). I-WvT- Øn-se kz-\-x- p- -sf izm-k-\mf-øn-se hm-bp-hm D-tØ-Pn- n- m- Wv \mw i- w D- m- p- -Xv. H-cmfp-sS i- -Øn-s Kp-Ww (quality), B-hr-Øn Xp-S-ßn-b-h A-bm-fp-sS i- -A-d-bp-sS L-S-\, kz-\-x- p- fp-ss \o-fw, ap-dp- w, hm-bp-hn-s Nn{Xw 6 a -Zw, hm-bp-hn-s km-{μ-x Xp-Sßn-b-h-sb B-{i-bn- n-cn- p- p. km-[m-c-w ]p-cp-j-i- -Øn-s B-hr-Øn Hz Dw kv-{xo-bp-ss-xv Hz Dw B- Wv. ]p-cp-j-kz-\-x- p- -fp-ss \o-fw 17 25mm Dw kv-{xo-bp-ss-xv 12 17mm Dw B-Wv. ho-w-i- ºn-bn-te-Xp-t]m-se i- -Øn-s B-hr-Øn-bpw kz-\-x- p- -fp-ss \o-f-hpw hn-]-co-xm-\p-]m- X-Øn-em-Wv. km-[m-c-w-k-xn-bn H-tc {ip-xn-bn-ep- kv-{xo-i- -Øn-s B-hr-Øn ]p-cp-ji- -Øn-s C-c- n B-bn-cn- pw. tb-ip-zm-kpw Pm-\-In-bpw tn - p-]m-sn-b "A-I-se A-I-se \o-em-im-iw...' F- {]-i-kv-x-km-\-øn-ep- H-cp i- -i-i-e-øn-s X-cw-K-cq-]-am-Wv Nn-{Xw 6 D- -Xv. Xp-S- -Øn-ep- B-em-]-\-Øn -\n- m-wv 1/100 sk- v k-a-b-ssz -Ly-ap- Cu i- -i-i-ew th -Xn-cn-s -Sp-Øn- p- -Xv. H-tc- k-a-b-ssz -Ly-Øn-\p- n tb-ip-zmkn-s i- -Øn 6 X-cw-K-ssZ -Ly-ß-fpw Pm-\-In-bp-tS-Xn 12 X-cw-K-ssZ -Ly-ß-fpw D- v. C-Xp Im-Wn- p- -Xv Pm-\-In-bp-sS i- -Øn-s B-hr-Øn tb-ip-zm-kn-s i- -Øn-s B-hr-Øn-bp-sS c p asßm-sw m-wv. hn-hn-[ kw-ko-txm-]-i-c-w-ß-sf th -Xn-cn- dn-bm \-Ωp-sS Im-Xp-Iƒ- v km-[n- p- -Xv F- ß-s\-bm-Wv? D-Zm-l-c-W-Øn-\v, Hz B-hr- Øn-bn-se "k' F- kz-cw {Sw-s]- n-epw ]n-bmt\m-bn-epw hm-bn- p-sh- n-cn- -s. A-h G-Xp-]- I-c-W-Øn -\n- m-sw- v Xn-cn- -dn-bp- -sx-ßs\? i- -Øn-\v Xo-{h-X (intenstiy), D- -X (loudness), B-hr-Øn (frequency), Kp-Ww (timbre) F- o k-hn-ti-j-x-iƒ D- v. C-Xn H-tc B-hr- Øn-bn-epw Xo-{h-X-bn-epw D- -X-bn-epw hm-bn- p- c- v D-]-I-c-W-ß-sf Xn-cn- -dn-bm \-Ωp-sS Im-Xp-I-sf k-lm-bn- p- -Xv A-Xn-s Kp-Ww F- k-hn-ti-j-x-bm-wv. C-Xp-X-s -bm-wv H-cp Km- \w tiƒ- p-tºmƒ A-Xn-se hn-hn-[ kw-ko-txm- ]-I-c-W-ß-sf Xn-cn- -dn-bm-\pw \-sω k-lm-bn- p- -Xv. Kp-Ww F- -Xv X-cw-K-Øn A-S-ßn-bn- p- hn-hn-[ B-hr-Øn-I-sf (frequency components) B-{i-bn- n-cn- p- p. G-Xv k- o -W-am-b i- -Øn-ep-ap- tn-cph-i-iƒ a-\- n-em- n-bm A-h Ir-{Xn-a-am-bn D- m- m -km-[n- pw. C-Xp-X-s -bm-wv G-Xv kw- Ko-tXm-]-I-c-W-Øn-s -bpw \m-zw kr- n- p-hm I-gn-bp- C-e-t{Œm-Wn-Iv Io-t_m -Up-I-fp-sS {]- h -Ø-\-co-Xn. A-ß-s\-sb- n kp- -e- v-an-bpss-bpw tb-ip-zm-kn-s -bpw i- -߃ Ir-{Xn-a-ambn D- m- m km-[n- p- Im-ew Zq-c-Ø-s - v I-cp-Xm-hp- -Xm-Wv. *A-kn. s{]m-^-k, Du -P-X-{ -hn-`m-kw, C- y C -kv- n-syq- v Hm-^v k-b -kv F-Uyp-t -j & dn-k - v (sf-k ), Xn-cp-h-\- -]p-cw 21

22 j-uv-]-z-ß-fp-ss i-_v-z-{]-]- -sø- - n-bm-wn-hn-ss ]-cn-tim-[n- p- -Xv. Iq- -Øn ssk-e v-hm-en- v F-ß-s\ B t] h- p-sh- pw A-t\z-jn- p- p. No-ho-Sp-Iƒ No-ho-Sp-Iƒ- m-wv G- -hpw h-en-b i-_v-z-tim-eml-e-ap- m- m-\p- I-gn-hp- -Xv. "No-ho-Sv' Cw- o-jn "kn- m-u' B-Wv. (im-kv-{x-ti-c-fw, 2017 sa-bv, t] Im-Wp-I.) Nn-d-Ip-Iƒ kp-xm-cyamsw- -Xv C-h-bp-sS a-s m-cp {]-txy-i-xbm-wv. B -No-ho-Sp-Iƒ- v am-{x-am-wv i-_v-z-ap- m- m-\p- I-gn-hp- -Xv. Noho-Sp-I-fp-sS i-_v-z-ap- m- m-\p- A- h-b-h-sø "Sn-º ' F- m-wv ]-d-bp- I. Sn-º-en-\v "s]-cp-º-d' F- m-w - w. s]-cp-º-d-bp-ss h-en- p-si- nb N -awt]m-se H-c-h-b-hw No-ho- Sn-s h-b-dn-s Xp-S- -`m-k-øv C- cp-h-i-ß-fn-ep-am-bn D- v. s\- v (thorax) `m-k-sø A-h-km-\- sø i-co-c-j-wv -U-Øn-s -bpw (segment) h-b -`m-k-sø B-Zy-sØ Ip-d- v i-co-c- J-Wv-U-ß-fp-sSbpw Dƒ-h-iw `qs{]m-^. C. Ip- n-ir-jv-w * P- p-tem-i-øn i-_v-z-ap- m- m-\p- I-gn-hpw A-Xn-\p- A-h-b-h-ß-fpw B-Zy-am-bn D-cp-Øn-cn- p-h- -Xv j-uv-]-zß-fn-em-wv. a-æ- -Iƒ, ]p - m-sn-iƒ, No-ho-Sp-Iƒ C-h-bv-s - mw i-_v-z-ap- m- m-\p- {]-txy-i A-h-b-h-߃ D- v. Hmtcm h -K-Øn-epw i-_v-z-ap- m- m-\p- A-h-b-h-߃ hy- Xy-kv-X-am-Wv. s]m-xp-th, C-W-sb B-I -jn- p-hm-\pw ]-ckv-]-cw Xn-cn- -dn-bm-\p-am-bm-wv C-h i-_v-zw ]p-d-s -Sp-hn- p- -Xv. Pqsse

23 imkv{x-ti-cfw "ssk-e v-hm-en' F- v F-ß-s\ t] -h- p? No-ho-Sp-I-fp-sS h-f - m-l- -Øn A-h H- n- v Nn-e ta-j-e-i-fn A-{]-Xy- -am- Im-dp- v. k-xy-øn, B h-f - m-l- -Øn Iq- -tøm-ss A-h a-æn I-gn-bp-I-bm- Wv. A-t mƒ A-h-bv- v i-_v-zw D- m- m ]- n-. hy-xy-kv-x C-\-ß-fn Cu A-{]- Xy- -am-i ]-e Im-e-L- -ß-fn-em-Wv D- m-hp-i. Nn-e-h 13 sim- -ß-fp-sS B-hr- Øn Im-Wn- p- p. a- pnn-e-h 17 sim- - m-e-hpw. h-s-s - A-ta-cn- -bn-se H-cn-\w Noho-Sv 221 sim- - m-ew A-{]-Xy- -am-b-ti-jw s]-s - v H-cp Zn-h-kw ]p-\ -`-hn- v Iq- tøm-ss i-_v-zw D- m- n-øp-s-ßp- -Xm-bn tc-j-s -Sp-Øn-bn- p- v. ssk-e v-hm-enbn A-ß-s\-bp- H-cp "No-ho-Sv \n-»-_v-z' Im-e-L- -Øn F-Øn-b B-sc- n-epw Noho-Sp-I-fp-sS A-`m-hw {i- n- v "\n-»-_v-z-x-bp-ss Xm-gv-h-c' F- v t]-cn- -Xm-Imw. cn-`m-k-hpw h-en-b hm-bp-a-d-i-fm-bn C-h-bn cq- ]m- -c-s - n-cn- p- p. i-_v-z-øn-s ap-g- w ]-e-a-s-ßv Iq- m-\m-bn k- lm-bn- p- -Xv Cu hm-bp-a-d-i-fm-wv. A-ev-]w ]pdw-h-f-hp- (convex) Sn-º i- -am-b a-kn-ep- I-fm A-I-tØ- v _- n- n- n-cn- p- p. t]-in- Iƒ Np-cp-ßp-tºmƒ Sn-º A-I-tØ- p-ip-gn-bp- I-bpw X-Xv-^-e-am-bn i-_v-z-ap- m-hp-i-bpw sn-øp- p. hm-bp-a-d-i-fp-ss k-lm-b-tøm-ss i-_v-z-øns ap-g- w-s]-cp- n- m No-ho-Sp-Iƒ- v I-gn-bpw. a-kn-ep-i-sf Xp-S-sc-Øp-S-sc k-t m-nn- n- pw hn- I-kn- n- pw No-ho-Sp-Iƒ- v Xp-S - -bm-bn h-en-b ap-g- -tøm-ss i-_v-z-ap- m- m I-gn-bpw. ]T-\-߃- v hn-t[-b-am-b Nn-e-bn-\w No-ho-Sp- Iƒ Sn-º A-I-tØ- v h-f-bp-tºmƒ (Ip-ºnƒ Ip-Øp-tºmƒ) 4000 Hz B-hr-Øn-bn i-_v-zw ]p-d-s -Sp-hn- p- -Xm-bn I-s -Øn-bn- p- v. Sn-ºen-s A-\- -߃- v X-S- -am-im-xn-cn- m i- _v-zw ]p-d-s -Sp-hn- p-tºmƒ Nn-d-Ip-Iƒ kz-ev-]w D-b -Øn-sh- p- p. \n-»-_v-z-a- m-ø Im-Sp-Iƒ \-Ωp-sS \n-xy-l-cn-x-h-\-ß-fn-epw C-e-s]m-gnbpw Im-Sp-I-fn-epw No-ho-Sp-I-fp-sS km- n-[yw G- sd {i- n- -s - -Xm-Wv. a-\p-jy G- -hpw-iq-sp-x ti- j-uv-]-z-i-_v-zw No-ho-Sp-I-fp-sS-Xm-bn-cn- pw. ]-e \n-xy-l-cn-x-h-\-ta-j-e-i-fp-ss ap-j-ap-{z-x-s No-ho-Sp-I-fp-sS Cu "kw-ko-x-ta-f'am-wv. No-ho-Sp- Iƒ kw-ko-xw-s]-øp- Im-Sp-I-fn "\n-»-_v-z-x' F- {]-Xn-`m-kw C-s - p-x-s ]-d-bmw. ssk-e v-hm-en Im-Sp-Iƒ- v "\n-»-_v-z-x-bp-ss Xm-gv-h-c' F- t]-cp-h-cm H-cp Im-c-Ww ]-d-bp- -Xv A-hn-sS No-ho-Sp-Iƒ C- F- -Xm-Wv. ]- t, C- -sø A-h-ÿ-bn A-Xv i-cn-b-. ssk-e v-hm-en Im-Sp-I-fn No-ho-Sp-Iƒ [m-cm-fap- v. A-h Xp-S - -bm-bn i-_v-z-ap- m- p- p-ap- v. \n-»-_v-z-x-bp-ss Xm-gv-h-c \n-»-_v-z-ta-b-. \m- K-cn-I-X-bp-sS i-_v-z-tim-em-l-e-ß-fn- m-ø Dƒh-\-ß-sf Im-hym-fl-I-am-bn "\n-»-_v-z-x-bp-ss Xmgv-h-c'I-fm-bn ]-d-bm-dp- v. a-\p-jy-km- n-[y-an- m- Ø ssk-e v-hm-en Im-Sp-Iƒ- v H-cp-]-t B X-c-Øn Cu t]-cv h- -Xm-Imw. *dn-. s{]m-^-k, P- p-im-kv-{x-hn-`m-kw, bq-\n-th-gv-kn- n tim-tf-pv, Xn-cp-h-\- -]p-cw 23

24 B-tcm-Ky-I-c-am-b Po-hn-X-Øn-\v i-_v-z-i-eyw H-gn-hm-t - -Xp- v. A-Xn a-\p-jy - p- ]- v h-f-sc h-ep-xm-wv. i-_v-z-a-en-\o-i-c-w-øn-s Im-Wm- p-d-߃ tum. kn. tpm ]-Wn- * a-\p-jy-\v e-`n- G- -hpw lr-zy-am-b h-c-zm-\-am- Wv i-_v-zw. C-fw-Im- n C-f-In-bm-Sp- C-e-I-fpsS a -Ω-c-hpw A-I-se-\n- pw H-gp-In-sb-Øp- kw-ko-x-øn-s lr-zy-x-bpw H-cn- -se- n-epw B- kz-zn- m-ø-h-cp-t m? kw-km-cn- p-xp-s-ßp- inip-hn-s sim- -epw C-jv-S-s - -h-cp-ss kv-t\-l- ]q -W-am-b kw-km-c-hp-sam-s B-cpw sim-xn- p- i-_v-z-ß-fm-wv. i-_v-z-øn-s Xo-{h-X H-cp h-kv-xp-hn-s I-º-\w-\n-an-Ø-am-Wv i-_v- Z-w cq-]-s -Sp- -Xv. C-Xv X-cw-K-cq-]-Øn-em-Wv k- -cn- p- -Xv. G-sX- n-epw H-cp am-[y-a-øn - q- Sn am-{x-ta i-_v-z-øn-\p k- -cn- m I-gn-bq. i-_v-zw A-\p-`-hn- -dn-bp- A-h-ÿ-bm-Wv tiƒhn. i-_v-z-øn-s Xo-{h-X A-f- p- -Xv su-kns_ (decibel-db) F- bq-wn- n-em-wv. (A-e- Iv-km- {K-lmw s_ s _-lp-am-\m - am-wv s_ F- bq-wn- v.) bm-sxm-cp ]- m-ø-e-i-_v-z-hpw C- m-ø A- h-ÿ-bn \-ap- v tiƒ- m I-gn-bp- G- -hpw sn-dn-b i-_v-z-øn-s Xo-{h-X-sb ]q-pyw su-kns_ (0 db) F- v \n -h-nn- n-cn- p- p. A-Xm-b- Xv, ]q-pyw su-kn-s_ F- -Xv i-_v-zw Xo-scbn- m-ø- A-h-ÿ-b-. a-dn- v B-tcm-Ky-hm-\pw tiƒ-hn- v X-I-cm-dp-an- m-ø H-cp hy- n- v tiƒ- m -I-gn-bp- i-_v-z-øn-s G- -hpw Ip-d- Xo-{h-X-bm-Wv. Pqsse

25 - imkv{x-ti-cfw i-_v-z-i-eyw-sim- p- B-tcm-Ky-{]-iv-\-߃ $ ÿm-bn-bm-b tiƒ-hn- p-d-hv. $ G-Im-{K-X-bn- m-bv -a, D-d- -an- m-bv a, Hm -Ω- p-d-hv. $ {]-ta-l-tcm-kn-i-fn c- -Øn-se ]- -km-c-bp-ss A-f-hv h -[n-. $ i-co-c-øn-se c- - p-g-ep-i-sf Np-cp- p- -Xp-h-gn c- -k-ω -Z- Øn-s h -[-\hv. $ B-am-i-b-Øn A-æmw-iw Iq-Sp- ssl- A-kn-Un- n. $ A-e -Pn, B-kv-Xv-a tcm-kn-iƒ- v tcm-kw h -[n- p-hm-\p- km-[y-x. $ K -`-ÿ-in-ip-hn-s h-f - ap-c-sn-. $ X-e-I-d- -ap- tcm-kn-i-fn tcm-kw aq - n-. i-_v-z-xo-{h-x-bp-ss txm-xv km-[m-c-w-bm-bn kw-km-cn- p-tºmƒ tiƒ- p- i-_v-z-øn-s Xo-{h-X 40 ap-x 50 h-sc sukn-s_-em-wv. D- -Øn kw-km-cn- p-tºmƒ A- Xv 60 db h-sc-bm-imw. Im-dp-I-fp-sS km-[m-c-w tlm-wn-s i-_v-zw 70 db Xo-{h-X-bp- -Xpw F- b -tlm-wn-s -Xv 100 ap-x 120 db h-sc-bp-am- Wv. 85 db v ap-i-fn Xo-{h-X-bp- i-_v-zw A- Xy-[n-Iw A-tcm-N-I-am-Wv. sh-sn-s]m- p- i-_v-z- Øn-s Xo-{h-X G-I-tZ-iw db B-Wv. Xo- {h-x Iq-Sp-t m-dpw i-_v-zw A-k-l-\o-b-am-Ip-sa- A-e-Iv-km- {K-lmw s_ p am-{x-a-, sn-hn-iƒ- v th-z-\-bpw hn-hn-[-xcw im-co-cn-i- -am-\-kn-im-tcm-ky-{]-iv-\-߃ D- m- p- X-c-Øn tzm-j-i-c-am-ip-i-bpw sn-øp- p. i-_v-z-a-en-\o-i-c-w-sa- A-Xym-]-Øv C- v \mw A-\p-`-hn- p- ]-cn-k-c-a-en-\o-i-c- W-Øn G- -hpw tzm-j-i-c-am-b-xpw \n -`m-ky-him G- -hpw hn-kv-a-cn- -s -Sp- -Xp-am-b s]m-xp- P-\m-tcm-Ky hn-]-øm-wv i-_v-z-a-en-\o-i-c-ww. A- tem-k-c-s -Sp-Øp- -Xpw i-eyw-sn-øp- -Xp-am-b i- _v-z-sø-bm-wv H- (noise) F- hm- p-sim- v hn-h- n- p- -Xv. a-\p-jy-cn am-{x-a-, a- ppo-hn- I-fn-epw A-tN-X-\-ß-fm-b h-kv-xp- -fn -t m-epw i-_v-z-a-en-\o-i-c-ww kr-jv-sn- p- `-hn-jy-øp- Iƒ h-f-sc Kp-cp-X-c-am-Wv, D-b - Xo-{h-X-bp- i-_v-zw Xp-S - -bm-bn ti- m Xm - m-en-itam ÿn-c-tam B-b tiƒ-hn- p-d-hv kw-`-hn- mw. i-_v-z-a-en-\o-i-c-ww sn-hn-iƒ- p tzm-jw snøp-i am-{x-a-, im-co-cn-i-hpw am-\-kn-i-hp-am-b a- -t\-iw B-tcm-Ky-{]-iv-\-߃- pw C-S-bm- p- p. i-_v-z-a-en-\o-i-c-ww C- y-bn tem-i-øn i-_v -Z-a-en-\o-I-c-Ww G- -hpw Iq-Sp- X-ep- cm-py-ß-fn H- m-wv C- y. km-t -Xn-I (tijw 28- mw t]pn ) 25

26

27

28 (25 mw t]pv XpS ) ]p-tcm-k-xn-bm-wv i-_v -Z-a-en-\o-I-c-W-Øn-s {]-[m- \ Im-c-W-sa- n-epw a- p ]-e hn-i-kn-x-cm-py-ß-fnepw X-߃ ssi-h-cn- km-t -Xn-I-ssh-Z-Kv-[yw D-]-tbm-Kn- p-x-s i-_v-z-a-en-\o-i-c-ww \n-b-{ n- n- p- v. F- m C- y-bn C-Xv C- pw km-[yam-bn- n-. G-Xp am-en-\y-hpw D- m-b-ti-jw \n -am -P-\w sn-øp- -Xn-epw A-`n-Im-ay-am-b-Xv A-h D- m-imsx t\m- p- -Xm-Wv. i-_v-z-øn-s Im-cy-Øn-epw Cu X-Xzw _m-[-i-am-wv. D-d-hn-S-ß-fn -Ø-s A-\m-h-iy i-_v-z-߃, A-tem-k-c-s -Sp-Øp- i- _v-z-߃ F- n-h I-gn-h-Xpw D- m-im-sx t\m- p- I-bm-Wv G- -hpw I-c-Wo-bw. hm-l-\-ß-fn A-\m-h-iy-am-bn tlm D-]- tbm-kn- p- -Xpw ({]-txy-in- v F-b -tlm ) s]m- Xp ÿ-e-ß-fn \n-b-a-hn-cp- -am-bn D- -`m-jn-wn- Iƒ D-]-tbm-Kn- p- -Xpw hy-h-km-b-im-e-i-fn-se A-\n-b-{ n-x-am-b i-_v -Z-a-en-\o-I-c-W-hpw \n-cp- ml-s -Sp-tØ- -Xp- v. s]m-xp-tbm-k-߃, D- - h-߃, a- m-tlm-j-߃ F- n-h-bn \n-b-a-hncp- -am-bn eu-uv kv-]o- -dp-iƒ D-]-tbm-Kn- p- - XpI- m A-[n-Im-cn-I-fp-sS {i- -bn -s -SptØ -Xv \Ωp-sS-sb mw DØ-c-hm-Zn-Ø-am-Wv. ho-sp-i-fn k-am-[m-\- -co- w \n-e-\n -Øm i-_v-z-a-en-\o-i-c-ww H-gn-hm- p-i-x-s th-ww. ss-en-hn-j, td-un-tbm, tlmw-xn-tb-, hm-tzym- ]-I-c-W-߃, ho- p-]-i-c-w-߃ Xp-S-ßn-b-h {]- h -Øn- n- p-tºmƒ kz- w ho- p-im-cp-ss-bpw A- b - m-cp-ss-bpw B-tcm-Ky-Øn-\v lm-\n-i-c-am-ip- n-s - v D-d- p-h-cp-tø- -Xv A-\n-hm-cy-am-Wv. A- an-x-i-_v -Zw-aq-ew F- m Po-hn-Xssieo-tcm-K-ß-fpw aq - n- m Im-c-W-am-Ip- p-sh-t m -t - -Xp- v. i-_v-z-a-en-\o-i-c-w-øn-s D-d-hn-S-߃ $ hm-l-\-߃. $ D- -`m-jn-wn-iƒ. $ hy-h-km-b-im-e-i-fn-se-bpw a- pw b- { -߃. $ ho-sn-\p- n-se i-_v-zw. $ sam-ss_ t^m-wn-s -bpw C-b - t^m-wn-s -bpw sl-uv-t^m-wn-s - bpw Xp-S - -bm-b D-]-tbm-Kw. $ shsn-s - p-iƒ. i-_v-zw, i-_v-zw i-_v -Z-i-eyw h-gn-bp- m-ip- tiƒ-hn- pd-hv H-gn-hm- m-hp- -Xm-sW- v ]-d-tb- - Xn- -t m. Hm-tcm 10 db i-_v-z-xo-{h-x-bpss h -[-\-hn-epw 10 a-s-ßm-wv i-_v-z-a-en- \o-i-c-ww Iq-Sp- -Xv. D-Zm-l-c-W-am-bn i- _v-z-xo-{h-x 20 db \n- v 30 db B-bn am-dp-tºmƒ 10 a-s-ßpw 40 db B-Ip-tºmƒ 100 a-s-ßpw h -[n- p- p. 75 db h-sc i-_v- Z-Xo-{h-X A-]-I-S-c-ln-X-am-bn I-W- m- mw. Xp-S - -bm-b sam-ss_ -t^m D- ]-tbm-k-hpw a- pw H-gn-hm-t - -Xm-Wv. \n-b-aw A-\p-h-Zn- i-_v-z-xo-{h-x ]-I (db ) cm-{xn -(db ) \n-»-_v-z ta-j-e P-\-hm-k ta-j-e hm-wn-py ta-j-e hy-h-km-b ta-j-e cm-{xn 10 a-wn ap-x cm-hn-se 6 a-wn-h-sc-bm-wv cm-{xn F- -XpsIm- v \n -h-nn- -s -Sp- -Xv. i-_v -Z-a-en-\o-I-c-Ww \n-b-{ n- p- -Xn-\p- F- fp- -h-gn A-\m-h-iy i-_v-z-ß-fp-ss t{km-x- p-iƒ C- m-xm- p-i-bm-wv F- v ]-d- p-h-t m. i-_v-za-en-\o-i-c-ww X-S-bp- -Xn-\v C-t mƒ-ø-s [mcm-fw \n-b-a-ß-fp-.v A-h i-cn-bm-bn \-S- m- nbm i-_v-z-a-en-\o-i-c-ww G-dn-b-]- pw \n-b-{ n- m I-gn-bpw. A-Xn-\m-bn i-_v-z-\n-b-{ -W-Øn- \p- ]p-ø km-t -Xn-I-hn-Zy-Iƒ D-]-tbm-K-s - Sp-Øp-I-bpw \n-e-hn-ep- \n-b-a-ß-sf- p-dn- v ]Tn- p-i-bpw a- p- -h-sc t_m-[-h - -cn- p-i-bpw sn-tø- -Xp- v. B-tcm-Ky-I-c-am-b H-cp Po-hn-X- Øn-\v i-_v-z-a-en-\o-i-c-w-\n-b-{ -Ww IqSntb Xocq. *dn-. su-]yq- n U-b-c-Iv-S, ti-c-f sl -Øv k -ho-k-kv, Xn-cp-h-\- -]p-cw ({]-kn-u- v, sf. Fw. F., Xn-cp-h-\- -]p-cw) Pqsse

29 imkv{x-ti-cfw C- y _-ln-cm-im-i-cw-k-sø A-\-\y-am-b hn-p-b-sø- - n H-cp Ip-dn- v A-`n-am-\-I-c-am-b N-cn-{X-t\- w Pn. A-ø- * C- y _-ln-cm-im-i K-th-j-W kw-l-s-\ (sf. F-kv. B. H.) hn-i-kn- n- G- -hpw i- n-tb-dn-b D-]-{K-l hn-t -]-W hm-l-\-am-wv Pn. F-kv. F. hn. am - v III Un 1 (GSLV Mark III -D1). A-Xn-s B-Zy-sØ hn-t -]-Ww 2017 Pq 5 mw Xo-b-Xn ssh-ip-t -cw 5.28 \v {io-lcn-t m- -bn-se k-xo-jv [-hm kv-t]-kv sk - dn -\n- v \-S- p. ]-Xn-\- v h -j-sø K-th-j- W-ß-fp-sS-bpw Iq- m-b ITn-\m-[zm-\-Øn-s -bpw ^- e-am-b Cu hn-p-b-i-c-am-b hn-t -]-Ww C- y- bp-ss _-ln-cm-im-i-n-cn-{x-øn-s A-hn-kv -a-c-wob-ap-lq -Ø-hpw A-`n-am-\- p-xn- p-am-bn am-dn. Pn-km- v- 19 (GSat-19) F- A-Xym-[p-\n-I hm - Øm-hn-\n-a-b D-]-{K-l-sØ `q-ÿn-c {`-a-w-]-y-ønse-øn- p-i F- {i-a-i-c-am-b Zu-Xy-am-Wv Pn. F-kv. F. hn. am - v III Ir-Xy-am-bn \n -h-ln- -Xv. C-Xp-h-sc C- y-bn -\n- v hn-t -]n- -Xn G- -hpw `m-c-ta-dn-b D-]-{K-l-am-Wv Pn-km- v- 19. cm-pym- -c D-]-{K-l-hn-t -]-W hn-]-wn-bn sf. F-kv. B. H. hn-\v Cu hn-p-bw H-cp s]m - (tijw 49- mw t]pn ) Pn. F-kv. F. hn. am - v III Un 1 29

30 2017 Pqsse B-\p-Im-en-I kw-`-h-߃, ap -h -j-ß-fn Cu am-kw \-S- im-kv-{x-øn-se-bpw a- v ta-j-e-i-fn-se-bpw I- p-]n-sp-ø-߃ F- n-h-sb B-kv-]-Z-am- n-bm-wv Izn-kv tnm-zy-߃ X-øm-dm- p- -Xv. Iq-Sm-sX im-kv-{x-ti-c-f-øn-s sxm- p-ap-º-sø e- -Øn-se te-j- \-ß-fn -\n- v Nn-e tnm-zy-ß-fp-ap- m-bn-cn- pw. D-Ø-c-߃ 2017 Pq-sse 20 \v ap-ºv Izn-kv tim -W, im-kv-{x-ti-c-fw, ]-cn-j-zv-`-h, I-Æq F- hn-em-k-øn A-b- -Ww. \n-ß-fp-ss t]-cv, ]Tn- p- - m-kv, kv-iqƒ hn-em-kw, ]n -tim-uv F- n-h F-gp-Xm hn- p-t]m-i-cp-tx. F- m tnm-zy-߃- pw i-cn-bp-ø-cw A-b- p-x-cp- kv-iqƒ hn-zym - n-i-fn -\n- v \-dp- n-s -Sp- p- c- p-t] - v k-ωm-\w \ -Ip- -Xm-Wv. k-ωm-\-߃ kv-iqƒ sl-uv-am- Ã-dp-sS/{]n -kn- -en-s hn-em-k-øn-em-wv A-b- p-i. A-Sp-Ø-am-kw 20 mw Xo-b-Xn- v ap-ºm-bn k-ωm-\-߃ In- n-bn-s - n F- \-º-dn _- -s -Sp-I. kv -Iqƒ hn-zym - n-i-f- m-ø-h - pw a- -c-øn ]-s -Sp- mw. F- m- n-\pw i-cn-bp-ø-cw A-b- p- A-Ø-cw B-fp-I-fn -\n- v \-dp- n-s -Sp-Øv H-cm-fp-sS t] am-kn-i-bn {]-kn- o-i-cn- p- -Xm-Wv. 1. ti-c-f kw-ÿm-\-cq-]o-i-c-w-øn-s B- Zy-]-Sn-bm-bn-cp- p cm-p-`-c-w-øn-em-bn-cp- Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dpw sim- n-bpw kw-tbm-pn- v Xn-cp-sIm- n kw-ÿm-\-am-b-xv Pqsse 1 \v B-Wv C-Xv \n-e-hn h- -Xv. Cu kw-ÿm-\-øn-s X-e-ÿm-\w G- Xm-bn-cp- p? 2. Ir-{Xn-a-lr-Z-bw F- kw-hn-[m-\w 1982 Pq-sse-bn-em-Wv B-Zy-am-bn a-\p-jy-\n L-Sn- n- v hn-p-b-i-c-am-bn {]-h -Øn- n - Xv. Cu kw-hn-[m-\-øn-s t]-sc- v? 3. {Z-ho-I-cn- m G- -hpw _p- n-ap- p- H- cp hmxi-am-wv lo-en-bw Pq-ssebn Im-a enw-kv Hm -k F- U- v im-kv-{x- A-Xy-[n-Iw {i-a-i-c-am-b ]-co- -W-ß-fn-eq-sS lo-en-b-sø {Zm-h-Iam- n. C-Xn-s {]-[m-\ D-]-tbm-K-sa- m-wv? 4. tem-i P-\-kw-Jym-Zn-\w B-N-cn- p- -Xv Pq-sse 11 \v B-Wv Pq-sse 11 \v tem-i-p-\-kw-jy H-cp {]-txy-i kw-jybn-se-øn-b-xn-s A-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn-em-Wv Cu Zn-h-kw P-\-kw-Jym-Zn-\-am-bn B-N-cn- m Xo-cp-am-\n- -Xv. Hu-tZym-Kn-I I-W- -\p-k-cn- v 1987 Pq-sse 11 \v tem-i-p-\- kw-jy F-{X-bm-bn-cp- p? 5. Pq-sse-bn-em-Wv am-ln (a-ø-gn) {^- p-imcn -\n- v kzm-x-{ yw-t\-sn-b-xv. {^- p- Im -s -Xn-sc \-S- kzm-x-{ y-k-a-c ]- m- Ø-e-Øn F-gp-X-s - {]-i-kv -X a-e-bm-f-t\mh G-Xm-Wv? Pq-sse 20 \v P-\n- P-b- v hn. \m -en- C-t m-gpw im-kv-{x-cw-k-øv k-po-h-am-wv. G-Xv im-kv-{x-ta-j-e-bn-em-wv A-t±-lw A- - tz-io-b {]-i-kv-xn t\-sn-bn- p- -Xv? 7. Pq-sse 21 \v Nm-{μ-Zn-\-am-W-t m. N-{μ-\n-en-dßn-b A-h-km-\-sØ a-\p-jy Cu h -jam-zyw A- -cn- p. A-t±-l-Øn-s t]-sc- v? 8. B-Zy-sØ ss-kv- v Syq-_v in-ip-hm-b eq-bn-kv {_u ]n-d- -Xv 1978 Pq-sse 25 \v B-Wv. C-Xn-s km-t -Xn-I-hn-Zy C- v h- y-xm-\nhm-c-w n-\n- p-i-fn hym-]-i-am-bn D-]-tbm- Kn- p- p. Cu km-t -Xn-I-hn-Zy-bp-sS t]-sc- v? 9. C- y-bn-se G- -hpw h-en-b ]m-ew 2017 sa-bvam-k-øn s]m-xp-p-\-߃- m-bn Xp-d- psim-sp-øp. C-Xv G-Xv kw-ÿm-\-øm-wv? 10. tim-i-ß-fn-se ]-h lu-kv G-Xm-Wv? Izn-kv tim -W : 2017 Pq D-Ø-c-߃ 1. dn-tbm Un P-\o-tdm. {_-ko-en-b Xp-d-ap-J- \-K-c-am-b C-hn-sS 1992 Pq-Wn \-S- A- - tz-io-b ]-cn-ÿn-xn-k-tω-f-\w "dn-tbm D- -tim- Sn', "`u-a D- -tim-sn' F- o t]-cp-i-fn A-dn- Pqsse

31 imkv{x-ti-cfw b-s -Sp- p. C-tX \-K-c-Øn 20 h -j-߃- p-ti-jw (2002 ) Pq -am-k-øn \-S- k-tω-f-\w "dn-tbm+20' k-tω-f-\w F- m-wv hn-ti-jn- n- -s -Sp- -Xv. 2. X-Æo -Ø-S B-hm-k hy-h-ÿ. C-dm-\n-se dmw-k \-K-c-Øn 1971 s^-{_p-h-cn 2 \v \-S- Cu k-tω-f-\-øn X-Æo -Ø-S-ß-fp-sS kp-ÿn-c-hn-i-k-\w e- y-am- n-s m- p- N - -Iƒ \-S- p-i-bpw 169 cm-py-߃ H- n- A- -tz-io-b D-S-º-Sn \n-e-hn -h-cn-i-bpw snbv-xp. A-ß-s\ s^-{_p-h-cn 2 tem-i X-Æo - Ø-S-Zn-\-am-bn B-N-cn- - -Sp- p. 3. Hm-kv -t{s-en-b-bn-se t{k- v _m-cn-b do-^v. tem- I-Øn-se G- -hpw h-en-b ]-hn-g- p- v k-aq-l-am-wn-xv. (Cu e- w im-kv-{x-ti-c-fw t]. 32 Im-Wp-I.) 4. U-tbm-Iv-kn sl-iv-km t m-tdm- ^o F- Io-S-\m-in-\n D-Xv-]m-Zn- n- p- Sm- n \n- v hn-j-hm-x-iw-tnm - v A-]-I-Sw -kw- `-hn- ]- -W-am-Wv sk-sh-k. U-tbm-Iv-ko A-S-ßn-b hn-j-hm-x-i-߃ ]- -W-Øn-\p-Np- pap- 18 N.In.ao. {]-tz-i-sø a-en-\o-i-cn- p- I-bp- m-bn. B-bn-c- -W- n-\v P-\-ß-sf am- n- m - n- p-i-bpw A-h-ti-jn- ar-k-ß-sf-bpw hn-f-i-sf-bpw \-in- n- p-i-bpw sn-bv-xp. 5. ho-sv. P -a Po-h-im-kv-{X- -\m-b GWkv v slbv B-Wv C-t m-f-pn F- -hm- v B- Zy-am-bn {]-tbm-kn- -Xv. 6. a-u-km-kv-i. C- y D-]-`q-J-Wv-U-Øn -\n- pw 9 tim-sn h -j-߃- p-ap-ºv hn- p-t]m-bn H- -s - v \n-e-\n- -Xn-\m a-u-km-kv-i-dn-se 90 i-x-am-\w Po-h-Pm-e-ß-fpw tem-i-øn a-s mcn-s-øpw Im-W-s -Sm-Ø-h-bm-Wv. 7. B n-tem- v. am-\p-i-fpss A-Sp-Ø _- p- fm-wn-h. \o -Km-bv-Iƒ G-jy-bn-se G- -hpw h- en-b B n-tem- p-i-fm- Wv. 8. {Ko ]o-kv C -\m-j-\ Im-\-Ubn-se hm -Iq-h-dn ]n-d-hn-sb-sp- p-i-bpw ]n- o-sv Bw-à -Umw B-ÿm-\-am-bn {]-h -Øn- p-i-bpw sn-øp- H-cp kw-l-s-\-bm-wn-xv. A- ta-cn- -bpw {^m -kpw im- -k-ap-{z- Øn \-S-Øn-bn-cp- B-W-h-]-co- - W-߃-s -Xn-sc 1970 I-fn-epw 1980 I- fn-epw \-S-Øn-b {]-Nm-c-W- -{]-Xn-tj-[- {]-h -Ø-\-ß-fn-eq-sS {i-t -b-am-bn. 9. I-S - p-xn-c-iƒ. X-e-bp-sS B-Ir-Xn Ip-Xn-c-bp-tS- Xp-t]m-se-bmb-Xn-\m I-S - p-xn-c- Iƒ F- -dn-bs -Sp- C-h Xm-c-X-tay-\ sn-dn-b I-S a- y-ß-fm-wv. s] -a- y-߃ B a- y-ß-fp-ss i-co-c-øn-ep- k- nbn A-Wv-U-߃ \n-t -]n- p-i-bpw A-hn-sS-sh- v _o-p-k- -e-\w-\-s- v ap- - Iƒ-hn-cn- v Ip- p-߃ ]p-d-øp-hcn-i-bpw sn-øp- p. A-ß-s\-bm-Wv B -I-S - p-xn-c-iƒ {]-k-hn- p- A- - m-cm-b-xv. 10. World Wide Fund for Nature. C-Xm-Wv WWF s C-t m-g-sø ]q -W-cq-]w. Izn-kv tim -W : 2017 Pq k-ωm-\m -l 1. \^ok \udn. ]n., 9 mw mkv _n, Fw. C. Fkv. F v. Fkv. Fkv. Ccn-ºn-fn-bw, ae- pdw ARvPen _me-ir-jvw, 12 mw mkv, F v. F v. Fkv. sf. _n. kzman-pokv lb sk- dn kviqƒ, FS-\o, Imk-d-tKmUv hnzym ni-f- m-ø-h e van _mbv, ] n-t»-cn, sh n-t\-gn, ]me- msv Fw. Pn. 31

32 B-tKm-f-Xm-]-\w-t]m-ep- {]-Xn-`m-k-ß-fp-sS A-\- -c-^-e-߃ {]-Ir-Xn-sb F-ß-s\-sbm-s _m-[n- pw? k- m-c-{]n-b-\pw ]-cn-ÿn-xn-{]-h -Ø-I-\p-am-b te-j-i H-c-\p-`-hw hn-h-cn- p- p. Sn. Kw-Km-[-c * ssn-\-bn-se h- -Xn tem-i-øn-se G- - hpw \o-fw Iq-Sn-b a-\p-jy-\n -an-xn-bm-w-t m. `qan-bn-se G- -hpw ssz -Ly-ap- ssp-h-hy-h-ÿbm-bn (life system) I-cp-X-s -Sp- -Xv, Hm-kv-t{S-enb-bp-sS In-g- Xo-c-Øn-\-Sp-Øp- t{k- v _mcn-b do-^v (Great Barrier Reef) B-Wv. Hm-kv-t{Sen-b-bn-se h-s- p-in-g- kw-ÿm-\-am-b Izo kv-em n-s In-g- Xo-c-Øp-\n- v G-Xm- v 30 In.ao. A-I-se I-S-en sx- p-h-s- m-bn c- mbn-c-øn -]-cw In-tem-ao- \o-f-øn-em-wv Cu ]-hn-g- p- p-a-e ÿn-xn-sn-øp- -Xv. an- -bn-s-øpw k-ap-{z-\n-c- n -\n- v 5 ap-x 10 ao- h-sc Xmsg-bm-Wv do-^n-s ap-iƒ-`m-kw. aq-hm-bn-c-tømfw sn-dp-sn-dp ]-hn-g- p- p-a-e-i-fp-ss kw-lm-x-am- Wv t{k- v _m-cn-b do-^v. ssh-hn-[y-ap- I-S -Po-hn-Iƒ ]-e h -W-ß-fn-epw cq-]-ß-fn-ep-ap- ]-hn-g- p- p-iƒ, I-S -k-ky-߃, a- y-߃, B-a-Iƒ Xp-S-ßn-b-h-bp-sS hn-kv-a-b- m-gv-n-i-fp-ss tem-i-am- Wn-hn-Sw. A-Xp-sIm- m-wv `q-an-bp-ss hn-hn-[-`m-kß-fn -\n- p- K-th-j-I-cpw km-l-kn-i-k- mcn-i-fpw hn-t\m-z-k- m-cn-i-fp-sam-s C-hn-sS-sb- Øp- -Xv. A-h I-S-en-s A-Sn-Ø- n-te- v Du-fnbn- pw D-]-cn-X-e-Øn \o- n-bpw do-^n-\p-ap-i-fn Nn-te-S-ß-fn-ep- sim- p-xp-cp-øp-i-fn-te- v k- -cn- pw do-^n-s ku-μ-cyw a-xn-bm-thm-fw \p- I-cp- p. ]-hn-g- p- v \n-c-iƒ e- -Zzo-]p-I-fn-epw- (tijw 35- mw t]pn ) Pqsse

33 imkv{x-ti-cfw I-hn-X Du-gn-bw 1 tkm-a Im-cym- v * s]m-gn-bp- -sx-t Xo-tbm? sim-gn-bpw I-\ - q-hn-\p-t m? t]m-g-ø-sa- pw X-fn - q txm-gw 2 ]n-w-bp- n-sx-ßpw. a-gp-sh-dn-s m-gn-bpw h-\-߃ sim-gp-h-cn-s -dn-bpw a-e-iƒ ]-g-\w 3 \n-i-øp- n-sx-ßpw ]-g-h 4 s ]-Sp-]m- p an- w a-g-sbm-gn- o-sp- p ta-se, ]p-g-a-cn- o-sp- p Xm-sg. ti-gm-an-\n- -gw-]m- m ho-gpw-h-sc \-ap-s - pw! I-gn-bp-hm-t\-sd-bp-s - m H-gn-bm-Zp-c-aq-Ø,-sX- mw ap-gp-h-\p-sam- m-bv hn-gp-ßm ]-gp-xp-tx-so-sp- p a -Øy. H-gn-bp- -Xm -Xo -Ø `q-an? C-gp-Ip- -Xm -\n- a-æv? Np-gn-bn ]n-s-bp- -Xm-cv? ]-gn-sb- p-ao-iz-c-s\-t m! a-g-th-t a-e-th-t a-æp-th-t? ]p-g-bm-sbm-gp-ip-s m-c-ar-xp-th-t? Ip-g-bp-sºm-sgm-cp-a-c-Ø-W-ep-th-t? X-gp-Ip-hm-s\m-cp-Ip-fn -Im- p-th-t? A-gp-Ip-s m-c - -s m-spw-nq-sn-em-sn sim-gn-bp- -h -s m-cp \m-hp-th-t? X-gp-Xn- p-hm-xn-e-s-bv- p-thm - m-bn-\n I-gp-a-cw Xo - m-s\m-cm-fp-th-t? 1 Du-gn-bw th-e, 2 txm-gw tzm-jw, 3 ]-g-\w h-b, 4 ]-g-h Im-c-W-h *ti-c-f im-kv-{x-km-ln-xy ]-cn-j-øv {]-h -Ø-I-\m-b bp-h-i-hn, Xr-iq Pn- 33

34 X-\n-a-bm -Pn- k-aq-l-]t-\-߃ ]-søm -]-Xmw-\q- m- n-s a-[y-øn-em-wv H- cp k-hn-ti-j km-aq-ly-im-kv-{x-øn-s B-h-iykv-Iq-fp-I-fn-se km-aq-ly-im-kv-{x-]t-\-øn H-cp s]m-fn-s -gp-øv A-\n-hm-cy-am-Wv. C-Xn-s B-h-iy-I-X Du- n- -d-bp- te-j-\-øn-s A- mw-`m-k-am-wn-xv. km-aq-ly-im-kv-{x-]t-\w kv-iq-fp-i-fn A v tum. si.- F.- K-tW-iv* ]-Xn-s\- mw-\q- m- n-\v ap-ºv km-aq-ly-im-kv-{xw {]-txy-i hn-j-b-am-bn ]Tn- p-i-tbm ]Tn- n- p- I-tbm sn-bv -Xn-cp- n-. X-Xz-Nn-, ssz-h-im-kv -{Xw, hym-i-c-ww, \n-b-aw ap-x-em-b hn-j-b-ß-fm-wv ]Tn- n- n-cp- -Xv. k-aq-l-sø- - n-bp- ]-cm-a -i-߃ A-h-bp-sS `m-k-am-bn-cp- p. cm-jv -{So-bw-t]m-ep- hnj-bw-x-s -bp- m-ip- -Xv aq-ey-]t-\-øn-s -bpw \n-b-a-øn-s -bpw `m-k-am-bn- m-bn-cp- p. ssz-h-imkv-{x-øn-s `m-k-am-bn-cp- p N-cn-{Xw. B-[p-\n-I N-cn-{X-]-Wv-Un-X- m-cp-ss ap -Km-an-bm-bn-cp- hnt m C- -en-bn-se H-cp ss_-_nƒ A-[ym-]-I-\mbn-cp- p. B-[p-\n-I km-º-øn-i-im-kv-{x-øn-s Xp-S- - m-c-\m-b B-Zw kv-an-øv ]Tn- n- -Xv tamd ^n-tem-k-^n-bm-bn-cp- p. ]n- o-sv, km-aq-lyim-kv-{x-øn-te- v kw-`m-h-\ \-ev-in-b ]-e-cpw X- Xz-im-kv-{X-am-bn-cp- p ]Tn- -Xv. ap-s - [m-c-w h-f-cp- -Xv. B-K-kv-Xv timw-xv F- {^- v Nn- -I km-aq-ly-]t-\-sø H-cp im-kv -{X-am-bn Im-Wp-I-bpw A-Xn-\v tkm-jy ^nkn-iv-kv F- t]-cn-sp-i-bpw sn-bv-xp. `u-xn-i-ønse- -Xp-t]m-se k-aq-l-hpw im-kv-{xo-b-]t-\-øn- \v hn-t[-b-am- m-sa- m-wv timw-xv hm-zn- -Xv. Poh-im-kv-{Xw, \-c-hw-i-im-kv-{xw, km-º-øn-i-imkv-{xw Xp-S-ßn-b-h-bn-se ]T-\-߃ C-Xn-\v k- lm-b-i-c-am-bn. k-aq-l-]t-\-߃ X-Xz-Nn- -bn cm-p-hm-gv-n-bpw A-h kr-jv-sn- \n-bam-h-en-i-fpw tnm-zyw sn-ø-s - p. sszh-k- -ev-]w tnm-zyw-sn-ø-s - n-s - n-epw ]p-tcm-ln-x kr-jv-sn- aq-ey-kw-ln-x- Iƒ ]-e-xpw tnm-zyw-sn-ø-s - p. Pqsse

35 imkv{x-ti-cfw \n- pw aq-ey-t_m-[-\-øn -\n- pw ssz-h-imkv-{x-øn -\n- pw th -s]-sm-\m-cw-`n- p. k-aq-l-]t-\-ß-fp-ss X-\-Xv-cq-]-߃ h-f - p-h-cp- -Xn-\v Im-c-W-ap- v. 18 mw \q- m- n-\v ap -]v cm-p-hm-gv -N-bpw ssz-h-im-kv -{X-hpw X-Ωn k-hn-ti-j-_- -ap- m-bn-cp- p. cm-p-hm-gv-n-bpss B-i-b-kw-ln-X-Iƒ ssz-h-im-kv-{x-]-c-ambn-cp- p. hn-hn-[-cm-py-ß-fp-ss \n-b-am-h-en-iƒ X-øm-dm- p- -Xn-epw \o-xn-\n -h-l-w-øn-epw ]p-tcm-ln-x- m t\-cn- v ]- p-h-ln- n-cp- p. Irkv -Xy ]p-tcm-ln-x, C- y-bn-se {_m- -W, C- m-an-i D-e-am- ƒ Xp-S-ßn-b-h D-Zm-l-c-Wß-fm-Wv. \n-b-a-ß-fpw k-aq-l-\o-xn-{i-a-ß-fpw ssz-h-ln-x-a-\p-k-cn- m-sw- [m-c-w-bpw ]-c- n-cp- p. k-aq-l-]t-\-߃ ssz-h-im-kv-{x-øns -bpw X-Xz-Nn- -bp-ss-bp-sam-s `m-k-am-ip- -Xv C-Xp-sIm- m-wv. N-cn-{Xw th-dn-s m-cp hnj-b-am-bn I-W- m- -s - p-sh- n-epw A-h-bpsS {]-[m-\-s - D-t±-iyw cm-p-hm-gv-n-bp-ss-bpw {]-[m-\ kw-`-h-ß-fp-ss-bpw \mƒ-h-gn-iƒ Ir- Xy-am-bn tc-j-s -Sp-Øp-I-bm-bn-cp- p. kw-`-h߃ \-S- p- -Xv ssz-h-ln-x-hpw I -a-hp-a-\pk-cn- m-sw- [m-c-w-bp- -Xp-sIm- v AhbpsS A-]-{K-Y-\-Øn-\p- {i-a-ß-fp- m-bn-. km-aq-ly-im-kv-{xw ]T-\-hn-j-b-am-hp- p ]-Xn-s\- mw \q- m- n C-Xn-\p-am- w h- p. cm-p-hm-gv-n-bpw A-h kr-jv-sn- \n-b-am-h-en-ifpw tnm-zyw sn-ø-s - p. ssz-h-k- -ev-]w tnm- Zyw-sN-ø-s - n-s - n-epw ]p-tcm-ln-x kr-jv-sn- aq-ey-kw-ln-x-iƒ ]-e-xpw tnm-zyw-sn-ø-s - p. ]u-cm-h-im-i-ß-sf-bpw A-[n-Im-c-ß-sf-bpw s]m-xp-hn a-\p-jym-h-im-i-ß-sf- p-dn- p-ap- t_m-[w h-f - p-h- p. C-h-sb- mw D-d- p-h-cp- Øp- F-gp-X-s - \n-b-a-kw-ln-x-iƒ B-hiy-am-bn. ^m-iv-s-dn D-Xv-]m-Z-\-hpw hm-wn-py-hpw h-f - p-h- -txm-ss A-h-bp-sS kz-`m-h-hpw hy- Xy-kv-X L-S-I-ß-fpw ]T-\-hn-j-b-am-bn. cm-pym- -c hm-wn-pyw ]p-xn-b tz-i-ß-sf- p-dn- p- A-t\z-j-W-Øn-te- v h-gn-sx-fn-bn- p. Po-hn-X- Øn-s F- m ta-j-e-i-fn-epw am- w I- p-xp-sßn-b-txm-ss A-h-sb- mw ]Tn- -W-sa- t_m- [w h-f - p-h- p. Cu ]- m-ø-e-øn-em-wv km-aq-ly-im-kv-{xw H-cp {]-txy-i ]T-\-hn-jb-am-b-Xv. (A-Sp-Ø-e- -Øn Xp-S-cpw) *dn-. s{]m-^-k, N-cn-{X-hn-`m-Kw, tim-gn-t m-sv k -h-i-em-im-e (32 mw t]pv XpS ) A am Zzo-]p-I-fn-epw tem-i-øn-s ]-e `m-kß-fn-ep-ap- a- -t\-iw Zzo-]p-I-fn-epw Im-Wmw. ]-t, C-{X-am-{Xw ssz -Ly-hpw ssh-hn-[y-hpap- Po-h-Pm-e-ß-fp- do-^v th-sd F-hn-sS-bpw Im-Wm -]- n-. G-I-tZ-iw 1500 C-\w a- y-ßfpw 400 C-\w ]-hn-g- p- p-i-fpw 5000 C-\w sam-fkv- p-i-fpw 30 C-\w tumƒ-^n-\p-i-fpw Xn-anw-Ke-ß-fpw Cu A-Xn-a-t\m-l-c k-ap-t{zm-zym-\-ønep- -s{x. t]-cv h- -sx-ß-s\? t{k- v _m-cn-b do-^n-\v B t]-cv e-`n- -sxß-s\? B-cm-Wv B t]-cn- -Xv? B-tKm-f-Xm-]-\-Øn-s ^-e-am-bn k-ap-{z-p-e-øn-s Xm-]-\n-e h -[n- -Xp-Im-c-Ww do-^n-se Po-h-\p- ]-hn-g- p- p-iƒ A-Xn-th-K-Øn \-in- p-sim- n-cn- p-i-bm-w-v. Xo-c-tØ- v A-Sp- p- -Xn-s\ X-S-bp- -Xv F- A - -Øn-em-Wv "_m-cn-b do-^v' F- t] -h- -Xv. do-^n I- -ep-iƒ- v I-S- p-t]m- Im ]- n-b hn-s-hp-iƒ I- p-]n-sn- m-\m-bn k - sh \-S-Øn-b am-xyp ^v-fn-t -gv-kv F- \m-hn-i ]-cy-th- -I-\m-Wv Cu t]-cv \-ev-in-b-xv. t{k- v _m-cn-b do-^n-s C- -sø A-h-ÿbn im-kv-{x-k-aq-lw A-Xy- w B-i- -bn-em- Wv. B-tKm-f-Xm-]-\-Øn-s ^-e-am-bn k-ap-{z-pe-øn-s Xm-]-\n-e h -[n- -Xp-Im-c-Ww do-^nse Po-h-\p- ]-hn-g- p- p-iƒ A-Xn-th-K-Øn \-in- p-sim- n-cn- p-i-bm-w-s{x. do-^n-s\ \nco- n- p-tºmƒ \-ap- pw C- m-cyw t_m-[y-am- Ipw. ]-hn-g- p- p-i-fn K-Wy-am-sbm-cp-`m-Kw Poh-\- v, \n-dw \-jv -S-am-b \n-e-bn-em-sw- v Im-Wmw. B-tKm-f-Xm-]-\-Øn-s\-Xn-cm-bpw ]-cn-ÿn-xn-kwc- -W-Øn-\v A-\p-Iq-e-am-bpw \mw G-s -Sp-t - {]-h -Ø-\-ß-fn-te- v hn-c -Nq- p- A- \p-`-h-ß-fn H- p-am-{x-am-wn-xv. *kw-ÿm-\ {]-kn-u- v, ti-c-f im-kv-{x-km-ln-xy ]-cn-j-øv 35

36 2017 Pqsse ]-Z-{]-iv-\w t]m-ãv Im -Un ]-I -Øn ]q-cn- n- -b- p-i Pq-sse 20 \v ap-ºv A-b- -Ww. \n-ß-fp-ss t]-cv, ]Tn- p- m-kv, kv-iqƒ hn-em-kw, ]n -tim-uv F- n-h F-gp-Xm hn- p-t]m-i-cp-tx. i-cn-bm-b D-Øcw A-b- p-x-cp- hn-zym - n-i-fn -\n- v \-dp- n-s -Sp- p- c- p-t] - v k-ωm-\w \ -Ip- -Xm-Wv. A -l-cm-b-h - v kv-iqƒ sl-uv-am-ã-dp-ss / {]n kn- -en-s hn-em-k-øn-em-wv k-ωm-\-߃ A-b- p-i. k-ωm-\-߃ A-Sp-Ø-am-kw 20 mw Xo-b-Xn- v ap-ºv In- n-bn-s - n F- \-º-dn _- -s -Sp-I. kv-iqƒ hn-zym - n-i-f- m-ø-h - pw a- -c-øn ]-s -Sp- mw. i-cn-bp-ø-cw A-b- p- A-Ø-cw B-fp-I-fn -\n- v \-dp- n-s -Sp-Ø H-cm-fp-sS t] am-kn-i-bn {]-kn- o-i-cn- p- -Xm-Wv. D-Ø-c-߃ A-b-t - hn-em-kw: ]-Z-{]-iv-\w, 2017 Pq-sse, im-kv-{x-ti-c-fw, ]-cn-j-zv `-h, I-Æq h-e-tøm- v 1. C-e-Iv-t{Sm, t{]m-t m, \yqt{sm, t^m-t m... C-h-bv-s - mw s]m-xp-sh ]-d-bm-hp- t]-cv. 5. \n-d-hpw a-w-hp-an- m-ø Cu a-[p-c-{zhw I-c- n A-`n-\-bn- m {]-tbm- P-\-s -Sp- p. 6. B-Zy-am-bn hn-iz-hn- m-\-tim-iw c-nn- C- m-en-b ]-Wv-Un-X. 9. {]-]- -h-kv-xp- -sf- mw ]-c-kv-]-cw A-I-ep-I-bm-sW- -Xn-\v sx-fn-hm-bn Nq- n- m-wn- -s -Sp- H-cp {]-Xn-`mkw. 11. `q-an-bp-ss B- -cn-i-l-s-\-bn a-[y- `m-k-øv ÿn-xn-sn-øp- `m-kw. 12. ho-sv X-s. 13. C-e-b-\- -i-_v-zw. 15. hn-ip- -ÿ-e-sa- v A - -ap- C- y-bp-ss H-cv A-b -cm-pyw. 18. ]-W-an- m-ø-h-s A-h-ÿ C-Xn-\v k-am-\-sa- m-wv snm- n-ep- -Xv Xm-tgm- v Pw-Knƒ-_p- v F- I-Ym-k-am-l-c- Øn-se ap-jy-i-ym-]m-{xw. 2. ]p- n-cn-bp-ss t]-cn {]-kn- -am-b Cu Om-bm-Nn-{X-Øn-\m-bn Um-hn- n- p-ap- n tam-u-em-bn- \n- h- \n-x Pqsse

37 - imkv{x-ti-cfw 3. cm-k-\m-aw tkm-unbw t m-ssd-uv. 4. \-Ωp-sS D-d- -Øn-s Kp-W-X-bpw Im-e-b-fhp-sam-s \n-b-{ n- p- "sa-em-tsm- Wn ' ]p-d-s -Sp-hn- p- {K-Ÿn. 7. {Z-hy-am-\-sØ {]-th- Kw-sIm- v Kp-Wn- m N-en- p- h-kv Xp- -fp-ss Cu k-hnti-j-kp-w-øn-s A-f-h-dn-bmw. 8. "C- -se sn-bv-sxm-c- _- w aq-v - n- sø-bm-nm-c-am-imw'. C- p-am-{x-a- F- pw {]-k- -am-tb- m-hp- Cu h-cn-i-fp-ss c- N-bn-Xm-hv. 10. a- n-s H-cp ]-cymb-]-zw. 13. a-g-sh- w "simøm ' a-æn \n -an- m-hp- -Xv. 14. A-`n-{]m-bw, C-jv-Sw F-s m-s -bm-w - w. 15. kw-ko-x-øn-se cm-kß-sf-bpw tim-s-xn-bnse ti-kp-i-sf-bpw C-ß-s\ sn-øm-dp- v. 16. "D-Ø-c'Øn-s hn-]- co-xw. 17. No- v, Xmƒ, A-Sp- v C-h-bv-s m-s ]- I-c-ap- a-s m-cp-]-zw. 1 5 C e n 13 Ø d S ]Z{]iv\w : 2017 Pq DØcw 2 h - I ] c ^m Ãv s ]Z{]iv\w : 2017 Pq k-ωm-\m -l 1. AXp Ir-jvW si, 7 mw mkv _n, Sn. B. si. F v. Fkv. Fkv, hmwn-bw-ipfw, ae- pdw {io\m-yv si.]n, 10 mw mkv, koxn-km-ln_v F v. Fkv. Fkv, Xfn- -d-ºv, IÆq hnzym ni-f- m-ø-h A l-cm-b-h C. 6 A 9 æ X 3 7 tim ew an Im p ]m 18 Øo 16 m 8 B Xn Xn 14 X I \m th \ kp c `n e n e cw Rm 12 a c a 4 a g p gn Im b si. B. F. 37

38 kv-iq-fp-i-fn-se hn-zym-`ym-k-{]-h -Ø-\w ]-e-t m-gpw bm-{ n-i-hpw A-Xn-\m Ip- n-bn-se k -Km-fl-I-X-bp-sS hn-im-k-sø k-lm-bn- m-ø-xp-am-wv. A-Xn-s\ ap-dn- p-i-s-t - A-[ym-]-I-cm-I-s, ]Tn-Xm-hn-s\ ti-{μo-i-cn- m-ø-xpw Np- p-]m-sn-s\ D-]-tbm-K-s -Sp-Øm-Ø-Xp-am-b ]T-\-co-Xn-Iƒ A-h-ew-_n- v m-kv-ap-dn-bn-se {]-Xn-k- n-sb Iq-Sp-X cq- -am- p- p. H-cp So- -dp-ss I-Øv * Rm-s\m-cp Im-gv-N Im-Wp- p- v. h-f-sc \- m-bn an- p- jq-kpw kyq- pw [-cn- \ -a-t_m- [-an- m-ø kv-{xo- -]p-cp-j- m \-Ωp-sS kv-iq-fn-te- v I-S- p-h- p-sim- n-cn- p-i-bm-wv. \n-߃- h-sc F- m-bn-s-øpw Im-Wmw. sn-dn-b-xp-ap-x D-b - - m-kp-i-fn -h-sc A-h ]Tn- n- p- p. k- l-{]-h -Ø-I-tc, \n-߃- -h-sc A-dn-bp-tam? \n- n-x ]T-\-co-Xn-bn -\n- pw ap -\n- n-x aq-ey-\n -W-b-co-Xn-bn -\n- pw I-Sp-In-S am-dm A-h- X-øm-d-. ]mt-hp-am-bn _- -s - H-cp Pqsse

39 imkv{x-ti-cfw bq Syq-_v ho-un-tbm Im-Wn- p-sim- v \n-߃ mk-h-km-\n- n- p- -Xv I- m A-h ap-jw-np-fn- p- p. {]-Ir-Xn-sb- p-dn- p- I-hn-X-Iƒ ]Tn- m, \n-߃ m-kv-ap-dnhn- v A-Sp-Øp- a-c- ph- n-te- v t]m-ip-tºmƒ A-h C- -t -Sv Im-Wn- p- p. H-cv A-[ym-bw ]Tn- n- p- -Xn-\p-]-I-cw A- Xv H-cp N - -bpw kw-hm-z-hpw B- n-am- p-tºmƒ A-h - -Xv a-\-kn-em-hp-t C- ; C- -s -Sp- p-an-. A-Xn-s aq-ey-\n -W-bw F-ß-s\ \-S-Øpw F- m-w-h-cp-ss Nn-. hy-xy-kv-x-h -Kw Rm B-Zy-Im-e-Øv ]Tn- n- n-cp- kv -Iq-fn-t\m- Sv tn - v Ir-jn-ÿ-e-߃ D- m-bn-cp- p. A-hn-SsØ im-kv-{xm-[ym-]-i-s\ Rm-s\m-cn- -epw tim- pw kyq- pw C- v I- n- n-. A-t±-lw F-t m-sg- nepw ap-sn No-In-bn-cp-t m F- p-x-s kw-i-b-am- Wv. ]-t, G- -hpw {]-iv-\- m-cm-b Ip- n-iƒ- pt]m-epw A-t±-l-sØ C- -am-bn-cp- p. m-kn D- m-l-hpw H- -bpw _-l-f-hpw h-f-sc A-[n-Iam-bm A-t±-lw Ip- n-i-sf ]p-d-øv ]m-s-øv ar- K-ß-fp-sS A-Sp-tØ- v sim- p-t]m-ipw. Ip- n-iƒ D-S X-s im- -cm-ip-sa- v A-t±-lw ]-d- p. am-{x-a-, A-hn-sS-bm-Ip-tºmƒ A-h tnm-zy-߃ tnm-zn- pw. A-h - v ]-e-xpw A-dn-bm-\p- B- {K-lw ]p-d-øp-h-cpw. A-hn-sS-sh- m-wv B A-[ym- ]-I G- -hpw \- m-bn ]Tn- n- m-dp- -Xv. A-t±-lw h-f-sc ap-tº hn-c-an- p. C- m-sw- n A-t±-lw h-f-sc I- -s - p-t]m-tb-s\. A- t±-l-øn-\v X-s h-kv-{x-[m-c-w-sø- p-dn- v Xm- o-xv In- n-tb-s\. km-[m-c-w ]T-\-co-Xn-Iƒ X- n- -f- -Xn-\v, hn-zym - n-ti-{μn-x ]T-\-co-Xn A-h-ew-_n- -Xn-\v in- n-t - -h-cn A-t±-lw H- m-a-\m-tb-s\. C-t m-g-sø kyq- v- -tim- p-im A-c-kn-I-cm-Wv. A-h - v Nn-cn-bpw I-fn-bp-w A-dn-bn-. Rm ]Tn- n- sk- -dn kv-iq-fn-se hm-b-\-zn-\w A-h ]q -W-am-bpw \-in- n- p. F- mw- m-kp-h-sc Nn-et mƒ k-ω-xn- pw. ]-t, A-Xn-epw ap-xn - Ip- n-i-fp-ss "]T-\w X-I-cm-dn-em- m ' A-h k- Ω-Xn- p-i-bn-. h -j-øn H-cp Zn-h-kw ]q -Wam-bpw hm-b-\-bv- m-bn sn-e-h-gn- p- -Xn-s -bpw F-gp-Øp-Im-sc-bpw I-hn-I-sf-bpw kv-iq-fn hn-fn- p-h-cp-øp- -Xn-s -bpw Kp-Ww A-h - -dn-bn-. A- h - v ]T-\-sa- m t{k-up-iƒ t\-sm-\p- bm- { n-i-am-b H-cp Pm-Y (march) B-Wv. h- n-sb Im-f-bp-sS-ap- n si- p- p Rm ]Tn- n- p- hn-j-bw Cw- o-jm-wv. ap - Im-e-Øv F-s ]mtm-kq-{x-ww th- -{X hy- - X-bn- m-ø-xm-bn-cp- p F- v Rm-t\m - p- p. D- Zm-l-c-W-am-bn `m-jm- m-km-sw- n-epw N - Ip- n-i-fp-ss kz- w \n-co- -W-ß-sf A-Sn-ÿm-\- am- n-bm-bn-cp- p. A-Y-hm Rm hn-i-z-am-b H-cp ]mtm-kq-{x-ww sn-bv-xn- p-s - n m-kn-s ]T-\-e- yw "th-sdm-cp tem-i-øv H-cp a-wn- q - Xm-a-kw', "`m-h-\ hn-i-kn- n- p-i', "\q-x-\hpw sh- p-hn-fn- p- -Xp-am-b h-kv-xp-x-iƒ A-t\z-jn- p-i' F-s m-s B-bn-cn- pw. kyq- v- -tim- p-im F-t m-gpw h- n-sb Im-fbp-sS ap- n s - p- G - m-sv F- ]-g-s m- p-t]m-se, `m-h-\-sb- m-fpw {]m-[m-\yw I-Wn-i- X-bv- m-wv \-ev-ip-i. "{]m-[m-\yw h -[n- n- m {K-Ÿ-Im-c \m-a-hn-ti-j-w-߃ F-ß-s\ D-]- tbm-kn- p- p-sh- v a-\- n-em- p-i', A-s - n ' A-]q -W-hn-cm-a-hpw A -[-hn-cm-a-hpw X-Ωn-ep- hy-xym-kw a-\- n-em- - Xp-S-ßn-b-h-bm-bn-cn- pw A-h-cp-sS ]mtm-kq-{x-w-øn-se e- y-߃. Iq- m-kn D- m-l-hpw H- bpw _-l-f-hpw h-f-sc A- [n-i-am-bm Ip- n-i-sf ]pd-øv ]m-s-øv ar-k-ß-fp-ss A-Sp-tØ- v sim- p-t]m- Ipw. Ip- n-iƒ D-S X-s im- -cm-ip-w Sm-sX, ]-h -t]m-bn v ss -Up-Iƒ D- m- -Wsa- pw ]T-\-e- yw ]q -W-am-bpw hy- -am-bncn- -W-sa- pw A-f- m I-gn-bp-, t\-sm km- [y-am-ip- ]T-\-e- y-߃ (learning goals) D- m-bn-cn- -W-sa- pw A-h \n-jv-i -jn- pw. A-Sp-Ø-Im-e-Øv Rm ]Tn- n- hn-zym - n- Iƒ- v A]-{K-Y\w- \-S-Øm I-gn-bpw. ]-t, A-h - v A-h-cp-sS N- - q-sn \n- v ]p-d-øp-i-s- v Nn- n- m-\m-hp-i-bn-. `m-h-\-bp- -h-cpw k - Km-fl-I-ti-jn-bp- -h-cp-am-b-xn-\m A-h A-Xv ]Tn- pw. G- -hpw tx-bv-am-\w kw-`-hn- "]-co- ]m-km-ip- ' b-{ -ß-fn -\n- p-t]m-epw B-Xy- n-i-am-bn `m-h-\ s]m- n- p-d-øp-h-cpw. ]-t, A- 39

40 Im-ew h-cpw. hn-zym-`ym-k-øn-se Hm-tcm ]p-xn-b co-xn-bpw (initiative) ]-g-b-co-xn-tbm-sp- {]-Xn-I-c-Ww am- {X-am-Wv. B-Zyw tim-gv-kv h - v C-. ]n-s 100 i-x-am-\w tim-gv-kv h - v. ]n-s ho- pw A-Xv Ip-d- v C- m-xm-bn. ap-ºv tnm- pw kw-km-c-hpw (chalk and talk) B-bn-cp- p. ]n- o-s-xv {Kq- v {]- h -Ø-\-am-bn; N - -I-fn-eq-sS B-i-b-߃ hn-ikn- n- -em-bn. C-t mƒ ]-h t]m-bn n-eq-ss-bp- F -ss-bn -sa n F-Øn-bn-cn- p- p. (]- h t]m-bn v ]- -sø "tnm- pw kw-km-c'-øns H-cp hn-i-kn-x km-t -Xn-I-cq-]w am-{x-am-wv.) Cw- o-jv-]t-\w {K-l-Wi- n-bn \n- p-xp-s-ßn, hym-i-c-w-øn-epw kw-{k-ln-s -gp-x-en-epw ]n- o- Sv k-a-b-\n-_- -\ C- m-sx k -Km-fl-I F-gp-Ønkyq- v- -tim- p-im-cp-ss {]-iv-\w, A-h, kr- n- H-cp an-yy-bn hn-iz- kn- p- p-sh- -Xm- Wv. A-Xm-b-Xv hn-zym- `ym-kw dn-kƒ- n-\p-th- n-bm-wv F- an-yy. b-ym - hn-zym-`ymkw a-\- v Xp-d- m- \m-wv, A-S-bv- m-\-. Xn-s\ ]q- n-bn-sm-sx Xp-S- -Øn-te Xp-d- p-hn-sm hn-zym-`ym-k-øn-\v I-gn- m A-Xv Nm-cn-Xm - y- P-\-I-am-hpw. k -Km-fl-I-am-bn ]Tn- n- p-i A-\yw-\n- p-t]m-b "ssz-t\m-tkm-dm-wv'- Rms\- v F-\n- -dn-bmw. kyq- v tim- p-im h-f - v D-b - -ÿm-\-am-\-ß-fp-ss ]n- m-se-t]m-bt mƒ, Rm A-[ym-]n-I-bm-bn-Ø-s I-gn-bm Xo-cp-am-\n- p. `m-h-\-bp- -h-cpw Ip-d- v In-dp- - mcp-am-b F-s k-l-{]-h -Ø-I-tcm-Sv F-\n- v ]-dbm-\p- -Xv C-Xm-Wv. \n-cm-i-cm-h-cp-xv, A-h-sc-t mse B-hp- -Xn-s\ {]-Xn-tcm-[n- p-i. \n-߃ \ - aw H- pw ssi-hn-s-cp-xv. Ip- n-i-sf A-h-cp-sS I-gnhpw k -Km-fl-I-X-bpw `m-h-\-bpw D-]-tbm-Kn- m t{]m- m-ln- n- p-i. Hm - p-i, Im- v am-dn-ho-ip- (tijw 43 mw t]pn ) Pqsse

41 imkv{x-ti-cfw H-cp-Im-e-Øv a-\p-jy-i-co-c-øn-s sh-fp- v A-[n-Im-c-Øn-s -bpw B-Vy-Xz-Øn-s -bpw {]-Xo-I-am-bn-cp- p. I-dp- m-i-s Z-cn-{Zy-Øn-s -bpw A-Sn-a-Ø-Øn-s -bpw \n-d-am-bn-bp- p. Im-bn-I-cw-K-hpw `n- -am-bn-cp- n-. tum. Pn. _n-]n * A-ta-cn- -bn h -W-hn-th-N-\-hpw hwio-b A-[n-t -]-ß-fpw ]p-xp-a-bm - -X-. A-h-bv-s -Xn-sc-bp- {]-Xn-tj-[-߃ i- -hpw kp-zr-v-hpw B-bn-cp- p. A-Ø-c- Øn-ep- {]-Xn-tcm-[-{]-h -Ø-\-ß-fn Nne-Xv, A-Xv kw-`-hn- A-h-k-cw-sIm- pw A- c-tß-dn-b ÿ-ew-sim- pw {]-i-kv-x-am-wv. Im-bn-I-cw-K-Øpw hw-io-b, h -Ko-b ]- Z-{]-tbm-K-߃, C-S-s]-S-ep-Iƒ F- n-h k - h-km-[m-c-w-am-bn- p- v. C-h-bv-s -Xn-sc-bp- sn-dp-øp-\n-ev-]p-iƒ ]-te-s-øpw D- mbn- p- v. A-ta-cn- s]m-xp-k-aq-lw kzo- I-cn- p-t]m- hn-th-n-\ a-t\m-`m-h-øn-s ap-jw-aq-sn tem-i-øn-\v ap- n Xp-d- p-sim- Sp-Ø-Xv 1968 se sa-iv-kn-t m H-fn-ºn-Ivkn sh- m-wv. hn-p-b-]ot-øn-se {]-Xn-tj-[w Xo-b-Xn: 1968 H-Iv-tSm-_ 16, ÿ-ew: sa- Iv-kn-t m kn- n (H-fn-ºn-Iv tã-un-bw), k- a-bw cm-hn-se 8.45, ]p-cp-j- m-cp-ss 200 ao. ss^-\-en-\p-ti-j-ap- k-ωm-\-zm-\- -S-ßv. B-th-i-`-cn-X-am-bn-cp- p a- -cw. ]p-xn-b tem-i-sd-t m -Uv kz- w t]-cn-em- n A- ta-cn- -bp-ss tsm-an kv-an-øv H- mw-ÿm-\- m-c-\m-bn. Hm-Sm-s\-Sp-Ø k-a-bw sk- v am-{xw. Hm-kv -t{s-en-b-bp-ss ]o- t\m - am c- m-a-xm-bn. k-a-bw: sk- v, sk- n ^n-\n-jv sn-bv-x A-ta-cn- 41

42 -bp-ss a-s m-cv A-Xv-e- v tpm Im -tem-kv aq- mw ÿm-\- m-c-\p-am-bn. sa-u-ep-iƒ k-ωm-\n- p- -Xn-\m-bn tu-hn-kv sk-un F- A-Xn- Yn-bpw X-øm-dm-bn-cp- p. hn-p-b-]o-t-øn-te- v I- b-dn-\n- A-ta-cn- Im-bn-I-Xm-c-߃ I-dp-Ø tkm-iv-kv am-{x-am-wv Im-en A-Wn- n-cp- -Xv. jq-kv A-h [-cn- n-cp- n-. c- p-t]-cpw ssi-ifn I-dp-Ø I-øp-d (gloves) [-cn- n-cp- p. H- m-a- \m-b kv-an-øv I-gp-Øn H-cp I-dp-Ø kv-im -^v Np- n-bn-cp- p. Im -tem-km-sw- n A-t±-l-Øns {Sm- v kq- n-s ap-iƒ-`m-kw s\- - w-h-sc - m-cp-ss ap-j-tø- I-\-Ø {]-l-c-am-bnam-dn. A-\m-Z-c-hm-bpw A-l- m-c-am-bpw Hu-Nn-Xy-an- m-bva-bm-bpw A-ta-cn- -bn-se ap-jy-[m-cm-am-[y-a-߃ C-Xn-s\ hn-e-bn-cp-øn. F- m sa-u -Zm-\- -Sßn-\p-ti-j-ap- tsm-an kv-an-øn-s {]-Xn-I-c-Wam-bn-cp- p h-kv-xp-x-i-fp-ss `o-i-c-x sh-fn-hm- nb-xv. "Rm hn-p-bn-bm-ip-tºmƒ am-{x-am-wv A-tacn- - m-c-\m-ip- -Xv. A-t mƒ am-{x-am-wv I-dp- Ø-h -K- m-c-\m-b A-ta-cn- - m-c-\- m-xm-ip- - Xv. Rm F-s - n-epw tam-i-am-bn sn-bv-xm Xp-d- n- n-cp- p. H- w-x-s H-fn-ºn-Iv-kn-s a-\pjym-h-im-i k-tμ-iw D-b -Øn- n-sn- p- _m-uv- Ppw aq-h-cpw [-cn- n-cp- p. jq-kv [-cn- m-sx I-dp-Ø tkm-iv-kpam-{xw [-cn-s -Øn-b-Xv A-ta-cn- -bn-se I-dp-Øh -K- mc-s Zm-cn-{Zy-sØ kq-nn- n- m-\m-bn-cp- p. I-gp- Øn [-cn- kv-im -^v A-h-cp-sS A-`n-am-\-sØ {]-I-S-am- m- D-t±-in- -Xm-bn-cp- p. hn-th-n-\w \n-e-\n- Im-bn-I-cw-Kw The Star Spangled F- A-ta-cn- -bp-ss tzio-b-km-\w kv-t -Un-b-Øn D-b - p-ti- -t mƒ kv-an-øpw Im -tem-kpw X-ß-fp-sS {]-X-n-tj-[-kq- N-I-am-bn B-Im-i-Øn-\v t\ - v ap-jv-sn-np-cp- n X- e-xm-gv-øn-\n- p. Cu {]-Xn-tj-[-kq-N-I-am-b {]- hr-øn A-ta-cn- -bn-se h-tc-wy-h -K- m-cm-b sh- Pqsse sh-dpw \o-t{km am-{x-am-bn-am-dpw. Rm I-dp-Ø \n-d- m-c-\m-wv, Rm-\-Xn A-`n-am-\n- p- p. R- ߃ sn-bv-x {]-hr-øn-bp-ss hym-]v-xn F- m-sw- v I-dp-Ø-h -K- m-cm-b A-ta-cn- - m- - v a-\- n-em-ipw.' C-Xpam-{X-a-, A-ta-cn- -bp-ss H-fn-ºn-Iv ]-cnio-e-\-th-zn-i-fn-epw I-Sp-Ø hn-th-n-\w \n-e-\n- ncp- p. A-Xn-s\-Øp-S - v H-cp L- -Øn I-dp-Øh -K- m-cm-b ap-gp-h A-ta-cn- A-Xv-e- p-ifpw H-fn-ºn-Iv-kv _-ln-jv- -cn- p- -Xn-s\- p-dn- v Ku-c-h-am-bn B-tem-Nn- n-cp- p. H-fn-ºn-Iv-kv I-Ωn- n-bp-ss `o-j-wn kw-`-hw hn-hm-z-am-b-txm-ss A- -S- -Øn-s t] -]-d- v B-Zyw-X-s cw-k-sø-øn-b-xv A- m-cm-jv-{s H-fn-ºn-Iv I-Ωn- n-bp-ss {]-kn-u v B-

43 imkv{x-ti-cfw bn-cp- sf-h-dn _p -Um-jm-Wv. F-{X-bpw-s]-s - v Im-bn-I-Xm-c-ß-sf So-an -\n- v ]p-d-øm- m A-ta-cn- A-[n-Ir-X-tcm-Sv A-t±-lw B-h-iys - p. C-Xv \n-c-kn- A-ta-cn- H-fn-ºn-Iv kw- L-sØ sam-ø-am-bn ]p-d-øm- p-sa- v `o-j-wns -Sp-Øp-hm-\pw A-t±-lw X-øm-dm-bn. Cu `o-j- Wn ^-ew-im-wp-i-bpw A-ta-cn- -kw-lw Cu tp-xm- -sf H-fn-ºn- v {Km-a-Øn -\n- v ]p-d-øm- p-i-bpw sn-bv-xp. H-fn-ºn-Iv-kn-s A- x-k-øbv- v-ta-ep- t_m-[-]q -h-hpw A-{I-a-kz-`m-h-ap- -Xp-am-b I-S- p-i-b- -am-bm-wv Cu kw-`-h-sø A-t±-lw hn-ti-jn- n- -Xv. A-Xn-\p-ti-jw Cu Xm-c-߃- v G-sd I-jv-S- m-sp-iƒ k-ln-t - n-h- n-. kv-an-øv A-Xv-e- m-bn Xp-S-cp-I-bpw Im-bn-I-hn-Zym-`ym-k-Øn-s s{]m-^-k-dm-bn tpm-en-t\m- p-i-bpw sn-bv -Xp. Im - tem-kn-s Po-hn-Xw Zp-cn-X-]q -W-am-bn-cp- p ao- -dn-se tem-i sd-t m -Un-\v X-Øpey-am-b {]-I-S-\w Im-gv-N-sh- p-hm Im -tem-kn- \m-sb- n-epw Xp-S - -tßm- p- {]-I-S-\w ]-cn-xm- ]-I-c-am-bn-cp- p. G-sd Zp-cn-Xw-t\-cn- C-h - v ]n- p-w-bp-am-bn-\n- -Xv Hm-ko-kv Xm-cw ]o- t\m - am-\m-wv H-fn-ºn-Iv-kn-\m-bn 13 X-h-W Xp-ey- Xm-k-a-bw a-dn-i-s- n- pw A-t±-l-sØ H-fn-ºn-Iv So-an Hm-kv-t{S-en-b kw-lm-s-i Dƒ-s -Sp-Ønbn-. am-{x-hp-a-, N-cn-{X-Øn B-Zy-am-bn t\m - am-s\ H-fn-ºn-Iv-kva- -c-ß-fn \n- v H-gn-hm- p- - Xn-\m-bn H-cp ]p-cp-j A-Xv-e- n-s\-t m-epw 1972 H- fn-ºn-iv-kn-\v Hm-kv-t{S-en-b A-b- n-. hn-p-b-]ot-øn-s s\-dp-ibn \n - p-tºm-gpw kz- w k-aq-l-øn-s Zp-ÿn-Xn- v Im-c-W-am-b km-aq-ly-{]-iv-\- sø a-d- m-sx hn-im-e-am-b am-\-hn-i-x-bp-ss ]p-xn-b-]mt߃ ]-d- p-x-cn-i-bm-bn-cp- p Cu Im-bn-I-{]-Xn-`-Iƒ. hn-p-b-]ot-øn-s s\-dp-i-bn \n - p-tºmgpw kz- w k-aq-l-øn-s Zp-ÿn-Xn- v Im-c-Wam-b km-aq-ly-{]-iv-\-sø a-d- m-sx hn-im-e-amb am-\-hn-i-x-bp-ss ]p-xn-b-]mt-߃ ]-d- p-xcn-i-bm-bn-cp- p Cu Im-bn-I-{]-Xn-`-Iƒ. "ªm- v k-eyq- v' F- t]-cn-em-wv hy-xy-kv-x A - -Xe-ß-fp- [o-c-am-b Cu {]-hr-øn Hm -an- -s - Sp- - -Xv. *A-kn. s{]m-^-k, Im-bn-I-hn-Zym-`ym-k hn-`m-kw, ti-c-f-h -a tim-tf-pv, Xr-»q (40 mw t]pv XpS ) te- pw F-Øn-sb- n-epw C-t m-ƒ ho- pw Xp-Sßn-tb-S-Øp-X-s. am- -߃- m-bn {]-Xn-tcm-[wXo - kyq- v- -tim- p-im-cp-ss {]-iv-\w, A-h kzbw kr- n- H-cp an-yy-bn hn-iz-kn- p- p-sh- -Xm- Wv. A-Xm-b-Xv hn-zym-`ym-kw dn-kƒ- n-\p-th- n-bm- Wv F- an-yy. dn-kƒ- v ti-{μo-i-cn- p- ]T-\w Ip- n-i-fn -\n- - Xp-S-ßn-b-Xv; A-h F-t m-gpw a- -cm-[n-jvtn-x-am-bn-cp- p kv-iq-fp-iƒ X-Ωn-ep- a- -cw. b-ym - hn-zym-`ym-kw a-\- v Xp-d- m-\m-wv, A-S-bv- m-\-. \-Ωp-sS ho- -Ww hnim-e-am- m-\m-wv. A- p-h -j-sø hn-zym-`ym-kwsim- p- t\- -ß-sf sh-dpw c- p-a-wn- q -sim- v hn-e-bn-cp-øm-\-. A-Sp-Ø hn-zym-`ym-k-am- -߃ \-Ω-sf F-tßm- p-\-bn- p-sa-s -\n- -dn-bn-. A-[ym-]-I {]-Xntcm-[w-Xo- - p-sa- v Rm B-in- p- p. F- n \-Ωp-sS Ip- n-iƒ c- -s -Spw. X -P-a : ]n. Fw. kn- m - *Cw- - n-se {]-i-kv-x ]-{X-am-b "Z Km -Un-b-\n' 2016 \hw-_ 19\v {]kn- o-i-cn t]-cv-sh- m-ø H-cv A-[ym-]n-I-bp-sS I-Øv 43

44 A Sn-hn-Zy-bmWv ]pkvx-i-ßsf C{X-tbsd P\-Io-b-am- n-b-xv. C ]pkvx-i-ß-fpss hchv Ahsb Fßs\ _m[n- pw?- C- -]p-kv-x-iw F- m-wv? F- m-wv C- -]p-kv-x-iw F- v A-dn-bm-a-t m. I- m H-cp sn-dp-]p-kv-x-i-øn-s h-en- -ap- hm-b-t\m-]-i-c-w-am-wv C- -]p-kv-x-iw. C-Xn-\p- n \q-dp-i-w- n-\v ]p-kv-x-i-߃ kq- n- psh- mw. A-Xn ]p-kv-x-i-߃ h-b -e-kv I- W-Iv-j-\n-eq-sS suu -tem-uv sn-ømw, a-dn- p t\m- mw, hm-bn- mw. t]m- - n-en- p-sim- v \-S- m-hp- C-sX-Sp-Øv F-hn-sS-bn-cp- pw hm-bn- mw. ap- -Øv, kv-iqƒ h-cm- -bn, I-S- p-d-øv, I-fnÿ-e-Øv, a-c- p-h- n, sh-fn- -ap- F-hn-sS-bpw. B-a-tkm F- I-º-\n C-d- p- In -Uv F- D-]-I-c-W-am-Wv Iq-Sp-X {]-Nm-c-Øn-ep- C- -_p- v do-u. 2007em-Wv C-Xv I-tºm-f-Øn-endq-_n Un-{Iq-kv* ]p-kv-x-iw a-cn- p F- p-]-d-bp- -Xv \n-ß-sfms ti- n- p- m-hpw. hm-b-\ Ip-d- p-h-cp- p, ]pkv-x-i-߃ kzo-i-cn- -s -Sp- n- F-s m-s -bp- A - -Øn-em-W-ß-s\ ]-d-bm-dv. F- m C- v h-f-sc k-po-h-am-bn N - -sn-ø-s -Sp- a-s mcp-{]-iv-\-am-wv A- -Sn- ]p-kv-x-i-øn-s `m-hn F- s - -Xv. A- -Sn- p-kv-x-iw C-\n F-{X-\mƒ \n-e- \n-ev - pw? C- -]p-kv -X-I-ß-fp-sS h-c-hm-wv Cu tnm- Zy-ap-b -Øn-b-Xv. A- -Sn- ]p-kv-x-i-ß-sf C- t mƒ ]n- -]p-kv-x-iw (printed book) F- m-wv ]- d-bp-i. ]n- -_p- m-twm C- -_p- m-twm A-Xn-Pohn- p-i? d-ßp- -Xv. A- p-ap-x-ep- ]-Øp-sIm- w-sim- v C- -]p-kv-x-i-hn-ev-]-\-bn D- m-b h -[-\-hv i-x-am-\-am-wv. C- v Cw- - n-se I-Y, t\m-h ]p-kv -X-I-hm-b-\-bp-sS ]-Ip-Xn-bpw C- -_p- n-em-wv. Cu km-t -Xn-I-hn-Zy tem-i-sa-ßpw hym-]n- p-sim- n-cn- p- p. A-t m-gm-wv C- m-en-b t\m-h-se-gp-øp-im-c- \pw `m-jm-im-kv-{x- -\pw ]p-kv-x-i-t{]-an-bp-amb Dw-t_ -txm F-tIm ]-{X-{]-h -Ø-I-\m-b tjm t]mƒ Im-co-sb-bp-am-bn \-S-Øn-b kw- `m-j-ww This is Not the End of the Book F- t]-cn-ep- H-cp ]p-kv-x-i-am-bn {]-kn- o-i-cn- p- -Xv. A- -Sn- ]p-kv-x-i-ß-fp-ss tem-iw A-h-km- \n- p- n- F- m-wn-h hm-zn- p- -Xv. ]p-kv-x-i-߃ suu -tem-uv sn-ømw, hm-bn- mw. t]m- - n-en- psim- v \-S- m-hp- C-sX-Sp-Øv F-hn-sS-bn-cp- pw hm-bn- mw. Pqsse

45 imkv{x-ti-cfw ]p-kv-x-iw H-cp kv-]q, I-{Xn-I, Np- n-i, N-{Iw F- n-h-sb-t m-sebm-wv. H-cn- I- p-]n-sn- ti-jw A-h-sb \-ap- v Iq-Sp-X ]-cn-jv-i-cn- m-\m-hn-. H-cp kv-]q-wn-s\ \-ap- v kv-]q-wn-s\- m-fpw sa- s - H- m- n am- m-\m-hn-. A-Xp-t]m-se ]p-kv-x-iw hn-i-z-am-bn ]-cn-tim-[n- -s - -Xm-Wv. acn- mø ]pkvxiw B-Zy A-[ym-b-Øn-s t]-cp-x-s "]p-kv-x- Iw H-cn- -epw a-cn- n- ' F- m-wv. A-{X D-d- m- W-h - v. Dw-t_ -txm F-tIm ]-d-bp- p, "c- n H-cp-Im-cyw kw-`-hn- pw. hm-b-\-bp-ss am-[y-a-am-bn ]p-kv-x-iw Xp-S-cpw. A-s - n ]p-kv-x-i-øn-\v ]- I-cw-h-cp- h-kv-xp G-Xm- v ]p-kv-x-iw F- pw B-bn-cp- -t]m-se-x-s C-cn- pw. A- -Sn \n-e-hn h-cpw-ap-ºpt]m-epw ]p-kv-x-iw G-Xm- v C-ß-s\- X-s -bm-wn-cp- -Xv. I-gn- A- q-dp-h -jwsim- v ]p-kv-x-i-øn-ep- m-b am- -߃ A-Xn-s cq-]-øn-tem {]-h -Ø-\-Øn-tem Im-cy-am-b-am- w H- pw D- m- n-bn-. ]p-kv-x-iw H-cp kv-]q, I- {Xn-I, Np- n-i, N-{Iw F- n-h-sb-t m-se-bm-wv. H- cn- I- p-]n-sn- ti-jw A-h-sb \-ap- v Iq-Sp- X ]-cn-jv-i-cn- m-\m-hn-. H-cp kv-]q-wn-s\ \-ap- v kv-]q-wn-s\- m-fpw sa- -s - H- m- n am- m- \m-hn-. A-Xp-t]m-se ]p-kv-x-iw hn-i-z-am-bn ]-cntim-[n- -s - -Xm-Wv. A-Xn-s C- -sø D-]-tbm- K-Øn-\v A-Xn-s\ C-\n ]-cn-jv-i-cn- m B-hn-. A-Xn-s L-S-I-߃ am-dmw. ]p-d-߃ I-S-em-kpsIm- - m-sx-bm-hmw. ]-t, ]p-kv-x-iw C-tX km-[-\w-x-s -bm-bn-cn- pw.' A-t±-lw Xp-S - p]-d-bp- p: ]-e-bn-s-øpw C- -]p-kv-x-iw h-f-sc ku-i-cy-{]-z-am-bn-cn- mw. ]-t, G- -hpw an-i- C- -]p-kv-x-i-øn-em-bm-epw tsmƒ-tãm-bn-bp-ss "bp- -hpw k-am-[m-\-hpw' H-cp C- -]p-kv-x-i-øn hm-bn- m -]- p-sa- v F-\n- v txm- p- n-. ]p-kv -X-I-Øn-s `m-hn-sb- p-dn- v am-{x-a- Cu kp-{]-[m-\ ]p-kv-x-iw kw-km-cn- p- -Xv. am-[y-aß-fp-ss `m-hn, H-cp km-t -Xn-I-hn-Zy F- \n-ebn C -d -s\- v \n-e-\n-ev- p-tam A-tXm ]-g-b B-Im-i- - -ep-i-sf-t m-se A-{]-Xy- -am-iptam? Xp-S-ßn ]-e hn-j-b-ß-fpw X-Xz-Nn- m-]-cam-bn Cu ]p-kv-x-iw N - sn-øp- p. km-t -Xn- I-hn-Zy-bpw hn- m-\-hym-]-\-hpw kw-_- n- Nn- -I-fp-sS Cu ]p-kv-x-iw h-f-sc k-c-k-am-b hmb-\m-\p-`-h-am-wv. This is Not the End of the Book. Umberto Eco and Jean- Claude Carriere, Vintage Books, London. * a-e-bm-fw F-Un-, \m-j-\ _p- v {S-kv- v, \yq-z -ln 45

46 K-Wn-X-Øn-se H-t -sd X-Øz-߃ a- p im-kv-{x-im-j-i-fp-ss ]T-\-Øn-\v {]-tbm-p-\-i-c-am-bn- p- v. A-Ø-cw H-cp ta-j-e-sb- p-dn- m-wv Cu te-j-\w. G-I-Z-ß-fpw a- pw kp-ta-jv F-kv. F-kv.* "s]-t{smƒ, Uo-k hn-e-iq-sn, hn-e- -b- w D- m-ipw', "Cu h -jw a-g-bn K-Wy-am-b-Ipd-hv, ssh-zyp-xn-\n-c- v Iq-Spw' Xp-S-ßn-b hm -Ø- Iƒ ]-e-t m-gpw ]-{X-ß-fn Im-Wp- -Xm-W-t m. `q-an kq-cy-\v Np- pw I-d-ßp- -Xn-\m kq-cy-s ÿm-\w A-\p-\n-an-jw am-dp- -Xm-bpw ap-i-fn-te- v F-dn- I- v Xn-cn- p-h-cp-tºmƒ Hm-tcm-\n-anj-hpw `q-an-bn-te- p- A-I-ew Ip-d-bp- -Xm-bpw I- n-s th-k-x Iq-Sp- -Xm-bpw \-ap- -dn-bmw. H- cp-k-a-n-xp-c-øn-s h-iw Iq-Sp- -X-\p-k-cn- v A- Xn-s hn-kv-xo -Ww Iq-Sp- p. h-iw Ip-d-bp- -Xn- \-\p-k-cn- v hn-kv-xo -Ww Ip-d-bp- p. hr-ø-øns hn-kv-xo -W-hpw C-Xp-t]m-se-X-s -bm-wv. H- v am-dp-tºmƒ a-t -Xpw am-dp- p C- m-cy-ß-fn-se- mw-x-s H-cp L-S-I-Øn-\p- m-ip- am- w a-s m- n-\p-iq-sn am- w h-cp-øp- p. th-sdm-cp-x-c-øn -]-d- m, c- m-a-tø-xn-s am- w B-Zy-tØ-Xn-s am- -sø B-{i-bn- m-wncn- p- -Xv. Cu am- -߃ F-ß-s\ _- -s - n-cn- p- p-sh- v a-\- n-em-t - -Xv C-h-sb- - n-bp- ]T-\-Øn ]-e-t m-gpw B-h-iy-am-Wv. k-a-n-xpc-øn-s hn-kv-xo -Ww h-i-øn-s h -K-Øn-\v Xp-ey-am-W-t m. hr-ø-øn-s -Xm-I-s, B-c-Øns h -K-Øn-s "ss]' (π =G-I-tZ-iw 3.14) a-s-ßm-wv. H-c-f-hn-ep- m-ip- am- w a-s m-c-f-hn-\v am- w h-cp-øp-i-bm-sw- n c- m-a-sø A-f-hn-s\ H- m-a-sø A-f-hn-s H-cv G-I-Zw (function) F- p-]-d-bp- p. Cu co-xn-bn G-I-Zw F- B-ibw B-Zy-am-bn A-h-X-cn- n- -Xv kzn- v-k -e- n-se Hm-bn-e F- K-Wn-X-im-kv-{X- -\m-wv. ta-ev- ]-d- D-Zm-l-c-W-ß-fn k-a-n-xp-c-øn-s hn-kv-xo -Ww h-i-øn-s -bpw I- n-s th-k-x k- -cn- m-s\-sp-ø k-a-b-øn-s -bpw k- -cn- Zq-cw k-a-b-øn-s h -K-Øn-s -bpw H-cp G-I-Zam-Wv. hn-e- -b- -am-i-s C- -\-hn-e-bp-ss G-I-Zam-Wv. A-Sn-ÿm-\-K-Wn-X-{In-b-Ifp-]-tbm-Kn- v H-cp kw-jysb a-s m-cp kw-jy-bm- n am- p- {]-{In-b-sb-bm-Wv G-I-Zw F- p-hn-fn- -Xv. Pqsse

47 imkv{x-ti-cfw G-I-Zw F- B-i-bw {^- v K-Wn-X- -\m-b \n-t mƒ Hm-bn-kvta 14 mw \q- m- n -Ø-s ]-c-kv-]-cw _- -s - n-cn- p- A-f-hp-I-sf- p-dn- v ]-cm-a -in- n-cp- p. F- m 17 mw \q- m- n k-a-x-e-øn-se _n-μp- -fp-ss ÿm-\-sø kq-nn- n- p- kw-jy-iƒ D-]-tbm-Kn- v h-c-i-sf-bpw Nn-{X-ß-sf-bpw ]Tn- m Xp-S-ßn-b-tXm-sS-bm-Wv G-I-Zw F- B-i-bw D-Sse-Sp- p- -Xv. {^m -kn-se se-_v-\n-kpw kzn- vk -e- n-se s_ -twm-fn-bpw X-Ωn-ep- I-Øn- S-]m-Sp-I-fn G-I-Z-sØ- p-dn- v N - sn-bv-xn-cp- p. A-Sn-ÿm-\-K-Wn-X-{In-b-I-fp-]-tbm-Kn- v H-cp kw- Jy-sb a-s m-cp kw-jy-bm- n am- p- {]-{In-b-sbbm-Wv A-h G-I-Zw F- p-hn-fn- -Xv. A-Ø-cw {]- {In-b-I-sf _o-p-k-wn-x-hm-n-i-am-bn F-gp-Xp- -Xm- Wv G-I-Zw F- X-s A-[ym-]-I-\m-b s_ - twm-fn-bp-ss hm- p-i-sf Hm-bn-e-dpw Aw-Ko-I-cn- p- p. A-t±-lw G-I-Z-Øn-\v Iq-Sp-X hy- -Xh-cp-Øn. x F- kw-jy-sb y F- kw-jy-bm- n am- p- G-I-Z-am-Wv f F- n, y = f(x) F- v F-gp-Xm-sa- v Hm-bn-e-dpw A-e-Iv-kn-kv ss -tdm F- {^- v K-Wn-X-im-kv-{X- -\pw kq-nn- n- p- I-bp- m-bn. x F- kw-jy-bv- v ff- G-I-Zw \-ev-ip- hn-e (value) B-Wv y. Xp-S - v ]-e-cpw G-I-Z-ß-sf Iq-Sp-X D-]-tbm-Kn- p-i-bpw A-hbp-sS \n -h-n-\-sø sa- -s -Sp-Øp-I-bpw sn-bv -Xp. 19 mw \q- m- m-b-t mƒ tpm -Pv Im -dp-ss K-Ww F- B-i-b-Øn-eq- n, su-u-in v G-I-Z-Øn-s \n -h-n-\w Iq-Sp-X A-aq -Ø-am- n-am- n. H-cp kw-jy-sb a-s m-cp kw-jy-bm- n am- p- {]-{In-b-bm-W-t m G-I-Zw. H-cp-kw-Jy-sb A-Xns h -K-am- n am- p- G-I-Z-sØ f(x)=x 2 F-s gp-xmw. A-t mƒ H-cp-kw-Jy-bp-sS 5 a-s-ßn-t\m-sv 3 Iq- p- -Xn-s\ f(x)=5x+3 F- pw kq-nn- n- p- p. Pn-tbm-Pn-{_ F- tkm-^v- v-sh-b G-I-Z-ß-sf- p-dn- p- ]T-\-Øn-\v Iq-Sp-X hy- -X-h-cp- -Xv A-h-sb Nn-{X-cq-]-Øn Im-Wptºm-gm-Wv. Pn-tbm-Pn-{_ (GeoGebra) F- I-ºyq- tkm-^v- v-sh-b D-]-tbm-Kn- v C-Xv F-fp- -am- mw. Pn-tbm-Pn-{_-bn x F-s -gp-xn-bm H-cpt\ -tc-j-bpw x 2 F- m-sw- n H-cp ]-cm-t_m-fbpw (parabola) In- pw. sin x F-s -gp-xn-bm sin x s Nn-{X-hpw e-`n- pw. G-I-Z-sØ kq-nn- n- p- Nn-{X-sØ {Km-^v (graph) F- v hn-fn- p- p. ]-e-t m-gpw Nn-{Xw h-c-bv- p-i F- -Xv {i-a-ic-am-b Im-cy-am-Wv. A-Xn-\v k- o -W-am-b K-Wn- X-{In-b-I-fpw B-h-iy-ap- v. ]t H-cv G-I-Z-Øns Nn-{X-Øn-se Hm-tcm _n-μp-hpw k-a-x-e-ønse X-s _n-μp-hm-w-t m. A-Xn-\m A-h-bv- 47

48 aq-e-i-ß-fn-se A-Wp- -fp-ss N-e- \-sø- p-dn- v Ir-Xy-am-bn a-\- n- em- m I-gn-bp- -Xv, A-h-sb G- I-Z-߃ D-]-tbm-Kn- v K-Wn-X-hp-ambn _- n- n- p-tºm-gm-wv. v x, y A- -ß-fn -\n- v H-cp tpm-un kq-n-ikw-jy-iƒ (x, y) In- p- p. c-k-i-c-am-b Im-cyw y F- -Xv G-I-Z-Øn-s x ep- hn-e-bm-sw- - Xm-Wv. A-Xm-b-Xv, G-I-Z-Øn-s Nn-{X-Øn-se Hmtcm _n-μp-hpw (x, f(x)) F-s -gp-xmw. Cu A-dn-hv, A-h-sb K-W-߃ X-Ωn-ep- _- -߃ F- hn-im-e-am-b Im-gv-N- m-sn-te- v \-bn- p. "A F- K-W-Øn -\n- pw B F- K- W-Øn-te- p- H-cv G-I-Z-am-Wv f F- -Xv. A bnse Hm-tcm Aw-K-tØm-Spw B bn-se H-cw-Kw (H- Aw-Kw am-{xw) _- -s -Sp-Øp- H-cp \n-b-a-am- W-Xv.' K-Wn-X-Øn-\v ]p-d-sa a- v im-kv-{x-km-t - Xn-I-]T-\-ta-J-e-I-fn-epw G-I-Zw F- B-i-bw D-]-tbm-Kn- p- p. I-ºyq- -dp-i-fp-ss {]-h -Ø-\-Ønepw G-I-Z-ß-fp-sS ÿm-\w H-gn-hm- m-\m-hn-. Izm- w _-e-x-{ -Øn-se D-]-tbm-Kw Izm- w _-e-x-{ w F- `u-xn-i-im-kv-{x- ]T-\-Øn-s A-Sn-ÿm-\w-X-s K-Wn-X-Øn-se Nn-e {]-txy-i-x-cw G-I-Z-ß-sf- p-dn- p- ]T-\- am-wv. aq-e-i-ß-fn-se A-Wp- -fp-ss N-e-\-sØ- p-dn- v Ir-Xy-am-bn a-\- n-em- m I-gn-bp- -Xv, A-h-sb G-I-Z-߃ D-]-tbm-Kn- v K-Wn-X-hp-am-bn _- n- n- p-tºm-gm-wv. 10 h -j-øn-sem-cn- \-S-Øp- I-W-s -Sp- v A-Sn-ÿm-\-am- n Xp-S - h -j-ß-fn-se P-\-kw-Jy I-W- m- p- -Xn-\p-]n- n-epw G-I-Zw-X-s -bm-wv. F- m-x-cw G-I-Z-ß-sf-bpw y= f(x) F- v F-gp- Xm I-gn-b-W-sa- n-. D-Zm-l-c-W-Øn-\v k-a-xe-øn-se H-cp-hr-Ø-Øn-se _n-μp- -fp-ss kq-n- I-kw-Jy-Iƒ X-Ωn-ep- _- w F-gp-X-W-sa- n c- v G-I-Z-߃ th- n-h-cpw. kq-cy-s -ÿm- \w k-a-b-øn-s -bpw ho- n- p- ÿ-e-øn-s A- mw-i- -tc-jmw-i kw-jy-i-fp-ss-bpw G-I-Z-am- Wv. Nn-e k-μ -`-ß-fn y= f(x) F- v H-t m A- Xn-e-[n-I-tam G-I-Z-ß-fm-bn x, y F- n-h X-Ωn-ep- _- w Ir-Xy-am-bn F-gp-Xm I-gn-b-W-sa- n-. ]-t, A-Ø-cw km-l-n-cy-ß-fn x, y F- n-h X-Ωn-ep- G-I-Zw ]- n-i-cq-]-øn F- gp-xm km-[n- pw. C-ß-s\ A-f-hp-Iƒ X-Ωn-ep- _- -sø h-f-sc Ir-Xy-X-tbm-sS _- -s -Sp-Øm G-I-Z߃ {]-tbm-p-\-s -Sp-Øp- p. K-Wn-X-Øn-epw a- p im-kv-{x-km-t -Xn-I-hn-j-b-ß-fn-epw am-{x-a-, F- m ta-j-e-i-fn-epw ]-c-kv-]-cw _- -s - n-cn- p- A-f-hp-I-fp-sS _- -sø kq-nn- n- m G- I-Z-߃ D-]-tbm-Kn- p- p- v. *A-kn. s{]m-^-k, K-Wn-X-im-kv-{X-hn-`m-Kw, sk v tpm -kv tim-tf-pv, A-, sim- w. ""Rms\mcp `uxn-i-im-kv{x- -\m-bn-cp- n-s - n, kwko-x- -\m-tb-s\. Rms\- t mgpw kwko-x-sø- p-dn v Nn n- p- p. Rms\s Znhm-kz-]v\-߃ ImWp- Xv kwko- X-Øn-eq-sS-bm-Wv. Rms\s Pohn-X-sØ-Øs kwko-x-øn-eqss ImWp- p.'' B _ v sf Ã-bn Pqsse

49 imkv{x-ti-cfw \m-ep-s `m-c-ap- D-]-{K-l-ß-sf `qÿn-c {Sm -kv-^ {`-a-w-]-yøn-se- Øn- m- Cu hn-t -]-W-Øn-eq-sS C- y kz-bw-]-cym-]v-x-x t\-sn-bn-cn- p- p. (29 mw t]pv XpS ) Xq-h-em-Ip-sa- -Xn kw-i-b-an-. ]q -W-am-bpw C- y km-t -Xn-I-hn-Zy-bn hn-t -]n- "ta- v C C- y' Pn. F-kv. F. hn. am - v III, 16 an-\n- pw 20 sk- n-\p-ap- n-em- Wv hn-t -]-Ww ]q -Øn-bm- n-b-xv. \m-ep-s `m-c-ap- D-]-{K-l-ß-sf `q-ÿn-c {Sm -kv-^ {`a-w-]-y (Geostationary Transfer Orbit -GTO) Ønse-Øn- m-\p- km-t -Xn-I-hn-Zy-bp-sS Im-cy- Øn Cu hn-t -]-W-Øn-eq-sS C- y kz-bw-]- cym-]v-x-x t\-sn-bn-cn- p- p. C- y X-t±-io-b-am-bn hn-i-kn- n- {I-tbm-P- \n-iv F- n (im-kv-{x-ti-c-fw, 2016 \-hw-_, t]. 15 Im-Wp-I.) D-]-tbm-Kn- p- G- -hpw `m-cta-dn-b tdm- - m-wv Pn. F-kv. F. hn. am - v III. Cu N-cn-{X-hn-P-b-Øn-\v an-i-hp-iƒ H-t -sd-bp- v. 200 G-jy B-\-I-fp-sS `m-c-hpw 14 \n-e si- n-s-øn-s s]m- -hpw D- -Xm-Wv "^m- v-t_mbv' F- v -hn-fn-t -cp- Pn. F-kv. F. hn. am - v III. Pn-km- v ]-c-º-ct]m-ep- `m-c-ta-dn-b D-]-{K-l߃ hn-t -]n- m a- p cm-py-ß-fp-ss k-lmbw C-tXm-sS C- y-bv- v B-h-iy-an- m-xm-bn. a- \p-jy-s\ _-ln-cm-im-i-tø- v sim- p-t]m-ip- I-sb- sf. F-kv. B. H. bp-ss kz-]v-\-]- - Xn- v Cu hn-p-bw ]p-xn-b D-W -hm-bn. im-kv-{x-tem-i-øv C- y-bp-ss an-i-hpw I-gnhpw A-c- n- p-d- n- Cu hn-p-bw \-ap- v A-`n-am- \-I-c-am-Wv. *t{]m-p-iv-sv U-b-c-Iv-S, Pn. F-kv. F. hn. am - v III t{]m-p-iv-sv, hn. F-kv. F-kv. kn. Xn-cp-h-\- -]p-cw (17 mw t]pv XpS ) am-{x-am-wv C-Xp-]-tbm-Kn- p- kn-\n-a-iƒ ]p-d-ønd-ßn-b-xv. Im- n-i-bp-kw 1899 Um-\n-jv im-kv-{x- -\m-b hm -sua t]mƒ-k, ss-en-{km-t^m (telegraphone) hn-zy D-]-tbm-Kn- v i-_v-zw Ão -I-ºn-bn-epw ts- nepw sd-t m -Uv-sN-bv-Xp Im- n-i sdt m -Un-Mv P -a-\n-bn D-]-tbm-Kn- m Xp-S-ßnsb- n-epw A-Xv {]-Nm-c-Øn -h- -Xv 1945 am- {X-am-Wv. sshin-b-xn\pim-c-ww tem-i-a-lm-bp- ß-fm-bn-cn- mw. A-ß-s\ Im- n-i-bp-kw 1945 Xp-S-ßn 1975 h-sc \o- p-\n- p em-wv I-ºyq- -\n -an-x-i-_v-z-øn-\v Xp-S- w-ip-dn- p- -Xv ^n-en-]v-kv Im-sk- v (ayqkn-iv C bp-h t]m- - v) ]p-d-øn-d- n tdm-_ - v ap-kv B-Zy-am-bn H-cp kn- -k-bv-k (synthesiser) D- m- n. sss- v sd-t m -Un-ßn-s B-hn -`m-h-tøm-sp-iq-sn i-_v-z-øn-s sd-t m - Un-ßv ta- ]-Xn- -S-ßv h -[n- p. C-tXm-Sp-Iq-Sn Ãocn-tbm, Nm-\ ayq-kn-iv, tumƒ-_n kn-ãw Xp-Sßn-b-h km-[y-am-bn. Un-Pn- bp-kw C- p\n-e-hn-ep- Un-Pn- bp-k-øn-em-wv i- _v-z-øn-s sd-t m -Un-ßv A-Xn-th-K-Øn ]ptcm-k-xn ssi-h-cn- -Xv ap-x B-cw-`n- Cu bp-k-øn-\v Np-cp-ßn-b Im-ew-sIm- p-x-s A-Xph-sc ssi-h-cn- t\- -ß-sf sr- n- n- p- -X-c-Ønep- am- -߃ sd-t m -Un-Mv ta-j-e-bn D- m- m I-gn- p. C-Xn {]-[m-\ ] p-h-ln- -Xv P- m I-º-\n-bm-bn "tkm-wn'bm-wv tkm-wn timw-]m-iv-sv Un-kv-Iv (CD) hn-]-wn-bn-end- n. hn-π-h-i-c-am-b am- -ß-fm-Wv sd-t m -Un-Mv ta-j-e-bn C-Xp- m- n-b-xv. kn.un.bn tãm sn-øp-hm-\pw ]p-\-cm-hn-jv- I-cn- p-hm-\pw te-k D-]-tbm-Kn- p- -Xp-sIm- v Iq-Sp-X i-_v-zw ti-j-cn- p-sh- p-hm-\pw h-f-sc- m-ew ti-sp-iq-sm-sx kq- n- p-hm-\pw I-gn-bpw. Fw.]n 3 (MP3), th-hv (WAVE) Xp-S-ßn-b ]p-xn-b t^m -am- p-iƒ D-]-tbm-Kn- v tãm sn-øm-hp- i-_v-z-øn-s A-f-hv ]-Xn- -S-ßv h -[n- n- m km-[n- pw. Un.hn.Un. bp-ss B-hn -`m-h-tøm-sp- Iq-Sn tãm-td-pv-ti-jn ho- pw h -[n- p Un-Pn- ku- v {Sm- v B-Zy-am-bn ^n-en-an D- ]-tbm-kn- p-xp-s-ßn. Zn-\w-{]-Xn Un-Pn- ss-iv-t\mf-pn-bn D- m-ip- am- -߃ {]h-n-\m-xox-am- Wv. \-Ωp-sS i-_v-z-øn-s cq-]-hpw `m-h-hpw am- m -h-sc C- v C-Xn-\v km-[n- pw. *dn-. s{]m-^-k, Du -P-X-{ n-`m-kw, a-lm-cm-pm-kv tim-tf-pv, G-d-Wm-Ip-fw 49

50 Bibw: : ]n. kp\n tzhv Nn{Xo-I-cWw: cmpohv F.Sn a-øn- v c- p-x-cw ap- -bp- -t m... C- -t m am-uw. C-Xm-cp ]-d- p? ]-d-bp- -sx- n-\v? I- p-iq-ts? km-dp k-ky-`p- m-wv, A-t? h-b- n-ep- -sx- mw ap- -b-s - -dn-bm amw-k-`p- m-i-w -sa- n-. ap- -b-t? A-cn-ap- -sb- pw ]m ap- -sb- p-sam-s ]-d-bp-a-t m. ]-cp, ]- n, ]-\n- n, F-W F-s m-s -bpw ]-d-bp-a-t m. Xp-ºn-bp-sS em hsb B-\ F- p hn-fn- p- Iq- -c-t? k-ω-xn- p km-td. Nn-e ko-k-wn ao-\n-s h-b- n Im-Wp- Cu km-[-\w F- m-wv? A-sXm- pw ]-d-bn-. A-fim-i-bw, hr-j-ww F-s m-s ti- v am-uw Xo- \n Øn-bm-tem. Volume 37 issue no 67 Sasthrakeralam July pages. Printed and Published by P Muraleedharan, on behalf of Kerala Sasthra Sahithya Parishad. Printed at Geethanjali Web Offset, Kundayithode, Kolathara P.O, Calicut. and published from Parishad Bhavan, Chalappuram, Calicut Ph: Editor: O.M. Shankaran Approved by CSIR for financial support.

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