ti-c-f kz-q-^n-i-fp-ss A-Sn-ÿm-\ hn-izm-k-߃

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3 t\ ]Yw 0084 / BKkvXv 25 / 1439 Zp ln 13 / ]pkvxiw 02 / e w 33 ti-c-f kz-q-^n-i-fp-ss A-Sn-ÿm-\ hn-izm-k-߃ k-eow ]-Sv-e / 10 apjsamgn B-Z -i- {]-X-n-_- -X-bp-sS- _-en-s]-cp- mƒ- / 04 FUn hnh Ø\w {]-hm-n-i-n-cy ]n -]- \n -_- w / 06 A-en- K-»m tej\w ap-dn- p-t]m-i-m-ø {]-Xn-^-ew / 15 F-kv-.-F- sf-zo-zv X-߃- - h- w A-_-vZp -Jm-Zn au-e-hn-bpw... : 2 / 29 bq-kp-^v km-ln-_v \-Zv-hn _me]yw _-en-s]-cp- mƒ- - / 18 D-kv-am - ]m-e- m-g-n- \n-b-a-]-yw- \n-c-øv \n-b-a-߃ / 19 ap-km-^n - Ncn{X]Yw km-an-cn-bp-ss- Ip-X-{ w- / 20 lp-ssk - k-e-^n,- jm -P- lzokv ]mtw Zp-c- -ß-fn hn-izm-kn-iƒ- {i- n-t - -Xv / 25 iao azo\n IY t\ - - m-cp-ss tim-gn-bpw... / 26 a -bw ln-_ bq-kp-^v J-fi-Im-hy-w a-c-w- ti-j-{in-b-iƒ- / 32 sh- -n-e- ]n.- A-_v-Zp- ImgvN k-\m-y-cm-b A-\m-Y-Iƒ / 34 C-_v-\p- A-en- F-S-Ø-\m- p-i-c- Printed, published and owned by K. Sajjad I Printed at Sprint Offset Printers I Kozhikode Published at Kozhikode I I Editor: Usman Palakkazhi Chief Editor: Anil Primrose I Web Editor: Haseeb Elayur I Design, Cover & Layout: Elan Creativo mail@nerpatham.com I I

4 B-Z -i- {]-X-n-_- -X-bp-sS- _-en-s]-cp- mƒt\ ]Yw apjsamgn B-tLm-j- th-f-bn - Zp-c- - _m-[n-x-sc- \mw- hn-kv-a-cn- m- Xn-cn- p-i.- B-tLm-jn- m- \p- - am-\-kn-im-h-ÿ-bn-embn-cn- n- - A-h-sc- n-epw- A- h-cp-ss- hn-i- -I- m - B-Ip- -Xv- sn-øp-i.- km- z-\-hpwk-lm-b-hp-am-bn- A-h-cn-te- n-d-ßn-s - p-i.- F- mw- D- mbn-cp- -h - H- pw- C- m-ø-hcm-bn- s]-s -s -m-cp -Zn-\w- amdp-tºm-gp- m-ip- - a-t\m-hy-yhn-h-c-wm-xo-x-am-bn-cn- pw-.- G-I-ssZ-h- hn-izm-k-øn - I-Wn-i-am-b- {]-Xn-_- -X- ]pe -Øn-b-Xn-s - t]-cn - C-_v-d-m-lo-w- \-_n- v- X-s - ]n-xmhn-s\-xn-cn - \n -t - n-h- p- F- -Xv- N-cn-{X-k-Xy-am-Wv.- _-lpssz-hm-cm-[-i-\m-bn-cp- - ]n-xm-hn-t\m-sv- B-Z -i-øn-s - - Im-cy- Øn - sx- pw- hn- p-ho-gv-n- Im-Wn- p-hm - C-_v-d-m-lo-w- \-_n- - H-cp- -am-bn-cp- n-.- F- m - ]n-xm-hn-t\m-sp- - B-Z-c-hv- A-t±lw- I-søm-gn- -Xp-an-.- A-ap-kv-e-n-am-Wv- -F- -Xn-\m - A-t±-lw- kz- ]n-xm-hn-s\- A-h-K-Wn- p-i-tbm- \n-μn- p-i-tbm- sn-bv-xn-.- C-_v-d-m-lo-w- \-_n- Dƒ-s -Sp- - {]-hm-n-i- m - a-\p-jycm-in-bp-ss- am -K-Z -in-i-fm-bn-øo-cp- -Xv- A-h - Xu-lo-Zv- B- Z -i-am-bn- Aw-Ko-I-cn- p-i-bpw- [m -an-i- Po-hn-Xw- \-bn- p-i-bpw- \- - {]-h -Øn- p-sim- v- {k-jv-sm-hn-s - {]o-xn- I-c-kv-Y-am- p- I-bpw- sn-bv-x-xp-sim- m-wv.- C-kv-emw- B-h-iy-s -Sp- - Im-cy߃- \n -h-ln- p-sim- - m-sx- G-sXm-cp- hy-iv-xn- -pw- {k-jv- Sm-hn-s - A-\p-{K-l-hpw- Aw-Ko-Im-c-hpw- t\-sn-sb-sp- m - I-gn-bn- - F- - ]-c-am -Y-Øn-s - km- y-ß-fm-wv- C-_v-d-m-lo-w- - Dƒs -ss-bp- - {]-hm-n-i- m-cp-ss- Po-hn-X- N-cn-{Xw.- F- m - C- v- B-Z -i-sø- k-μ- -`-Øn-\-\p-k-cn- v- \o- n-hen- m-\pw- a-d- p-sh- m-\p-ap- - {]-h-w-x- ap-kv-enw-iƒ- n-s-bn - Im-Wp-hm - km-[n- p- p.- H-cp- _-lp-a-x- k-aq-l-øn - Po-hn- p-tºmƒ- Ip-d-s m-s - B-Z -i-]-c-am-b- \o- p-t]m- p-iƒ- \- S-tØ- n-h-cpw- F- -v- ]-e-cpw- Nn- n- p- p.- Izp -B-\pw- \-_n-ncy-bpw- ]-Tn- n- p- - I-m-cy-ß-sfm-s -bp-w- Dƒ-s m- p-sim- v- F-ß-s\- Po-hn- pw- F- - A-]-I -j-xm-t_m-[w- \n-d- - Nn- - ]-e-cn-epw- {]-I-S-am-Wv.- B-Z -i- Zr-V-X-bn- m-ø- C-Ø-c- m - - C-_v-dm-low- \-_n- -bp-ss- am -Kw- ]n- p-s-cp- -h-cm-wv- X-߃- F- v- {]-Jym-]n- p- -Xv- hn-tcm-[m-`-m-k-am-wv.- kr-jv-sn-]q-p \n-e-\n - p- - H-cp- k-aq-l-øn - P-\n- p-h-f - - C-_v-d-m-low- \-_n- -B- k-aq-l-øn-s - hn-izm-k-]-c-am-b- \n-e-]m-sp-iƒ- v- F-Xn-cm-bn- {]-t_m-[-\- {]-h -Ø-\-߃- \-S- 4

5 t\ ]Yw Øp-I-bpw- X-s - k-aq-l-sø- G-I-ssZ-h- hn-izmk-øn-te- v- B-\-bn- m - {i-an- p-i-bpw- snbv-xp.- kz- w- Ip-Spw-_-Øn-epw- `-c-wm-[n-im-cn-tbm- Spw- k-aq-l-tøm-spw- G-I-ssZ-h- hn-izm-k-øn-s - B-Z -i-]-c-am-b- k-hn-ti-j-x- {]-t_m-[n- n- p-ibpw- A-h-sc-sb- mw- G-I-\m-Y-s\- am-{xw- h-wßp- - E-Pp-hm-b- hn-izm-k- k-c-wn-bn-te- v- - Wn- p-i-bpw- sn-bv-xp- A-t±-lw.- A-Xn - A-h-cpsS- C-jv-S-t -Sp-w- ]n-w- -hp-w- F-Xn - -p-sam- pw- A-t±-lw- Im-cy-am- n-bn-.- t\ - p-t\-sc- G-I-ssZ-hm-Z -iw- {]-t_m-[- \-w- sn-øp- -Xn-s\- Im-e-L- -Øn-\p-w- k-aq-l-øns - Xm -]-cy-߃- pw- tbm-pn- m-ø-xm-bn- Im- Wp-I-bpw- A-Xv- A-kzm-c-ky-߃- v- Im-c-W-a-mbn-Øo-cp-sa- v- [-cn- p-i-bp-w- A-Xn-s\- hn-izm-k- Xo-{h-X-bm-bn- Im-Wp-I-bpw- sn-øp- -h - v- X- ߃- C-_v-dm-lo-w- \-_n- -bp-ss- am -Kw- Dƒ-s m- p- -h-cm-sw- v- A-h-Im-i-s -Sm - [m -an-i-ambn- A-h-Im-i-an- - F- v- hy- w.- kzm -Y-Xm -]-cy- m-cp-ss- ssi-i-fn-se- ]mh-i-fm-bn- am-dn-,- A-dn-t m- A-dn-bm-sX-tbm- C- kv-em-an-\pw- ap-kv-enw-iƒ- pw- Zp-jv-t]-cp- m- p- - Xo-{h-hm-Z- {]-h -Ø-\-ß-fn - G -s -Sp- - apkv-en-w- \m-a-[m-cn-iƒ- pw- k-am-[m-\-øn-s - am - K-Øn-eq-sS,- B-Z -im-[n-jv-t-n-x-am-bn- {]-t_m-[-\w- \-S-Øp-I-bpw- Po-hn-Xw- -\-bn- p-i-bpw- sn-bv-x- C-_v-d-m-low- \-_n- -bp-ss- ]n- p-s - - A-h-Imi-s -Sm - A -l-xn-bn-.- Xn-I- p-w- a-\p-jy-xz-hncp- -am-b, \n-jv-tq-c-am-b- \-c-th- - \-S-Øp- C- q C-kv-em-an-s\- X-I - m - {i-an- p- -h - v- H-Øm-i- sn-øp-i-bm-wv- sn-øp- -Xv-;- k-am- [m-\-øn-s - a-x-am-b C-kv-em-an-s\- A-{I-a-Øns - {]-Xy-b-im-kv-{X-am-bn- ap-{z-ip-øm-\m-\m-wv- A-h - ]-Wn-sb-Sp- p- -Xv.- -b-ym -Y- ap-kv-enw-iƒ- v- A-Xn-s\- Aw-Ko-I-cn- m-\m-hn-.- B-tLm-j-ß-fn- m-ø- a-x-ß-fn- - tem-i-øv.- F- m - C-kv-emw- Cu- cw-k-øpw- hy-xy-kv-x-x- ]p-e -Øp- p.- e-l-cn-bn - B-dm-Sn- B-Sn- m-sm-\pw- A-\m-h-iy- {]-h -Ø-\-ß-fn - G -s -Sm-\p-ap- - A-h-k-c-am-b- - C-kv-emw- B-tLm-j-ß-sf- Im-Wp- -Xv. {k-jv-sm-hn-s\- a-d- v- Xn-a -Øm-Sm-\p- - th-fb- - A-Xv.- a-dn- v - C-kv -em-an-se- B-tLm-j-߃- {]m - Y-\m-a-b-am-Wv.- s]-cp- mƒ- I-S- p-h-cp-tºmƒ- F- Iv-ssk-kv- h-ip- n-t\m-sv- Pm-{K-X- ]m-en- m - I - ]-\- sim-sp-t - A-h-kv-Y- k - m-cn-\p- m- Ip- n-.- s]-cp- mƒ- Zn-h-kw- a-zy-hn -]-\-b-n-eqssk - m - k-ºm-z-n- - tim-sn-i-fp-ss- I-W- v- ]- {X-߃- v- {]-kn- o-i-cn-t - n-h-cm-d-p-an- -.- ap-kv-enw-iƒ- v- c-t - c- v- B-tLm-j-ß-fm- 5 Wv- C-kv-emw- \n-iv-n-bn- n- p- -Xv.- {h-x-ip- n-bpss- \n-d-hn - i-δm - am-k- n-d-hn-tbm-ss- k-am-k- X-am-Ip- - Cu-Zp -^n-xzv-dpw- Xym-K-kv-a-c-W-I-fpb -Øp- - l- v- am-k-øn - sim- m-sp- - Cu-Zp - A-Zv-l-bp-am-W-h.- Ir-Xy-am-b- e- yhpw- k-tμ-i-hp-ap- v- F- -Xm-Wv- C-kv-em-an-se- B-tLm-j-ß-fp-sS- k-hn-ti-j-x.- C-_v-dm-low- \-_n- -bp-ss-bpw- ]p-{x - C- kv-am-cu - \-_n- -bp-ss-bpw- lm-p-d- _o-hn-bpss-bpw- Xym-K-\n -`-c-am-b- Po-hn-X-Øn-s - Hm -a- I-fp-W -Øn-bm-Wv- Zp -ln- - ]-Øn-\v- _-ens]-cp- mƒ- I-S- p-h-cn-i.- hm -[-Iy-Øn - X-\n- v- ]n-d- - Ip- n-s\- A- m-lp-hn-s - I -]-\- {]-Im-cw- _-en-\ -Im - a-\- p- Im-Wn- - C-_vdm-low- \-_n- -bp-ss-bpw- X-s - _-en-b-dp- m k -hm-fl-\m- X-øm-dm-b- C-kv-am-Cu - -bp-ssbpw- Xym-K-k- - -X- N-cn-{X-Øn - Xp-ey-X-bn- m-ø-xm-wv.- Xu-lo-Zn-s - am -K-Øn - A-Kv-\n- ]-co- -W-߃- v- hn-t[-b-\m-b- C-_v-dm-lo-w- bp-ss- hn-fn-b-m-f-øn-\v- D-Ø-c-ta-In- tem-i-øns - A-jv-S-Zn- p-i-fn -\n- p-w- -hn-izm-kn-iƒ- l- v- I -a-øn-\m-bn- a- -bn - F-Øp-I-bpw- A- Xn-s - I -a-ß-fn - ap-gp-i-p-i-bpw- sn-øp- - k- a-b-øm-wv- tem-i-sa-ßpw- _-en-s]-cp- mƒ- B- tlm-jn- p- -Xv.- C-jv-S-s - -sx- pw- A- m-lphn-\p- th- n- Xy-Pn- m-\p- - k- - -X-bm-Wvhn-izm-k-n-Iƒ- Cu- B-tL-m-j-Øn-eq-sS-bpw- _-en- I -a-øn-eq-ss-bpw- {]-I-S-am- p- -Xv.- Cu- B-Z - i- {]-Xn-_- -X- \mw- Im-Øp- kq- n- p-i.- B- tlm-j-߃- A-Xn-cp-hn-Sm-Xn-cn- m - {i-an- p-i.- ti-c-fw- A-Sp-Ø-Im-e-sØm- pw- A-\p-`-hn- m-ø- A-{X- h-en-b- {]-f-b-s -Sp-Xn-bn - I- jv-s-s -Sp- - km-l-n-cy-ø-em-wv- s]-cp- m-fpw- Hm-W-hpw- - I-S- p-h- n-cn- p- -Xv.- Zp-c- - ta-j-e- I-fn - Pm-Xn- a-x- c-m-jv-{so-b- hy-xym-kw- a-d- v- P-\-߃- H- -s - m-bn- ssi- sa-bv- a-d- v- {]-h - Øn- -v- \m-sn-s - a-ln-x-a-m-b- ]m-c-º-cy-sø- D- b -Øn- n-sn- -Xv- B-im-h-l-am-Wv.- Zp-c- - _m- [n-x-sc- `- -W-hpw- a-cp- pw- h-kv-{x-hp-a-s- -ap- - A-h-iy-km-[-\-ß-ƒ- \ -In- k-lm-bn- p-hm- hy- n-i-fpw- I-q- m-bv-a-i-fpw- a- -c-_p- n-tbm-ssap-t m- p- h- -Xpw- \mw- Im-Wp-I-bp- m-bn.- B-tLm-j- th-f-bn - Zp-c- -_m-[n-x-sc- \mwhn-kv-a-cn- m-xn-cn- p-i.- B-tLm-jn- m-\p- - am- \-kn-im-h-ÿ-bn-em-bn-cn- n- - A-h-sc- n-epw- A- h-cp-ss- hn-i- -I- m - B-Ip- -Xv- sn-øp-i.- F- mw- D- m-bn-cp- -h - H- pw- C- m-ø-h-cm-bn- s]- s -s -m-cp -Zn-\w- am-dp-tºm-gp- m-ip- - a-t\m-hy- Y- hn-h-c-wm-xo-x-am-bn-cn- pw-.- km- z-\-hpw- k- lm-b-hp-am-bn- A-h-cn-te- n-d-ßn-s - p-i.-

6 -A-en- K-»m t\ ]Yw C-amw im-^n-cu X-s cn-km-e-bn ]-d-bp- p:- ""Zn-Iv-dp- m-ln F- m In-Xm-_v A-Y-hm Iz-p -B-\m-Wv. Zn-Iv-dp ln-iv-a-x-v F- -Xn-s\- - n- Iz-p -B-\n {]m-ho-wyw t\-sn-bn- p- -h ]-d- - Xm-bn Rm ti- n- p- v. ln-iv-a-sx- m d-kq-ep- m-ln bp-ss kp- -Øm-Ip- p. C-Xm-Wv A- m-lp- -hn-s hm- p-i-tfm-sv Iq-Sp-X tn - v \n - p- -Xv. Im-c-Ww Iz-p -B Zn-Iv-dm-Wv F- v ]-d- tijw ln-iv-a-x-n-s\ FSpØp]-d- n- v In-Xm-_pw ln-iv-a-x-pw A-hsc ]Tn- n- p F- v F-Sp-Øp ]-d-bp-i-bpw sn-bv-xp. Cu ÿn-xn- v- -A- m-lp-hn- -dn-bmw- -A-Xv d-kq-ep- m-ln bp-ss kp- -Ø- m-sx a-s m- p-am-im X-c-an-. ln-iv-a-x-n-s\ Iz-p -B-\n-t\m-Sv tn -Øn- 6 hnh Ø\w {]-hm-n-i-n-cy ]n -]- \n -_- w A- m-lp- ]-d- p: ""\n-ß-fp-ss ho-sp-i-fn sh- v Hm-Xn-t ƒ- ]-n- -s -Sp- A- m-lp-hn-s h-n-\-ß- -fpw- X-Ø-z- m-\-hpw \n߃- Hm -an- p-i-bpw sn-øp-i. Xo - -bm-bpw A- m-lp- \-b- - \pw kq- v-a m-\n-b-am-ip- p''- (A -A-lv-km-_v:- 34).- ""Xo - -bm-bpw k-xy-hn-izm-kn-i-fn A-h-cn \n- v X-s -bp- H-cp Zq-X-s\ \n-tbm-kn- p-i h-gn A- m-lp- a-l-øm-b A-\p-{Kl-am-Wv A-h - v \ -In-bn- p- -Xv;- A- m-l-p-h-n-s Zr-jv-Sm- -߃ A-h - v Hm-Xn-t ƒ- n- p-i-bpw A-h-sc kw-kv-i-cn- p-i-bpw A- h - v {K-Ÿ-hpw m-\-hpw ]Tn- n- p-i-bpw sn-øp- (H-cp Zq-Xs\).- A-h-cm-I-s ap-ºv hy- -am-b h-gn-ti-sn X-s -bm-bn-cp- p''- (B-ep Cw-dm :-164).-

7 t\ ]Yw -d-bp-i-bpw d-kq-en-s\ ]n -]- F- m a-\p-jy - pw \n -_- -am- p-i-bpw sn-bv-xn-cn- p- p. A- Xv-sIm- v A- m-lp-hn-s In-Xm-_n-tem d-kq-en-s kp- -Øn-tem Im-W-s -Sm-Ø H- pw \n -_- _m-[y-x F- v ]-d-bm-h-x-. A- m-lp-hn-s h-n- \-ß-fp-sS D-t±-iw A-Y-hm A- m-lp- C-d- n-b \nb-a-øn-s ]-cn-[n-bn ap-gp-h a-\p-jy-cpw Dƒs -Sp-tam A-X- Nn-e am-{xw Dƒ-s -Sp- cq-]- Øn-em-tWm F- n-ß-s\-bp- hn-i-zo-i-c-w-߃ kp- -Øm-Wv \-S-Øp- -Xv. ]n- o-sv A- m-lp-hn-s In-Xm-_n-t\m-Sv {]-kv-xp-x ln-iv-a-x-n-s\ tn -Øv sh- p-i-bpw FSpØp]-d- -bp-i-bpw sn-øp-i-bp- m-bn. Cu-sbm-cp ÿm-\w d-kq-en- - m-sx a-s m-cp krjv-sn- pw A- m-lp- \ -In-bn- n-.''- \-_n- ]-d- p: ""F-\n- v Iz-p -B \ -Is - p, A-Xn-t\m-sSm- w A-{X th-sd-bpw.- H-cmƒ h- b \n-d- p-sim- v tkm-^-bn-en-cp- v C-ß-s\ ]-dbp- p;- \n-߃ Cu Iz-p -B-\n-s\- ap-dp-si ]n-sn- p-i, A-Xn A-\p-h-Z-\o-b-sa- v ]-d- -Xn-s\ \n-ß-fpw A-\p-h-Z-\o-b-am- p-i. A-Xn \n-jn- sa- v ]-d- -Xn-s\ \n-ß-fpw \n-jn- -am- p-i. Xo - -bm-bpw {]-hm-n-i \n-jn- -am- n-b-xv A- m-lp- \n-jn- -am- pw t]m-se X-s -bm-wv''-(-a-_p-zm-hq- Zv, C-_v-\p-am-P).- \-_n ]-d- p: ""Rm \n-ß-fn c- p-imcyw hn-t - v sim- m-wv t]m-ip- -Xv. A-Xv c- pw ap-dp-si ]n-sn- p- Im-e-tØm-fw \n-߃ h-gn-]n-g- v t]m-hp-i-bn-. A- m-lp-hn-s In-Xm-_pw A-hs - Zq-X-s - kp- -Øp-am-W-Xv''-(A - - ap-h-xz-av-).- Pm-_n hn- \n- v \n-th-z-\w-:- ""D-a-dp-_v-\p J-Øz-m-_v - - Xu-dm-Øn-s H-cp tim- n-bp-am-bn \- _n bp-ss A-cn-In-se-Øn;- F- n- v ]-d- p: "dkq-te, C-Xv Xu-dm-Øn-s tim- n-bm-wv.'- A-t±lw-au-\w-]q- p.- D-a-dp-_v-\p J-Øz-m-_v - A-Xv hm-bn- m Xp-S-ßn. -ti- p-sim- n-cp- \-_n bpss ap-jw hn-h -W-am-bn-s m- n-cp- p. A-t mƒ A-_q-_-Iv- - -D-a -hn-t\m-sv tnm-zn- p:- "I-jv-Sw-!- A- m-lp-hn-s - Zq-X-s - ap-j-øv D- m-b am- w- \o Im-Wp- n-t?'- D-S-s\ D-a - \-_n- bp-ss ap-j- Øv t\m- n;- F- n- v ]-d- p:- "A- m-lp-hn-s tim- ]-Øn \n- pw- A-h-s {]-hm-n-i-s tim-]- Øn \n- pw Rm - A- m-lp-hn - i-c-ww- tx-sp- p.- A- m-lp-hn-s\ c- n-xm-hm-bn R-߃ Xr-]v- Xn-s - n-cn- p- p. C-kv-e-m-an-s\ a-x-am-bpw ap-l-ω- Zn-s\ {]-hm-n-i-\m-bpw R-߃ Xr-]v-Xn-s - n-cn- p- p.'- A-t mƒ \-_n ]-d- p: "F-s i-co-cw B-cp-sS I-øn-em-tWm A-h k-xyw. aq-km C-hn-sS Po-h-t\m-sS- h-cn-i-bpw \n-ß-sf- m-h-cpw F- s hn- v A-t±-l-sØ ]n- p-s-c-p-i-bpw sn-øp- ]- w \n-߃ snm-δm-b h-gn -\n- v hy-xn-n-en- - 7 \-_n- ]-d- p: ""F-\n- v Iz-p -B \ -I-s - p, A-Xn-t\m-sSm- w A-{X th-sd-bpw.- H-cmƒ h-b \n-d- p-sim- v tkm-^-bn-en-cp- v C-ß-s\ ]-d-bp- p;- \n߃ Cu Iz-p -B-\n-s\- ap-dp-si ]n-sn- p-i, A-Xn A-\p-h-Z-\o-b-sa- v ]-d- -Xn-s\ \n-ß-fpw A-\p-h-Z- \o-b-am- p-i. A-Xn \n-jn- -sa- v ]-d- -Xn-s\ \nß-fpw \n-jn- -am- p-i. Xo - -bm-bpw {]-hm-n-i \n-jn- -am- n-b-xv A- m-lp- \n-jn- -am- pw t]m-se X-s -bm-wv''-(-a-_p-zm-hq-zv, C-_v-\p-am-P).- h-cm-bn-cn- pw. A-t±-l-w Po-hn- n-cn- p- I-bpw- F-s {]-hm-n-i-xzw A-dn-bp- I-bpw sn-øp-i-bm-sw- n A-t±-l-w F-s ]n -]- p-i- X-s sn-øp- - Xm-Wv''- (-A-l-v-a-Zv,- Z-m-cn-an).- C-amw im-^n-cu cn-km-e-bn ]-dbp- p:- ""A- m-lp- -hn-s In-Xm-_n-t\msSm- w {]-hm-n-i X-s kp- - Øpw \-S- n h-cp-øn. Iz-p -B N- cy-bm- -m-ø ]-e Im-cy-ß-fpw {]-hm- N-I N-cy-bm- n. A-ß-s\ A-t±-l-w F-s - mw N-cy-bm- n-tbm A-Xv apgp-h ]n -]- \-Ωp-sS-ta \n - _- -am- n. A-Xn-s\ ]n -]- p-i-sb- -Xm-Wv A-t±-l-sØ A-\p-k-cn-. A-Xn-s\ ]n -]- p- -Xn hnap-j-x Im-Wn- p- -Xv Ip- -am-wv. -Hcmƒ- pw A-Xn C-f-hv \ -I-s - n- n-. {]-hm-n-i-s kp- -Øv ]n -]- m-xn-cn- m-\p- H-cp ]-gp-xpw _m- n sh- n- p-an-.''- Cu a-l-øm-b B-i-b-sØ- p-dn- v C-amw im-^n-cu h-f-sc-tb-sd ]-d- n- p- v. {]-txy-in- pw cn-km-ebn.- A-Xn - A-t±-l-w ]-d-bp-i-bm- Wv:- ""A- m-lp-hn-s \n-b-a-hpw d-kqen-s \n-b-a-hpw X-Ωn bm-sxm-cp ssh-cp-[-y-hpw Z -in- -s -Sp-I-bn- ;- F- v am-{x-a-, A-h ]-c-kv-]-cw ]q-c-i߃ am-{x-am-wv.''- A-t±-l-w ]-d- p: ""d-kq-en \n- v F- v kzo-i-cn- m-epw A-Xv A- mlp-hn \n- v kzo-i-cn- p- -Xm-bn I- W- m- -s -Sp- -Xm-Wv. {]-hm-n-is\ ]n -]- -W-sa- \n -tz-i-øn-s - Xm -]-cy-hp-am-w-xv.-''-

8 - ""d-kq-en \n- v ti- -Xpw A-t±-l- Øn \n- v ÿn-c-s - v In- n-b-xpw A- -cw-{]-xn a- p- -h-sc ]-d- v ]Tn- n- \n -_- -am-wv.''- Ip- -a- l-zo-yp-iƒ A-\p-k-cn- psim- v {]-h -Øn- m-xn-cn- m G- sx- n-epw a-zv-l-_v ]n -]- p- -h-\msw- t]-cn H-cn- -epw A-\p-h-Z- \o-b-a- F- -Y-w. A-t±-l-w Xp-S - v ]-d-bp- p: ""dkq-en \n- v ÿn-c-s - v In- n-b H-cp l-zo-yn-t\m-sv F-Xn {]-h -Øn- p- - Xv- -\-sω B tcm-kw ]n-sn-iq-sm-xn-cn- -s - -B - pw `q-j-w-a-.- F- n-epw kp- -Øn-s\- p-dn- -dn-bm-ø B-fn \n- v kp- -Øn-s\-Xn-cm-b A-`n-{]mb-߃ D- m-tb- mw. ]-t,- A-Xv I-cp-Xn- q- n-bp- \n-e- m-i-cp-xv. A- {i- -am-bn-t m-hp-i-tbm- hym-jym-\- Øn - hy-xn-bm-\w- kw-`-hn- v- t]-m-hp- I-tbm sn-bv -Xm-epw- A-ß-s\-Ø-s.-''- Izp -B-\p-am-bn- p- - kp- -Øn-s - _- w- c- p-cq-]-øn - Im-Wm - I- gn-bp- -Xm-Wv.- H- v.- hn-j-b-øn-s - \m-\m-h-i-߃- Izp -B - hn-h-cn- txm-ssm- w- B- hn-h-c-w-øn - kp- -Øpw- ]- p-tn - p.- c- v.- hn-j-b- Øn-s - hn-i-zo-i-c-ww- Izp -B-\n h- n- n- m-ø-h.- Izp -B-\n - h- - H- cp- I -]-\;- - B- I -]-\-sim- v- F- m-wv- A- m-lp- D-t±n- -Xv,- B-sc- mam-wv- B- I- -]-\-bp-ss- ]-cn-[n-bn h-cp- -Xv-,- A-X-n-s - {]m-tbm-kn-i- co- Xn- F-ß-s\-bm-Wv- Xp-S-ßn-b-h-bv- p- - \-_n-bp-ss- hn-i-zo-i-c-ww.- Cuc- p- cq-]-øn-ep- - \-_n- -bp-ss- hni-zo-i-c-w-ß-fpw- Aw-Ko-I-cn- - -^e-ø-n - Izp -B - ]n -]- -em-wv.- A-`n-{]m-b- hy-xym-k-ap- m-iptºmƒ- A- m-lp-hn-te- pw- d-kq-en-te- pw- a-s-ß - \n- -_- w:- - A- m-lp- ]-d- p: ""A- m-lp-hp-w A-h-s d-kq-epw H-cp Im-cy-Øn Xo-cp-am-\-sa-Sp-Øp I-gn- m k-xyhn-izm-kn-bm-b H-cp ]p-cp-j- -m-i-s kv-{xo- m-i-s X-ß-fp-sS Im-cy-sØ kw-_- n- v kz-x-{ -am-b H-cp A-`n- {]m-bw D- m-bn-cn- m-hp- -X-. h- h-\pw A- m-lp-sh-bpw A-h-s Zq-X- t\ ]Yw s\-bpw [n- -cn- p- -]- w A-h hy- -am-b \ne-bn h-gn-]n-g- v t]m-bn-cn- p- p''- (-A -A-lv-km- _v:- 36).- C-_v-\p I-Yo ]-d-bp- p: ""Cu Iz-p -B h-n- \w G-Xv Im-cy-߃- pw _m-[-i-am-wv. A- m-lphn-s -bpw d-kq-en-s -bpw hn-[n Xo-cp-am-\w G-Xv hn-j-b-sø- p-dn- m-bm-epw i-cn H-cm-fpw- A-Xn-\v hn-cp- -am-bn {]-h -Øn- m ]m-sn-. Xn-c-s -Sp- n-\v A-h-Im-i-an-. a-dn- p- A-`n-{]m-b-߃-s m- pw {]-k- n-bp-an-.''- A- m-lp -]-d- p: ""k-xyhn-izm-kn-i-tf, \n߃ A- -m-lp-hn-s\ A-\p-k-cn- p-i (A- m-lphn-s )- Zq-X-s\-bpw \n-ß-fn \n- p- ssi-imcy-i -Øm- -sf-bpw A-\p-k-cn- p-i. C-\n h- Imcy-Øn-epw \n-߃- n-s-bn `n- n- p- m-hp-i-bmsw- n \n-ß-f-xv A- m-lp- -hn-te- pw d-kq-en-te- pw a-s- p-i. \n-߃ A- m-lp-hn-epw A- y-zn-\- Øn-epw hn-iz-kn- p- p-sh- n (A-Xm-Wv th- - Xv).- A-Xm-Wv D-Ø-a-hpw Iq-Sp-X \- ]-cy-h-km- \-ap- -Xpw''-(A- -n-km-av:- 59).- C-_v-\p-I-Yo ]-d-bp- p: ""A- m-lp-hn-s\ A-\pk-cn- -Ww''- A-Y-hm Iz-p -B ]n -]- -Ww. ""Zq- X-s\ A-\p-k-cn- -Ww''- A-Y-hm A-t±-l-Øn-s N-cy-sb A-\p-[m-h-\w sn-ø-ww. ""ssi-im-cy-i - Øm- -sf-bpw..''- A-Xm-b-Xv- A- m-lp-hn-s I - ]-\-I-sf [n- -cn- v sim- - m-sx A-\p-k-cn- v sim- m-wv \n-ß-tfm-sv h- -Xpw I -]n- p- -sx- n A-Xpw \n-߃ A-\p-k-cn- -Ww. A- m-lp-hn-s\ [n- -cn- v sim- v B-sc-bpw A-\p-k-cn- m ]m- Sn-. H-cp l-zo-yn h- {]-Im-cw- -\- -bn am-{xam-wv A-\p-k-c-W-ap- -Xv (-A-l-v-a-Zv).- C-\n h- Imcy-Øn-epw \n-߃- n-s-bn `n- n- p- m-ip-i-bmsw- n \n-ß-f-xv A- m-lp-hn-te- pw d-kq-en-te- pw a-s- p-i. ap-pm-ln-zv A-S- -ap- k-e-^p- Iƒ ]-e-cpw A-Xn-s\ hym-jym-\n- -Xv In-Xm-_n-te- pw kp- -Øn-te- pw F- m-wv.''- a-x-øn-s A-Sn-ÿm-\ Im-cy-ß-fn-e-m-I-s,- im-j- I-fn-em-I-s - A-h-bn-se- m-ap- m-tb- m-hp- A-`n- {]m-b hy-xym-k-߃- v ]-cn-lm-cw tx-ts- -Xv Iz-p - B-\pw kp- -Øp-a-\p-k-cn- m-wv. A- m-lp- ]-d- - Xp t]m-se:- ""\n-߃- A-`n-{]m-b-hy-Xym-k- m-cmbn- p- -Xv - G-Xv - Im-cy-Øn-em-I-s - A-Xn - Xo - v I - ]n- m-\p- - A-h-Im-iw- A- m-lp-hn- m-ip- p...''- -A-Xn Izp -B-\pw- kp- -Øpw- hn-[n- -sx-t m,- A-h c- pw i-cn-bm-sw- v- km- y-s -Sp-Øn-b-sXt m- A-Xm-Wv k-xy-am-bn- p- -Xv. k-xy-øn-\- p-dw h-gn-ti-s- m-sx a-s - m-wp- -Xv-? A-Xm-Wv Iz-p -B ]-d- -Xv:- ""\n-߃ A- mlp-hn-epw ]-c-tem-i-øn-epw hn-iz-kn- p- -h-cm-sw- 8

9 t\ ]Yw n...''- A-Xm-b-Xv,- X - -ß-fpw hn-h-c-t -Sp-I-fpw ap-f-s]m- p-tºmƒ A-Xv A- m-lp-hn-te- pw d-kqen-te- pw a-s- p-i-bpw \n-߃- n-s-bn D- m-ip- hn-j-b-ß-fn A-h c- n-s\-bpw hn-[n-i -Øm- -fm- p-i-bpw sn-øp-i;- \n-߃ A- m-lp-hn-epw A- y-zn-\-øn-epw hn-iz-kn- p- -h-cm-sw- n.- A- t mƒ a-\- n-em-t - -Xv X - hn-j-b-߃- v Iz-p -B-\n-s\-bpw kp- -Øn-s\-bpw hn-[n-i -Ømhm- m-ø-h-cpw A-h-ew-_n- m-ø-h-cpw A- m-lphn-epw A- y-zn-\-øn-epw hn-iz-kn- m-ø-h-cm-wv F- m-wv. ""A-Xm-Wv D-Ø-aw''- A- m-lp-hn-s In-Xm-_ns\-bpw d-kq-en-s kp- -Øn-s\-bpw hn-[n-i -Øm-hmbn kzo-i-cn- p- -Xm-Wv D-Ø-a am -Kw- F- v km-cw. ""Iq-Sp-X \- ]-cy-h-km-\-hpw''- ip-`-i-c-am-b ]-cy-h-km-\-hpw A-\- -c ^-e-hpw A-Xm-bn-cn- psa- -Y-w. C-amw im-^n-cu cn-km-e-bn ]-d- p-:- ""A- mlp-hn-s - Zq-X-\p- ti-jw A-`n-{]m-b `n- -X-bn A-I-s - -h hn-j-b-sø A- m-lp-hn-s -bpw d-kqen-s -bpw Xo-cp-am-\-Øn-te- v a-s- -Ww. A-h c- n-epw hy- -am-b ]-cn-lm-cw Im-Wp- n-s - n hn-j-b-sø- p-dn- v \n-co- -Ww \-S-Øn a-s m- nt\m-sv- Xp-e-\w sn-bv-xv hn-[n I-s -Øn ]-cn-lm-cw tx-ts- -Xm-Wv.''- im-^n-cu Xp-S-cp- p-:- ""Xp-e-\w sn-øp-i F- v ]-d- -Xn-s A -Y-w Iz-p -B-\n-epw kp- -Øn-epw t\-c-sø hn-[n ]-d- p-i-gn- kw-`-h-øn-t\m-sv \n-b-aw ]-d- n- n- m-ø kw-`-h-sø Xm-c-X-ay-s - Sp-Øn c- n-s -bpw \n-b-aw H- v X-s -bm-ip-tam F- v- \n-co- n- -em-wv-. \n-co- n- v I-s -Øm km-[n- p- hn-j-b-am-ip-tºmƒ A-sXm-cp i-cn-bmb \n-k-a-\-am-bn- v Im-Wm-hp- -Xm-Wv.''- ""H-cp l-zo-y-v In- n- -gn- m B l-zo-y-n-s\ s]m-xp A -Y-Øn-em-bn- pw hn-j-b-øn-s ap-gp-h `m-k-߃ Dƒ-sIm- -n- -Xm-bn- p-am-wv a-\- n-em-t - -Xv. A-s - n A-h-bn-te-Xm-W-sX- v th -Xn-cn- v Im-Wn- p- kq-n-\-iƒ e-`n- n-cn-t - -Xm-Wv.''- A-Y-hm Ip- -a-s -m-cp l-zo-y-v I- p-i-gn- m A-Xn-s\ A-Xn-s s]m-xp A -Y-Øn X-s ImtW- -Xm-Wv. A-Xv Nn-e-Xn-s\ am-{x-sa D-t±-in- p- p- q F- p- sx-fn-hv In- m-øn-s-tøm-fw Imew;- sx-fn-hv In- n- -gn- m A-Xn-s\ H-cp ]-cn-an- X-am-b A- -Y-Øn-te Im-tW- -Xp- q. kz- -am-bn- p- A-`n-{]m-b-ß-fpw \n-b-a hn-[n- I-fpw \-_n bn \n- p- dn-t m - p-iƒ-s -Xncm-sW- v t_m-[y-s - -t mƒ D-S-s\ A-h D-t]- n- -Xm-bn- m-wv \n-c-h-[n kz-lm-_n-i-fn \n- v A- 9 A- m-lp -]-d- p: ""k-xyhn-izm-kn-i-tf, \n-߃ A- -m-lp-hn-s\ A-\p-k-cn- p-i (A- m-lp-hn-s )- Zq-Xs\-bpw \n-ß-fn \n- p- ssi-im-cy-i -Øm- -sfbpw A-\p-k-cn- p-i. C-\n h- Im-cy-Øn-epw \n-߃- n-s-bn `n- n- p- m-hp-i-bm-sw- n \n-ß-f-xv A- m-lp--hn-te- pw d-kq-en-te- pw a-s- p-i. \n-߃ A- m-lp-hn-epw A- y-zn-\-øn-epw hn-iz-kn- p- psh- n (A-Xm-Wv th- -Xv).- A-Xm-Wv D-Ø-a-hpw Iq- Sp-X \- ]-cy-h-km-\-ap- -Xpw''-(A- -n-km-av:- 59).- \yq\-am-b co-xn-bn D- -cn- -s - n- p- - Xv. J-eo-^-bp-sS hn-[n {]-hm-n-i h-n-\- ߃-s -Xn-cm-sW- v t_m-[y-s - -t mƒ A-h-c-Xv D-t]- n- -Xv D-Zm-l-c-W-ß-fn H- v am-{x-am-wv. ssi-hn-c-ep-iƒ A-]-I-S-s -Sp-Øn-bm \-jv-s ]-cn-lm-cw I-W- m- p- -Xv hn-cep-i-fp-ss hy-xym-k-øn-\-\p-k-cn- v sim- m-wv F- p- D-a hn-s hn-[n \- _n B-ep-Aw-dv-_v-\p-l-k-an-\v F-gp-Xnb I-Øn ]-d- - "Hm-tcm hn-c-en-\p-w ]-Øv H- -Iw \-jv-s- -]-cn-lm-c-am-bn sim-sp- -Ww-'- F- -Xn-\v- hn-cp- -a-m-bn-cp- p (-lm- Inw- ap-kv-x-zv-d-iv). Cu Im-cy-sØ- p-dn- v A-dn- kz-lm-_n-iƒ D-a hn-s hn-[n-sb X- n- -f-bp-i-bpw l-zo-y-n h- {]-Im-cw hn-[n- p-i-bpw sn-øp-i-bp- m-bn. C-amw-im-^n-Cu cn-km-e-bn Cu l- Zo-Y-v N - -s -Sp-Øv sim- v ]-d-bp- p: ""Cu l-zo-y-n \n- v \-ap- v c- v kw-k- Xn-Iƒ a-\- n-em- m-\p- v. H- v: J-_- dp B-lm-Zv(-H-cm-fp-sS dn-t m - v) kzo-imcy-am-ip- p. -a-s m- v,- J-_-dp - B-lm-Zv Ip- -a- \n-e- v ÿn-s - v In- n-b k-a-bw ap-x A-Xv kzo-im-cy-am-bn-øo-c-p- -Xm- Wv;- {]-kv-xp-x l-zo-yv- A-\p-k-cn- v-sim- p- {]-h -Ø-\w \-S- v I-gn- m-epw I-gn- n-s - n-epw.- C-\n G-sX- n-epw- C- amw- A-X-\p-k-cn- v- {]-h -Øn- p-sh- v- h- m X-s A-Xn-s\-Xn-cn-em-Wv {]-hm- N-I-\n \n- v J-_-dp - - B-lm-Zv h- - Xm-bn I-s -Øn-b-sX- n A- m-c-w- Øm am-{xw B -{]-h -Ø-\w X- n- f-bp-i-bpw sn-tø- -Xm-Wv.

10 t\ ]Yw C-kzvem-lo {]-t_m-[-i-sc-bpw D -_p- -cm-b P-\-ß-sf-bpw `- b- v k-a-kv-x-bn-se ]-fin-x -am aq-sn-sh- kz-q-^o B-Z -i-hpw hn-izm-k-hpw am-e,- au-en-zv,- dm-øo-_p-i-fp-ss i-cn-bm-b B-i-b-hpw sh- n-øp-d- v F-gp-Xm-\pw ]-d-bm-\pw ss[-cyw Im-Wn- ti-c-f-ønse kz-q-^n ]-fin-x-\m-wv si.-hn ap-l-ω-zv ap-kv-e-ym ]- m-hq. C-_v-\p A-d-_n-bp-sS Iz-p -B-s Dƒ-km-c hym-jym-\w, A- p I-cow-Po-b-en-bp-sS C -km-\p Im-an, ap-ln-bp-±o am-e hym- Jym-\w, J-kz-kz-p Hu-en-bm-Av- A-S- w \q-tdm-fw {K-Ÿ-ß-sf-gp- Xn-b ]-fin-x-\pw \n-c-h-[n Xz-co-Iz-Øp-I-fp-sS ssi-jpw ap-co-zp-amb si.-hn.-fw ]- m-hq-cn-s\ kp- -Øv P-am-A-Øn-s Im-h-emƒ F- m-wv "cn-km-e'- t]m-ep- kp- n {]-kn- o-i-c-w-߃ hn-tijn- n- n- p- -Xv. hn-i-zo-i-c-ww B-h-iy-an- m-ø hn-[w G-Xv km- [m-c-w- m-c-\pw a-\- n-em-ip- hn-[w ]- m-hq a-e-bm-f-øn-sek-eow ]-Sv-e mail@nerpatham.com Ih tãmdn ti-c-f kz-q-^n-i-fp-ss A-Sn-ÿm-\ hn-izm-k-߃ E-Pp-hm-b hn-izm-k-øn \n- v hy-xn-n-en- m F-{X-am-{Xw h-en-b A-_- -Øn-s N-h- p-iq-\-bn-em-wvsn- v ho-gp-i F- -Xn-s h-kv-xp-\n-jvt-am-b D-Zm-l-c-W-am-Wv kzq-^n-kw. kzq-^n-k-øn-s hn-i-e-hn-izmk-ß-sf Xn-cn- -dn-bm A-h-cp-sS A-[ym-]-\-߃ A ]-sam- v ]-cn-tim-[n- m a-xn. a-e-bm-f kzq-^o kmln-xy-ß-fn-eq-ss H-cp lr-kz-{]-bm-ww. 10

11 t\ ]Yw gp-xn-b D- -c-wn-iƒ ti-c-f kz-q-^n-i-fp-ss A-Snÿm-\ hn-izm-k-sa-s - v a-\- n-em- m B-{Kln- p- k-xym-t\z-jn-iƒ- v D-]-I-cn- p-sa- -Xn- \m Np-h-sS tn - p- p:- "B-cm-[y-\pw B-cm-[n- p- -h-cpw H- p X-s!'- ""Im-c-Ww A- m-lp-h- m-sx bm-sxm- p-an-.- ]ns B-tcm-Sm-W-h A-Sp- p-i?- Cu k-xyw shfn-s -Sp-I a-d-\o-ßp-tºm-gm-wv.- A-t mƒ X- - nbm-b C-h-s k-ø A-h-t -Xpw A-h-s k-ø C-h-t -Xp-am-sW- v sh-fn-s -Spw.- kn-^-øp-i-fpw C-kv-ap-I-fpw {]-h -Øn-I-fp-sa- mw. F- m-sa- mw H- tc k-ø sh-fn-s - -Xv X-s. Hu-en-bm- -sf- mw A- m-lp-hn-s X-\n k-ºq -Æ sh-fn-s -S-ep-Iƒ X-s...B-cm-[n- p- -Xpw B-cm-[n- -s -Sp- -Xpw H-tc k-ø X-s -bm-w- - w''- (h-lv-z-øv-am-e hym-jym-\w. si.hn ap-l-ω-zv ap-kv-e-ym ]- m-hq,- t]-pv17).- ""Rm-\pw \o-sbm- p-an-. D- -Xv A- m-lp am- {Xw. A-h X-s -bm-wv B-cm-[n- p- -Xpw B- cm-[y-\pw kv-a-cn- p- -Xpw kv-a-cn- -s -Sp- -Xpw''- (A-tX-]p-kv-X-Iw- t]-pv- 121).- "kr- n-bpw {k- m-hpw H- p X-s!'- ""A- m-lp \-Ωn \n- p th-sd-b-. th-sd-bmsw- p- Du-l-sØ Ip-S- p-i-f-t Xo-cq. m-\w sim- v Cu Du-l-sØ A-I- -Ww. A- txm-ss Zn-hy-k-am-K-a-ap- m-ipw. Xm-\pw A-h-\pw H-s - p A-t mƒ t_m-[y-am-ipw''- (A-tX- ]p-kv- X-Iw-,- t]-pv 51).- \-Ωƒ A- m-lp-hm-i-w-sa-s{x! ""c-s - txm- Xp-S- p-am- m-\pw A- m-lphn-s\-s m- p ap-t -dn A- m-lp-hm- Im-\pw ssi-jp-\m B-lzm-\w snøp- p''- (A-tX- ]p-kv-x-iw-, t]-pv67).- ""ssi-jp-\m ]-d-bp- p:- \o A- mlp-hn-s Kp-W-߃ B - n- - Ww. A-ß-s\ \o A- m-lp-hm-i- Ww''- (A-tX- ]p-kv-x-iw-, `m-kw.1,- t]- Pv 146).- ""ssi-jp-\m ]-d-bp- -Xv...]n-s \o A- m-lp-hm-hp-i-bpw th-ww...-\o A- m-lp-hm-bm \o P-bn- -s{x... - B-I-bm hn-cm-sp-]p-cp-j A- mlp-hn-s Z - -W-am-bn am-dp- p. A- bmƒ A- m-lp-hm-ip- p''- (A-tX- ]pkv-x-iw-, `m-kw 1,- t]-pv 76,77).- 11 "F- m-h-cpw A- m-lp?'- ""A- m-lp-hn-s\ sim- p kp-jn- p- -h A- m-lp-hn ]q -W- -X {]m-]n- p- p. ]n-s A-h-cn- A- mlp-am-{xw''- (A-tX- ]p-kv-x-iw-, t]- Pv97).- "a-lm- m A- m-lp-hn-s {]-hr-øn sn-øp- p-'- ""Hu-en-bm- ƒ sn-øp- -sxm-s A- m-lp-hn-s {]-hr-øn-i-fm-wv''- (A-tX- ]p-kv-x-iw-, t]-pv104).- C-Xv- Rm-s\-gp-Xn-b-X-!! ""Rm-s\-gp-Xn-b-X- ;- A- m-lp F- gp-xn-b-xm-wn-xv.rm-\n- A- m-lp am- {X-am-Wp- -Xv.''- (A-tX-]p-kv-X-Iw-,- t]-pv157).- "A- m-lp F- m-bn-s-øpw F- m- n-epw!'- ""F- n-se-æ-t m I- n e-l-cn-t]m ]m-en sh-æ-t]-m \n- n-epw D- d- n-s\ a-s -hn-ss-sb- n-epw sx- n t\-cw sim-s -s -tsm''- (A-tX-]pkv-X-Iw,- t]-pv161).- C-_v-e-o-kpw A- m-lp-hn-s A-kv-X-n-Xz-a-s{X! ""C-_v-e-o-kn-s\-t m-ep- A-Sn-b-mdpw A- m-lp-hn-s A-kv-X-n-Xzw X-

12 s -bm-wv. Im-c-Ww th-sd-sbm-c-kv- X-n-Xz-an-. \- -Xpw No-Ø-bpw H-tc A- kv-x-n-xzw X-s ''- (A-tX-]p-kv-X-Iw,- t]-pv13).- ""A- m-lp i- n \ -Ip-tºmƒ B-cn-^p-Iƒ- v e-`n- p- p...b-ibm A- m-lp-hn-s i- n-bpw hp- Pq-Zp-am-Wn-hn-sS hn-f-ßp- -Xv. Rm-\pw \o-bpw B-cn-^pw sx-ωm-sn-bpw C-_ve-o-kpw H- p-an-.- D- -Xv A- m-lp am-{xw''- (A-tX-]p-kv-X-Iw, t]-pv106).- "A-h-\pw A-h-fpw Rm-\pw \o-bpw A- m-lp!'- ""lp-h lm lo lp-ap- m-lp A-\ A -X- m-lv \- p A-\ A -X lp-h- m-lp''- (A-tX- ]p-kv-x-iw, t]-pv14).- ""lp-h ln-b A-\- m-lp ln-b lp-h \- p- m-lp lp-h A -X ln-b \- p k-i-ew A- m-lv Jp -Jp ''- (AtX-]p-kv-X-Iw, t]-pv18).- ""\mw km-[m-c-w snm- n-h-cp- cn- ^m-cu dm-øo-_n-se H-cp Zn-Iv :- lq A- m-lv lq lq A- m-lv lm lo lq lw A- m-lv A-dn-bp-ho A-h-\pw A-h-fpw A- h-fpw B-cpw X-s -bn-. D- -Xv A- mlp am-{xw''- (A-tX-]p-kv -X-Iw, t]-pv 36).- Hu-en-bm- ƒ A- m-lp-hm-w-s{x! ""l-jo-jn-bm-b Hu-en-bm- -sf B- fl- m-\n-iƒ A- m-lp-sh- m-wv hn-ti-jn- n- m-dv...a-kv-x-n-xzw H-t D- q;- c- n-...]n-s -ß-s\ C-h am- {Xw A- m-lp A- m-xm-ipw?''- (A-tX- ]p-kv-x-iw, t]-pv27).- F- n-s\ B-cm-[n- m-epw A- mlp-hn-\p- B-cm-[-\-bm-W-s{X! F- n-s\ B-cm-[n- m-epw B-cm-[- \ sn-s -Øp- -Xv A- m-lp-hn-\v am- {Xw...A- m-lp-hn-s ]-c-a-k-ø-bp-ss ssn-x-\yw D -a-bn-se-ßpw hn-f-ßp- p. A-Xv sim- p-x-s hn-{k-l߃- v C-em-lv F- hn-ti-j-ww t\ ]Yw B-e- m-cn-i-a- ;- h-kv-xp-xm-]-cw X-s -bm-wv. Imc-Ww k -Δ-h-kv-Xp- -fpw A- m-lp-hn-s ssn-x- \y-߃...f- n-s\ ]q-pn- m-epw B B-cm-[-\ A- m-lp-hn- m-bn-t `-hn- q''- (i-ym-cn-bm Xz-co-J-Øv,- si.- hn.- F-w ]- m-hq,- t]-pv 63,64).- em C-em-l C- - m-lp-hn-s B-i-bw "Rm-\- m-sx th-sd C-em-ln- X-s. A-Xm-b- Xv {]-]- -Øn-se-ßpw Rm-\- m-sx H- p-an-. A-h Ir-{Xn-a-am-bn B-cm-[n- p- C-em-lp-I-fpw Rm X-s -bm-wv''- (i-ym-cn-øm Xz-co-J-Øv,- t]-pv 65).- A-ssZ-z-X-hm-Zw- Iz-p -B-\n-ep-ap- -s{x-! ""\n-߃ F-t m- v Xn-cn- m-epw A-hn-sS-sb- mw A- m-lp-hn-s A-kv-X-n-Xz-ap- v (Jp -B ).- \n-ß-fn X-s A-h-\p- v;- \n-߃ Im-Wp- nt? (Jp -B )''- (i-ym-cn-bm Xz-co-J-Xv,- t]-pv 163).- A-ssZ-z-Xw l-zo-y-n-epw?- ""\-_n-b-cp-fn: A- m-lp F- m cm-hn-epw H-Sp-hnse aq- n-sem- v _m- n \n - p-tºmƒ H- mw B-Im-i-Øn-te- v C-d-ßn h-cpw... Cu \-_n h-n- \-Øn kq-nn- n- p- -Xv {]-]- -ß-fn-se Hm-tcm A-Wp-hn-eq-sS-bpw A- m-lp sh-fn-s -Sp-sa- m- Wv...''- (i-ym-cn-bm Xz-co-J-Xv,- t]-pv 163) ""A-Xm-b-Xv tem-i-c- n-xm-hn-s ssn-x-\y߃ A-bm-fp-sS ÿq-e i-co-c-øn-eq-ss sh-fn-s - p. A-t mƒ A-bm-fp-sS ssi A- m-lp-hn-s i- n-bm-bn am-dpw, A-bm-fp-sS \m-hv A- m-lp-hn-s I -]-\-bm-hpw. A-bm-fp-sS I-Æn-\v ap-ºn ]ns a-d-i-sfm- pw _m- n \n - n-. A-bm-fp-sS Im-Xv {]-]- -ß-fn ap-g-ßp- i- -sa- mw tiƒ- pw. A-Xm-b-Xv \-_n Xn-cp-ta-\n A-cp-fn-b-Xv: A- m-lp A-cp-fn;- H-Sp-hn Rm-\-bm-fp-sS tiƒ- p- Im-Xpw Im-Wp- I-Æp-am-bn am-dpw.- Cu A-hÿ h- m A-bm-fp-sS {]-Xy- h-iw A- mlp-hpw A-bmƒ ]-tcm- -\p-am-ipw''- (i-ym-cn-bm Xz-co-J-Xv,- t]-pv 167).- hym-p ssz-h-ß-fpw A- m-lp-hm-wv! ""Rm-\- m-sx th-sd C-em-ln- X-s. A-Xmb-Xv {]-]- -Øn-se-ßpw Rm-\- m-sx H- pan-. A-h Ir-{Xn-a-am-bn B-cm-[n- p- C-em-lp-I-fpw Rm X-s -bm-wv''- (i-ym-cn-bm Xz-co-J-Xv,- t]-pv 65).- Cu-km \-_n - A- m-lp-hn-s A-h-Xm-c-a-s{X-! ""A-ß-s\-bm-W- m-lp Cu-km-\-_n-bp-sS P-\- X-bn ]-cn-ip- m-flm-hn-eq-ss-bpw Cu-km-bn-eq-sSbpw a -b-an-eq-ss-bpw sh-fn-s - -Xv. Cu Z - -Wß-fn-tem-tcm- n-epw A-h A- m-lp-hn-s\ I- p''- (i-ym-cn-bm Xz-co-J-Xv,- t]-pv 159).- 12

13 t\ ]Yw Cu-km- \-_n - ]-c-tem-i-øv ]-d-bp- -Xv- A-ssZ-z-X-hm-Z-hpw {Xn-Xz-hpw! ""A-Xm-b-Xv Rm-\pw \o-bpw c-s - k- -]-w H-cn- -epw F- n \n- p- m-im-h-x- -t m? A-Xp- m-bm-e-t \n-s ssi-hn- p F-s ]q-pn- m P-\-ß-tfm-Sv ]-d-bm F-\n- p I-gn-bp-I-bp- q. hmkv-x-h-øn F-s s]m-cp-fn-s k-ø \o-bpw \n-s s]m-cp-fn-s k-ø Rm-\p-am-W-t m''- (i- Ym-cn-bm Xz-co-J-Xv si-hn-bw ]- m-hq t]-pv 125) "^n -Hu-s hm-z-hpw H-c - -Øn i-cn-bm-wv!'- ""tem-i-c- n-xm-hm-b d- v F- -Xn-s s]m-cpƒ aq-km \-_n B P-\-X-bn sh-fn-s -Sp-Øn-bn-cps - n ^n -Hu-\n-s i-cn-bm-sw- v B P-\-X sx- n- -cn-t -t\ (i-ym-cn-bm Xz-co-J-Xv,- t]-pv 129).- "A- m-lp B-Z-am-bn am-dn!'- ""Rm B-Z-an F-s B-flm-hn-s\ Du-Xn- Jp -B.- A- m-lp-hn-s B-flm-hv F- m A- m-lp X-s -bm-wv. A-t mƒ Cu B-b-Ø-n-\ - w A- m-lp B-Z-an-eq-sS sh-fn-s - p F- m-wv''- (i-ym-cn-bm Xz-co-J-Xv,- t]-pv160).- "]n-æm- pw A- m-lp-hm-wv!'- ""C-l-Øn-epw ]-c-øn-ep-sam-s a-jn-bn- p-t\m- n-bm-epw A- m-lp-hn-s\-b- m-sx Im-Wn-s - p ]-d- m B-cpw tnm-zn- p-i C- m-wp- -sxms ]n-æm- m-twm F- m-bn-cn- pw. ]n-æm- pw C- D- -Xv k-xy-øn A- m-lp am-{xw. ]n-æm- m-bn Im-Wp- -Xpw A- m-lp-hn-s ssn-x-\y-am- Wv''- (h-lv-z-øv-am-e hym-jym-\w,- t]-pv 35 ).- "I-Æpw aq- pw I- pw ap- pw A- m-lp!'- ""ssi-jv _o-cm Hu-en-b-bp-sS Zn-Iv Hm - p-i:- em I-Æ C- - m-lv em aq- C- - m-lv em en-km-\ C- - m-lv em I- C- - m-lv em ]- C- - m-lv em ap- C- - m-lv em au-pq-z C- - m-lv''- (A-tX ]p-kv-x-iw,- t]-pv 36).- "ap-ln-bp-±o ssi-jn-s\ hn-fn- p- -Xpw A- mlp-hn-s\ hn-fn- p- -Xpw H- p X-s!'- ""]-c-a-k-ø-bn ^-\m {]m-]n- v A- m-lp-hn-s a-fv -l (Z - -Ww) B-bn A-bmƒ am-dp- p. A-bm-sf hn-fn- m A- m-lp hn-fn-tiƒ- pw. A- m-lp-hn-s\ 13 C-_v-\p A-d-_n-bp-sS Iz-p -B-s Dƒ-km-c hym-jym- \w, A- p I-cow-Po-b-en-bp-sS C -km-\p Im-an, ap-ln-bp-±o am-e hym-jym-\w, J-kz-kz-p Hu-en-bm-Av- A-S- w \q-tdm-fw {K-Ÿ-ß-sf-gp-Xn-b ]-fin-x-\pw \nc-h-[n Xz-co-Iz-Øp-I-fp-sS ssi-jpw ap-co-zp-am-b si.- hn.-fw ]- m-hq-cn-s\ kp- -Øv P-am-A-Øn-s Imh-emƒ F- m-wv "cn-km-e'- t]m-ep- kp- n {]-kn- o-i-c-w-߃ hn-ti-jn- n- n- p- -Xv. hn-i-zo-i-c-ww B-h-iy-an- m-ø hn-[w G-Xv km-[m-c-w- m-c-\pw a-\- n-em-ip- hn-[w ]- m-hq a-e-bm-f-øn-se-gp-xn-b D- -c-wn-iƒ ti-c-f kz-q-^n-i-fp-ss A-Sn-ÿm-\ hnizm-k-sa-s - v a-\- n-em- m B-{K-ln- p- k-xymt\z-jn-iƒ- v D-]-I-cn- p-w. hn-fn- m A-bm-fpw hn-fn-tiƒ- pw. A-Xm-Wv Ku-kp A-Av -fw ]-d- -Xv; h- \n-e-øn-\pw F-s hn-fnt m - v hm-bv Iq-Sm-Xp-Ø-cw sn-øpw Rms\-t m-h ''- (ap-l-bp-zo am-e). G-Xp \m- n \n- v hn-fn- m-epw Rm D-Ø-cw sn-øp-a- - w. Im-c-Ww Ku-kp A-Av-f-an-s\ hn-fn- m D-Ø-cw sn-øp- -Xv A- mlp-hm-wv. A- m-lp-hn-s\ hn-fn- m D-Ø-cw sn-øp- -Xv Ku-kp A-Avf-am-Wv.]n-s - p {]-bm-kw''- (h-lv- Z-Øv-am-e hym-jym-\w,- t]-pv 42).- A- m-lp C-hn-sS hn-cm-sp-]p-cp-j- \m-bn sh-fn-s -Sp- p. k-i-e {]-]- ß-fpw A-bm-sf h-ew sh- p- p. A- Xm-Wv Ku-kp A-Av-fw ]-d- -Xv; I-Av-_m-sb Np- p-thm Jp-Xv-_mtWm F- m-cpw I-A-_w Y-hm-s^-s sn-øpw A- sx-t m-h (ap-ln-b-p-±o am-e)-. A- m-lp-hn-s Z - -W-am-W-h.- A-h-sc hn-fn- m A- m-lp-hm-wv hnfn-tiƒ- p-i. A-h-c-. kq-cy-n-{μ am-sc \n- -e-am- m A-h-cn- n- m X - -Ww A-Xp \-S- pw. Im-c-Ww A- m-lp-hn-s C- -bm-bn-cn- pw A- h-cp-ss C-. k-i-e \n-b-{ -W-ß-fpw hn-cm-sp-]p-cp-j-s I-øn-em-bn-cn- pw''- (A-tX ]p-kv-x-iw,- t]-pv 44).-

14 "ap-l-ω-zv \-_n A- m-lp-hn-s A-h-Xm-cw!'- ap-øp-\-_n-bn-eq-ss- a- -Øp-Zn- - Xv A- m-lp-hn-s ]-c-a-k-ø-bm-wv. C-t m Nn- n- p t\m- q;- \-_n F-dn- -t mƒ F-dn- -Xv A- m-lp A- t?- A-sX. Xo - -bm-bpw \-_n-bneq-ss tem-iw I- -Xv A- m-lp-hn-s ]-c-a-k-ø-sb X-s -bm-wv''- (h-lv-z- Øv-am-e hym-jym-\w,- t]-pv 55).- km- m hn-cm-sp-]p-cp-j ap-øpd-kq-em-wv... A-Av-a-Zn-se ao-ap t]mbm A-l-Zm-bn. A-l-Zn ao-ap-tn - m A-lv-a-Zp-am-bn''- (h-lv-z-øv-am-e hym-jym-\w,- t]-pv45).- ""B-Zn H-fn-hm-bn A-Xp-Xm shfn-hm-bn A-Xp ]n-s B-Z-am-bn h- p shfn-hm-bn A-ºn-bm Hu-en-bm B-bv h- p h- p A-h-km-\w a- -Ø-Xp X-s h- p A- m-lp...- A- m-lp''- (h-lv-z-øvam-e hym-jym-\w,- t]-pv 55).- ""ap-øp \-_n A- m-lp-hn-s tx- P- n \n- v D -`q-x-am-b hn-cm-sp ]pcp-j-\m-wv. kq-d-øp- m-ln. A-Xm-b- Xv A- m-lp-hn-s X -kz-cq-]w''- (hlv-z-øv-am-e hym-jym-\w,- t]-pv 191).- "\-_n-bpw ssi-jv Po-em-\n-bpw H-cmƒ X-s!'- ""C-{_m-lnw \-_n-sb Xo-bn-en- t mƒ Rm-\m-Wp Xo si-sp-øn-b-sx- p ap-øp-\-_n ]-d- p. Rm-\m-Wp sn-bv-x-sx- p Ku-kq A-Av-f-apw ]-d- p. F- m-wn-xn-\ - w?- c- mfpw A-hn-sS-bp- m-bn-cp- p-thm?- C-,- H-cmƒ am-{xw. ]n-s c- m-fpw A-ß-s\ ]-d- -txm?- c- pw k-xyw. Im-c-Ww ap-øp-\-_n-bpw Ku-kp -A- Av-f-apw c- - H- m-wv''- (h-lv-z-øvam-e hym-jym-\w,- t]-pv 46).- "A- m-lp-hn e-bn- m A- m- lp-hm-bn-øo-cpw!'- ""H-Sp-hn ]-c-a-k-ø-bn ^-\m {]m-]n- m A-bmƒ A- m-lp-hm-ip- t\ ]Yw p. A-Xm-b-Xv A-bm-fn-se Rm \n-ti-jw C- m-xm-hp- p''- (h-lv-z-øv-am-e hym-jym-\w,- t]-pv- 169).- "A- m-lp-hn e-bn- v A- m-lp-hm-bn am-dn-b Hu-en-b-!'- _n-kv-xm-an A- m-lp-hn-s ]-c-a-k-ø-bn ^- \m-{]m-]n- p. A-t mƒ A-t±-l-Øn A-t±-l-an- m-xm-bn. D- -Xp ]n-s A- m-lp am-{xw. cn-^m- Cu dm-øo-_v snm- p- -h-sc- mw A - -a-dn-bmsx snm- m-dp- Zn-Iv-dp-I-fn-sem- m-wv lm lo lq lqw A- m-lv F- -Xv. F- m-wn-xn-s A - w?- A-dn- p sim- p-i;- s]-æpw B-Wpw P-\- ß-fpw A-h-scm-s -bpw A- m-lp-hm-wv C-Xm-W - w. C-Xn sx-s m- p-an- ''- (h-lv-z-øv-am-e hym- Jym-\w,- t]-pv 79).- ""ssi-jv in-_v-en ]-d- p: H-cp I-dp-Ø D-dp- ºv C-cp-f-S- H-cp cm-{xn H-cp I-d-p-Ø ]m-d- p- n A-cn- p- i- w t]m-epw Rm ti- n- - n Rm ]-d-bpw Rm h- n-x-\m-sb- v! H-cp ]p-wym-flm-hv ]-d- p: B D-dp-º-cn- p- i- w ti- n-s - v ]-d-bm F-\n- m-hn-. D-dp- º-cn- m i- n sim-sp-ø-xv Rm-\m-Wv.- Rm-\m- W-Xn-s\ A-cn- n- p- -Xpw''- (i-ym-cn-bm Xz-co-J- Xv,- t]-pv 146).- ""Jp-Xp-_n-s C- A- m-lp-hn-s C- -s -Xncm-hn-. A- m-lp C- n- -tx Jp-Xp-_pw C- n- q. A-Y-hm Jp-Xp-_n-\p C- -bn-. \n -Kp-W-]-c-{_- w''- (h-lv-z-øv-am-e hym-jym-\w,- t]-pv127).- Hu-en-bm- -fpw A-ºn-bm- -fpw ""Ku-kp A-A-fw ]-d- p: {]-hm-n-i k-aql-ta,- \n-߃- v Nn-e _-lp-a-xn-iƒ In- n. F- m \n-߃- p In- m-ø-xv F-\n- p In- n...''- ""ssi-jv A -ssk-kv-_n P-ao ]-d- p: R- ߃ I-S-en-en-d-ßn. {]-hm-n-i -am I-c-bn \n- -tx-bp- p''- (i-ym-cn-bm Xz-co-J-Xv,- t]-pv 153).- C-\n-bpw \q-dp-i-w- n-\v D- -c-wn-i-fp- v;- ssz - Lyw `-b- v \n -Øp- p.- C-Xm-Wv-Jm-Zn-cn, Nn-kv-Xn, cn-^m-cu, B-ep-h, \q-cn-jm, im-zp-en, th-ßm-sv,- Xo-Pm-\n,\-Jv-j-_- μn..-. A-S- -ap- Xz-co-J-Øp-I-fp-sS hn-izm-k A- Sn-Ø-d-sb- pw Cu hn-izm-kw X-s -bm-wv am-e,- au-en-zv,- dm-øn-_p-i-fp-ss A- - -Ø-sb- pw a- \- n-em-bm ]-c-tem-i `-b-ap- H-cmƒ t]m-epw X-ß-fp-sS Iq-Sm-c-Øn Xp-S-cp-I-bn-s - v ]q -Wt_m-[y-ap- -Xn-\m-em-Wv ti-c-f-øn-se k-a-kv-x- ]-fin-x- m C-Ø-cw Im-cy-߃ P-\-ß-tfm-Sv t\ - p-t\ - Xp-d- v ]-d-bm `-b- p- -Xv. 14

15 t\ ]Yw tej\w F-kv-.-F- sf-zo-zv X-߃- - aydeed41@gmail.com ap-dn- p-t]m-i-m-ø {]-Xn-^-ew 15 P-\-ß-sf k-xy-]m-x-bn-te- v- -Wn- a-l-øm-b I -a-a-m-bm-wv C-kv-emw- ]-cn-k-wn- p- -Xv. A-Xn-s ]p-wy-øn-s hym-]v-xn a-\- n-em- m - {]-hm-n-i-xn-cp-ta-\n- -bp-ss Cu- h-n-\-߃- a-xn-bm-ip- -Xm-Wv-.- \- _n- - A-en- -hn-t\m-sv- ]-d- p-:- ""A- m-lp X-s -bm-wv- -k-xyw! \o Im-c- W-Øm H-cmƒ- v A- m-lp-k -am -K-w \ -In-bm A-Xm-Wv \n-\- v H-cp Np-h- H- -Iw D- m-bn-cn- p- -Xn-s\- m-fpw D-Ø-a-am-b-Xv''- (_p-jm-cn).- "C-l-tem-I-sØ- m-fpw- A-Xn-ep- -Xn-s\- m-fpw D-Ø-a-am-Wv'- F- pw- "B-sc- n-epw H-cp-\- A-dn-bn- p sim-sp-øm A-Xv sn-øp- -h-\v e-`n- p- -Xv t]m-ep- {]-Xn-^-ew A-h-\pw e-`n- pw' F- p-sam-s - \-_n- k-xy-øn-s - sh-fn- w- ]-I - p-sim-sp- p- -Xn-s\- hn-ti-jn- n- -Xv- Im- Wmw.- hm-sam-gn-bm-bpw- h-c-sam-gn-bm-bp-sa- mw- Cu- Zu-X-yw- \n -h-ln- mhp- -Xm-Wv.- a-c-wm-\- -cw ap-dn- p t]m-i-m-ø- {]-Xn-^-e-am-Wv C-Øcw D-]-Im-c-s -Sp- hn- m-\w ]-I - p \ -Ip- -h - v e-`n- m-\n-cn- p- -Xv F- k-t m-j-hm -Ø- {]-hm-n-i - \ -In-bn- p- v.- ""A- m-lp-hn-te- v -Wn- p-i-bpw k -I -aw {]-h -Øn- p-i-bpw Xo - -bm-bpw Rm ap-kv-enw-i-fp-ss Iq- -Øn-em-Ip- p F- v ]-d-bp-i-bpw snbv-x-h-s\- mƒ hn-in- -am-b hm- v ]-d-bp- -a- m-cp- v?''- (Izp -B - 41:- 33).- A- m-lp-hn-\v- C-jv-S-s - G- -hpw hn-in-jvt-am-b -hm- pw {]-hr-ønbpw k-xy-{]-t_m-[-\-am-sw- v Cu h-n-\w- A-dn-bn- p- p.- {]-hm-n-i- m A-Jn-e-hpw \n -h-ln- Cu D -Ir-jvT I -aw A-Xy-[n- Iw ]p-wyw -t\-sn-ø-cp- H-cp-k -I -a-am-sw- -Im-cy-Øn-epw F-Xn-c-`n- {]m-b-an-.

16 A- m-lp-hn-s d-kq - ]-d- p: ""B-sc- nepw k- m -K-Øn-te- v (P-\-ß-sf) -Wn- m A-Xn-s\ ]n- p-s-cp- -h-cp-ss {]-Xn-^-ew A-h-\p- m-ipw. A-h-cp-sS {]-Xn-^-e-Øn \n- pw H- pw Ip-d-bm-sX-X-s ''- (ap-kv-enw).- k-xy-k-tμ-i-hm-l-i-cm-b {]-t_m-[-i - v th- n A- m-lp-hn-s {]-hm-n-i-s {]m -Y-\ -Im-Wp-I:- "F-s kw-km-c-sø -tiƒ- p-i-bpw A-Xv P-\-ßfn-te- v F-Øn- p- sim-sp- p-i-bpw sn-øp- -h-s\ A- m-lp {]-Im-in- n- p-am-dm-h-s '- (C-_v-\p am-p).- {]-hm-n-i - - X-s a-c-ww h-sc {]-t_m- [-\w \n-dp-øn-sh- p-i-tbm, A-Xn-s - Ku-c-hw Ip-d- p- Im-Wp-I-tbm-, P-\-ß-fp-am-bn ku-lr-zw ]- v-sh- v A-h - v- C-jv-S-ap- - Im-cy-߃- am- {Xw- B-Zyw- ]-d- -v- km-h-[m-\-øn G-I-ssZh- hn-iz-m-k-øn-te- v- -Wn- m - a-xn- F- v- Xo-cp-am-\n- p-i-tbm sn-bv-xn- n-.- kz-bw \- m-bn H- - v kz -K-Øn t]m-hp-i- - F- -X-,- kz-bw- A-Xn-\v- A -l-x-t\-sp-i-bpwti-jw-a- p- -h-sc- q-sn- kz -K-Øn-s - A-h-Imi-n-I-fm-Im - {i-an- p-i-bpw- sn-øp-i- F- -Xm-Wv- H-cp {]-t_m-[-i-s e- yw.- ""k-xy-hn-izm-kn-i-fpw k-xy-hn-izm-kn-\n-i-fpw A-t\ym-\yw an-{x-ß-fm-ip- p. A-h k-zm-nm-cw I - ]n- p-i-bpw Zp-cm-Nm-c-Øn \n- v hn-e- p-i-bpw \-a-kv-im-cw ap-d-t]m-se \n -h-ln- p-i-bpw k-im- Øv \ -Ip-I-bpw A- m-lp-sh-bpw A-h-s Zq-Xs\-bpw A-\p-k-cn- p-i-bpw sn-øp- p. A-Ø-c- mtcm-sv A- m-lp I-cp-W Im-Wn- p- -Xm-Wv. Xo - -bm-bpw A- m-lp {]-Xm-]n-bpw bp-iv-xn-am-\p-am- Wv''- (Izp -B - 9:-71).- \-_n ]-d- p: ""A- m-lp-hm-sw-! \n-߃ \- - I -]n- p-i-bpw Xn- - hn-tcm-[n- p-i-bpw snø-ww. C-s - n \n-߃- v A- m-lp-hn-s in- -bp- m-ipw. ]n-s \n-߃ {]m -Y-n- m A- Xv kzo-i-cn- -s -Sp-I-bn- ''- (Xp -ap-zn).- "[ -a-\n-jvt-]m-en- p- -h - v R-ß-sf- \o- am- Xr-I-bm-t -W-ta'- F- v- {]m -Yn- p- -h-cm-wv- ]- c-a-im-cp-wn-i-s - b-ym -Y- Zm-k- m F- m-wv- (Izp -B - 25:74)- A- m-lp- \-sω- A-dn-bn- p- - Xv.- A-Xv sim- v X-s - X-s kz-im-cy-po-hn-x- Øn-s ]-cn-ip- n-bn-epw kp-xm-cy-x-bn-epw A- tß-b- w Pm-{K-X ]m-en- m a-x-{]-t_m-[-i _m-[y-ÿ-\m-wv. C-kv-em-an-I- {]-t_m-[-i-cp-ss kz-im-cy-po-hn-xw G-h - pw hm-bn- m-hp- H- cp Xp-d- ]p-kv-x-i-am-bn-cn- -Ww. A-hn-sS I-dp- Ø H-cp-]p- n-t]m-epw ho-gm A-\p-h-Zn- -cp-xv. c-l-ky-po-hn-xw \- m-bn-ø-o-cm ]-S- -h-t\m-sv tx-sn-s m- n-cn- p-i. \m-y X-s F-t m-gpw \n-co- n- p-sim- n-cn- p- p-sh- t_m-[w k- t\ ]Yw Zm-t\-c-hpw- {]-t_m-[-i-\n-e-p- m-h-ww. a- p- -hcn \mw sx- pw tam-i-hp-am-bn Im-Wp- Im-cy߃ \-Ωn-ep-t m F- v B-fl-hn-Nm-c-W -sn-bv- Xp-sIm- n-cn- -Ww. kz- w `m-cy, am-xm-]n-xm- ƒ, a- ƒ, a- p Ip-Spw-_m-Zn-Iƒ F- n-h-scm-s _n-zv-a-øn-epw A-\m-Nm-c-ß-fn-ep-am-bn Po-hn-Xw \-bn- p-tºmƒ A-Xv I- n-s - v \-Sn- v-sim- pw A-h-sc-sbm-s A-h-K-Wn- v-sim- pw A-\y-\m-Sp-I-fn-ep-,- X-\n- - m-x-cm-b-h-sc-sbm-s t\ -h-gn-bn-em- m \-S- p- -Xv hn-tcm-[m-`m-k-sa-t ]-d-bm ]- p. B-Zyw kz-bw \- m-hp-i. F- n- v sxm- -Sp-Ø Ip- Spw-_-ß-sf \- m- n-sb-sp- p-hm - {i-an- p-i. "Xm - B-Zyw X-s a- -sf-bpw `m-cy-sb-bpw \- m- v,- F- n- v a-xn R-ß-tfm-Sv th-z-tam-xm ' F- v B-t -]n- -s -Sp- H-c-h-ÿ H-cp- {]-t_m- [-I-\n H-cn- -epw kw-`-hn- m ]m-sp- -X-. ""\n-߃ P-\-ß-tfm-Sv \- -I -]n- p-i-bpw \nß-fp-ss kz- w Im-cy-Øn (A-Xv) a-d- v I-fbp-I-bp-am-tWm? \n-߃ th-z-{k-ÿw ]m-cm-b-ww sn-bv-xv sim- n-cn- p- p-h-t m.- \n-ß-sf- m-wv Nn- n- m-ø-xv?'' F- ]-cn-ip- - I-p -B-\n-se (2:-44)- - tnm-zyw h-f-sc {]-k- -am-wn-hn-ss. D-dp- pw sf- - pw G-e- p-sam-s - _- n- - X-s tcm-k-øn-s i-a-\- -am -K-am-sW- vhn-iz-kn- p- `m-cy- v k-xyw a-\- n-em- n-s m-sp- m {i-an- m-ø- ` -Øm- - m-cpw, a- -sf h-f- m h-f-bp- -Im-e-sØ- n-epw t\ -am -K-Øn h-f -Øm {i-an- m-ø ]n-xm- -fpw {]-t_m-[n- X k-aq-l-øn H-cn- -epw D- m-hm ]m-sn-. ""H-cmƒ- X-\n- v C- -s -Sp- -Xv- X-s k-tlm- Z-c-\pw C- -s -Sp- -Xv-h-sc \n-ß-fm-cpw hn-izm-kn- I-fm-hp-I-bn- '' F- Xn-cp-sam-gn-bn Iq-Sn \- _n a-\p-jy-_- -ß-fp-sS A-Sn-ÿm-\w hn-izmk-øn-s Iq-Sn `m-k-am-bn- \-sω ]Tn- n- p- p. \mw- \-ap- v- kz -Kw- e-`n- p-hm - B-{K-ln- p- p.- A-Xp-t]m-se- X-s - k-tlm-z-c-\pw- kz -Kw- In- -W-sa- v- \mw- B-{K-ln- -Ww.- A-Xn-\m-bn- \- Ω-fm - I-gn-bp- - sh-fn- -w- ]-I - p-sim-sp- p- I-bpw- th-ww.- ]-c-tem-i-øv P-\-ß-sf hn-nm-c- W- v \n -Øp-tºmƒ A- m-lp-hn-s X-W e- `n- m `m-kyw e-`n- p- G-gv hn-`m-kw P-\-ßfn H-cp hn-`m-kw ]-c-kv-]-cw A- m-lp-hn-s am - K-Øn B-flm -Y-am-bn ]-c-kv-]-cw- kv-t\-ln- h-cm-sw- v- \-_n- - \-sω- A-dn-bn- n- p- v.- hn-izm-kw ap-dp-si ]n-sn- v Po-hn- p-,- Ip-Spw- _-_- -߃ \n-e-\n -Øp-I-bpw ]-c-kv-]-cw kvt\-ln- p-i-bpw \- -I -]-n- p-i-bpw tzm-j-_m- [-sb- kq- n- m ]-c-kv-]-cw D-]-tZ-in- p-i-bpsam-s - sn-øp- k-xy-hn-izm-k-i-sf t\ -am - K-Øn \n- v h-gn-sx- n- p-hm - ]n-im-nv- Pm-K- 16

17 t\ ]Yw cq-k-i-\m-sw- t_m-[w- \-ap- p- m-i-ww.- ]n-im-nn-\v G- -hpw C- w C-cp- m-wv.- P-\-ßsf- C-cp- n - X-s - X-f- n-sp-hm-\m-bn-cn- pw- A- h-s -bpw- Iq- m-fn-i-fp-ss-bpw- {i-aw.- sh-fn- -Øns hm-l-i - v t\-sc A-h - i-{xp-x- h-f - Øn-sb-Sp- pw.- A-Xn-s - A-S-bm-f-am-Wv- sx- p-iƒ- -v- F-Xn-sc-bp- - i-_v-z-ß-sf- X- n-s -Sp-Øm- \p- - {i-a-߃,- ]-cn-lm-k-߃,- Zp-jv-{]-Nm-c-W߃...- C-sXm- pw H-cp -{]-t_m-[-i-s\ \n-cm-i- \m- n- q-sm.- \- -bn-te- v- -Wn- p- -Xv- sim- p- - B-Xy- n-i- t\- w- \-ap- p-x-s -bm-sw- -Xv- hn-kv-a-cn- m-xn-cn- p-i.- Cu BgvNbnse {][m\ ]cn]msniƒ BtcmKy hnnmcw {]-ta-lw A-h-X-c-Ww: tum.d-kv-am a-e-bn tum.c-kv-am-bn (]o-kv td-un-tbm {]-Xn-\n-[n) Xn ƒ 9:00 PM, 11:15 PM, snmδ 10:30 AM {]-Im-iXo-cw hn-hm-l aq-eyw ap-l-ω-zv km-zn-jv a-zo-\n Xn ƒ 8:20 PM snmδ 8:20 AM, 12:20 AM k-hn-ti-jw e-l-cn Zp-cn-X-߃; H-cp t\ - m-gv-n, `m-kw: 2 A-h-X-c-Ww: P-am sn-dp-hm-sn (\yq tlm- v km-c-yn) Xm-Pp- o kz-em-ln, (]o-kv td-un-tbm tim- -Hm- Un-t\- ) snmδ, 07:20 AM, 06:05 PM Iq-Sn- m-gv-n tz-io-b-x: sh- p-hn-fn-i-fpw ]-cn-lm-c-ß-fpw `m-kw: 2 ]-s -Sp- p- -h : ]n. kp-tc-{μ (I-Ym-Ir-Øv, F-Un- N-{μn-I B-gv-N- -Xn- v ) Aw-P-Zv a-z-\n (]o-kv td-un-tbm {]-Xn-\n-[n) _p[ 9:00 PM, 11:15 PM, hym-gw 10:30 AM BtcmKy hnnmcw In-Uv-\n tcm-k-ß-fpw Nn-In- m co-xn-i-fpw tum.kz-cm-pv k-xy ]n.]n aq-k (]o-kv td-un-tbm {]-Xn-\n-[n) hym-gw 9:00 PM, 11:15 PM sh- n 10:30 AM A D-kq X-^v-ko-dn-s \n-b-a-߃, `m-kw: 8 A- p am-en-iv k-e-^n i\n 4:30 PM, 9:30 PM, Rmb 9:30 PM A-Sn-Ø-d-Iƒ A-ºn-bm- -fp-ss ]m-] kp-c- n-x-xzw, `m-kw-: 3 ^-Zv- -ep l-jv D-a-cn snmδ 4:30 PM, 9:30 PM, _p[ 9:30 PM k-hn-ti-jw In-Uv- -\n t]-jy v-kv sh -s^-b skm-ssk- n: a-e- p-d-øn-s kp-ir-xw `m-kw-: 4 D-Ω A-d- (skm-ssk- n P-\-d I ho-\, a-e- p-dw Pn- m ]- m-b-øv hn-i-k-\-im-cy Ãm nw-kv I-Ωn- n sn-b -am- ) C-_v-\p A-en F-S-Ø-\m- p-i-c (]o-kv td-un-tbm {]-Xn-\n-[n) sh- n 9:00 PM, 11:15 PM i\n 10:30 AM thmbnkv Hm^v ldw a-kv-pn-zp l-dw Jp-Xp-_-bp-sS hn-h -Ø-\w ^-Zv- -ep l-jv D-a-cn i\n 4:00 PM, 09:00 PM Rmb 10:30 AM C-e A-d-_n-øx A-d-_n `m-j-sb ]-cn-n-b-s -Smw, `m-kw-: 8 lp-ssk ]-te-t m-s (Asst.Prof, Arabic Dept CHMKM Gov.Arts & Science Clg, Tanur) Rmb 4:30 PM, 9:30 PM Xn ƒ 9:30 PM 17

18 D-kv -am - ]m-e- m-g-nusmanpalakkazhi@gmail.com t\ ]Yw _me]yw _-en-s]-cp- mƒ- Cu-Zp - A-Zv-lm- h- -t m- B-tLm-j-Øn - Zn-\-a-t m- ]p-ø-\p-sp- p- [-cn- o-smw- \n-kv-im-c-øn-\p- t]m-bo-smw- C-_v-dm-low- \-_n-sb-t m-cpwa-i-\mw- C-kv-am-Cu - \-_n-bpw- Po-hn-X-]m-X-bn - t\-cn- - Xym-Kw- \-Ωƒ- Hm -t -Ww- C-kv-am-Cu-emw- ]q-tam-s\- _-en-\ -Im-\m-bv- A- m-lp- I -]-\- \ -In-b- t\-c-øv- C-_v-dm-low- \-_n- a-i-t\m-sm-bvsnm- n- Im-cyw- th-k-øn -:- "tam-t\,- - F- v- ]-d-bp- p?-'- "d-s- m-cp-h-s - I -]-\-tbm,- - F- n - F-s -b-dp-tøm-fq- _m- m- F-s - -m-wm-ta- G-sd- -a-bp-t m-\m-bn-'- F- p-c-sn-b-v-xv- - a-i-\-t mƒd- n - hn-[n-bn - Xr-]v-X-\p-am-bv-.- a-i-s\- q- n- C-_v-dm-low- F-Øn- an-\-bn - _-en-\ -Im - I-Ø-n-sb-Sp-Øp- \-_n-bp- m- I-gp-Øp-\o- n- s]m -a-i-\pw- I-Øn- I-gp-Øn - sh- -t mƒ- F-Øn- d- n - hn-fn-bm-fw-:- "C-_-v-dm-low- \o- hn-p-bn- p- F-s - I-Sp-Ø- ]-co- -W-an -'- a-i-s\-b-dp- - H-gn-hm- m - - ]-I-cw- B-Sn-s\- _-en-\ -Im - I -]-\- \ -In- A- m-lp- \-an- n-cp-t]-cpw- A- m-s\- C-Xn-s -tbm- -a- ]p-xp- n- \mw- F- m-h -j-hpw- Zp -l- - -v- ]-Ø-n-\v- s]-cp- m-fm-tlm-jw- \-S-Øn-Sp- p- km-tam-zw- 18

19 t\ ]Yw ap-km-^n - mail@nerpatham.com \n-b-a-]-yw- \n-c-øv \n-b-a-߃ tam-t m hm-l-\ \n-b-a-ß-fp-ss H-cp {]-[m- \ `m-k-am-b \n-c-øp-\n-b-a-߃ F- m-h-cpw A-dn- n-cn-t - -Xm-Wv.- Im -\-S- m tdm-un-s h- iw-tn - v \-S- -Ww. ^p-sv-]m-øp-s - n A- h-bn-eq-ss am-{x-sa tdm-uv ap-dn- p-i-s- m-hq. hml-\-߃ Hm-Sn- p- -h-cpw \n-b-a-߃ A-\p-k-cn- -Ww. A-h-bn Nn-e-Xv- X-m-sg sim-sp- p- p:- 1. I-gn-bp- -{X C-S-Xp-h-iw tn - v Hm-Sn- -Ww. 2. F-Xn -h-i-øp-\n- p h-cp- hm-l-\-ß-sf h- e-xp-h-i-øp-iq-ss I-S- p-t]m-im A-\p-h-Zn- -W-w. 3. H-tc Zn-i-bn-tem-Sp- hm-l-\-ß-fn H- v a-s m- n-s\ a-dn-i-s- p- -Xv h-e-xp-h-i-øp-iq-ss th-ww. 4. a- p hm-l-\-߃- v A-ku-I-cy-am-sW- p I- m H-cp hm-l-\w A-tX Zn-i-bn-tem-Sp- a- s m-cp hm-l-\-sø a-dn-i-s- -cp-xv. 5. h-f-hv, aq-e, I-b- -Øn-s D- n F- n-h-sb k-ao-]n- p-tºmƒ a-dn-i-s- -cp-xv. 6. ]n- n-ep- hm-l-\w X-s hm-l-\-sø a- dn-i-s- m Xp-S-ßn-bm ap- n-ep- hm-l-\-øn-s ss{u-h a-s m-cp hm-l-\-sø a-dn-i-s- -cp-xv. 7. ap- n-ep- hm-l-\-øn-s ss{u-h k-ω-x Bw-Kyw Im-Wn-s - n-te a-dn-i-s- m-hq. 8. H-cp hm-l-\w X-s hm-l-\-sø a-dn-i-s- p-tºm-tgm I-S- p-t]m-ip-tºm-tgm hm-l-\-øn-s th-kw h -[n- n- -cp-xv. 9. ^-b k -ho-kv hm-l-\-߃, Bw-_p-e -kv F- n-h-bv- v a-dn-i-s- m-\pw I-S- p-t]m-im-\pw ]m- I-Øn \n-c-øn-s h-i-tø- v am-dn-s m-sp- -Ww. 10. th-kw Ip-d-bv- p-i, \n -Øp-I, h-i-ß-fnte- v Xn-cn-bp-I C-sXm-s sn-øp- -Xn-\v ap-ºv \n-b-a-{]-im-cw Bw-Ky-߃ Im-Wn- -Ww. A-s - n kn- sim-sp- -Ww. 11. hm-l-\w \n-c-øn \n -Øn-bn-Sp- -Xv \n-c- Øp-]-tbm-Kn- p- a- p- -h - v A-ku-I-cyw D- m-im-ø-hn-[-øn-em-bn-cn- -Ww. 12. \n-c-øn-ep- {Sm-^n-Iv A-S-bm-f-ß-fn-se kq- N-\ A-\p-k-cn- -Ww. 13. \n-hr-øn-bn- m-ø L- -ß-fn - am-{x-sa s] s - v t{_- n-sm ]m-sp- q. 14. I-b- w-i-b-dp- hm-l-\-߃- v ]-cn-k-w- \ sim-sp- -Ww. 15. hm-l-\w ]n-t m- v F-Sp- p- -Xn-\p-ap-ºv kpc- n-x-xzw D-d- p-h-cp-ø-ww. 16. A-\m-b-h-iy-am-bn tlm-w-sn- -cp-xv. hm-l-\-øn k- -cn- p-tºmƒ ss{u-h C-h ]m-en- p- p-t m-sb- v {i- n- p-i. Hm-Sp- hml-\-ß-fn sh-dp-sx-bn-cn- p-tºmƒ sn-øm-hp- H-cp tpm-en-bm-wn-xv. ss{u-h Cu \n-b-aw {i- n- m-sx-bm-wv Hm-Sn- p- -sx- p- I- m D-Ss\ C-S-s]-Sp-I. \n-ß-fp-ss kp-c- n-x-xzw D-d- ph-cp-øm \n-߃- v A-h-Im-i-ap- v. A-Xv H-cp ss{u-h-dp-ss C-jv-Sm-\n- -Øn-\v hn- p-sim-sp-t - Im-cy-a-. hm-l-\-߃ Iq- n-bn-sn- m-wv A-[n-Iw A-]-I-S-ß-fpw D- m-ip- -Xv. Iq- n-bn-sn- p- -Xv Cu \n-b-a-߃ ew-ln- p- -Xp-sIm- pw. A-XpsIm- v A-Xv H-gn-hm- m B-h-iy-am-sW- v \n߃- v- txm- p- ap- -dn-bn- v \ -Im a-snt - -Xn-. \n-b-aw F- m-h - pw th- n-bm-wv. A-Xv ]m-en- m B-h-iy-s -Sm A-Xn-\p Np-a- X-e-s - D-tZym-K-ÿ- m - v am-{x-a- A-h-Im-iw;- A-Xn-s Kp-W-t`m- m- ƒ- p-ap- v. Nn- -߃ {i- n- p-i tdm-un-eq-ss bm-{x-sn-øp-tºmƒ h-i-ß-fn-embn Im-Wp- A-S-bm-f-ß-tfm-Sp-Iq-Sn-b t_m -Up- Iƒ \n-߃ I- n- p- m-ipw. kv-iqƒ Iq- n Hm-Sp- Nn-{Xw, F-b -tlm h-c- v A-Xv H-cn-c- -h-csim- v t{im-kv-sn-bv-x Nn-{Xw, t{im-kv-sn-øm-ø F-b -tlm-wn-s Nn-{Xw F- n-ß-s\ ]-e-xpw \n߃ I- n- p- m-ipw. ap-ºn hn-zym-e-b-߃ D- s - pw A-Xn-\m ss{u-h ]-Xp-s Hm-Sn- - Ww F- p-ap- kq-n-\-bm-wv kv-iqƒ Ip- n-bp-ss Nn-{Xw \ -Ip- -Xv. t{im-kv-sn-bv-x F-b -tlm- Wn-s A -Y-w F-b -tlm A-Sn- -cp-xv F- m- Wv. h-\-߃- n-s-bn-eq-ss t]m-ip- tdm-up-i-fn C-S-bv- n-ss C-Ø-cw t_m -Up-Iƒ Im-Wmw. t{imkv-sn-øm-ø tlm-wn-s A -Y-w \n- -_- -am-bpw tlm A-Sn- -Ww F- m-wv. ta -]-d- -hn- [-Øn-ep- H-t -sd Nn- -߃ 1988se tam-t m hm-l-\ \n-b-a-øn-s 1mw ]- n-i-bn-ep- v.

20 t\ ]Yw Ncn{X]Yw aq-k-m-\-_n-(a)-: 17 km-an-cn-bp-ss- Ip-X-{ wlp-ssk - k-e-^n,- jm -Phsalafi@gmail.com aq-km-\-_n- v- th-z-{k-ÿw \ -I-s -Sp- k-μ -`-sø ]- n-bm-wv- \mw ]-d- p-h-c-p- -Xv. B k-a-b-øv D- m-b Nn-e Im-cy-߃ A-Xn-\n-S-bn hn-h-cn- p-i-bpw sn-bv-xp. A- m-lp- ]-d-bp- p-:- ""F- m-im-cy-sø- - n-bpw \mw A-t±-l-Øn-\v- (aq-km-bv- v-) ]-e-i-i-fn F-gp-Xn-s -m-sp- p-i-bpw sn-bv-xp. A-Xm-b-Xv- k- Zp-]-tZ-i-hpw F- m Im-cy-sØ- - n-bp- hn-i-zo-i-c-w-hpw. (\mw ]-d- p:) A-h-sb ap-dp-si-]n-sn- p-i-bpw A-h-bn-se h-f-sc \- Im-cy-߃ kzo-i-cn- m \n-s P-\-X-tbm-Sv- I -]n- p-ibpw sn-øp-i. [n- m-cn-i-fp-ss ]m -]n-sw- h-gn-sb Rm \n-߃- v- Im-Wn- p-x-cp- -Xm-Wv-. \ym-bw-iq-sm-sx `q-an-bn A-l- mcw \-Sn- p-sim- n-cn- p- -h-sc F-s Zr- m- -ß-fn \n- v- Rm Xn-cn- p-i-f-bp- -Xm-Wv-. F- m Zr- m- -hpw I- m-epw A-h-c-Xn hn-iz-kn- p-i-bn-. t\ -am -Kw- I- m A-h A- Xn-s\ am -K-am-bn kzo-i-cn- p-i-bn-. Zp -am -Kw- I- m A- 20

21 t\ ]Yw h-c-xv- am -K-am-bn- kzo-i-cn- p-i-bpw sn-øpw. \- Ωp-sS Zr- m- -߃ A-h \n-tj-[n- v- X- p-ibpw A-h-sb- - n A-h A-{i- -cm-bn-cn- p-i-bpw sn-bv-x-xn-s ^-e-am-w-xv-. \-Ωp-sS Zr- m- -ßsf-bpw ]-c-tem-i-sø I- p-ap- p- -Xn-s\-bpw \ntj-[n- v-i-f- -h-cm-tcm A-h-cp-sS I -a-߃ \njv-^-e-am-bn-cn- p- p. A-h {]-h -Øn- p-sim- ncp- -Xn-s ^-e-a- m-sx A-h - p \ -I-s -Sptam?''- (Izp -B - 7: ). F- m-hn-[ k-zp-]-tz-i-ß-fpw Dƒ-sIm- p- th-z-{k-ÿ-am-wv A- m-lp aq-km-\-_n- -v \ - In-b-Xv. A- m-lp ]-e-i-i-fn F-gp-Xn \ -In F- m-wv ]-d- -Xv. B ]-e-i-iƒ- F-ß-s\-bmbn-cp- p-sh-t m, A- m-lp F-ß-s\-bm-Wv F- gp-xn-b-xv F-t m, F-{]-Im-c-am-Wv A-Xv aq-km-\- _n- -v ssi-am-dn-b-xv F-t m Izp -B-t\m kp- -tøm \-ap- v hn-h-cn- v X-cm-Ø-Xn-\m A-Xns\ kw-_- n- v \mw kw-km-cn- p- n-. F- m hn-[-øn-ep- k-zp-]-tz-i-ß-fpw DƒsIm- p- Xu-dm-Øv A- m-lp aq-km-\-_n- v- \ -In-bn- v A-Xv ap-dp-si ]n-sn- p-sim- p-i F- v I -]n- p-i-bpw sn-bv-xp. aq-km am-{xw kzo-i-cn-t - p- k-tμ-i-a- A- m-lp A-Xn \ -In-b-Xv. A-t±-l-Øn-s - P-\-X-bpw A-Xv kzo- I-cn- m I -]n- -s - -h-cm-bn-cp- p. A-Xn-\m aq-km-\-_n- tb-m-sv X-s - P-\-X-tbm-Spw Cu k- Zp-]-tZ-i-ß-ƒ- kzo-i-cn- p-hm I -]n- -W-sa- v A- m-lp- {]-txy-iw- \n -tz-in- p-i-bpw- sn-bv-xp.- A- m-lp \ -Ip- k-tμ-i-߃ kzo-i-cn- p- -h - v- ]-c-tem-i-øv kz -K-am-Wv- e-`n- m t]m-ip- -Xv.- F- m B \n -tz-i-ß-sf ap-jhn-e-s -Sp- m-sx A-h-sb- A-h-K-Wn- v C- -Isf ]n -]- n Po-hn- p- -h - A-[ -a-im-cn-i-fm-wv.- A-h - m-i-s No-Ø k-t -X-am-Wv A- m-lp H-cp- n-sh- n- p- -Xv. A- m-lp \ -Ip- D-]-tZ-i-ß-sf kzo-i-cn- p- -Xn-s\ sxm- v a-\p-jy Xn-cn- p-i-f-bp- -Xns - Im-c-Ww- A-l- m-c-am-wv. a- - m N-{μ ]n-f - -Xv I-Æv sim- v I- n- pw A-Xv kn-lvdm-sw- v ]-d- v X- n-b-t m. A-l- m-cn-iƒ- v k-xyw ]-I t]m-se sh-fn-s - m-epw A-Xns\ kzo-i-cn- m A-h Iq- m- p-i-bn-. ^n - Hu-\pw kw-l-hpw aq-km-\-_n- ]-d-bp- -Xv- k- Xy-am-sW- v a-\- n-em- n-bn- pw A-Xv- kzo-i-cn- n- -t m. A-h-cp-sS A-l- m-cw Iq-Sp-I-b- m-sx a-s m- pw D- m-bn-. A-ß-s\- k-zp-]-tz-i-ß-fpw Xm- o-xp-i-fpw A- S-ßp- Xu-dm-Øv F- th-z-{k-ÿw A- m-lp aqkm-\-_n- v ko-\m-] -h-x-øn sh- v \ -In. 21 A- m-lp \ -Ip- D-]-tZ-i-ß-sf kzo-i-cn- p- -Xns\ sxm- v a-\p-jy Xn-cn- p-i-f-bp- -Xn-s - Im-c-Ww- A-l- m-c-am-wv. a- - m N-{μ ]n-f - -Xv I-Æv sim- v I- n- pw A-Xv kn-lv-dm-sw- v ]-d- v X- nb-t m. A-l- m-cn-iƒ- v k-xyw ]-I t]m-se shfn-s - m-epw A-Xn-s\ kzo-i-cn- m A-h Iq- m- p- I-bn-. ^n -Hu-\pw kw-l-hpw aq-km-\-_n- ]-dbp- -Xv- k-xy-am-sw- v a-\- n-em- n-bn- pw A-Xv- kzo- I-cn- n- -. A-t±-lw- Xu-dm-Øv kzo-i-cn- m-\m-bn X-s - P-\-X-sb hn- v am-dn-\n- n- v \m -]-Xv Zn-h-k-am-bn. k-tlm-z-c lm-dq-\n- s\ A-h-cp-sS- Im-cy-w- G -]n- v t]m-b-xm-wv. F- m - ti-jw- A-h - n-s-bn - F-s - mw- kw-`-hn- p F-s m- pw- aqkm A-dn-bp- n-. {]-hm-n-i- m - v t]m-epw a-d- Im-cy-߃ A- m-lp A-dn-bn- p-sim-sp- Øm-e- m-sx A-dn-bn-s - -Xn-\p- - H-cp sx-fn-hv Iq-Sn-bm-Wv C-Xv.- F- m-bn-cp- p aq-km-\-_n- bp-ss- A-\p-bmbn-Iƒ- n-s-bn - kw-`-hn- -Xv? Izp -B hn-h-cn- p- -Xv Im-Wp-I:- ""(A- m-lp tnm-zn- p:) tl; aq-km, \n-s P-\- ß-sf hn-t - v- \o [r-xn-s - v- h-cm Im-c-W-sa- m- Wv-? A-t±-lw ]-d- p: A-h-cn-Xm F-s ]n- n X-s -bp- v-. F-s c- n-xm-th, \o Xr-]v-Xn-s -Sp- -Xn-\v- th- n-bm-wv- Rm \n-s A-Sp-tØ- v- [r-xn-s - v- h- n-cn- p- -Xv-''- (Izp -B - 20:83,84). A- m-lp-hn-s - I -]-\ {]-Im-c-am-W-t m aqkm ko-\m-] -h-x-øn-te- v t]m-b-xv. A-\pbm-bn-I-sf-sbm- pw Iq-sS Iq- n-b-xp-an-. A-hsc k-tlm-z-c lm-dq s\ G -]n- m-wv t]m- Ip- -Xv. A-Xn-\m A- m-lp aq-km t\m-sv tnm- Zn- p:- "tl; aq-km, \n-s P-\-ß-sf hn-t - v- \o [r-xn-s - v- h-cm Im-c-W-sa- m-wv-?' A-t±-lw A-Xn-\v \ -In-b a-dp-]-sn {i-t -b-am-bn-cp- p:- "Ah-cn-Xm F-s ]n- n X-s -bp- v-. F-s c- n-xm-th, \o Xr-]v-Xn-s -Sp- -Xn-\v- th- n-bm-wv- Rm \n-s A-Sp-tØ- v- [r-xn-s - v- h- n-cn- p- -Xv-.'- A- m-lp-hn-s - Xr-]v-Xn- F-{X-bpw- s]-s - ve-`n- p-hm-\p- - A-Xn-bm-b- B-{K-lw- H- p-sim- v- am-{x-am-wv- A-t±-lw- [r-xn-s - v- sn- -Xv.- -

22 t\ ]Yw aq-km-\-_n- bp-ss- Cu a-dp-]sn-sb- ]-fin-X- m [m-cm-fw hnh-cn- n- p- v. A-Xn \-ap- v h-enb Kp-W] - mtw D-s - v- \-ap- v hy -am- n X- n- p-ap- v. C-Xv d- nt\m-sp- kv-t\-l-øn-s - e- W-am-Wv. X-^v-ko-dp- -A-Zn-bn aq-km-\_ - n- bp-ss- a-dp-]s- n-sb hnh-cn- p- n-s-øv C-{]-Im-cw ImWmw:"c- n-xm-th, Rm \n- n-te v [r-xn-s - -Xv \n-s - km-ao-]yw B-{K-ln- pw \n-s - Xr-]v-Xn s]s - v e-`n- p- -Xn-\v th- n-bpw A-S-ßm-\m-Im-Ø tam-lw sim p-am-ip- p.'im-cw - w, kvt- \-ln- s - -Sp- h - s - ap- n X-s - kv-t\-lw {]I-Sn- n- p-i F- -Xv kv-t\-ln- s -Sp- -h-\v kv-t\-ln- p- -h-s -kv-t\-lw B-flm -Y-am-sW- v A-dn-bn- p- -XmWv.- \mw H-cm-tfm-Sv F-\n- v \n-t m-sv \- kv-t\lw D-s - v ]-d- m t]m-cm-,- B kv-t\-lw D-s - v sx-fn-bn-t - -Xp- v. A-sX-ß-s\ sxfn-bn- pw?- kv-t\-ln- -s -Sp- -h-s - hm- p-iƒ v hn-e- I -]n- p-i.- A-Xv- {k-jv-sm-hm-sw- n A-hs - - hm- p-iƒ- -v a- m-cp-ss- hm- p-is - f- m-fpwÿm-\w \ -I - A-\n-hm-cy-am-W-t m.- B sxfn-bn- e - m-wv aq-km C-hn-sS {]-IS- a - m- n-bx - v. Cu h-n-\-sø Ip-dn- v ]-fin-X- m ]-d-bp n-s-øv C-{]-Im-cw Im-Wmw:- "A- m-lp-hn-s - Xr]v-Xn tx-sp-i F- -Xv A- m-lp-hn-s\ A-\p-k-cn p- -Xn-te- v [r-xn-iq- p- -Xn-eq-sS-bm-Wv F- v Cu h-n-\w- A-dn-bn- p- p- v. A-Xn-\m-em-Wv id-c-øm-b hn-[n-iƒ \-tωm-sv B-h-iy-s -Sp- -Xn\m-bn ap-t m- v h-cn-i, ap -I-S- v h-cn-i, [r-xns - v ap-t -dp-i, th-k-x-bn B- p-i F- o(a -Y-߃ h-cp- ) ]-Z-߃- D-]-tbm-Kn- n-cn p- -Xv. A- m-lp ]-d- -Xv t]m-se;- "...-A- mlp-sh ]- n-bp- kv-a-c-w-bn-te- v- \n-߃ thk-øn h-cn-i...-'- (A -Pp-ap-A-),- "\n-ß-fp-ss c n-xm-hn- \n- p- ]m-]-tam-n-\w t\-sn-sbsp- m \n-߃ [r-xn-s - v- ap-t -dp-i'- (B-ep-Cwdm ), "\n-ß-fp-ss c- n-xm-hn- \n- p- ]m]-tam-n\ - Ø - n-te- v \n-߃ ap -IS- - p h-cp-hn '(A -l-zo-zv), "F- m \n-߃ k -{]-h -Ø\-߃- m-bn ap-t m- v- h-cn-i'- (A -_I - z-d, A am-c-z). B h-n-\-ß-fn-se- mw- Im-Wp- -Xv- \- I-fn-te- v- [r-xn-im-wn- p-hm-\p- - I -]-\-I-fmWv.- A- m-lp-hn-s -bpw- A-h-s - Zq-X-s -bpw- hn- fn- v- D-Ø-cw- \ -Im - A-am- w- Im-Wn- -cp-xvf- -Yw.- \-_n ]-d-bp- -Xv Im-Wp-I:""]-ct- em-it- Ø- p- I -aß - f - n-sem-gn-si F- m Im-cy-Øn-epw H-cp km-h-im-iw th-ww.''c-l-tem-i-øn-s - Im-cy-sØ kw-_- n- v Nn n- m-\pw Iq-Sn-bm-tem-Nn- p-hm-\pw \-ap- v ka-bw Im-Wmw,- A-Y-hm- ]-e-xpw- km-l-n-cy-a-\pk-cn- v- A-t mƒ- X-s - sn-øp-i-tbm- ]n-s - snøm - \o- n-sh- p-i-tbm- sn-ømw.- F- m ]-ctem-i-tø- p- hn-`-hw D- m- p- -Xn Btem-Nn- p-hm-\pw Nn- n- p-hm-\pw \-ap- v k-abw C-. Im-c-Ww a-c-ww F-t mƒ- kw-`-hn- psa- -dn-bn-.- A-Xn-\p-a-p-ºv- X-s - k -I -a-߃sn-bv-xm-te- c- -bp- q.- A-Xv F-{X s]- - v snøp- p-thm A-{X-bpw \-ap- v em-`-hpw \- -bp-amwv. A-Xn-\m - ]-c-tem-i Im-cy-Øn-\v \mw a- cn- -Ww F- -Xm-Wv Cu \-_n h-n-\w \-sωt_m-[y-s -Sp-Øp- -Xv.]-c-tem-I hn-p-b-øn-s - Im-cyw- ]-n- n- p-ibpw C-l-tem-I-Øn-s - Im-cy-Øn [r-xn-iq- pi-bpw- sn-ø - A- m-lp-hn-t\m-sp- kv-t\-løn - Im-]-Syw- Im-Wn- -em-wv.a-_q-k-cu-zp Jp-Zv-cn-øv hn \n- v \n-thz-\w: \-_n A-hn-Sp-sØ A-\p-N-c- m-cn Nne - ]n- p- -Xv Im-Wp-I-bp- m-bn. A-t mƒ Ah-tcm-Sv \-_n ]-d- p: "\n-߃ ap-t m- v h-cphn. (]-c-tem-i-øn-\v th- n a- -cn- p- -Xn ) F-s \n-߃ ]n- p-s-cp-hn -. \n-߃- v ti-jap- -h \n-ß-sf-bpw ]n- p-s-c-s. H-cp k-aq-lw 22

23 t\ ]Yw (]-c-tem-i-øn-\v th- n a- -cn- p- -Xn ) ]n- p- -h-cm-bn-s m-t -bn-cn- pw. (A-ß-s\)A- mlp A-h-cp-sS Im-cy-sØ-bpw ]n- n- n- p- -Xm- Wv'- -(ap-kv-enw).- ]-c-tem-i-hn-j-b-øn - ]p-d-tim- v t]m-ip- - Xn-s\ Izp -B \n-in-x-am-bn hn-a -in- n- p- v:- ""k-xy-hn-izm-kn-i-tf, \n-߃-s - p ]- n? A- m-lp-hn-s am -K-Øn ([ -a-k-a-c-øn- v-) \n߃ C-d-ßn- p-d-s - v- sim- p-i F- v- \n-ß-tfm- Sv- ]-d-b-s - m \n-߃ `q-an-bn-te- v- Xq-ßn- f-bp- p! ]-c-tem-i-øn-\v- ]-I-cw C-l-tem-I-Pohn-Xw sim- v- \n-߃ Xr-]v-Xn-s - n-cn- p-i-bmtwm? F- m ]-c-tem-i-øn-s ap-ºn C-ltem-I-Øn-se kp-jm-\p-`-hw Xp- w am-{x-am-ip- p''- (Izp -B - 9:38). ]-c-tem-iw a-d- v sf-ln-i Po-hn-X-sØ sxc-s -Sp- p- B-fp-I-fp-sS B-cm-[-\ \n -h-l- W-sØ kw-_- n- v Izp -B \-ap- v ]-d- p X-cp- -Xv C-{]-Im-c-am-Wv:- ""Xo - -bm-bpw I-]-S-hn-izm-kn-Iƒ A- m-lpsh h- n- m t\m- p-i-bm-wv-. b-ym -Y-Øn A- m-lp A-h-sc-bm-Wv- h- n- p- -Xv-. A-h \- a-kv-im-c-øn-\v- \n- m D-Zm-ko-\-cm-bn-s m- pw B-fp-I-sf Im-Wn- m th- n-bp-am-wv- \n - p- -Xv-. Ip-d- v- am-{x-sa A-h A- m-lp-sh Hm -a-n- p-i-bp- q''- (Izp -B - 4:142). ""A-h A- m-lp-hn-epw A-h-s Zq-X-\n-epw A-hn-iz-kn- n-cn- p- p F- -Xpw a-sn-b- m-cm-bn-s m- - m-sx A-h \-a-kv-im-c-øn-\v- sn- p-i-bn- F- -Xpw sh-dp- p- -h-cm-bn-s m- - m-sx A-h sn-e-h-gn- p-i-bn- F- -Xpw am-{x-am-wv- A-h-cpsS ]- \n- v- A-h-cp-sS Zm-\-߃ kzo-i-cn- s -Sp- -Xn-\v- X-S- -am-bn- p- -Xv-''- (Izp -B - 9:54). aq-km \-_n- X-s - A-\p-bm-bn-I-sf hn- v t]m- -Xn-\v ti-jw F- m-wv A-h-cn kw-`-hn- -sx- v A- m-lp A-t±-l-sØ- A-dn-bn- p sim-sp-øp. ""A-h (A- m-lp) ]-d- p: F- m \o t]m- ti-jw \n-s P-\-X-sb \mw ]-co- n- n-cn- p- p. km-an-cn A-h-sc h-gn-sx- n- v- I-f- n-cn- p- p''- (Izp -B - 20:85). aq-km X-s - A-\p-N-c- m-sc k-tlm-z lmdq s\ G -]n- v t]m- -Xm-W-t m. F- m aq-km A-h-sc hn- v t]m- -Xn-\v ti-jw A-hsc A- m-lp ]-co- n- p. A-\p-N-c- m-cn kman-cn F- H-cm-fp- m-bn-cp- p. A-bmƒ X-s - A- \p-bm-bn-i-sf ]n-g- n- n-cn- p- p F- hm -Øbm-Wv A- m-lp aq-km-\-_n- sb- A-dn-bn- p- -Xv.- P-\-߃ ]n-g-hn-em-ip- -Xn {]-hm-n-i- 23 aq-km-\-_n - Xu-dm-Øv- hm-ßm - t]m-b- k-a-b-øv- Cu tem-l-ß-sf- mw km-an-cn Xo-bn-en- v D-cp- n-a-xv sim- v H-cp ]-ip- p- n-bp-ss cq-]w A-Xn-hn-Z-Kv-[-ambn- D- m- n. B cq-]-sø Im- n-s - Zn-i- -\p-k-cn- v sh- m Im-f- p- ap-{i-bn-sp- -t]m-se-bp- H-cp i- w- A-Xn -\n- v- h-cpw.- "C-Xm-Wv \n-ß-fp-ss-bpw aqkm-bp-ss-bpw B-cm-[y. ]-t, aq-km A-Xn-s\ ]- n a-d- p-t]m-b-xm-wv. Cu B-cm-[y-s\-bpw tx-sn-bm-wv aqkm t]m-b-xv. C-Xn-s\ C-hn-sS In- n-b hn-h-cw aq-km- v A-dn-bn- '- F-s - mw- ]-d- v- A-h-sc- ]- n- p;- A- h-sc- h-gn-ti-sn-em- n. m F-{X-am-{Xw Zpx-Jn-X-cm-bn-cp- p F- v N-cn- {Xw- \-sω- ]-Tn- n- p- p- v.- aq-km-\-_n- -pw B hn-j-aw D- m-bn. A-t±-l-Øn-\v A-h-tcm-Sp- kv-t\-l-øm tz-jyw h- p. A-ß-s\- A- t±-lw- A-h-cn-te- v sn- p. ""A-t mƒ aq-km X-s P-\-ß-fp-sS A-SptØ- v- Ip-]n-X-\pw Zpx-Jn-X-\p-am-bn-s m- v- Xncn- p-sn- p. A-t±-lw ]-d- p: F-s P-\-ßtf, \n-ß-fp-ss c- n-xm-hv- \n-߃- v D-Ø-a-amb H-cp hm-kv-zm-\w \ -In-bn-t? F- n- v- \n-߃- v- Im-ew Zo -L-am-bn-t m-tbm? A-Y-hm \n-ßfp-ss c- n-xm-hn- \n- p- tim-]w \n-ß-fn C-d-ß-W-sa- v- B-{K-ln- v- sim- v- X-s F-t m- Sp- \n- -bw \n-߃ ew-ln- -Xm-tWm?''- (Izp - B - 20:86). Xm G-sd kv-t\-ln- p- A-\p-bm-bn-Iƒ t\ -am -K-Øn \n- pw hy-xn-n-en- -Xv aq-km-\- _n- sb- h- m-sx- hn-j-an- n- p.- A-t±-lw- A- m-lp-hn-s - D-Ø-c-hv {]-Im-cw Xu-dm-Øv kzo-icn- p-hm t]m-b-xm-sw- pw B th-z-{k-ÿw A- h - v am -K-Z- -i-\w \ -Ip- -Xm-sW- pw A- h - v ap-tº A-dn-bm-am-bn-cp- p. A-Xn-s\ kw- _- n- p- hn-h-cw A-h - v e-`n- n- v A-[n-Iw Im-ew B-bn- p-an-. A-t m-tg- pw A-h hy-xn- N-en- p. C-Xm-Wv aq-km-\-_n- bp-ss- a-\- n tim-]-hpw Zpx-J-hpw D-S-se-Sp- m \n-an-ø-am-b- Xv. A-h aq-km-\-_n- bn- -\n- v kzo-i-cn- t\ -h-gn ]n- p-s-cp- -Xn-eq-sS-bm-Wv A- m-lp-hns - Im-cp-Wy-hpw k-lm-b-hpw e-`n- p-i F- pw

24 kv-t\-ln- -s -Sp- -h-s - ap- n X-s - kv-t\-lw {]- I-Sn- n- p-i F- -Xv kv-t\-ln- -s -Sp- -h-\v kv-t\- ln- p- -h-s -kv-t\-lw B-flm -Y-am-sW- v A-dn-bn- p- -Xm-Wv.- \mw H-cm-tfm-Sv F-\n- v \n-t m-sv \- kv-t\-lw D-s - v ]-d- m t]m-cm-,- B kv-t\-lw D- s - v sx-fn-bn-t - -Xp- v. A-sX-ß-s\ sx-fn-bn- pw?- kv-t\-ln- -s -Sp- -h-s - hm- p-iƒ- v hn-e- I -]n- p-i.- A-Xv- {k-jv-sm-hm-sw- n - A-h-s - hm- p-iƒ- v- a- m-cp-ss- hm- p-i-sf- m-fpw- ÿm-\w \ -I - A-\n-hm-cy-am-W-t m.- A-Xn-\v hn-cp- -am-b am -K-sØ ]n- p-s-cp- -Xneq-sS A-h - v A- m-lp-hn-s - tim-]-hpw in- bpw C-d-ßp-sa- -Xpw A-h t\-c-sø a-\- n- em- n-bn- p- m-ip-sa- -Xpw D-d- m-w-t m. A-h aq-km-\-_-n- bp-ss- Iq-sS t\ -am -K-Øn D-d- v-\n - p-sa- v I-cm sn-bv-xn- p- m-ip-sa- m- Wv A-t±-l-Øn-s - A-h-tcm-Sp- kw-km-c-øn \n- pw \-ap- v a-\- n-em-ip- -Xv. B I-cm-dp-Isf- mw ew-ln- v, tkz- -sb ]n- p-s-cp-i-bm-wv B P-\-X sn-bv-x-xv. kq-d-øp A-Av-dm-^n aq-km A-h-cn-te- v a-s-ßn h- -Xn-s\ kw-_- n- v ]-d-bp- `m- K-Øv C-{]-Im-c-hpw \-ap- v Im-Wmw:- ""Ip-]n-X-\pw Zpx-Jn-X-\p-am-bn-s m- v- X-s P- \-ß-fn-te- v- a-s-ßn h- n- v- aq-km ]-d- p: Rm t]m-b-ti-jw F-s ]n- n \n-߃ {]- h -Øn- Im-cyw h-f-sc No-Ø X-s. \n-ß-fpss c- n-xm-hn-s I -]-\ Im-Øn-cn- m-sx \n߃ [r-xn-iq- n-tbm? A-t±-lw ]-e-i-iƒ Xmsg-bn-Sp-I-bpw X-s k-tlm-z-c-s X-e ]n-sn- v- X-s A-Sp-tØ- v- h-en- p-i-bpw sn-bv-xp''- (Izp -B - 7:150). A- m-lp-hn- \n- p- {K-Ÿw- e-`n- p- - Xn-\v ap-tº A-h-cn \n- p- H-cp-Ø kz-bw sa-\- p- m- n-b sx- m-b-h-gn kzo-i-cn- p-hm A-h [r-xn-s - p. lm-dq - \-_n- -bp-ss- D-]- tz-i-߃- v A-h Im-Xv sim-sp-øn-. Zpx-J-hpw tz-jy-hpw Im-c-Ww- X-s - ssi-bnep- Xu-dm-Øn-s - ]-e-i-iƒ A-t±-lw Xm-sg- t\ ]Yw bn- p. F- n- v k-tlm-z-c lm-dq-\n-s - X-e- pw Xm-Sn- pw ]n-sn- v A-t±-l-Øn-te- v h-en- p. aq-km A-\p-N-c- m-tcm-sv Iq-sd Im-cy-߃ tnm-zn- -Xv \mw I- -t m. A-Xn-\v A-h \ - In-b a-dp-]-sn C-{]-Im-c-am-bn-cp- p. ""A-h ]-d- p: R-߃ R-ß-fp-sS ln-x-a- \p-k-cn- v- Xm- -tfm-sp- \n- -bw ew-ln- -X-. F- m B P-\-ß-fp-sS B-`-c-W-Np-a-Sp-Iƒ R- ߃ h-ln- n- -s - n-cp- p. A-ß-s\ R-ß-f-Xv- (Xo-bn ) F-dn- p-i-f- p. A-t mƒ km-an-cnbpw A-{]-Im-cw A-Xv- (Xo-bn ) C- p. F- n- v- A-h - v -A-h (B tem-lw sim- v-) H-cp ap- {I-bn-Sp- Im-f- p- n-bp-ss cq-]w D- m- n-s -m- Sp-Øp. A-t mƒ A-h ( A-t\-ym-\yw ) ]-d- p: \n-ß-fp-ss ssz-h-hpw aq-km-bp-ss ssz-h-hpw C- Xp-X-s -bm-wv-. F- m A-t±-lw a-d- p-t]m-bncn- p-i-bm-wv-. F- m A-Xv- H-cp hm- v- t]mepw A-h-tcm-Sv- a-dp-]-sn ]-d-bp- n-s - pw A-h - v - bm-sxm-cp D-]-{Z-h-hpw D-]-Im-c-hpw sn-øm A-Xn-\v- I-gn-bn-s - pw A-h Im-Wp- n-t? ap- ºv- X-s lm-dq A-h-tcm-Sv- ]-d- n- p- m-bncp- p: F-s P-\-ß-tf, C-Xv- (Im-f- p- n) aq-ew \n-߃ ]-co- n- -s -Sp-I am-{x-am-wp- m-b-xv-. Xo - -bm-bpw \n-ß-fp-ss c- n-xm-hv- ]-c-a-im-cp- Wn-I-\-s{X. A-Xp-sIm- v- \n-ß-sf-s ]n- p-scp-i-bpw F-s I -]-\-Iƒ \n-߃ A-\p-k-cn- p-i-bpw sn-øp-i. A-h ]-d- p: aq-km,- R- ß-fp-sS A-Sp-tØ- v- a-s-ßn-h-cp-thm-fw R-߃ C-Xn-\p- B-cm-[-\-bn \n-c-x-cm-bn X-s -bncn- p- -Xm-Wv-''- (Izp -B - 20:87-91). aq-km-\-_n- tb-m-sp- - I-cm - A-h ew-ln- p-h-t m. A-Xn-s\- -p-dn- p- A-t±-l-Øn-s - tnm-zy-øn-\p- A-h-cp-sS {]-Xn-I-c-W-am-Wv Cu kq- -Øn - Im-Wp- -Xv.- Cu-Pn-]v-Xn \n- pw c- -s -Sp- k-a-b-øv kz -W-hpw sh- n-bp-a- S-ßp- Ip-sd B-`-c-W-ß-fpw A-e- m-c-ß-fpw A-h-cp-sS ]- D- m-bn-cp- p. A-sX- mw h- ln- p sim- m-wv A-h aq-km-\-_n- bp-ss- IqsS h-cp- -Xv. aq-km-\-_n- - Xu-dm-Øv- hm-ßm t]m-b- k-a-b-øv- Cu tem-l-ß-sf- mw km-an-cn Xo-bn-en- v D-cp- n-a-xv sim- v H-cp ]-ip- p- nbp-ss cq-]w A-Xn-hn-Z-Kv-[-am-bn- D- m- n. B cq- ]-sø Im- n-s - Zn-i- -\p-k-cn- v sh- m Im-f- p- ap-{i-bn-sp- -t]m-se-bp- H-cp i- w- A- Xn -\n- v- h-cpw.- "C-Xm-Wv \n-ß-fp-ss-bpw aq-kmbp-ss-bpw B-cm-[y. ]-t, aq-km A-Xn-s\ ]- n a-d- p-t]m-b-xm-wv. Cu B-cm-[y-s\-bpw tx-snbm-wv aq-km t]m-b-xv. C-Xn-s\ C-hn-sS In- n-b hn-h-cw aq-km- v A-dn-bn- '- F-s - mw- ]-d- v- A-h-sc- ]- n- p;- A-h-sc- h-gn-ti-sn-em- n. 24

25 t\ ]Yw iao azo\n lzokv ]mtw Zp-c- -ß-fn hn-izm-kn-iƒ- {i- n-t - -Xv ap-l-ω-zv- \-_n - ]-d- p: ""\n-\- v h- B-]-Øpw _m-[n- m "Rm C-ß-s\ {]-h -Øn- n-cp-s - n C- ß-s\-sbm-s B-bn-cp-t -s\' F- v \o ]-d-b-cp-xv. {]-Xyp-X C-{]-Im-cw ]-d-bp-i:- "A- m-lp I-W- m- n. A-h-\p-t±-in- p- -Xv A-h sn-bv-xp.-' \n- -bw! "A-ß-s\-bm-bn-cp-s - n ' F- Nn- ]n-im-nn-s I -a߃- v Xp-S- w Ip-dn- pw'' (-kz-lo-lp ap-kv-enw).- a-\p-jy-sc `o-xn-bn-epw A-kz-ÿ-X-bn-ep-am- p- ]-e-x-cw Zp-c- -ß-fpw A-\n-jv-S- kw-`-h-ß-fpw ]-e-t m-gm-bn kw-`-hn- m-dp- v. Cu-b-Sp-Øv tem- Iw ap-gp-h izm-k-a-s- n {]m -Y-\-I-tfm-sS ImtXm -Ø- H-cp Zp-c- hm -Ø-bm-bn-cp- p Xm-bve n-se "Xmw-ep-hm-Mv' Kp-l-bn A-I-s - 12 Ip- n-i-fp-ss-bpw A-h-cp-sS Im-bn-I ]-cn-io-e-i-s -bpw hm -Ø.- Iq- m-b ]-cn-{i-a-߃- pw {]m -Y-\-Iƒ- p-sam-sp-hn ]-S- -h-s A-]m-c-am-b A-\p-{K-l- Øm A-h kp-c- n-x-cm-bn ]p-d-øp-h- p. C-Ø-cw kw-`-h-ß-fn \n- pw \-ap- pw Nn-e- Xv ]Tn- m-\p- v. \-Ωp-sS Ip- n-i-fm-bn-cp- p A- Ø-c-sam-cp A-]-I-S-Øn s]- -sx- n A-kz-ÿ- X-bpw A-e-ap-d-bp-am-bn \mw F-s m-s ]-d-bpam-bn-cp- p?! Ip- -s -Sp-Ø-ep-I-fpw i-im-c-h -j-ßfp-am-bn I-en-Xp- p-am-bn-cp- -n-t? F- m C-Ø-cw hn-{`m- n-i-fpw hn-im-c hnt m-`-ß-fpw k-xy-hn-izm-kn-iƒ- v- D- m-bn- q- Sm F- m-wv ta kq-nn- n- {]-hm-n-i h-n-\w ]Tn- n- p- -Xv. a-\- n-s\ \n-b-{ n- v {In-bm-fl- I-am-bn sn-tø- -Xv F-{X-bpw th-kw sn-øp-h-m- \m-wv \mw {i-an-t - -Xv. \-_n ]-d- p ""\n- -bw, -a- A-Xn-s B-Zy-L- -Øn-em-Wv th- -Xv'' (_p-jm-cn).- ]m-sn- m-ø-xv ]-e-xpw ]-d-bp-i-bpw {]-h -Øn- p-i-bpw sn-bv-x ti-j-ap- -a-b- {]-Xn-^em -l-am-b -a-sb- m-wv B ]-d- -Xn-s Xm -]-cyw. A-{]-Im-cw X-s c- n-xm-hn-s - hn- [n-bpw Xo-cp-am-\-hpw hn-kv-a-cn- p-sim- p- kwkm-c-߃ k-xy-hn-izm-kn- v- tn - -X-. A-Øcw k-ao-]-\-߃ Kp-W-]-c-a- F- p-am-{x-a- ; Zpx- Jw, \n-cm-i, tz-jyw Xp-S-ßn ]-e Zq-jy-ß-fp-am- 25 Wv D- m- p-i. ]-S- -h-s hn-[n-bn k-am-izmkn- m km-[n- -Ww. \-ap- m-wv C-Ø-cw {]-bm-k-ß-fpw Zp-c- -ßfpw D- m-ip- -sx- n a- p- -h \-sω k-lmbn- m-\pw- k-am-iz-kn- n- m-\pw Hm-Sn-sb-Ø-W-sa- v \m-tam-tcm-cp-ø-cpw B-{K-ln- pw. F- n A- tx a-t\m-`m-hw a- p- -cp-ss Im-cy-Øn-epw D- m- I-W-sa- v \-_n D-W -Øn-bn- p- v. ap- v B-fp-Iƒ H-cp Kp-l-bn A-I-s - v ]p-d- Øp-I-S- m I-gn-bm-sX _p- n-ap- n-b H-cp Zp-c- I-Y \-_n ]-d- p X- n- p- v. A-h-sc B Zp-c- -Øn \n- v c- -s -Sp-Øn-b-Xv ]-S- -h-s {]o-xn am-{xw e- y-am- n (\n-jv-i-f- -am-bn) A- h sn-bv-x ]p-wy-i -a-߃ ap -\n-dp-øn-bp- tem-i c- n-xm-hpw k -h-i- -\pw A-f-h- Z-bm- ]-c-\p-am-b A- m-lp-hn-t\m-sp- k-xy-k- -am-b {]m -Y-\-I-fm-bn-cp- p. ""]-d-bp-i: C-Xn \n- v (Cu hn-]-øp-i-fn \n- v) A- m-lp R-ß-sf c- -s -Sp-Øp-I-bm-sW- n Xo - -bm-bpw R-߃ \-μn-bp- -h-cp-ss Iq- -Øn B-bn-s m- mw F- v ]-d- p-sim- -v A-h-t\m-Sv \n-߃ Xm-gv-a-tbm-sS-bpw c-l-ky-ambpw {]m -Yn- p- k-a-b-øv I-c-bn-se-bpw I-Sen-se-bpw A- -Im-c-ß-fn \n- v \n-ß-sf c- n- p- -Xv B-cm-Wv?- ]-d-bp-i: A- m-lp-hm-wv A- h-bn -\n- pw a-s - m Zp-cn-X-ß-fn \n- pw \nß-sf c- n- p- -Xv. F- n- pw \n-ß-f-h-t\m-sv ]- p-tn - p- p-h-t m''- (Izp -B - 6:63,64) \-Ωp-sS kp-c- - pw {]-I-S-\-]-c-X I-S- p-hcm-ø \n-jv-i-f- -am-b I -a-߃- I-cp-Xn-sh- p- I.- \m-y A-\p-{K-ln- -s! B-ao.

26 t\ ]Yw IY a -bw ln-_ bq-kp-^v mail@nerpatham.com t\ - - m-cp-ss tim-gn-bpw B-bn-e-y-Øn-se I- ap-f-bpw "F-s ap-lv-bn-±o-t\...'- F- \n-e-hn-fn- ti- m-wv Rm ho- Sn-\p ]p-d-tø- n-d-ßn-b-xv. F-\n- - v {]m-bw B-dv- A-s - n G-gv h-b- v.- Im-cy-߃- hy- -am-bn- Xn-cn- -dn-bm-\p- - {]m-bsam- pw- B-bn- n-s - n-epw h-eyp-ω-bp-ss B A- -lm-k-øn-\p- ]n- n-se Im-c-Ww F-\n- v a-\- n-em- m km-[n- p. A-b -]- -sø ho-sn-s ]-d-ºn -\n- pw ]-{ - v- A-Sn D-bc-Øn A- -l-kn- v \m- p-im-sc- ap-gp-h A-dn-bn- p-sim- v ]- d- p-s]m-ßn h-cn-bm-wv R-ß-fp-sS- ho- n-se Iq- I-cn-t m-gn. "F-s t\ - - m-tc...\n-s tim-gn-sb F-dn- -h - v \o-xs sim-sp- v,- I-tøm-sS sim-sp- v,- H- pw A-am- n- -t...'- h-eyp-ω-bp-ss \n-e-hn-fn-bpw- ]n- pw-t]-bpw- Xp-S - p-sim-t -bn-cp- p. A-b-e-sØ ]-d-ºn ]n-s-t m-gn-iƒ- n-s-bn t\-xm-hm-bn N-a- v Nn-I-b {]-{In-b- v t\-xr-xzw \ -In-s m- n-cp- R-ß-fp-sS ho- n-se I-cn-t m-gn-sb A-b-e-sØ ho- n-se \m-b-c- Ω- n F-dn- p-xp-c-øm {i-an- -Xn-s {]-Xn-tj-[-kz-c-am-Wv- Cu ti- p-sim- n-cn- p- -Xv. h-eyp-ω-bp-ss Cu A- -lm-k-øn-\pw \n-e-hn-fn- pw Nn-e -{]-txy- I Im-c-W-߃ -Iq-Sn-bp- v. A-Xm-Wv hn-j-b-øn-s Im-X-epw BKÃv

27 R-ß-fp-sS Ip-Spw-_-Øn-s\ _m-[n- m km- [y-x-bp- F- m-hn-[ _-em ap-kz-o-_-øp-ifpw Cu I-cn-t m-gn-bn-eq-ss {]-Xn-tcm-[n- n-cn- p- I-bm-W-s{X...! sh-dpw km-[m-c-w {]-Xn-tcm-[-am-W- v I-cp-X-. A-ßv _m-kv-zm-zn-se- a-æ-d- p- n "F- mw I- pw ti- p-'-an-cn- p- ssi-jv ap-lv-bn-±o A- p Iz-m-Zn- Po-em-\n X-ß-fp-sS {]-txy-i kwc- -W-hpw- Xn-cp-t\m- -hpw I-c-ÿ-am- m t\ - -bm- n hn- n-cp- A-g-Im - I-cn-t m-gn-sb-bm- Wv A-b-e-Øp-Im-cn F-dn- m- n-bn-cn- p- -sx- v- {]-txy-iw a-\- n-em- -Ww.- h-ey-p-ω D-d- p-xp- p-i-bm-wv. A-h-cp-sS I- Æp-Iƒ Np-h- p Xp-Sp-Øn- p- v. \n-b-{ n- m-\mhm-ø A-cn-i-w Im-c-Ww A-h-cp-sS- hm-bn-se- sh- n-e ap-dp- m-s Aw-i-߃ \n-b-{ -Wm-X-o-Xam-bn ]p-d-tø- v Nm-Sn sh- - p- m-b-øn-s ]p-d-øp-iq-sn Xm-tg- v {]-h-ln- p- p- v. \m-bc-ω- n-sb I-jm-bw sh- p-sim-sp-øm H- -h-en- v Ip-Sn- p- -{X hm-in-bn-em-w-h. F- m-bm-epw Cu A- -co- -Øn -\n- pw h- eyp-ω-sb tam-nn- n- -W-sa- n C-\n Zn-h-k߃ X-s th- n-h-cp-sa- v D-d- m-wv. F- m- _-em-epw B-]-Øv,- C-S-tß-dv,- ap-kz-o-_-øn - \n- pw a- -sf-bpw sim- p-a- -sf-bpw kw-c- n- m ssi-jv Po-em-\n- v k-a - n- sn-dn-b H- cp ssi- q-en B-bn-cp- p Cu I-cn-t m-gn. t\ - - m-cp-ss t]-cn-ep- tim-gn/b-sp-am-sp-i-sf I- 27 t\ ]Yw s -dn- -h - v h- p-`-hn- `q-x-im-e Zp-c- -ßfpw h-eyp- -Ω hn-fn- p ]-d- p-sim- n-cp- p. t\ - -t m-gn-sb Iq-S-S- w tam- n- v I-S-Øm {i-an- Xm-a-c- p-f-øp-im-c A- p d-km-j-ns I- -h- n d-bn -th t{im-kn-s C-d- n sim- -bn-te- v a-dn-bp-i-bpw- A-bm-fp-sS Im-ep- Iƒ ]-e-bn-s-øpw- H-Sn-bp-I-bpw- sn-bv-x-xn-s - I- Y h-eyp-ω ]-d-bp-tºmƒ- izm-kw A-S- n- n-sn- psim- v- R-߃ sim- p-a- ƒ {i-hn- n-cp- p.- t\ - - m-cp-ss tim-gn-iƒ R-ß-fp-sS t\-sc sim-øm h-cp- -Xm-bn A- v cm-{xn-bn- - a-sæ- Æ hn-f- n-s sh-fn- -Øn-ep- - h-eyp-ω-bp-ss I-Y ]-d- n-en R-߃- v A-\p-`-h-s - p. Po-em-\n ssi-jn-s t]-cn t\ - -bm- n-bncp- ap- -\m-sn-s\- A-dp-Øv- ]m-iw- sn-bv-x-t mƒ- C-d- n-s -m-xn \n-b-{ n- m-\m-hm-sx {]m -Y-\- Xocpw- ap-ºv- B-cpw -Im-Wm-sX sn-ºn -\n- pw- timcn-øn- m {i-an- h-s-t -]-d-ºn-se A-Sp- -f- m-cn ]m-øp-ωm- v A-Po -W-w h- v h-b -s]- cp-ø I-Y-bpw h-ey-p-ω s]m-sn- pw sxm-ß-epw sh- -v- A-h-X-cn- n- p. t\ - - m-cp-ss im-]-tim- ]-Øn-\n-c-bm-b ]m-øp-ω ]n- o-sv- "B-ew-Zp-\n-bmhn '- s]-sm-s\m-cp ]m-sp-an-s - v h-ey-p-ω \n-kv- mc- m-b-bn A-Sn- v ]-d- -t mƒ R-߃ Ip- n- Iƒ `o-xn-bm hn-d-hn-d- p. h-s-t a-e-_m-dn - \n-t m- a-t m \m- n-se-øn ]- n-bp-ss am-fn-i- pd-øn-cp- p-d- n- n-cp- Ip- p-tam-bo X-ß-sf D- m- t]m-bn cm-bv- p-cm-am-\w Iq- n-h- -Xn-s -b-pw Ip- n-cn- w,- km-{ºm-wn ]p-i-]-s-e-ß-fp-ss A- I-º-Sn-tbm-sS Ip- p-tam-bo X-߃ \n-c-h-[n I-cn- p-iƒ A-Po -W-w h- v D-Z-cw s]-cp-ø ]m- Øp-Ωm-bp-sS C-cp-h-i-hpw sh- v sh- n D-gn- v tcm-k-im- n h-cp-øn-b-xn-s -b-p-sa- mw hn-h-c-w-w- R-߃ izm-k-a-s- n- n-sn- v ti- n-cp- p. ]m-øp- Ω- v- th- n- sh- n D-gn- I-cn- p-iƒ A-d-_n- -S-en H-gp- m -t]m-bn ]-\n-]n-sn- p In-S- h- ey-am-a-bp-ss I-Y-bpw R-߃ A- m-zy-am-bn ti- p. Cu k-a-bw R-ß-fp-sS-sb- mw I-Æp-Iƒ- R- ß-fn C-f-b-h-\m-b sn-dn-b a-ω-z-n-te- m-bn-cp- p. Im-c-Ww A-h-\m-W-t m t\-c-hpw Im-e-hpw a-\- n-em- m-sx X-s B-h-iy-߃ ]q -Øo- I-cn- m I-c- m -Øp hn-fn- p- -Xv. A-Sp- f- m-cn ]m-øp-ωm-sb _m-[n- A-Po -W-w sndn-b a-ω-z-n-s\ _m-[n- m-\p- km-[y-x-i-fm-bncp- p R-ß-fp-sS a-\- n. ho-sn-s ap -h-i-øv- C-S-Xq - v-h-f-cp- I- -ap-f-i-fp-ss c-l-ky-hpw h-eyp-ω ]-d- p-x- p. t\-c-sø t\ - -t m-gn-sb F-dn- p-]-d-ønb sxm- -Sp-Ø ho- n-se \m-b-c-ω- n B-bn-eyw

28 \- -{X-Øn ]n-d- -h-fm-w-s{x. A-b-e-Øv B- bn-eyw \m-fn ]n-d- -h-cp-s - n A-Xv sim- Sn-b-i -dn-\v (D-]-{Z-h-Øn-\v)- tl-xp-hm-ip-sa- v _- y-aq-øm- m-bp-ss "Xz- -k-am-øn-'-s I-W- n hy- -am-bn- p- -s{x. A-ß-s\ aq-øm- -bp-ssbpw sim- m- -am-cp-ss-bpw Im-h-en-\v th- n-bm- W-s{X Cu I- -ap-f {]-tbm-kw. A-tß-ho- n-se C-cp-a-Xn-ep-Iƒ- n-s-bn C-\nbpw sh- n-am- m-sx \n - p- B- n-en a-c-øns c-l-ky-hpw A- p-cm-{xn h-ey-p-ω R-߃- v ap- n ]-c-ky-am- n. A-Xv H-cn- -epw sh- p- I-Øn,- tim-sm-en t]m-ep- B-bp-[-߃-sIm- v kv-] -in- m ]m-sn-s - v D- m- -s m- w ]-s tßm e- -Zzo-]n \n-s -Øn-b Ip- n-x-߃ D-]-tZ-in- n- p- -s{x-! ]-d- -dn-bn- m km-[n- m-ø \n-e-bn-ep- G-tXm ÿm-\-øv ap-f- p- \n - p- Cu B- n-en-a-c-øn Ip-Sn-bn-cn- p- C-^v-co-Øn-s\- - n-bp- Nn- -Iƒ R-ß-fpsS D- p-i-fn sim- n-bm an- n- p. A-ß-s\-bn-c-n-s - H-cp-Zn-h-kw \m- n-em-si sim- Sp- m- pw t]-am-cn-bpw cq- -am-bn. H-cm-gv-N-bm-bn ho- n -\n- pw ]p-d-tø- n-d-ßm km-[n- m-ø X-c-Øn i- -am-b t]-am-cn, sh- -s m- w. "s t\ - - m-tc... R-ß-sf Im- -tw...'- F- hn-fn-i-fm-bn-cp- p ho- n-\p- n \n-d-sb. A- v cm-{xn-bn H-cp `-b- -c i- w ti- p. A-b-e-sØ ho- n-se a-xn-ep-iƒ- n-s-bn B-bp- [w-sim- v- Nq- p-i-t]m-epw sn-øm-sx kw-c- n- p h-f -Øn-bn-cp- B- n-en-a-cw i- -am-b Im- n \n-ew ]-Xn- n-cn- p- p. C-{X-bpw Im-ew B- n-en-a-c-sø B- p-t\m- v kw-c- n- p h-f -Ønbn-cp- A-b-e-sØ Jm-Z - m-bp-ss Ip-Spw-_ ho- n-s ]p-d-tø- v X-s -bm-wv B- n-en a-dn- n-cn- p- -Xv. ho-sn-s ta - q-c ap-gp-h-\pw X- I - p X-cn- -W-am-bn- p- v. ho- p-im \- D-d- -Øn-em-bn-cp- p-sh- n-epw A-h-sc- mw- A- p- X-I-c-am-bn c- -s - - p. h -j-߃- v ]-Xn-\m-bn-cw cq-] \ -Im-sa- v ]-d- n- pw sim-sp- m-xn-cp- - \- Im-X-ep- B- n-en-a-cw hn-d-ip-hn -]-\- m-c d-jo-zv-ip- n G-Xm-\pw \q-dn-s t\m- p-iƒ- v ]-I-c-am-bn kz- -am- p- -Xn-\v Rm km- n-bm-bn. -a-c-øn ko- p-d- n- n-cp- Pn- v,- C-^v-co-Øp-Iƒ- v F-s - n-epw ]-cn- v ]- n-bn- p- m-ip-tam-sb- m-bn-cp- p F-s Nn-. A- p cm-{xn Rm-\m-Zy-am-bn ti- p, h-e-yp-ω-bp-ss a-\- n X- n-bp- hn-fn;- "F-s cm-p-sk-øn-zm-b d-t...- F-s Ip- p-ß-sf Imt -W-ta...F- mw \n-s ]- -e-am-\w...'- F- m-bn-cp- p h-ey-ω B ]-d- -Xv?- F-\n- t\ ]Yw s m- pw a-\- n-em-bn-! Im-ew ]n-s -bpw ap-t m- p-t]m-bn. _m- -bpw aq-øm- -bpw sim- m- -bp-sa- mw A- m-lp-h-n-s hn-fn- p-ø-cw \ -In bm-{x-bm-bn. H-cp s]-cp-ag- m-e-øm-bn-cp- p aq-øm- -bp-ss a-c-ww. a-c- W-hm -Ø-b-dn- v _- p- ƒ Iq- w Iq- -am-bn ho- n-te-s m-gp-in. Pn- n-s\-bpw C-^v-co-Øn-s\- bpw ]n-sn- p-si- n \n-e- p-\n -Øn-b \m- n-se t]- cp-ti- X-߃- m- Iq-Sn-bm-bn-cp- aq-øm- -bpss a-c-w-øn I-Æo-cn-s a-g -s]-bv-xp-sh- mbn-cp- p Nn-e-scm-s A-S- w ]-d- -Xv...! F- \n-s m- pw a-\- n-em-bn-. s]-cp-a-g- m-e-am-bn- pw aq-øm- -bp-ss a-c-w-zn- \-Øn ho- n-te-s m-gp-in-sb-øn-b P-\-_m-lp-eyw F-s a-\- n -\n- pw am- p-t]m-bn- n-. a-c-w- Zn-\w ho- n-se-øn-b-h - v a-g-\-\-bm-sx I-b-dn-\n - m ap- -Øv {]-txy-iw ]- si-t - n-h- p.- A-b-e-sØ \m-b-c-ω- n-bp-ss B-bn-eyw tzmj-øn -\n- pw c- -t\-sm aq-øm- -bpw sim- m- -bpw Im-e-ß-fm-bn ho-sn-s aq-e-bn kw-c- n- p h-f -Øn-bn-cp- ap-f-a-c-߃ H- n-\p-]nd-si H- m-bn A-b -hm-kn-i-fpw _- p- -fpw sh- n-ho-gv-øn. \m- p-im-cp-ss-bpw _- p- -fp-ssbpw ]-cn-{i-aw aq-ew \n-an-j-߃ sim- v ho- pap- -søm-cp sn-dp ]- D-b - p. ]n-s -bpw Im-e-߃ ap-t m- p-t]m-bn. B-bn-eyw \m-fn-s im-]-tam- -Øn-\p-th- n ho- p-ap- -Øv I- ap-f h-f -Øn kw-c- n- aq-øm- -bpw sim- m- -bp-sa- mw Hm -a-i-fm-bn. B-bn-eyw \- -{X- Øn-s tim-]-_m-[ `-b- v ho- p-ap- -Øv I- ap-f h-f -Øm Im-c-W- m-cn-bm-b \m-b-c-ω- n- v C- pw \- B-tcm-Kyw.- {]m-bw G-dn-bn- p-s - n-epw \m-b-c-ω-bp-ss D-jm-dn-\pw D- m-l-øn- \pw H-cp Ip-d-hpw kw-`-hn- n- n-. ]-Xn-hp-t]m-se A-h C- pw- -A-h-cp-sS ho- p-tpm-en-i-fn hym- ]r-x-bm-wv. t\-c-sø I- -ap-f X-g- p-h-f - n- S-Øv C- v _-lp-\n-e-s - n-sw D-b - n- p- v. A-b-e-sØ ]-d-ºn -\n- pw B -Ø- -l-kn- v D-b - v ]-d- p-h-cp- I-cn-t m-gn-bpw ]- n- d-ºn ssa-em- n-h- n-iƒ- -Sn-bn C-sXm- pa-dn-bm-sx hn-{i-an- p- h-ey-p-ω-bp-ss A- -lmk-hpw Hm -a-s -Sp-Øn-s m- v \m-b-c-ω- n F-s ap- n Iq-Sn I-S- p-t]m-ip- p C-t m-gpw.- A- -hn-izm-k-ß-fp-ss- L-\m- -Im-c-ß-fn - A-I-s - m - sh-fn- -Øn-te- v-h-c - {]-bm-k-icw -X-s- -bm-wv.- C- pw- C-Ø-c-Øn-ep- - A-_- -hn-izm-k-ß-fp-ss- `m-fi-hpw- - t]-dn- {]-bm-k-s - p- Po-hn- p- -h - Ip-d-s m- p-a- - D- -Xv.- 28

29 t\ ]Yw bq-kp-^v km-ln-_v \-Zv-hn tej\w h- w ap-l-ω-zv A-_-vZp -Jm-Zn au-e-hn-bpw ti-c-f ap-kv-enw \-thm- m-\-hpw 29 2 Z-b-Zo-\-am-bn-cp- ap-kv-enw k-aq-l-øn-s ]n-t m- mh-ÿ ]-cn-l-cn- -W-sa- v h- w-au-e-hn A-Xn-bm-bn B- {K-ln- p. i- -am-b t_m-[-h - -c-w-am-wv ]-cn-lm-c-sa- v A-t±-lw a-\- n-em- n. Cu B-h-iy-Øn-\m-Wv 1906 P- \p-h-cn H- p-ap-x "ap-kv-enw'- F- t]-cn H-cp {]-kn- o- I-c-Ww Iq-Sn B-cw-`n- -Xv. ap-kv-en-an-s {]-Y-a-e- -Øn X-s au-e-hn X-s e- yw hy- -am- n-:- ""C- -gn- Im-t\-jp-am-cn I-W- v t\m- n-bm, a-e-bm-f-øn-se apk -am- m hn-zym-`ym-k hn-j-b-øn h-f-sc ]n- n \n - p-i-bm-sw- v a-\- n-em- mw. ap-k -am - m-cn B-bn-cw B-Wp-ß-fn F -]-Øn-\m-ep-t] ho-xw A- -c m-\-ap- -h-cm-bp- v. kv-{xo-i-fm-i-s \q-dn-\v H- cmƒ ho-x-ta-bp- p. C-cp-]-Xp h-b- n-\p-ta {]m-b-ap- h-cn \q-dn-\p F-gp-]-Øn-aq-t -ap- m-en -]-cw B-fp-Iƒ F-gp-Xm-t\m hm-bn- m-t\m ]-cn-n-b-an- m-ø-h-cm-ip- p...'' au-e-hn-bp-ss \-S-]-Sn-Iƒ D- -X-ß-fn {i- n- -s - p. hn- Zym-`ym-k U-b-d-Œ-dn \n- pw ap-kv-enw hn-zym-`ym-k-sø kw-_- n- v {]-txy-iw dn-t m - v B-h-iy-s - p. \n -tz-i߃ k-a - n- m B-h-iy-s - p-sim- v K-h:No-^v sk- {I- -dn {]-txy-i D-Ø-c-hv ]p-d-s -Sp-hn- p. au-e-hn-bp-ss "apkv-enw'- am-kn-i {]-kn- -s -Sp-Øn-b hn-e-tb-dn-b \n -tz-i߃ H- p-an- -Xpw k - m Aw-Ko-I-cn- p.

30 ti-c-f ap-kv-enw sf-iy-kw-lw, ti-c-f Pw-C-ø-Øp D- e-a- C-h-bp-sS {]-h -Ø-\-Øn-\m-h-iy-am-b kw-l-s- \m kz-`m-hw h- w-au-e-hn-bp-ss kw-`m-h-\-bm-wv. sf- Iy-kw-L-Øn-s {]-Y-a hm -jn-i tbm-k-øn au-ehn-bm-bn-cp- p A-[y-. H-t -sd ÿm-]-\-߃ B- cw-`n- m-\pw au-e-hn ap -I-sø-Sp-Øp. {]-K- - m-sc ]-s -Sp- n- p-sim- p- kw-hm-z-ß-fpw k-tω-f-\-ßfpw au-e-hn X-s kw-l-sn- n- p. ap-kv-enw kv-{xo-i-fp-ss hn-zym-`ym-k hn-j-b- Øn-epw C-Xp X-s -bm-bn-cp- p au-e-hn-bp-ss \ne-]m-sv. hn-hn-[ hn-`m-k-øn-se t\-xm- -sf-s m- v am-kn-i-bn au-e-hn te-j-\w F-gp-Xn- p. C-kv-em-an-s ssh- m-\n-i ]m-c-º-cy-sø D- b -Øn- m- p- te-j-\-]-c-º-c-iƒ ap-kv-enw {]- kn- o-i-cn- p. H-cn- hn-zym-`ym-k U-b-d-Œ X-s ]-d- p:""au-e-hn-bpw ap-kv-en-apw Iq-Sn apkv-enw k-ap-zm-b-øn-s hn-zym-`ym-k hn-j-b- Øn sn-bv-xn- p- tk-h-\w, k - m C- ph-sc sn-bv-xn- p- -Xn F-{X-tbm h-ep-xm-wv. H-cp-]-t,- k - m-cn-\v C-{X-sb- n-epw ap-t m- p-t]m-im I-gn- -Xv B {]-h -Ø-\-ß-fp-sS ]n- p-w D- m-b-xp-sim- p am-{x-am-wv...'' F- m a-e-bm-fw A-dn-bm-Ø a-e-bm-fn apkv-enw-i-ƒ- n-s-bn au-e-hn-bp-ss Nn- -Iƒ A- {X-th-Kw {]-Xn-^-en- n-. km-[m-c-w- m - v A- d-_n a-e-bm-fw en-]n-tb Xn-cn-bq- F- Im-cyw A-t±-l-Øn-\v t_m-[y-am-bn. km-º-øn-i-am-bn sr-cp- -ap- m-bn- pw A-d-_n-a-e-bm-fw A- -Sn- m en-tøm-{]- v- ÿm-]n- m Xo-cp-am-\n- p A-Xym-[p-\n-I kw-hn-[m-\-ß-fp- entøm-{]- v h- -Øv ÿm-]n- p G-{]n ap- X "A -C-kv-emw'- F- t]-cn A-d-_n-a-ebm-fw en-]n-bn-se am-kn-i {]-kn- o-i-cn- p Xp-Sßn. ti-c-f ap-kv-enw-i-fn hym-]-i-am-bn-cp- Zpcm-Nm-c-߃-s -Xn-cn H- m-a-sø e- w X-s au-e-hn B- -Sn- p. e- -\n \-S- A- m-cm-{ C-kv-em-an-I k- tω-f-\-øn-s hn-h-c-߃ e- sssw-kn \n- pw D- -cn- v, A -C-kv-emw {]-kn- o-i-cn- p. k-øn-zv d-jo-zv-cn-z-bp-ss A -a-\m-dn -h- Iz-p - B hn-i-zo-i-c-ww {]-Y-a e- w ap-x {]-kn- -s -Sp-Øn. km-º-øn-i {]-Xn-k- n-bpw tcm- K-_m-[-bpw Im-c-Ww Cu Zu-Xyw G-sd ap-t m- v t]m-bn-. F- n-epw km-ap-zm-bn-i ]-cn-jv- -c- W cw-k-øv au-e-hn hym-]r-x-\m-bn-cp- p. t\ ]Yw 1931 B-cw-`n- "Zo-]n-I'-bn {]-K -`- m-cmb F-gp-Øp-Im A-Wn-\n-c- p. A-d-_n, D -Zp, Cw- o-jv `m-j-i-f-n-se te-j-\-ß-fp-w hm -Ø-Ifpw Zo-]n-I-bn ]-cn-`m-j-s -Sp-Ø-s - p. {]-i-kv- X A-ta-cn- ]-fin-x-\m-b eq-sxm-dm- v sãm- Um-Uv-s T-h-e N-ew Wor-l-d O-f I-sl-am F- {K-Ÿw c-n-bn-xm-hn-s tc-jm-aq-e-ap- A- \p-a-xn-tbm-ss Zo-]n-I-bn {]-kn- -s -Sp-Øn. ti-c-f ap-kv-enw sf-iy-kw-lw, ti-c-f Pw- C-ø-Øp D-e-a- C-h-bp-sS {]-h -Ø-\-Øn-\mh-iy-am-b kw-l-s-\m kz-`m-hw h- w-au-e-hn-bpss kw-`m-h-\-bm-wv. sf-iy-kw-l-øn-s {]-Ya hm -jn-i tbm-k-øn au-e-hn-bm-bn-cp- p A- [y-. H-t -sd ÿm-]-\-߃ B-cw-`n- m-\pw au-e-hn ap -I-sø-Sp-Øp. {]-K- - m-sc ]-s -Sp- n- p-sim- p- kw-hm-z-ß-fpw k-tω-f-\-ß-fpw au-e-hn X-s kw-l-sn- n- p. au-e-hn-x-s A- dn-b-s -Sp- {]-`m-j-i-\m-bn-cp- p. ssi-jp -C-kv-emw C-_v-\p-S-ssX-an-b, C-_v- \p A- p -h-lm-_v F- n-h-sc- p-dn- v i-{xp- ƒ ]-c-øn-hn- A-]-hm-Z-ß-fn {]-k- -amb-h-sb am-{xw ]-cn-k-wn- p-sim- v h- w-au-ehn X-øm-dm- n-b "C-amw C-_v-\p-ssX-an-b-bpw B- tcm-]-w-ß-fpw'- F- a-dp-]-sn {K-Ÿw, au-e-hnbp-ss ssh- m-\n-i-x-bp-ss B-g-a-f- m D-]- bp- -am-wv. I-gn- -\q- m- n-s {]m-cw-`-øn-em- Wv Cu c-n-\ A-t±-lw X-øm-dm- n-b-sx- -Xv {]-txy-iw {i-t -b-am-wv. ssi-jp C-kv-em-ans\ A-\p-Iq-en- k-a-im-en-i-cpw ]n -Km-an-I-fpam-b F-Æ-a- {]-K- -a-xn-i-fp-ss A-`n-{]m-b-߃ Cu c-n-\-bp-ss {]-txy-i-x-bm-wv. au-e-hn F- gp-xp- p: ""H-cmƒ ]-d- n- n- m-ø-xpw A-dn- n- n- m-ø-xp-am-b kw-k-xn-i-sf sa-\- p- m- nbpw ]-d- n- p- -Xn-s\ H- n-s\m- m-bn a-dn- psi- n-bpw A-bm-fp-sS ta A-]-hm-Z-߃ ]-c- Øp-I-bpw kw-k-xn-bp-ss k-xym-k-xy-sø- - n bm-txm-cp A-t\z-j-W-tam Nn- -tbm Iq-Sm-sX H-cp-h-I- m A-h-sb I-Æp-a-S- v hn-iz-kn- p- I-bpw tc-j-s -Sp-Øp-I-bpw sn-øp- k-{º-zmbw C- v \-ap- n-s-bn Im-W-s -Sp- -Xp-t]m-se- Ø-s, tem-i-øv F- p-ap- m-bn-cp- p... H-cmfp-sS h- -A-`n-{]m-b-hpw hm-kv-x-h-øn In-Xm- _n-t\m-spw kp- -Øn-t\m-Spw tbm-pn- -X- m-xn-cpt - mw. F- m A-Xv A-bm-fp-sS sx- m-bn K-Wn- p-i-b- m-sx A-bmƒ A-Xp-\n-an-Øw a- X-Øn \n- pw ]n-g- p-t]m-bn F- p ]-d-bp- - Xv ]n-g-hm-ip- p. sx- p-h-cm-ø-h-cm-bn D-e-am- fn-epw C-am-ap-I-fn-epw bm-sxm-cm-sf-bpw Im-Wm I-gn-bn-.''- 30

31 t\ ]Yw C-_v-\p ssx-an-b-sb-bpw C-_v-\p A- p -hlm-_n-s\-bpw A-[-n-t -]n- m am-{xw p-{z Ir-Xn-Iƒ c-nn- e-_-\m-\n-se bq-kp-^v A- - _-lm-\n-sb- - n, h- w au-e-hn F-gp-Xn: ""\-_- lm-\n sh- -Øn ho-wp ap-ßp-hm t]m-ip- -h-s\-t m-se, Im-Wp- ]p- p-i-fn-se- mw ]- n- n-sn- p- p. Ip- n-i-fp-ss ]- \n- m-bm-epw X-s C-O- v tbm-pn- -Xm-bn Im-Wp- hm- p- I-sfm-s A-bmƒ {]-am-w-am- n Im-Wp- p. \- _-lm-\n-bp-ss D-t±-iw X-s ]p-kv-x-i-øn-\v h- en- w Iq- n X-s -t m-ep- -h-sc {`-an- n- p-i-bm- Wv''- (C-amw C-_v-\p-ssX-an-b-bpw A-tcm-]-W-ßfpw: t]-pv:46). Iz-_v- kn-bm-d-øn-s hn-j-b-øn ssi- Jp C-kv-em-an-s\-Xn-cn {]-Xn-tbm-Kn-Iƒ D-b - Øn-hn- B-tcm-]-W-ß-sf, ssi-jp C-kv-eman-s {K-Ÿ-ß-fp-sS D- -c-wn-iƒ D-]-tbm-Kn- p X-s h- w-au-e-hn X-I - p- -Xm-bn Im-Wm- \m-hpw.(c-amw C-_v-\p-ssX-an-b-bpw A-tcm-]-Wß-fpw, h- w-au-e-hn, bp-h-x _p- v-lu-kv, timgn-t m-sv- 2). A -a-\m am-kn-i-bp-ss ]-{Xm-[n-]-cpw {]- ap-j Cu-Pn-]v-jy ]-fin-x-\p-am-b k-øn-zv d- jo-zv-cn-z-, h- w au-e-hn-bp-ss Po-hn-X-Im-e-Øv tic-f-øn-se-øn au-e-hn-bp-am-bn Iq-Sn- m-gv-n \-S- Øp-I-bpw K-l-\-ta-dn-b ]-e-hn-j-b-ß-fpw t\- cn N - sn-bv-x-xm-bpw Nn-e ]-cm-a -i-߃ Im-Wp p- v. h- w au-e-hn-bp-ss B-flm -Y kplr-øv F.F.ap-l-Ω-Zv F- hy- n-s m- -am- Wv d-jo-zv-cn-z- au-e-hn-bp-ss `-h-\-øn F-Ønb-Xv. kw-`m-j-w-ß-fp-ss H-Sp-hn k-øn-zv d-jo- Zv-cn-Z- X-s ssi-h-i-ap- m-bn-cp- A -a-\m-dns e- -߃ au-e-hn- v k-ωm-\-am-bn \ -Insb- pw Im-Wp p- v. d-jo-zv cn-z- C- y-bn F- Øn e-iv-t\m-hn-se \-Zv-h-Øp D-e-a-bn \-S- ]-fin-x- m-cp-ss kw-k-a-øn ]-s -Sp-Ø- Xn-s\- - n Cu-bp- -h-s Kp-cp-\m-Y Iq-Sn-bmb k-øn-zv A-_p -l-k \-Zv-hn(d-ln-) X-s "^o a-ko-d-øn l-bm-øv' F- Po-h-N-cn-{X- Øn ]-cm-a -in- -Xv-Iq-Sn tn -Øp-hm-bn- m Cu Iq-Sn- m-gv-n- v Ir-Xy-am-b N-cn-{X ]n -_- ew e-`y-am-ipw. _n-kn-\-kv ta-j-e-bn {]-h -Øn- n-cp- F.F. ap-l-ω-zv, h- w-au-e-hn ap -ssi G-Sp- Øv B-e- p-g-bn ÿm-]n- e-pv-\-øp ap-l- Ω-Zn-ø kw-l-øn-s P:sk-{I- -dn-bm-bn B- K-Ãv 21\v Xn-cp-h-\- -]p-cw B-cy-im-em lm-fn \-S- Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq ap-kv -enw a-lm-k-`-bp-ss tbm- K-Øn-epw F.F. ap-l-ω-zv A-[y- -X h-ln- p km-[m-c-w- m - v A-d-_n a-e-bm-fw en-]n-tb Xn-cnbq- F- Im-cyw h- w-au-e-hn v- t_m-[y-am-bn. km- º-Øn-I-am-bn sr-cp- -ap- m-bn- pw A-d-_n-a-e-bm-fw A- -Sn- m en-tøm-{]- v- ÿm-]n- m Xo-cp-am-\n- p A-Xym-[p-\n-I kw-hn-[m-\-ß-fp- entøm-{]- v h- -Øv ÿm-]n- p G-{]n ap-x "A -C-kv-emw'- F- t]-cn A-d-_n-a-e-bm-fw en-]nbn-se am-kn-i {]-kn- o-i-cn- p Xp-S-ßn. ti-c-f ap-kvenw-i-fn hym-]-i-am-bn-cp- Zp-cm-Nm-c-߃-s -Xncn H- m-a-sø e- w X-s au-e-hn B- -Sn- p. A-[n-\n-th-i Im-e-L- -Øn, \-thm- m-\ \m-b-i- m-cm-b k-øn-zv k-\m-d- - a- n X-߃, k-øn-zv am-ln l-a-zm-\n X-߃, h- w-au-e-hn, Nm-en-e-I-Øv Ip- -l-ω-zv lm-pn, si.fw.aue-hn, si.fw.ko-xn km-ln-_v, C.sI.au-e-hn Xp-S-ßn-b {]-_p- - m-cp-ss \n-c ap-kv-enw \-thm- m-\ cw-k-øv Im-gv-N-sh- a-l-øm-b tk-h-\ ]-cn-{i-a-ß-sf- p-dn- v ti-c-f-øn-\-i-øpw ]p-d- Øpw hn-i-z-am-b ]T-\-ß-fpw K-th-j-W-ß-fpw Xp-S - v h-cn-i-bm-wv. Pm-Xn-a-X t`-z-a-s\y, Cu _-lp-am-\y hy- n-xz-ß-fq-ss I-f- -c-ln-x-am-b tk-h-\ ]-cn-{i-a-ß-sf Aw-Ko-I-cn- m A-\p- Zn-\w ap-t m- v h- p-sim- n-cn- p- p. ]-Ø-\w- Xn- kz-tz-in-bpw F-s ]-cn-n-b- m-c-\p-am-b Iym- \-U-bn-se sim -tim -Un-b k -h-i-em-im-ebn-se A-[ym-]-I tpm-kv F-{_-lmw (Institute of Islamic Studies McGiIl University, Montreal 2008) \SØnb KthjW ]T\w CucwKØv F psim pw Hcp apx q v Xs bmwv. Modernity, Islamic Reform, and the Mappilas of Kerala: The Contributions of Vakkom Moulavi ( ) F- te-_-en tpm F-{_-lm-an-s K-th-j-Ww A-t±-l-sØ ap-kvenw ss]-xr-i-øn-s A-Xn-cp-I-fn- m-ø H-cp tem-i-øn-te- v ssi-]n-sn- p-b -Øn-b-Xm-bn {]- _- w hm-bn- p- -h - v a-\- n-em- m km- [n- pw. A-Sn-ÿm-\-]-c-am-bn H-cp ss{i-kv-x-h- \m-b A-t±-l-Øn-\v- X-s K-th-j-W ta-j-e-tbm- Sv Xn-I- pw I-f- -c-ln-x-am-b Iq-dv {]-I-Sn- n- m km-[n- -Xv Cu t\-xm- -sf B-Z-cn- p- - Hm-tcmcp-Ø-sc-bpw G-sd k-t m-jn- n- p- p. C-\n-bpw \-Ωp-sS A-t\z-j-W a-\- p-iƒ I-S- p-sn- n- n- m-ø ta-j-e-i-fn-te- v Iq-Sn hn-c -Nq- p- - Xm-Wv A-t±-l-Øn-s K-th-j-W {]-_- w. (Ahkm\n n )

32 sh- -n-e- ]n.- A-_v-Zp- "A-^v-Im-dp - D-Jv-d-hn-ø'- -: 12 t\ ]Yw J-fi-Im-hy-w a-c-w- ti-j-{in-b-iƒ- a-øn-xn-s\- a-d-am-sn-sb- m - ]n-s sx- m-b- B-Nm-cw- ]-e-xpw- X-s sn-øp- - Im-gv-N- I- n-sm-sa- s]m-s - \n -tø- -Xm-Wn-sXm-s -bp-s-s\- X-s - "ap-j-sø-gp-øv'- - F- - H-cp- ]-Xn-hp- v- ]-e-\m- n-epw- ]-e- co-xn-bn - \-S- p- v- Nn-e- \m- n - ap-kv-eym - a-øn-xn-s - I-h-n-fn-em-bv- -hn-c-en-s - A-{Kw- sim- v - X-lv -eo - F-gp-X-em-bv - F- m - A-Xn- v- h-f-sc- Ip-d-hm-bv- Xo - -Xm- ]-I-cw- Nn-e- ]p-xp- co-xn-iƒ- ImWp Xm A-Xn-sem- v- H-cp- I-S-em-kn-tem- Xp-Wn-bn-tem- Nn-e- Zn-Iv-dp-Iƒ- F-gp-Xo- p- s\- n - sh- -em- "d- n-s - C-kv-an - No- -ew- ti-dq-te-...'- B-t -]w- h- p- D-S-s\- am- n- co-xn-bpw-! I-S-em-kn-se-gp-Xn- Iz-_v-dn - Ip-Øn-\m- -em-bv- \m- n-sh- m-\m-bv- - ]- - Cu- - n - I-cp-X-em-bv-! -A-t m-g-xm- h-cp- p- {]-iv-\w- ]n-s -bpw- A -]w- I-gn- m - Cu - n-ep-w-ßn- m-spw- A-Xn- m-bn- I- p- {]-Xn-hn-[n- H-cp- Ip- n-bn- - F-gq-Xn- a-s- n-sh- -em-w-xv- `w-kn-bn - I-cn-sIm- v- aq-sp-i-bm-w-xv- sn-øp- -Xv- Cu - w- h-en- -m-\pw- Nn-X - X-S-bm-\-Xv- A-Xv- t\m- n- -hm-bn- -ßv- t]m-ipw- a-e- p-iƒ- F- m-ipw- a- - m-c-h-cp-ss- Nn- -Iƒ- A-h - pw- ]-Wn- Ip-d-hm-Wv- tnm-zyw- th- -,- hm-bn- p-t\m- mw- ]n-s -sbm- pw- th- -! H-cp-]-t,- `m-hn-bn - C-ß-s\-bp-am-Imw-:- "a-øn-øn - ta-\n-bn - ssa-t{im-nn- v- sh- n-spwa-e- p-i-f-h-s - Iz-_v-dn-te- m-sb-øn-spw- A-h - ]- -ep- - m-_n-te- -Xv- am- n-spw-'- F- pw- Nn-e- ]p-tcm-ln-x - ]-d- n-spwbm- d- n- _p- -n- sim-sp- -tw- Cu- Izu-an-\v- \o- Im-Øp-c- n-t -W-ta- kp- -Øn-s\. - 32

33 t\ ]Yw Ne\߃ Iyp.F- v.f.f-kv ]-co- hn- m-]-\w Iyp.F- v.f.f-kv h -j-sø hm -jn-i ]-co- c- v L- -ß-fn-em-bn \-S- p- -Xm-Wv.- a -l-em-x-e ]-co sk-]v- w-_ 23\v- (Rm-b ) sk - X-e-Ønepw hm -jn-i s]m-xp-]-co \-hw-_ 18(Rm-b )\v C- y-bn-epw \-hw-_ 25\v- (sh- n) hn-tz-i cm-py-ß-fn-epw \-S- -p- -Xm-Wv a -l-em-x-e ]-co- :- a -l-em-x-e ]-co- sk-]v- w-_ 23 \v- (Rm-b )- A-Xm-Xv sk -dp-i-fn sh- v \-S-Øp- -Xm-Wv. kw-ÿm-\ k-an-xn X-øm-dm- n-b tnm-zy-t]- -dn-\-\p-k-cn- m-bn-cn- pw ]- co-. Pn-, ta-j-e k-an-xn-iƒ- m-wv a -l-em-x-e ]-co- -bp-ss kw-lm-s-\ Np-a-X-e. ta-j-e-bn-se ]-co- m-ti- {μ-߃ ap -Iq- n \n- -bn- p-i-bpw Hm-tcm sk -dn-te- pw C -hn-pn-te- -am-sc \n-b-an- p-i-bpw th-ww. a - l-em-x-e ]-co- -bp-ss aq-ey-\n -W-bw Pn- m-x-e-øn aqey-\n -W-b Iymw-]p-Iƒ h-gn- \-S-Øn dn-kƒ- -v {]-Jym-]n-t - -Xm-Wv. a -l-em-x-e ]-co- -bn-se D- -X hn-p-bn-iƒ- v im-j, ta-j-e, Pn- I-Ωn- n-iƒ t{]m- m-l-\ k-ωm-\-ßfpw A-\p-tam-Z-\ kw-k-a-ß-fpw kw-l-sn- n-t - -Xm-Wv. kw-ÿm-\ k-an-xn-bn \n- pw tnm-zyt]- e-`n- p- a -l-e-iƒ:- a -l-e 1: kq-dx- A -^m-x-n-l, A -A-Av-em ap- X A- m-kv h-sc, A- m-kn-b-øv, A ap -Iv. a - l-e 2: kq-dx- A- -p-a, bm-ko, ep-izv-am.- a -l-e 3: kq-dx- A -aq-av-an-\q, A- -q, A -lp-p-dm-xv.- a - l-e 4: kq-dx- A-»-p-A-dm-Av, A -Izm-^v, A -Pp-ap-Ax-, A -ap-\m-^n-iz-q, \q-lv.- a -l-e 5: kq-dx- A -C-kvdm-Av, A-Ø-z-em-I-zv.- a -l-e 6: kq-dx- A -_-I-z-d.- a - l-e 7: kq-dx- B-ep-Cw-dm.- c-pn-kv-t{s-j Øn-bm- -Ww. Pn- m I -ho-\ -am sk-]v- w-_ 15\p ap-ºv ]-co- m ^o-kv Hm-^o-kn G -]-n- -Ww. hm -jn-i s]m-xp-]-co Iyp.F- v.f.f-kv hm -jn-i s]m-xp-]-co- \-hw-_ 18\v- (Rm-b ) cm-hn-se 10 a-wn ap-x 12 a-wn h-sc \-S-Øp- -Xm-Wv. hn-tz-i sk -dp-i-fn \-hw-_ 25 \v-(sh- n) B-bn-cn- pw.- A-am-\n au-e-hn-bp-ss X-^v-ko-dn-s - 29mw- Pp-kv-Av(X- _m-d-i)s\ A-Sn-ÿm-\-am- n-bp- H- tnm-zy t]- -dn-embn-cn- pw ]-co-. 10% tnm-zy-߃ Iyp.F- v.f.f-kv hnw-kv ]p-d- Øn-d- n-b ]mty-]- -Xn-bn -(ssk-uv) \n- m-bn-cn- pw. dm- v \n -W-b-Øn-\v ssa-\-kv am - v ]-cn-k-wn- p- -Xm-Wv. Iyp.F- v.f.f-kv sk -dp-iƒ X-s -bm-wv ]-co- ti-{μ-߃. Pn- m I -ho-\ -am Pn- -bn-se ]-co- ti-{μ-߃ t]m - -e-n Pq-sse 23\-Iw B-Uv sn-tø- - Xm-Wv. kw-ÿm-\ k-an-xn X-øm-dm- n-b c-pn-kv-t{s-j t^m -am- v D-]-tbm-Kn- p im-j-i-fn-se-bpw Iyp.F- v.f.fkv sk -dp-i-fn-se-bpw ap-gp-h ]Tn-Xm- -sf-bpw Hm-Kkv-dv 31 \-Iw c-pn-ã sn-tø- -Xm-Wv. im-j, ta-j-e, Pn- X-e-ß-fn ]-co- \-S-Øn- v Np-a-X-e Iyp.F- v.f.f-kv I -ho-\ -am - m-wv. Pn- I -ho-\ ap-tj-\-bm-wv tnm-zy-t]- hn-x-c-ww snøp- -Xv. D-Ø-c t]- -dp-iƒ `-{Z-am-bn ]m-bv- v sn-bv-xv ]-co- m-zn-h-kw X-s Pn- m I -ho-\ -am G- p hmßp-i-bpw ap-gp-h sk -d-p-i-fp-ss-bpw H- n- p \-hw-_- cv 19\v ssh-ip-t -cw 6 a-wn- v ap-ºm-bn Hm-^o-kn-se-Ønt - -Xm-Wv. Pn- m I -ho-\ -am ap-tj-\-b- m-sx D- Ø-c t]- -dp-iƒ kzo-i-cn- p- -X-. kw-ÿm-\ X-e-Øn 1,2,3 dm- p-iƒ t\-sp- -h - a -l-em-x-e ]-co- -Iƒ- pw hm -jn-i s]m-xp-]- v kw-ÿm-\ k-an-xn A-hm -Up-Iƒ \ -Ip- -Xm-Wv. ]- co- -Iƒ- pw H- -Ø-h-W c-pn-kv-t{s-j-\m-wv \n- -bn- n- co- -bn D- -X hn-p-bn-iƒ- v kw-ÿm-\ k-an-xn-bp-ss k - p- -Xv. im-jm X-e-ß-fn-epw Iyp.F- v.f.f-kv sk - n-^n- - p-iƒ \ -Ip- -Xm-Wv. hn-ip- Izp -B-\pw l- d-p-i-fn-epw {]-txy-iw X-øm-dm- n-b c-pn-kv-t{s-j t^m-ap- Zo-Y-p-I-fpw ]Tn- p ]-co- -s -Øp- ]Tn-Xm- ƒ- v Ip- I-fn ]Tn-Xm- -sf c-pn-ã sn-øp-i-bpw Xp-S - v ta-j-em -a- co-xn-bn ]-co- F-gp-Xm-\p- ku-i-cyw G -s]-s-p- I -ho-\ -am Hm-tcm sk -dn-se-bpw- ]-co- m -Y-n-I-sf Øm {]-txy-iw {i- n- -Ww. A- m-lp A-\p-{K-ln- -s. Hm -sse h-gn c-pn-ã sn-tø- -Xp-am-Wv. c-pn-kv-t{sj ^o-kv 30 cq-]-bm-wv. ta-j-em I -ho-\ -am sk- I -t{sm-f,- Iyp.F- v.f.f-kv ]v- w-_ 15\p ap-ºv Hm -sse-\n c-pn-kv-t{s-j ]q - hn-kv -Uw C-kvem-an-Iv bq-øv Hm -K-ss\-tk-j 33

34 C-_v-\p- A-en- F-S-Ø-\m- t\ ]Yw ImgvN k-\m-y-cm-b A-\m-Y-Iƒ B I-Æp-Iƒ F-hn-sS-tbm I- v ]-cn-n-b-ap- -Xv t]m-se txm- n. B sh-fp-øp-xp-s-ø ap- Jw H- m-si-bpw. I- n-en-s \m-en-sem- n-te- v Np-cp-ßn-bm-W-bmƒ In-S- p- -Xv. h-f- v Np-cpßn In-S- -bn-se ]p-x- n-\p- n-te- v H-Xp-ßn-bncn- p- p A-bmƒ. H-cp `m-kw X-f - p In-S- p- A-bm-sf ÿm-]-\-øn-s am-t\-p ]-cn-n-bs -Sp-Øn;- A-Uz-t -s - v. Hm -a- n-i-in- m-ø A- t±-lw X-f-cm-Ø h-e-xp ssi D-b- -Øn, ]n-s R-ß-sf ]-cn-n-b-s - p. R-ß-fp-sS {]-tz-i-sø A-bm-fp-sS ]-cn-n-b- m-sc- p-dn- v- A-t\z-jn- p. ]-Xn-sb A-t±-l-Øn-s i- -an-s-dn,- I-Æp-Iƒ \n-d- p. km-aq-ly-{]-h -Ø-I-\pw I-cp-W-bp- h- o-ep-am-bn-c-p- A-bm-sf ]-cn-n-cn- m Ip-Spw- _-Øn th- -s - -h-cn- m-ø-xn-\m-em-wv B Hmƒ-Uv G-Pv tlm-an A-bmƒ- F-Ø-s - -Xv. Iq-Sp-X t\-cw B Z-b-\o-b- ÿn-xn I- n-cn- m I-gn-bm-Ø-Xv sim- v ap-dn-bn \n- v ]pd-tø- v \-S- p. B-dv t]-c-s-ßn-b R-ß-fn-se aq- v t]-cpw A- m-c-w-øm X-s t\-c-sø ap-dn-hn- n-cp- p. h- o-en-s\ F-hn-sS-sh- m-wv I- -sx- v Hm -an- m {i-an- p. Xn-c- v ]n-sn- tdm- Un sh- m-twm, A-tXm tim-s-xn- v k-ao-]- sø C-Sp-ßn-b h-gn-bn-em-twm ]p- n-cn-sb-dn- v sim- v [r-xn-bn \-S- p-t]m-bn-cp- A-bm-sf Rm I- n-cp- -Xv?- Ip-Spw-_-sam-Øv sn-dn-b H-cp bm-{x-bn-em-wv A-ß-s\ H-cm-i-bw h- -Xv. aq-ø a-i-s B-Zyh-cp-am-\-Øn \n- v, ]-cn-io-e-øn-s `m-k-am-bn e-`n- p- ssã-] n \n- v H-cp sn-e-hv. A-Xv A-i-c-W-cp-sS A-Øm-Wn-bm-b H-cp ÿm-]-\- Øn H-cp \mƒ `- -Ww \ -In-bm-hmw,- A-htcm-sSm-Øv H-cp t\-cw `- -Ww I-gn- mw F- v- Xo-cp-am-\n- p.- `m-cy-bpw c- v a- -fpw A-Sp-Ø c- v Iq- p-im-cp-sam-øm-wv H-cp ssh-ip-t -c-a-hnss-sb-øn-b-xv. B-Wpw- s]-æp-am-bn A-º-Xn-\- Sp-Øp- v A-t -hm-kn-iƒ. i-co-cw ]m-ss X-f - p In-S- p- -h Ip-d-hm- Wv. ssi, Im A-h-i-X-Iƒ A-\p-`-hn- p- h Ip-d- p- v. {]m-b-øn-s B-Ip-e-X-I-fpw {]- bm-k-ß-fpw A-\m-Y-Xz-hpw A-e- p- -h-cm-wv Iq- Sp-X. a-\- n-s \n-b-{ -Ww ssi-hn- v t]m-ip- - sn-dp- - m-cn-i-fp-ap- v A- q- -Øn. ÿm-]-\-øn-se Po-h-\- m Hm-tcm-cp-Ø-scbpw hn-i-z-am-bn- \m-spw ho-spw k-hn-ti-j-x-i-fpw hn-h-cn- v ]-cn-n-b-s -Sp-Øn.- ]-cn-n-cn- m ho- n B-fn- m-ø-xn-\m, A-Y-hm A-h-sc ]-cn-]m-en- m ho- n-en-cp- m sxm-gn-en-\v t]m-im-\m-hmsx Ip-Spw-_w sam-øw ] nwnbmhpw. R-ß-sf A-Sp-Øv hn-fn- v ho- p-hn-ti-j-߃ tnm-zn- p-sim- n-cp- p. B-Zy-am-bn Im-Wp-I-bmsW- -tx-m C-\n-sbm-cn- -epw Im-Wm-sa- {]- Xo- -bn-s - -txm A-h-sc ]n -Xn-cn- n-. I-q-Sq-X t\-cw A-h -s -m- w sn-e-h-gn- m ss[-cyw In- m-ø-xv sim- v ]p-d-øn-d-ßn.- lu-kv k -P -kn sn-øp- -Xv sim- m-hmw aq-ø-a-i ho- pw A-h-tcm-Sv Im-cy-߃, Im-cy-am-b ss -j- \n- m-sx tnm-zn- -dn- p-sim- n-cp- p. Hm-^o-kn a-i H-cp-\m-f-sØ sn-e-hn-\v ]-W-a-S- p.- Iq-sS h- tpy-jv-t- kp-lr-øv H-cp A- - kw-jy kw- `m-h-\ -\ -In ]-Xn-hv t]m-se R-ß-sf -sr- n- p. ]-Ww, Ip-Spw-_w, tpm-en, B-tcm-Kyw, ]-Z-hn, kzm-[o-\-߃ F- mw \n-jv-^-e-am-bn-t m-ip- Nne A-h-k-c-߃ B - pw h-t - m-sa- k- tμ-i-am-wv B bm-{x ]-I - p- \ -In-b-Xv.- "C-S- v h-c-ww, A-h-sc kv-t\-l-tøm-ss X- tem-s-ww, A-h-tcm-Sv hn-ti-jw ]-d- v Iq-sS-bncn- -Ww ]-W-sØ- mƒ A-h-c-Xm-Wv Iq-Sp-X B-{K-ln- p- -Xv'- \-S-Øn- p-im-c-s hm- p-iƒ s]-s -s m- pw a-d- m I-gn-bn-. 34

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