! "#$%&'( )'*#+,&-.-& / $ %12' 2&.&-.6 12µ*-

Transcript

1 !"#$%& '!()&*$& +&,-(!.#!$& ).&,/ +&,$($%0# '/.1#$%0# (&'!1) 1#"20+$)($%0# & %&$#0#$%0#!+$)(/'0# & 3$%1$&-! "#$%&'( )'*#+,&-.-& / $ %12' 2&.&-.6 12µ*- 7&840µ-1&.9 )#+-%:- 1(; <2&191#&-; =-%&4&.9; >-.#9 : A. E-1F282B42C GF:.-, D-@(+91#&- )8&34*82'1,; : H. >(4&6; & I. J,#-%:µ2C?@9'- 2011

2

3 !"#$%& '$(#)*!"#$%µ&'"() *+,&-.& «!"#$%&' (&)"*+%, -,%./012130,4-# $01& 1%-%,-5 01µ),» +&,-. /&01#1,. 2341,5 +"(0561) 7)#*("84"$)!8)#. 7)#1(1,94 +:8&41,

4 2*8&-10($";!() 0:µ"$) &*(5 3&.3"#& 4& "*8&-10(.0< 3"-µ= A1%=,(<- 2+7,&1 (:4,. B&(C)D)E#)*-'C$,& F&3:G.(-1& 2+7, G1& (:4 &4=3"0: (:; D&-)E0&; %1D#<µ&(1,.; "-G&0$&;,&39;,&1 G1& (:4 D)#E(1µ: 6).3"1&,&1 =H)G: 0*4"-G&0$& D)* "$8&µ",&(= (: %1=-,"1& (:; ",D54:0:; &*(.;. 2D$0:; "$µ&1 "*G49µ<4 0()4?$#) µ)* F<40(&4($4) ')#1=, 7)#1(1,5 +:8&41,5,&1 +:8&41,5 /1901µ)* I-81(",()41,)E!8"%1&0µ)E, G1& (1; D)#E(1µ"; 0*µ6)*#>; ()*,&35#: (: %1=-,"1& %1"J&G<G.; (:4 "-G&0$&; &*(.;,&39;,&1 G1& (: 6).3"1&,&1 (:4,&3)%.G:0. ()* 0",&$-1& 0:µ"$&. F&1 (>#); 3&.3"#& 4& "*8&-10(.0< ()4 0E4(-)?5 µ)* 7>(-) G1& 5#: (:4 *D)0(.-1J: D)* µ)* D&-"$8" 0" 0(1Gµ>; D)* () "$8& &4=G,:,&39;,&1 G1& (:4,&(&45:0: D)* >%"1J" 5#) &*(5 () %1=0(:µ&.!()*; 7>(-),&1 F<40(&4($4)

5 7"-1"85µ"4&!"#$%& /+0$1, $&"1 1 *789:;:< 1.1 =$"12 (&" :> <$"&(0!?@&µ"( <$"&() 9('"@1A1$.& -'>@ *#"56@4"& '>2 :> <$"&() :4%µ4'+.& B"A$"1,+&5.& 345&$&.1? $&"1 2 *CD73< DEFEC*879 :79 G78 9/* 2.1 /&+1?-.&-> '1? D0µ1? 3468,"& '>@ <$4('+1#&+&,%,) &#0 9/* :4@"( HI4"& /&+&,%,)2 <$4('+"()2 *@J+,4"& HI4"& *,(&'6-'&-> HI4"& K4"'1?+,.& L@'&M> 8'&NµO@ PµA&-> /O$>->2 <$4('+"()2 *@J+,4"& G"µ1$0,>-> <$4('+"()2 *@J+,4"& *,,P>-> /+1J$4?->2 <$4('+"()2 *@J+,4"& *"I"(0 GJ$12 8'&NµO@ <$4('+1#&+&,%,) !"&I"(&-.42 9I4"1I0'>->2 Q%'1A1$'&R(1P -?-')µ&' #&"'1Pµ4@42 4@J+,4"42

6 &I4"1I0'>-> S#1A1$) TJI"1 *"I"(1P /$&"-.1? U%+1'&M"(1P 8T4I"&-µ1P (&" 94"50+1? '"2 9/* "')+"& U%+1NJ'>-> "')+"& U%+1NJ'>-> (+"')+"& *"I"(6 (+"')+"& >#4"+%'"() TO+& *"I"(6 (+"')+"& 9''"() *"I"(6 (+"')+"& TO *"I"(6 (+"')+"& -'1 N&$6--"1 TO *"I"(6 (+"')+"& -'" EI>,.42,"& *,(&'6-'&-> 7-TP12 J%2 100 kwp &#0 9,+0' B"A$"1,+&5.& 345&$&.1? $&"1 3 Q;GEBEKG9V39 8S8G<F9G9 3.1 :4@"( /$41@4(')µ&'& (&" F4"1@4(')µ&'& /&,(0-µ"& 9, &'>,1+.42 Q%'1A1$'&R(O@ 8?-'>µ6'%@ B"A$"1,+&5.& 345&$&.1? 73

7 3456$&"1 4 *CD73< DEFEC*879 :79 G<D *:39G98G98< Q;GEBEKG9V3;D 4.1 /&+1?-.&-> '>2 S / 2010 (Q*3 1556B / ),"& '1?2 *"I"(1P2 W+1?2 *,(&'6-'&->2 Q/B (&" </C 8?-'>µ6'%@ -4 3'.+"& (&" :)#4I& *('02 8T4I.1? /4+"1TO@ *,(&'6-'&-> QB -4,)#4I& 4('02 -T4I.1? #4+"1TO@ *,(&'6-'&-> QB -4 ('.+"& 4('02 -T4I.1? #4+"1TO@ /&+1?-.&-> '>2 S / 2010 (Q*3 376B / ),"& '1?2 *"I"(1P2 W+1?2 *,(&'6-'&->2 Q/B (&" </C 8?-'>µ6'%@ -4 3'.+"& (&" :)#4I& *@'02 8T4I.1? /4+"1TO@ *,(&'6-'&-> QB (&" <C -?-'>µ6'%@ -4 1"(0#4I& 4@'02 -T4I.1? #4+"1TO@ (&" 4@'02 1"("-µO@ *,(&'6-'&-> QB (&" <C 8?-'>µ6'%@ -4 /&+&I1-"&(1P2 E"("-µ1P2, 7-'1+"(6 Gµ)µ&'& /0$4%@ (&"!"&'>+>'J& 3'.+"& /&+1?-.&-> '%@ 3S / ::175 / 2009 (Q*3 1079B / ) (&" Q1 / / 2010 (Q*3 1557B / ),"& '1 *"I"(0 /+0,+&µµ& 9@6#'?M>2 QB 8?-'>µ6'%@ 7-TP12 J%2 10 kwp -4 3'"+"&(J2 *,(&'&-'6-4" :4@"(1. 0+1" /+1X#1NJ-4"2 J@'&M>2 -'1 #+0,+&µµ& W+1" 4,(&'6-'&->2 QB -?-')µ&' P@I4-> QB 8?-')µ&'12 µ4 '1!.('? B"A$"1,+&5.& 345&$&.1? 87

8 3456$&"1 5 9DG73*Y9SD73< /YE8G9879 QB 397 C*YFEFED;8< 5.1 /+1-'&-.& '%@ 3'"+"&(O@ QB 8?-'>µ6'%@ &#0 S#4+'6-4"2 9@'"(4+&?@"() /+1-'&-.& G?#"(0 8P-'>µ& <$4('+"()2 *,(&'6-'&->2!"&-?@I4I4µJ@1? 3'"+"&(1P Q%'1A1$'&R(1P 8?-')µ&' C4+µ1µ1@%'"() /+1-'&-.& G&+6'-& B"A$"1,+&5.& 345&$&.1? $&"1 6 9Z7EKE:<8< */*D!S8<8 QB 8S8G<F9G;D 8* EYEQ< 3G7Y7ES 6.1 *#J@I?-> -4 3&'1"(.& 9?'0@1µ1? QB 8?-')µ&' *#J@I?->2-4 3&'1"(.& 8?@I4I4µJ@1? QB 8?-')µ&' B"A$"1,+&5.& 345&$&.1? $&"1 7 8SF/*Y98F9G9 - /YEG98* ?µ#4+6-µ&'& /+1'6-4"2 132 /9Y9YG<F9G9 /&+6+'>µ& 9 : S /&+6+'>µ& B : DEFE8 3468/2006 /&+6+'>µ& : : 9+. /+%': ::: 175/ B7BK7E:Y9Q79

9

10 !"#$%&%'! "#$%&'# ($)#'*# #"%+(,(* +-. #"#/+%&µ(.- 0/",1µ#+/23 ($)#'*# +-4 5%/+3+$/#4 6. 7#2$ %,34 :%,/+/2;. 7-9#./2;. +%< =>./2%& :%,<+(9.(*%<. =2"%.3>-2( <"? B.C#+D%"%&,%< ED*2#, F#>-)3+$/# '+- 89%,3 =5#$µ%'µG.1. 7#>-µ#+/2;. & H<'/2;. ="/'+-µ;., E%µG#4 B.>$1"/'+/2;. & F%/.1./2;. ="/'+-µ;. & I/2#*%<. ()*+,-.µ-)% : 8+- 0/",1µ#+/23 (J($(<.K+#/ +% >Gµ# %@%,+#L2;. '<'+-µk+1. "%< G9%<. #.#"+<9>(* +# +(,(<+#*# 9$?./#, '+/4 +(9.%,%)*(4, '+/4 (5#$µ%)G4?"14 2#/ '+/4.%µ%>('*(4 "%< <"K$9%<. )/# +-. "#$K)1)- -,(2+$/234 (.G$)(/#4 µg'1 #<+;. +1. '<'+-µk+1.. ="*'-4 "#$#>G+(+#/ G.# "#$K0(/)µ# %/2%.%µ/234 µ(,g+-4 #J/%,?)-'-4 ("G.0<'-4 '( 2#+%/2*# '<.0(0(µG.%< H/6 '<'+3µ#+%4. /,%0#' : 82%"?4 +-4 "#$%&'#4 ($)#'*#4 (*.#/.# #"%+(,G'(/ G.# 2*.-+$% )/# +-. '+$% '&)9$%.-4 2%/.1.*#4 '+/4 #.#.(;'/µ(4 "-)G4 (.G$)(/#4 2#/.# #.#0(*J(/ +# "%,,#",K %5G,- +-4 ()2#+K'+#'-4 (.?4 51+%@%,+#L2%& '<'+3µ#+%4 '+/4 '+G)(4 µ#4. 1-2%3%$%&.4 : F#+K +-. (2"?.-'- +-4 ($)#'*#4 - µg>%0%4 "%< 9$-'/µ%"%/3>-2( (*.#/ - G$(<.# #"? +% )(./2? "$%4 +% (/0/2?. 8<)2(2$/µG.# #$9/2K )*.(+#/ #.#5%$K )(./2K '+/4 #.#.(;'/µ(4 "-)G4 (.G$)(/#4, &'+($# #.#,&%.+#/ +# 51+%@%,+#L2K '<'+3µ#+# 14 µg$%4 +1. #.#.(;'/µ1. "-);. (.G$)(/#4 2#/ +G,%4 0/($(<.;.+#/ +# 51+%@%,+#L2K '<'+3µ#+# '+%. %/2/#2? +%µg# 14 µ/# 2#+-)%$*# +1. (5#$µ%); %@%,+#L2;. '<'+-µk+1.. 1

11 !5&6' : M/# +-. (2"?.-' /",1µ#+/234 µ%< ($)#'*#4 9$-'/µ%"%/3>-2#. "$1+?+<"(4 "-)G4?"14 (,,-./23 2#/ 2#>;4 2#/ "($/%0/2K 2#/ (2>G'(/4 "%< (*9#. '9G'- µ( +% "$%4 0/($(&.-'- >Gµ#. ="*'-4 G)/.( 9$3' ,(2+$%./2;. '(,*01. +%< N"%<$)(*%< :($/@K,,%.+%4 =.G$)(/#4 & F,/µ#+/234 B,,#)34 2#>;4 2#/ K,,1. "%,& 9$3'/µ1. /'+%'(,*01.. EG,%4 /0/#*+($# '-µ#.+/2g4 "-)G4 #"%+G,('#. "$%5%$/2G4 '<.(.+(&J(/4 "%< (*9# µ( Gµ"(/$%<4 µ-9#./2%&4 2#/ µ( ("/9(/$-µ#+*(4 "%< 0$#'+-$/%"%/%&.+#/ '+% 9;$% +-4 (.G$)(/#4 2#/ +-4 ()2#+K'+#'-4 51+%@%,+#L2;. '+%. %/2/#2?, 2#/?9/ µ?.%, +%µg#.!-"+-7#µ-)% : :/% '<)2(2$/µG.# - 0%µ3 +-4 ($)#'*#4 (*.#/ 2#+#.(µ-µG.- '( 7 2(5K,#/#. E% 8-9:$4+% 1 µ( +*+,% «=/'#)1)3» ('. 5 16) #.#5G$(+#/ )(./2K '+- '-µ($/.3 (.($)(/#23 2#+K'+#'- '( "#)2?'µ/% ("*"(0%.! #&J-'- +-4 (.($)(/#234 D3+-'-4, '( '<.0<#'µ? µ( +-. (JK.+,-' <'/2;. "?$1. (./'9&%<. +% #*+-µ# 2%/.1./2? "$%5*, "%<.# 9#$#2+-$*D(+#/ #"? (J%/2%.?µ-'- +-4 (.G$)(/#4 2#/ '(@#'µ? "$%4 +% "($/@K,,%..! -,/#23 (.G$)(/# (*.#/ µ/# #.(JK.+,-+- "-)3 (.G$)(/#4 "%< µ"%$(*.# #J/%"%/->(* '+% ).1$*D%.+#4 #$9/2K 2K"%/(4 #"? +/4 "#$#µg+$%<4 +/4?"%< "#$%<'/KD%.+#/ '( #<+? +% 2(5K,#/%. E% 8-9:$4+% 2 µ( +*+,% «=>./23 O%µ%>('*# )/# +/4 B:=» (' ) #.#5G$(+#/ '+/4.%µ%>('*(4 "%< <"K$9%<. '9(+/2K µ( +/4 #.#.(;'/µ(4 "-)G4 (.G$)(/#4 (B.:.=) '+-. =,,K0# 2#/ '<)2(2$/µG.# )*.(+#/ µ/# '<.%"+/23 "#$%<'*#'- +%<.?µ%< 3468 )/# +-. -,(2+$%"#$#)1)3 #"? B:= 2#>;4 2#/ +%< '9(0*%< (/0/2%& ",#/'*%< 91$%+#J/2%& '9(0/#'µ%& 2#/ #(/5?$%< #.K"+<J-4 )/# +/4 B:=. E% 8-9:$4+% 3 µ( +*+,% «H1+%@%,+#L2K 8<'+3µ#+#» (' ) "#$%<'/KD(/ 2#/ #.#,&(/ +# 51+%@%,+#L2K '<'+3µ#+#, +/4 #$9G4,(/+%<$)*#4 +%<4, %/ 0/K5%$%/ +&"%/ 51+%@%,+#L2;. '<'+-µk+1. 2#>;4 2#/ +# ",(%.(2+3µ#+# 2#/ µ(/%.(2+3µ#+# +%<4. 2

12 E% 8-9:$4+% 4 µ( +*+,% «=>./23 O%µ%>('*# )/# +-. =)2#+K'+#'- H1+%@%,+#L2;.» (' ) #.#5G$(+#/ '+/4 <"%<$)/2G4 #"%5K'(/4, "%< #"%+(,%&. 1>-+3$/# 0&.#µ- '+- 0/K0%'- 2#/ #.K"+<J %@%,+#L2;. '+# 2+*$/#. 8<)2(2$/µG.# "#$%<'/KD(+#/ '<.%"+/2K - NB 36720/2010 (H=F 3766/ ) )/# +%<4 (/0/2%&4?$%<4 ()2#+K'+#'-4 51+%@%,+#L2;. 2#/ -,/%>($µ/2;. '<'+-µk+1. '( 2+*$/# 2#/ )3"(0# (.+?4 '9(0*%< "($/%9;. 2#/ '( %/2/'µ%&4 2#/ - #.+*'+%/9- )/# 2+*$/# 2#/ )3"(0# (2+?4 '9(0*%< "($/%9; '<.G9(/# "#$%<'/KD(+#/ FNB 12323/MM175/2009 (H=F 10796/ ) )/# +% (/0/2? "$?)$#µµ# #.K"+<J-4 51+%@%,+#L2;. '<'+-µk+1. /'9&%4 G14 10 kwp '( 2+/$/#2G4 ()2#+#'+K'(/4. F#/ +G,%4 #.#,&%.+#/ "%< #"#/+%&.+#/.# )*.%<. )/# +- '&.0('- (.?4 51+%@%,+#L2%& '<'+3µ#+%4 µ( +% 0*2+<%. E% 8-9:$4+% 5 µ( +*+,% «B.+2($#<./23 :$%'+#'*# H6 2#/ P($µ%µ?.1'-» (' ) #.#5G$(/ +-. #.K)2- )/# #.+/2($#<./23 "$%'+#'*# +1. H/6 '<'+-µk+1. "K.1 '( '+G)(4 2+/$*1. 2#>;4 2#/ +-. >($µ%µ?.1'- "%< "#$G9%<. #<+K '+/4 2+/$/#2G4 2#+#'2(<G4. E% 8-9:$4+% 6 µ( +*+,% «BJ/%,?)-'- ="G.0<'-4 H6 8<'+-µK+1. '( Q$%53 F+/$*%<» (' ) "#$%<'/KD(/ #.#,<+/2K µ/# %/2%.%µ/23 #J/%,?)-'- ("G.0<'-4 '( 2#+%/2*# #<+?.%µ%< H/6 '<'+3µ#+%4 2#/ G.# "#$K0(/)µ# %/2%.%µ/234 #J/%,?)-'-4 ("G.0<'-4 '( 2#+%/2*# '<.0(0(µG.%< H/6 '<'+3µ#+%4 µ( #,->3 %/2%.%µ/2K '+%/9(*#. E% 8-9:$4+% 7 µ( +*+,% «8<µ"($K'µ#+# - :$%+K'(/4» (' ) #.#5G$(/ '<µ"($k'µ#+# 2#/ "$%+K'(/4 '+# %"%*# 2#+G,-J# "K.1 '+# 51+%@%,+#L2K '<'+3µ#+# )(./2K 2#/ (/0/2K '+%. %/2/#2? +%µg# 2#>;4 2#/ +# %5G,- "%< µ"%$(*.# G9(/ 2K"%/%4 #"? +-. ()2#+K'+#'- (.?4 H/6 '<'+3µ#+%4 '+- '+G)- +%<. ="*'-4 '+% +G,%4 "#$#>G+1 "$%+K'(/4 )/# +-4 "#$%&'#4 2#+K'+#'-4 2#/ )/# +-. 0/(<2?,<.' /#0/2#'/;.. 3

13 (H / 6), - +(9.%,%)*# "%< µ(+#+$g"(/ +% -,/#2? 514 Kµ('# '( -,(2+$/23 (.G$)(/#, G9(/ #.#"+<9>(* 0$#µ#+/2K +# +(,(<+#*# 9$?./#. 7%.#0/2K µ(+#j& +1. #.#.(;'/µ1. "-);. (.G$)(/#4 '+-. #,,-,("*0$#'3 +%<4 µ( +% 0%µ-µG.% "($/@K,,%., +# H/6 G9%<. )*.(/ µg$% #>-µ($/.34 (µ"(/$*#4 +1. "%,/+;. +1. #.("+<)µg.1. 91$;. 2#>;4 (2#+%µµ&$/# H / 6 ",#*'/# ()2#>*'+#.+#/ '+/4 '+G)(4 +1. '"/+/;. 2#/ '( "$%'?A(/4 2+/$*1.. Q/ K.>$1"%/ "%< D%<. '( -,/?,%<'+(4 9;$(4 ># 2#+%/2%&.?,% 2#/ "($/''?+($% '( -,/#2K '"*+/# 3 >#,#µ@k.%<.?,% 2#/ "($/''?+($% +-. -,(2+$/23 +%<4 (.G$)(/# #"? µ()k,(4 ()2#+#'+K'(/4 51+%@%,+#L234 (.G$)(/#4. :%,,G4 2<@($.3'(/4 '(?,% +%. 2?'µ% (*.#/ ",G%. "$?><µ(4.# "$%1>3'%<. +-. #.#.(;'/µ- -,(2+$/23 (.G$)(/# 14 G.# %<'/#'+/2? µg$%4 +-4 '&.>(' (.($)(/#2;. "-);. +%< 21 % #/;.#, 2#/ +# H/6 G9%<. 0$%µ%,%)->(* ;'+(.# G9%<. G.# '<.#$"#'+/2? µg,,%. '( K"(/$(4 (5#$µ%)G4. 4

14 8-9:$4+% ;<=>/ 8(=?; 7"#*.%<µ( '( µ/#.g# -,/#23 )(./K. 8+# +(,(<+#*# (2#+? 9$?./# %/ K.>$1"%/ G9%<. 9$-'/µ%"%/3'(/ %$<2+K 2#&'/µ# "%< G,#@#. "($*"%< G14 2#/ 400 (2#+%µµ&$/# 9$?./# )/#.# '9-µ#+/'+%&. 2#/.# #"%>-2(<+%&. <"?)(/#. :$G"(/.# 2#+#@K,%<µ( +;$# +($K'+/# "$%'"K>(/# - +(9.%,%)/23 2#/ "%,/+/23 '+-,(/+%<$)*# (.($)(/#2;. '<'+-µk+1. "%< 9$-'/µ%"%/%&. +-. (.G$)(/# +%< R,/%< "/% Kµ('#. =*.#/ µ/# #"? +/4 "/% (µ".(<'µg.(4 "$%2,3'(/4 "%< #.+/µ(+1"*d%<. %/ µ-9#./2%* 2#/ %/ ("/'+3µ%.(4 +%< '3µ($# 2#/ µ/# #J/?,%)- "%$(*# '+#0/%0$%µ*#4 )/# +-. ("?µ(.- )(./K. E# H1+%@%,+#L2K '<'+3µ#+# (PV), +% >Gµ# #< /",1µ#+/234, (*.#/ µ/# #"? +/4 '<.#$"#'+/2G4.G(4 +(9.%,%)*(4 "%< 30- 2#+(<><.>%&µ( "$%4 G.# -,/#2? µg,,%.. Q/ "($/''?+($%/ "%,/+/2%* 2#/ "%,/+/2%* '&µ@%<,%/ '<µ51.%&.?+/ µ/# µ#d/23 '+$%53 '+-. (.($)(/#23 "%,/+/23 (*.#/ #"#$#*+-+- (K. >G,%<µ( % ",#.3+-4 M-.# "#$#µ(*.(/ 2#/ µ(+k +%. 21% #/;.# ("*"(0#. B<+? 0(. (*.#/ #",;4 >Gµ# +1. #"%>(µk+1. 2#<'*µ1.. S9(/ )*.(/ '#5G4?+/, #2?µ- 2#/ #. +# (.,?)1 #"%>(µ#+/2k 3+#. #"($/?$/'+#, 0(. ># µ"%$%&'#µ(.# '<.(9*'%<µ(.# +# 2#*µ( µ( #+/µ1$-'*#. E% #"%+G,('µ# +1. (2"%µ";. 0/%J(/0*%< +%< K.>$#2# 2#/ - #&J-'- +-4 <"($>G$µ#.'-4 +%< ",#.3+- '9(0?. '*)%<$# ># %0-)3'%<. '( '-µ#.+/23 "($/@#,,%.+/23 2$*'-. S+'/, % 2*.0<.%4 >(1$(*+#/ ",G%. 14 G.# 0*2%"% µ#9#*$/: #"? +- µ*# ",(<$K - (JK.+,-'- +1. %$<2+;. 2#<'*µ1. 2#/ #"? +-. K,,- - #<J#.?µ(.- #0<.#µ*# +%< 5<'/2%& 2?'µ%<.# #"%$$%53'(/ +/4 (2"%µ"G4 "%< "$%2#,%&.+#/ #"? +-. 2#&'- 2#<'*µ1.. 5

15 :*'1 '+- 0(2#(+*# +%< 1970 <"3$9( "%,& µ/2$3 (<#/'>-+%"%*-'- )/# +/4 (.($)(/#2G4 "-)G4. 2?'µ% (*9#µ( '<.->*'(/ '+-. /0G#?+/ - -,(2+$/23 (.G$)(/# "#$K)(+#/ '( µ()k,%<4 2(.+$/2%&4 '+#>µ%&4 "#$#)1)34 -,(2+$/234 (.G$)(/#4 2#/ 0/#.Gµ(+#/ '( ($)%'+K'/#, )$#5(*#, 2#/ '"*+/# µg'1 0/2+&%< #"? µ#2$/k ($9?µ(.# 2#,;0/#. B$2(+%* K.>$1"%/ 0(. (*9#. 2#µ*# /0G# )/# +% ";4 - -,(2+$/23 (.G$)(/#, "%< >(1$%&'#. 14 0(0%µG.%, (*9( "#$#9>(*, 3?+/ - 2#&'- K.>$#2#, "(+$(,#*%< 2#/ 5<'/2%& #($*%< 3+#. - #/+*# 0-µ/%<$)*#4 "#)2?'µ/1. "($/@#,,%.+/2;. "$%@,-µk+1.. E% "$?@,-µ# (*.#/?+/ - '&)9$%.- 2%/.1.*# 0(. >G+(/ +%. (#<+? µg$% &'-4, #,,K 14 µ/# (J1+($/23 0&.#µ- "%< ("/0/;2(/.# +-. 2<$/#$93'(/ 2#/.# +- 2#+#2+3'(/. F#/ (*.#/ - A(<0#*'>-'- +1. #"($/?$/'+1. (J%<'/;. "%< #"%$$G%<. #"? +-. #.#µ5/'@3+-+- ("/+<9*#, (.?4 µ()k,%< µg$%<4 +-4 '&)9$%.-4 +(9.%,%)*#4, "%< (*.#/ #/+*# +1. '-µ($/.;. 0<'2%,/;. µ#4. :/% '<)2(2$/µG.#, #"%+<)9K.%<µ( '+%.# 0/#2$*.%<µ( +# %5G,- µ(+#j& +1. '<./'+1';. +%< 2(5#,#*%< 2#/ +1. ('?01. #"? +%<4 "?$%<4 +-4 M-4. C$-'/µ%"%/%&µ( +% 2(5K,#/%-2%/+K'µ#+# "(+$(,#*%< 2#/ #($*%<, '#..# (*.#/ '+#>($? (/'?0-µ#. B,,K '+-. "$#)µ#+/2?+-+# (*.#/ µ/#4 2#/ µ?.% 5%$K4 2(5K,#/%. M/# +% 2#,? +%< :,#.3+- M- 2#/ +1. µ(,,%.+/2;. )(.(;. G9%<µ( #$9*'(/.# 2K.%<µ( 0/K2$/'- µ(+#j& 2(5#,#*%< 2#/ (/'%03µ#+%4, 2#>;4 2#/.# ("(.0&%<µ( µ#d/2k '( +(9.%,%)*(4 #.#.(;'/µ1. "-);. (.G$)(/#4 - '<µ"($/,#µ@#.%µg.1. -,/#234, #/%,/234 2#/ 2<µ#+/234 0&.#µ-4 - "%< "#$K)%<. -,(2+$/23 (.G$)(/# 91$*4 (2"%µ"G4 0/%J(/0*%< +%< K.>$#2#. E# %$<2+K 2#&'/µ# "%< "#$K9>-2#. #"? +-. -,/#23 (.G$)(/# 2#+K +- 0/K$2(/# (2#+%.+K01. (2#+%µµ<$*1. (+;. "$G"(/ '*)%<$#.# >(1$->%&. 14 2(5K,#/%, - #2+/.%@%,*# +%< R,/%< "%< 0(9?µ#'+( µg$# µ( +- µg$#, 9$?.% µ( +% 9$?.%, 2#/ #/;.# '( #/;.#, (*.#/?.+14 (,(&>($% (/'?0-µ# +% %"%*% µ"%$(*.# 9$-'/µ%"%/->(* 3.# #).%->(*?"14 ("/><µ%&µ(. B<+K +# G'%0# #.#µg.(+#/.# G9%<. 0/K$2(/# )/# 0/'(2#+%µµ&$/# 9$?./#. E*"%+# 0(. (*.#/ «9#µG.%» 3 µ"%$(*.# (J#.+,->(* (K. 0(. 6

16 +% 9$-'/µ%"%/%&µ( µ( +% '2("+/2??+/ ># <"K$9(/ )/# "K.+# (2(* %&+14 3 K,,14.! "$?2,-'- )/# +% µg,,%. (*.#/.# #J/%"%/->%&. #"%+(,('µ#+/2k %/ #.#.(;'/µ(4 "-)G4 (.G$)(/#4, % '9(0/#'µ?4 2#/ - 0-µ/%<$)*# #"%0%+/2;. 2#/ (µ".(<'µg.1. µ-9#.;. "%< ># <"-$(+%&. +-. #.>$1"?+-+# 91$*4?µ14.# T#"(.($)%"%/%&. +%. ",# Q R,/%4 #"%+(,(*+#/ #"? 80% <0$%)?.% (!2), 19% 3,/% (He) 2#/ +% <"?,%/"% 1% (*.#/ µ(*)µ# "($/''%+G$1. #"? µ/2;. '+%/9(*1..! >($µ%2$#'*# '+% ('1+($/2? +%< (2+/µK+#/?+/ (*.#/ +-4 +KJ( Kelvin.! #2+/.%@%,%&µ(.- (.G$)(/# #"? +-. ("/5K.(/K +%< "$%G$9(+#/ #"? >($µ%"<$-./2g4 #.+/0$K'(/4 "%< (*.#/ (J;>($µ(4 2#/ )*.%.+#/ '+% ('1+($/2? +%<. 8+/4 #.+/0$K'(/4 #<+G4 )*.(+#/ µ(+#+$%"3 +%< <0$%)?.%< '( 3,/% 2#/ "#$#)1)3 (.G$)(/#4 µ( $<>µ? 4 (2#+%µµ&$/# +?.%<4 +% 0(<+($?,("+%.! '&'+#'- +%< 5#*.(+#/ '+% "#$#2K+1 '93µ#.!"#µ$ 1.1: :2%,46 $;$/,$' 7

17 I(0%µG /#µG+$%< d 2#/ +-4 5#/.?µ(.-4 >($µ%2$#'*#4 +%< T, - /'9&4 P "%< #2+/.%@%,(*+#/ #"? +-. ("/5K.(/K +%< µ"%$(*.# (2+/µ->(*?+/ (*.#/: V"%< ' (*.#/ - '+#>($K Boltzman. P =" d 2' T 4 = 3,8U1023kW B"? +-. /'9& #<+3 - )- µ"%$(*.# >(1$->(*?+/ 0G9(+#/, '( G.# µg)/'+% 2&2,% +-4, "($*"%< 1,7U1014kW. M/#.# #.+/,-5>%&µ( +% +($K'+/% µg)(>%4 #< /'9&%4 #$2(*.# #.#,%)/'+%&µ(?+/ - (.G$)(/# "%< ># 0(9>(* )/# µ/# ;$# - )-, ># µ"%$%&'( >(1$-+/2K.# 2#,&A(/?,(4 +/4 (+3'/(4 (.($)(/#2G4 2#+#.#,;'(/ #+%*21. +%< ",#.3+-. H#*.(+#/?+/ +% µ?.% "%< 9$(/KD(+#/.# 2K.%<µ( )/# +- µ(+#+$%" %/.1.*#4 +1. "%,/+;. «#"? +%. K.>$#2# '+-. -,/#23» (*.#/.# #J/%"%/3'%<µ( G'+1 2#/ G.# µ/2$? "%'%'+? #"? #<+? +% +($K'+/% 0<.#µ/2?. W'+?'%, 9$(/KD(+#/ "$%'%93.! ",(/%A-5*# +-4 -,/#234 #2+/.%@%,*#4 "G5+(/ +%<4 12(#.%&4. FK"%/# 0/#2?"+(+#/ #"? '&..(5# 2#/ "%,& "($/''?+($- 5+K.(/ '( 9$?.%<4 3 +?"%<4. Vµ14, #2?µ- 2#/?+#.?,# #<+K,#µ@K.%.+#/ <"?A-, (*.#/ '#5G4?+/ % 3,/%4 (*.#/ G.#4 2#+#",-2+/2?4 (<($)G+-4. Q/ (<2#/$*(4 )/# +-. #J/%"%*-'- +-4 (.G$)(/#4 +%<, (*+( Kµ('# #"? +% 514 +%< 3,/%< (*+( Gµµ('# #"? +%. K.(µ%, +# 2&µ#+#, <0$%-,(2+$/2K 5#*.(+#/.# "($/%$*D%.+#/ µ?.% #"? +- 5#.+#'*# µ#4, +- +(9.%,%)/23 /2#.?+-+# 2#/ +-. "<2.?+-+# +-4!,/#234 /'9&%4 (0-,#03 - /'9&4 #.K µ%.k0# ("/5K.(/#4 2K>(+- "$%4 +/4 #2+*.(4 +%<) #2$/@;4 "K.1 #"? #+µ?'5#/$# +-4 M-4 (*.#/ ).1' ,/#23 '+#>($K 2#/ /'%&+#/ µ( 1366 W / m 2.! "<2.?+-+# #<+3 (*.#/ µ(/1µg.- 2#+K "($*"%< 30% 2#>;4 "($.K µg'# #"? +-. #+µ?'5#/$# 0*.%.+#4 µ/# G2>('- '+-. -,/#23 #2+/.%@%,*# +-4 ("/5K.(/#4 +-4 M-4 "($*"%< 1000 W / m 2 '+% ("*"(0% +-4 >K,#''#4, '( µ/# -,/?,%<'+- -µg$#. B<+3 - +/µ3 (*.#/ +% #"%0(2+? "$?+<"% )/# +-. G.+%.- -,/%5K.(/# 2#/ 9$-'/µ%"%/(*+#/ (<$G14 )/# +- 0%2/µ3 9($'#*1. H / 6 2<++K$1. 2#/ '<'+-µk+1.. 8

18 7/# K,,- '-µ#.+/23 "%'?+-+# (*.#/ - µg'- "<2.?+-+# /'9&%4 "%<,35>-2( 2#+K +- 0/K$2(/# (.?4 %,?2,-$%< G+%<4, "%< (*.#/ ).1'+3 14 % (+3'/%4 µg'%4?$%4 -,/#234 #2+/.%@%,*#4. S.#4 2%µA?4 +$?"%4 )/# +-. (2+*µ-'3 +-4 (*.#/.# '<.(/0-+%"%/3'%<µ(?+/,?"14 5#*.(+#/ #"? +%. R,/%, - M- µ%/kd(/ µ( 0*'2%4 #2+*.#4 = 2#/ (µ@#0? ("/5K.(/#4 "R 2. W'+?'%, 0(0%µG.%<?+/ - M- (*.#/ "$K)µ#+/ '5#/$/23, µ( '<.%,/23 ("/5K.(/# +%µg# 4"R 2, % (+3'/%4 µg'%4?$%4 -,/#234 #2+/.%@%,*#4 "K.1 #"? +-. #+µ?'5#/$#, "$G"(/.# (*.#/ 1366 / 4 = 342 W / m 2. :#$?,# #<+K, (*.#/ 2#+#.(µ-µG.- "%,& K./'#, µ( "($*"%< 430 W / m 2 µg'%<?$%< -,/#234 #2+/.%@%,*#4 "K.1 #"? +%. /'-µ($/.?, #,,K "%,&,/)?+($% "$%4 +/4 "%,/2G4 "($/%9G4 %/ %"%*(4 (*.#/ µ#2$/k #"? +%. R,/%.! 2#+#.%µ3 5#*.(+#/ '+% "#$#2K+1 893µ#!"#µ$ 1.2: (/6$%, µ)$' '2%,46,4/%&0102<, 2<*0 )=.,>7 /'&,/µ7$?,%", /'@ A6@ (+>#&.) 4,% $/'& +>%?#&+%, /'@ A6@ (,>7 4#/.). (>,&,$B+C%,$µ)&',>7 /'& 8%4%>,%C+<, [:-)3: Electricity from Sunlight-An Introduction to photovoltaic s, PaulA. Lynn BSc(Eng), PhD, formerly, Imperial College London, '(,*0# 7] 9

19 ! µ(*1' ,/#234 %5(*,(+#/ (2+?4 #"? +-. #+µ?'5#/$# +-4 M-4 2#/ '+-. #"%$$?5-'- #"? #G$/# 2#/ +- '2G0#'- #"? +# µ?$/# 2#/ '1µ#+*0/# '2?.-4. E# '&..(5# #"%+(,%&. G.# '-µ#.+/2? "#$K)%.+# '( %$/'µg.(4 "($/5G$(/(4. 6,G"%<µ(?+/ - µg'- G2>('- '+-. -,/#23 #2+/.%@%,*# +-4 ("/5K.(/#4 +-4 M-4 ("-$(KD(+#/ '( #"? +/4 +%"/2G4 2,/µ#+/2G4 '<.>32(4, "%< 2<µ#*.%.+#/ #"? "($*"%< 300 W/m 2 '+-. S$-µ% +-4 8#9K$#4 2#/ '( µg$- +%< =/$-./2%& W2(#.%& '(,/)?+($% #"? 80 W/m 2 2%.+K '+%<4 "?,%<4. B. ).1$*D%<µ( +- µg'- G2>('- '+-. -,/#23 #2+/.%@%,*# '( G.#. '<)2(2$/µG.% +?"%, (*.#/ #",?.# (2+/µ->(* - '<.%,/23 (.G$)(/# "%<,35>-2( 2#+K +- 0/K$2(/# (.?4 G+%<4 (1 G+%4 = 8760 ;$(4). M/# "#$K0(/)µ#, +% X%.0*.% 2#/ +% 6($%,*.%, 2#/ +# 0&% µ( µg'- -,/%5K.(/# "($*"%< 120 W/m 2, G9%<. (+3'/# '&.%,# (.G$)(/#4 120 U "($*"%< 8760/1000 = 1050 kwh/m 2. 8+% 8*0.(L?"%< - µg'- G2>('- '+-. -,/#23 #2+/.%@%,*# (*.#/ "($*"%< 200 W/m 2 (*.#/ /'%0&.#µ- µ( '<.%,/23,-5>(*'# (.G$)(/# 1750 kwh/m 2, 2#/ %&+1 2#>(J34. EG+%/# 0/#)$Kµµ#+# (*.#/ 9$3'/µ# )/# +%<4 '9(0/#'+G %@%,+#L2;. '<'+-µk+1. %/ %"%*%/ "$G"(/.# ).1$*D%<. +- '<.%,/2? 0/#>G'/µ% -,/#2? 0<.#µ/2?. W'+?'%, "$G"(/.# ><µ?µ#'+(?+/ 0/#5G$%<. 2#+K µg'%?$% #"? µg$# 2#/.&9+#, 2#,%2#*$/ 2#/ 9(/µ;.#, 2#/ (*.#/ "/>#.?..# "%/2*,,%<. '-µ#.+/2k #"? 9$?.% '( 9$?.%. 1.3 ;<=(8; (8C=B>D><=( /C;B E!=F(BE=( C;/?;/! G.+#' ,/#234 #2+/.%@%,*#4 "%< 5>K.(/ '+% G0#5%4 ("-$(KD(+#/ #"? +% µ32%4 +-4 #+µ?'5#/$#4 "%< 0/#"($.K. V'% µ()#,&+($- (*.#/ #<+3-0/#0$%µ ,/#2;. #2+*.1. '+-. #+µ?'5#/$# +?'% µ(/1µg.- (*.#/ - G.+#' ,/#234 #2+/.%@%,*#4.! µ()#,&+($- 0/#0$%µ ,/#234 #2+/.%@%,*#4 )/#.# 5>K'(/ '+-. ("/5K.(/# +-4 )-4 (*.#/.1$*4 +% "$1* 2#/ #$)K +% #"?)(<µ#. 10

20 M/# +-. µ(*1'- #< $-'/µ%"%/(*+#/ %?$%4 +-4 G7-*+,H' µ:i4' +%< #G$# 3 #",K?"14 '<.->*D(+#/ µ:i4 *%J 46"4. 7KD# +%< #G$# (m)*, %$*D(+#/ %,?)%4 +-4 µkd#4 +-4 #($*%< '+3, /#0$%µ ,/#2;. #2+*.1., )/# #.G5(,% %<$#.?, "$%4 +-. #.+*'+%/9- µkd# )/# 2#+#2?$<5% 3,/% (893µ# 1.3). V+#. - D(.*>/# )1.*# +%< 3,/%< 0( G9(/ µ()k,(4 +/µg4 2#/ #. 0(.,-5>(* <"?A/. - 2#µ"<,?+-+# +-4 )-4 2#/ - 0/K>,#'-, "%< ("-$(KD(/ (,#5$K +% µ32%4 +-4 ",K)/#4 0/#0$%µ34 B6, +?+( +% +?J% B6 µ"%$(*.# >(1$->(* (<>&)$#µµ% +µ3µ# 2#/ 2#+K '<.G"(/# +% +$*)1.% B6M %$>%);./%. Q"?+( %,?)%4 +1. #.+*'+%/91. µ#d;. ># (*.#/ 2#/ %,?)% /#0$%µ;. B6 "$%4 6M 2#/ 2#+K '<.G"(/# - µkd# +%< #G$# (m) ># (J#$+K+#/ #"? +- D(.*>/# )1.*# +%< 3,/%< > Y, %"?+(: m= 1 / cos> z (*'<9.K 9$-'/µ%"%/(*+#/ 2#/ % '<µ@%,/'µ?4 B7 #"? +# #$9/2K +%< Air Mass)!"#µ$ 1.3: 9#D, /05,)", 11

21 1.4 ;<=(8;?EK1ECL=( :$%2(/µG.%<.# <"%,%)/'+(* - -,/#23 #2+/.%@%,*# "%< 0G9(+#/ G.# ("*"(0% '+- ("/5K.(/# +-4 )-4, (*.#/ #"#$#*+-+%.# ).1$*D%<µ( (2+?4 +1. K,,1. 2#/ +- >G'- +%< 3,/%< '+%. %<$K./% >?,% ?-M&"49+,# 0$:*%' &-M&"49+,# µh,%' Q/ 2&2,%/ "%< (*.#/ "#$K,,-,%/ '+%. /'-µ($/.? %.%µkd%.+#/ "#$K,,-,%/ 2&2,%/. E# -µ/2&2,/# "%< 0/G$9%.+#/ #"? +%<4 "?,%<4 %.%µkd%.+#/ µ('-µ@$/.%*. B"? 2K>( '-µ(*% +-4 ("/5K.(/#4 +-4 )-4 "($.K(/ G.#4 "#$K,,-,%4 2&2,%4 2#/ G.#4 µ('-µ@$/.?4. 6#'/2?4 µ('-µ@$/.?4 >(1$(*+#/ #<+?4 "%< "($.K(/ #"? +% #'+($%'2%"(*% +%< Greenwich(G). :$%2(/µG.%<.# 2#>%$/'>(* - >G'- (.?4 +?"%< (E) '+-. ("/5K.(/# +-4 )-4 #"#/+(*+#/.# %$/'>(* +% )(1)$#5/2? ",K+%4 2#/ +% )(1)$#5/2? µ32%4.?-m&"49+,# 0$:*%' (5) (.?4 +?"%< (*.#/ - )1.*# "%< '9-µ#+*D(+#/ µ(+#j& +-4 (<>(*#4 "%< (.;.(/ +% 2G.+$% +-4 )-4 µ( +%. +?"% 2#/ +%< /'-µ($/.%& ("/"G0%<. E% )(1)$#5/2? ",K+%4 "#*$.(/ +/µg4 #"? 0 % µg9$/ 90 % )/# -µ/'5#*$/% 2#/ #"? 0 % µg9$/ -90 % )/# +%.?+% -µ/'5#*$/%.?-m&"49+,# µh,%' (L) (.?4 +?"%< (*.#/ - )1.*# "%< '9-µ#+*D(+#/ #"? +% µ('-µ@$/.? +%< Greenwich 2#/ +% µ('-µ@$/.? ("*"(0% +%< +?"%<. E% )(1)$#5/2? µ32%4 "#*$.(/ +/µg4 #"? 0 % µg9$/ -180 % )/# +?"%<4 #.#+%,/2K +%< Greenwich 2#/ #"? 0 % µg9$/ 180 % )/# +?"%<4 0<+/2K +%< Greenwich. 12

22 !"#µ$ 1.4: A+.*",?%47 4,% *+.*",?% ;$+4,6' &M).-' 8+# '93µ#+# # "#$%<'/KD(+#/ - 5#/.?µ(.- 2*.-'- +%< 3,/%< -µ/'5#*$/%, '( )(1)$#5/2? ",K+%4 38 % (B>3.#), )/# +/4 9#$#2+-$/'+/2G4 µg$(4 +%< G+%<4.!"#µ$ 1.5: -,%&7µ+&' 4<&'$' /05 62%05 $/0 B+%µ+"%&7 '2%0$/#$%0 (EF6&,) 13

23 !"#µ$ 1.6: -,%&7µ+&' 4<&'$' /05 62%05 $/0 +,"%&7 '2%0$/#$%0 (EF6&,) 1.4.3?M).4 0"#G0*MG5' *M) 5$+4,N) 4,*.)M) 8+/4 (5#$µ%)G ,/#234 (.G$)(/#4 #"#/+(*+#/ '<.3>14 % <"%,%)/'µ? ,/#234 #2+/.%@%,*#4 '( G.# ("*"(0% %"%/#'03"%+( 2,*'-4 14 "$%4 +%. %$*D%.+# 2#/ #<>#*$(+%< "$%'#.#+%,/'µ%& 14 "$%4 +%. 3,/%. M/# +%. <"%,%)/'µ? #<+?. ># "$G"(/ #$9/2K.# %$/'>%&.?,(4 %/ )1.*(4 "%< <"(/'G$9%.+#/ '( #<+? +% '&'+-µ#. S'+1 G.# ("*"(0%,?"14 5#*.(+#/ '+% 893µ# 1.7, "%< G9(/ µ/# 14 "$%4 +%. %$*D%.+# 2#/ (*.#/ "$%'#.#+%,/'µg.% "$%4 +%.?+%. Q 3,/%4 '( 2K"%/# '+/)µ3 +%< -µ($3'/%< +?J%< '+% '-µ(*%!. B. FQ (*.#/ 2K>(+- '+% %$/D?.+/% ("*"(0% 2#/ MQ 2K>(+- '+% 2(2,/µG.% ("*"(0%, +?+( '9-µ#+*D(+#/ +% '5#/$/2? +$*)1.%!FM.! YQ (*.#/ - "$%@%,3 +-4 MQ '+% %$/D?.+/% ("*"(0% 2#/ =Q (*.#/ - "$%@%, /(&><.' ,/#2;. #2+*.1. '+% %$/D?.+/% ("*"(0%.?M).4 0"#G0*MG5' +1. -,/#2;. #2+*.1. (>) (*.#/ - )1.*# "%< '9-µ#+*D(+#/ µ(+#j& +-4 0/(&><.' ,/#2;. #2+*.1. (!Q) 2#/ +-4 2#>G+%< '+% 2(2,/µG.% ("*"(0%. 14

24 (I+µ%O2+% *5' -0+9:)-+4' ()) (*.#/ - )1.*# "%< '9-µ#+*D(+#/ µ(+#j& +-4 2#/ +-4 "$%@%, MQ '+% %$/D?.+/% ("*"(0%. S9(/ >(+/2G4 +/µg4 0<+/2K +%<.?+%< 2#/ #$.-+/2G4 +/µg4 #.#+%,/2K +%<.?+%<. V+#. µ/# ("/5K.(/# G9(/ (.+(,;4.?+/% "$%'#.#+%,/'µ? +?+( )=0.! (5#$µ%)3 +%<.?µ%< +%< '<.-µ/+?.%< '+% '5#/$/2? +$*)1.%!FM 0*.(/: cos> = cos@ cos> z + sin@ sin> z cos(# - ) )! ).;'- +-4 )1.*#4 "$?'"+1' ,/#2;. #2+*.1. (>) (*.#/ '-µ#.+/23 '+/4 (5#$µ%)G ,/#234 (.G$)(/#4, 0/?+/ #"? +-. +/µ3 +-4 )1.*#4 #<+34 ># (J#$+->(* +% µg)(>% ,/#234 #2+/.%@%,*#4 "%< ># 0(9>(* - #.+*'+%/9- ("/5K.(/#. S+'/?'% µ/2$?+($- (*.#/ - )1.*# #<+3 +?'% µ()#,&+($- (*.#/ - #2+/.%@%,*# "%< ># 0(9>(* - ("/5K.(/#.!"#µ$ 1.7: G>020*%$µ7@ *.&<,@ >"7$>/.$'@ '2%,4H&,4/<&.& 15

25 1.5 D=D<=>?L(F=( 8EF(<(=>A 1. 7%'9K+%4 B., «!XZBF! =O=[M=ZB», =20?'(/4 E==, B>3.# XK,#4 I. :., :/'/µk.-4 I.F., O%+#$*0%< 6.B., «7G>%0%/ <"%,%)/'µ%& (.+K'(14 -,/#234 '( #<>#*$(+-4 2,*'(14 ("*"(0% 2#/ :*.#2(4 '+%. =,,-./2? 9;$%», E(9./2K C$%./2K 6 E%µ. 2, E(&9. 3-4, <µ",-$1µ#+/2G4 '-µ(/;'(/4 =/'#)1)3 '+# H1+%@%,+#L2K 8<'+3µ#+# )/# +% µk>-µ# «!,/#23 E(9./23 2#/ H1+%@%,+#L2K 8<'+3µ#+#» 4. 8&.0('µ%4 =+#/$(/;. H1+%@%,+#L2;. H1+%@%,+#L2K S.#4 :$#2+/2?4 Q0-)?4, Al Gore. An Inconvenient Truth, Bloomsbury Publishing : London Hermann Scheer. A Solar Manifesto, James & James : London Hulstrom R., SOLAR RESOURCES, MIT Press J.J. Loferski. The first forty years: a brief history of the modern photovoltaic age. Progress in Photovoltaic s: Research and Applications, Markvart T., SOLAR ELECTRICITY, John Wiley & Sons LTD, 2e edition

26 8-9:$4+% 2 2.1!(L>A/=(/; C>A B>1>A 3468?=( C;B ;<E8CL>!(L(?K?; (!> (!E 2.1.1?-)+,: 7( +%..?µ% #<+? #5 (.?4 µ(+#5g$(+#/ '+% (,,-./2? 0*2#/% - Q0-)*# +%< =<$1"#L2%& F%/.%@%<,*%< )/# +-. "#$#)1) ,(2+$/234 (.G$)(/#4, "%< "#$K)(+#/ #"? #.#.(;'/µ(4 "-)G4 (.G$)(/#4 '+-. ('1+($/23 #)%$K -,(2+$/234 (.G$)(/#4 2#/ #5 (+G$%< "$%1>(*+#/ 2#+K "$%+($#/?+-+# '+-. ('1+($/23 #)%$K, - "#$#)1)3 -,(2+$/234 (.G$)(/#4 #"? B.#.(;'/µ(4 :-)G4 =.G$)(/#4 (B:=) 2#/ µ%.k0(4 8<µ"#$#)1)34!,(2+$/'µ%& 2#/ P($µ?+-+#4 NA-,34 B"?0%'-4 (8!PNB).! -,(2+$/23 (.G$)(/# µ"%$(*.# "$%G$9(+#/ : #. #"? ()2#+#'+K'(/4 "#$#)1)34 µ( 9$3'- µ*#4 3 "($/''%+G$1. µ%$5;. #"? ()2#+#'+K'(/4 '<µ"#$#)1)34 µ( 9$3'- µ*#4 3 "($/''%+G$1. µ%$5;. B:= ). #"? <@$/0/2%&4 '+#>µ%&4. S.#4 '+#>µ?4 "#$#)1)34 -,(2+$/234 (.G$)(/#4 >(1$(*+#/ <@$/0/2?4?+#.: #. 9$-'/µ%"%/(* µ*# +%<,K9/'+%. µ%$53 B:= 17

27 @. - '<.%,/23 #"%$$%5%&µ(.- #"? +% 0*2+<% (.G$)(/# ('( 0(. <"($@#*.(/ +% 30% +-4 '<.%,/234 (.G$)(/#4, "%< 2#+#.#,;.(+#/ )/# +-. ",3$1'- +%< '<'+3µ#+%4 #"%>32(<'-4 +%< '+#>µ%& 2#/ ). - µg)/'+- /'9&4 "#$#)1) µ%.k01. B:= 0(. <"($@#*.(/ +-. ()2#+('+-µG.- /'9& +1. µ%.k01. #"%>32(<'-4 +%< '+#>µ%&, "$%'#<J-µG.- 2#+K 20%.! (.G$)(/# "%< #"%$$%5K % <@$/0/2?4 '+#>µ?4 #"? +% 0*2+<%, (*.#/ - 0/#5%$K µ(+#j& +-4 (.G$)(/#4 "%< µ(+$k+#/ 2#+K +-. (*'%0% +-4 '+% '+#>µ? 2#/ +-4 (.G$)(/#4 "%< #"%0*0(+#/ '+% 0*2+<% #"? +/4 µ%.k0(4 B:=. 8+# µ- '<.0(0(µG.#.-'/K - 0/#5%$K #<+3 <"%,%)*D(+#/ '( 8<µ"#$#)1)3!,(2+$/'µ%& 2#/ P($µ?+-+#4 NA-,34 B"?0%'-4 (8!PNB) (*.#/: #. - +#<+?9$%.- "#$#)1)3 >($µ/234 2#/ -,(2+$/234 3/2#/ µ-9#./234 (.G$)(/#4, '+% ",#*'/% µ*#4 µ?.% 0/#0/2#'*#4, "%< (J#'5#,*D(/ (,K9/'+- (J%/2%.?µ-'- (.G$)(/#4 10% '( '9G'- µ( +-. "#$#)?µ(.- >($µ/23 2#/ -,(2+$/23 (.G$)(/# #"? 0/#2$/+G4 0/#0/2#'*(4 - +#<+?9$%.- "#$#)1)3 >($µ/234 2#/ -,(2+$/234 3/2#/ µ-9#./234 (.G$)(/#4 #"? µ%.k0(4 µ( ()2#+('+-µG.- -,(2+$/23 /'9& µ/2$?+($- +%< 1 MW, #.(JK$+-+# #"? +% "%'%'+? +-4 (J%/2%.?µ-'-4 (.G$)(/#4. B.#.(;'/µ(4 :-)G4 =.G$)(/#4 (B:=) >(1$%&.+#/?,(4 %/ "#$#2K+1 "-)G4 (.G$)(/#4: #/%,/23, -,/#23, (.G$)(/# 2<µK+1., (.G$)(/# #G$/# "%< (2,&%.+#/ #"? 9;$%<4 <)(/%.%µ/234 +#534 (CNEB) 2#/ 2#>#$/'µ%& )(1>($µ/23 2#/ <0$#<,/23. 18

28 Q :#$#)1)?4 "%< "#$K)(/ -,(2+$/23 (.G$)(/# #"? B:= 2#/ % '+#>µ?4 +%< 0(. (*.#/ '<.0(0(µG.%4 µ( +% 0*2+<%, %.%µkd(+#/ B<+?.%µ%4 :#$#)1)?4. V+#. % :#$#)1)?4 "#$K)(/ -,(2+$/23 (.G$)(/# #"? B:= 3 8!PNB 2<$*14 )/# 0/23 +%< 9$3'- 2#/ 0/%9(+(&(/ '+% 0*2+<% +% ",(?.#'µ# +-4 (.G$)(/#4 #<+34,,G)(+#/ B<+%"#$#)1)?4. EG,%4, :#$#)1)?4 %.%µkd(+#/ % /0/% '+#>µ%&, "%< "#$K)(/ -,(2+$/23 (.G$)(/# #"? B:= 3 µ%.k0# 8!PNB 3 <@$/0/2? '+#>µ? 2#/ +- 0/%9(+(&(/ '+% 0*2+<% P3-+4!4"4&M&H' ;$-,*"+,H' E)6"&-+4'! K0(/# 9%$-)(*+#/ #"? +%. N"%<$)? B.K"+<J-4 µ(+k #"? +- ).;µ- +-4 [<>µ/'+/234 B$934 =.G$)(/#4 ([B=), - %"%*# "$/. 0/#+<";'(/ +- ).;µ- +-4, 0/#@/@KD(/ +-. :$%µ(,g+- :($/@#,,%.+/2;. ="/"+;'(1. (::=) '+-. #$µ?0/# #$93 )/# +-. "($/@#,,%.+/23 #0(/%0?+-'-.! #$93 #<+3 (.+?4 2 µ-.;. 0/#@/@KD(/ +- ).1µ%0?+-'- +-4 '+- [B=.! [B= <"%@K,,(/ +- ).;µ- +-4 '+%. N"%<$)? B.K"+<J-4 (.+?4 4 µ-.;. #"? +- ).1'+%"%*-'- '( #< µ%'*(<' #*+-'-4, (5?'%. % 5K2(,%4 +-4 #*+-'-4 (*.#/ ",3$-4, 3 #"? +- '<µ",3$1'- +%< 5#2G,%<?+#. #<+3 %,%2,-$;.(+#/ µ(+k +- ).1'+%"%*-' '<.G9(/#, % N"%<$)?4 B.K"+<J-4 9%$-)(* +-. K0(/# "#$#)1)34 (.+?4 15 -µ($;. #"? +-. "#$#,#@3 +-4 ).1µ%0?+-' [B=.! K0(/# "#$#)1)34 -,(2+$/234 (.G$)(/#4 "($/,#µ@k.(/ +# #2?,%<># '+%/9(*#: #. E%. 2K+%9? +-4, :#$#)1)? 3 B<+%"#$#)1)?, 5<'/2? 3.%µ/2? E%. +?"% ()2#+K'+#'-4 +%< '+#>µ%& "#$#)1)34. ). E-. ()2#+('+-µG.- /'9&. 19

29 0. E- µg)/'+- /'9& "#$#)1)34. (. E- 9$-'/µ%"%/%&µ(.- +(9.%,%)*# 3 +- µ%$53 B:=. '+. E- 0/K$2(/# /'9&%4.! K0(/# 9%$-)(*+#/ )/# 9$%./2? 0/K'+-µ# µg9$/ 25 G+- 2#/ µ"%$(*.# #.#.(;.(+#/ µg9$/ *'% 9$?.%.! K0(/# #.#2#,(*+#/, #. (.+?4 2 (+;. #"? +- 9%$3)-' (. 9%$-)->(* +(,/2K - K0(/# ()2#+K'+#'-4, 2#/ +$%"%"%/(*+#/ (5?'%. µ(+#@,->%&. +# '+%/9(*# "%< "($/,#µ@k.(/.! 9%$3)-'- K0(/#4 "#$#)1)34 #"%+(,(* "$%\"?>('- )/# +-. <"%@%,3 #/+3µ#+%4 '9(+/2K µ( +- 9%$3)-'- S)2$/'-4 :($/@#,,%.+/2;. V$1. (=:Q), #,,K 2#/ 0(. #"#,,K''(/ +%. 2K+%9? +-4 #"? +-,3A- K,,1. ()2$*'(1. 3 #0(/;. (".9. K0(/(4 ()2#+K'+#'-4 2#/,(/+%<$)*#4), "%< "$%@,G"%.+#/ #"? +-. 2(*µ(.-.%µ%>('*#.! =:Q /'9&(/ )/# 10 G+- 2#/ µ"%$(*.# #.#.(1>(* µ*# 3 "($/''?+($(4 5%$G4 )/# *'% 9$%./2? 0/K'+-µ#. B"? +- 0/#0/2#'*#,3A-4 K0(/#4 "#$#)1)34 (J#/$%&.+#/ %/ '+#>µ%*, "%< #.#5G$%.+#/ '+%. :*.#2# 2.1. Q/ (J#/$G'(/4 +1. "($/"+;'( #/ 7 /'9&%<. (5?'%. 0(. <5*'+#+#/ 2%$('µ? /2+&1., "%< #"%5#'*D(+#/ #"? +- [B= 2#/ &'+($# #"? (/'3)-'- +%< I/#9(/$/'+3 =,,-./2%& 8<'+3µ#+%4 7(+#5%$K4!,(2+$/234 =.G$)(/#4 (I=87!=). Q/ "($/"+;'(/4 (J#*$('-4 0/#"/'+;.%.+#/ µ( #"?5#'- +-4 [B=, "%< (20*0(+#/ (.+?4 10 ($)K'/µ1. -µ($;. #"? +-. <"%@%,3 +-4 '9(+/234 #*+-'-4 2#/ (5?'%. #<+3 '<.%0(&(+#/ #"??,# +# #.#)2#*# '+%/9(*#. 20

30 %&'$($) 2.1: I/,Fµ0< E!( >05 +=,%"0;&/,%,>7 /' C%,C%4,$<, 4,% P3-+4 E&,4*:G*4G5' M/# +-. ()2#+K'+#'- 3 ("G2+#'- '+#>µ%& -,(2+$%"#$#)1)34 #"? B:= 3 8!PNB #"#/+(*+#/ K0(/#, "%< (20*0(+#/ µ( #"?5#'- +%< M(./2%& M$#µµ#+G# +-4 :($/5G$(/#4 '+#?$/# +-4 %"%*#4 ()2#>*'+#+#/ % '+#>µ?4.! K0(/# ()2#+K'+#'-4 9%$-)(*+#/ (.+?4 15 -µ($;., #"? +-. <"%@%,3 +-4 '9(+/234 #*+-'-4, /'9&(/ )/# 2 G+- 2#/ µ"%$(*.# "#$#+#>(* )/# *'% 9$?.% 2#+K #.;+#+%?$/%, (5?'%. 2#+K +-,3J /(+*#4 G9(/ (2+(,('+(* G$)% "%< #.+/'+%/9(* '+% 50% +-4 ("G.0<'-4, 3 0(. G9(/ #$9*'(/ +% G$)% )/#,?)%<4 "%< 0(. %5(*,%.+#/ '( <"#/+/?+-+# +%< 2#+?9%< +-4 K0(/#4. 21

31 B. % #$µ?0/%4 M(./2?4 M$#µµ#+G#4 0(. 9%$-)3'(/ +-. K0(/# (.+?4 +-4 "$%@,("?µ(.-4 "$%>('µ*#4, +?+( % (.0/#5($?µ(.%4 <"%@K,,(/ +-. #*+-'- µ( +% '<.%0(<+/2? 5K2(,% 2#/ +-. =:Q '+% N"%<$)? B.K"+<J-4, % %"%*%4 (20*0(/ +-. K0(/# (.+?4 30 -µ($;. #"? +-. "#$#,#@3 +1. (.1+G$1 ())$K51..! K0(/# ()2#+K'+#'-4 '+#>µ%& "%< 2#+#'2(<KD(+#/ '( "$%'+#+(<?µ(.(4 "($/%9G4 Ramsar, Natura 2000, (>./2%&4 0$<µ%&4 2#/ #/'>-+/2K 0K'-, (20*0(+#/ µ( 2%/.3 #"?5#'- +%< N"%<$)%& B.K"+<J-4 2#/ +%< #$µ?0/%< N"%<$)%& (.+?4 30 -µ($;. #"? +-. "#$#,#@3 +1. #.1+G$1 ())$#5;.. B"? +- 0/#0/2#'*#,3A-4 K0(/#4 ()2#+K'+#'-4 (J#/$%&.+#/ %/ '+#>µ%*, "%< #.#5G$%.+#/ '+%. :*.#2# P3-+4 <-+*%J"&.4' M/# +-,(/+%<$)*# +1. '+#>µ;. -,(2+$%"#$#)1)34 #"? B:= 3 8!PNB #"#/+(*+#/ K0(/#, - %"%*# (20*0(+#/ #"? +%. 5%$G# "%< 9%$3)-'( +-. K0(/# ()2#+K'+#'-4.! K0(/# (20*0(+#/ (.+?4 15 -µ($;. #"? +-. %,%2,3$1'- +1. (,G)91., )/# $-' (9./2;.?$ ()2#+K'+#'-4 2#+K +- 0%2/µ#'+/23,(/+%<$)*# +%< '+#>µ%&, 2#/ (5?'%. %/ G,()9%/ #"%@%&. >(+/2%*. Q/ G,()9%/ "$#)µ#+%"%/%&.+#/ #"? +# #$µ?0/#?$)#.# +%< 5%$G# 2#/ +% FG.+$% B.#.(;'/µ1. :-);. =.G$)(/#4 (FB:=).! K0(/#,(/+%<$)*#4 /'9&(/ )/# 20 G+- 2#/ µ"%$(*.# #.#.(1>(* )/# *'% 9$%./2? 0/K'+-µ#. B. µ(+#@/@#'+(* - 2<$/?+-+# +%< '+#>µ%&, '+%.G% 2&$/% µ(+#@/@kd(+#/, µ(+k #"? ).;µ- +-4 [B=, - K0(/# "#$#)1)34 2#/ '+- '<.G9(/# #"? 22

32 +%. #$µ?0/% 5%$G# +$%"%"%/(*+#/ - K0(/#,(/+%<$)*#4 '+%?.%µ# +%<.G%< /0/% B"? +- 0/#0/2#'*#,3A-4 K0(/#4,(/+%<$)*#4 (J#/$%&.+#/ %/ '+#>µ%*, "%< #.#5G$%.+#/ '+%. :*.#2# 2.1. M/# +%<4 '+#>µ%&4 #<+%&4 #"#/+(*+#/ '( 2K>( "($*"+1'- - "($/@#,,%.+/23 #0(/%0?+-'-, '&µ51.# µ( +-. 2(*µ(.-.%µ%>('*# Q)*4R5 /*42µN) Q #$µ?0/%4 0/#9(/$/'+34 +%< -,(2+$/2%& 0/2+&%< (I=87!=) <"%9$(;.(+#/.# 9%$-)3'(/ +-. "$%+($#/?+-+# "$?'@#'-4 '+%<4 '+#>µ%&4 -,(2+$%"#$#)1)34 #"? B:= 2#/ 8!PNB, "%< '<.0G%.+#/ µ( +% 0*2+<% 2#/ #.(JK$+-+# #"? +-. ()2#+('+-µG.- /'9& +%<4. =/0/2K )/# +/4 <0$%-,(2+$/2G4 µ%.k0(4, "$%+($#/?+-+# 0*.(+#/ '(?'(4 G9%<. ()2#+('+-µG.- /'9& G14 15 MW. 8+# µ- '<.0(0(µG.#.-'/K % #$µ?0/%4 I/#9(/$/'+34 (I=!) <"%9$(;.(+#/.# #"%$$%5K "$;+# +-. "#$#)?µ(.- -,(2+$/23 (.G$)(/# #"? '+#>µ? B:= :#$#)1)%& 3 B<+%"#$#)1)%&, 2#>;4 2#/ #"? +/4 µ%.k0(4 B:= <@$/0/2%& '+#>µ%& 2#/ &'+($# +% ",(?.#'µ# +-4 -,(2+$/234 (.G$)(/#4, "%< "#$K)(/ #<+%"#$#)1)?4 #"? '+#>µ? 8!PNB /OµS4G5 0N$5G5' 5$-,*"+,H' -)6"&-+4' Q/ 0/#9(/$/'+G4 +%< -,(2+$/2%& 0/2+&%< (I=87!= 3 I=!) <"%9$(%&.+#/.# '<.K"+%<. '&µ@#'- ";,-'-4 -,(2+$/234 (.G$)(/#4 µ( +%. 2K+%9% +-4 K0(/#4 "#$#)1) ! '&µ@#'- ";,-'-4 /'9&(/ )/# 10 G+- 2#/ µ"%$(*.# "#$#+(*.(+#/ 23

33 )/# K,,- µ/# 0(2#(+*#, µ%.%µ($;4, µ( G))$#5-03,1'- +%< :#$#)1)%&, (5?'%. #<+3 3 µ3.(4 +%<,K9/'+%. "$/. #"? +-,3J- +-4 #$9/234 =/0/2K )/# +%<4 '+#>µ%&4 - '&µ@#'- ";,-'-4 /'9&(/ )/# 20 G+- 2#/ µ"%$(*.# "#$#+#>(* µ(+k #"? G))$#5- '<µ51.*# +1. µ($;., (5?'%. /'9&(/ - '9(+/23 K0(/# "#$#)1) C+µ%$#&5G5 5$-,*"+,H' -)6"&-+4'! -,(2+$/23 (.G$)(/# "%< "#$K)(+#/ #"? :#$#)1)? 3 B<+%"#$#)1)?, µg'1 '+#>µ%& #"? B:= 3 8!PNB 3 <@$/0/2%& 2#/ #"%$$%5K+#/ #"? +% 0*2+<%, +/µ%,%)(*+#/ +# '+%/9(*# +%< :*.#2# 2. Q/ +/µg4 #.#"$%'#$µ?d%.+#/ 2K>( G+%4 µ( #"?5#'- +%< N"%<$)%& B.K"+<J-4, - %"%*# (20*0(+#/ µ(+k #"? +- ).;µ- +-4 [B=. )/# +-. #.#"$%'#$µ%)3,#µ@k.(+#/ - µ('%'+#>µ/23 µ(+#@%,3 +1. ()2(2$/µG.1. +/µ%,%)* I=!, 0-,#03, % µg'%4?$%4 +-4 (+3'/#4 #&J-' ("/µg$%<4 ()2(2$/µG.1. µ(+#@%,;. #.K 2#+-)%$*# +/µ%,%)*%<. B. 0(. #"#/+(*+#/ G)2$/' /µ%,%)* I=!, %/ +/µg4 +%< :*.#2# 2 #.#"$%'#$µ?d%.+#/ µ( #"?5#'- +%< N"%<$)%& B.K"+<J-4 '( "%'%'+? 80% +%< 0(* /µ;. 2#+#.#,1+3,?"14 #<+?4 2#>%$*D(+#/ #"? +-. E$K"(D# +-4 =,,K0%4. 24

34 2.1.8 E&&O5G5 0"%6$-JG5' 5$-,*"+,H' -)6"&-+4'! ())&-'- "$%G,(<'-4 "/'+%"%/(* +-. "#$#)1)3 -,(2+$/234 (.G$)(/#4 #"? B:= )/# (,K9/'+% 9$%./2? 0/K'+-µ# 30-µ($; ())&-'- "$%G,(<'-4 #.#)$K5%.+#/ +# "#$#2K+1 '+%/9(*#: 1.E% '<)2(2$/µG.% 9$%./2? 0/K'+-µ# )/# +% %"%*% (20*0(+#/. 2.! "#$#)?µ(.- "%'?+-+# -,(2+$/234 (.G$)(/#4 2#+K +% 0/K'+-µ# #<+?. 3.E% (*0%4 +-4 "-)34 #"? +-. %"%*# "#$K)(+#/ - -,(2+$/23 (.G$)(/#. 4.! >G'- ()2#+K'+#'-4 +%< '+#>µ%& -,(2+$%"#$#)1)34. 5.! ()2#+('+-µG.- /'9&4 +%< '+#>µ%& -,(2+$%"#$#)1)34. 6.E%?.%µ# +%< :#$#)1)%&. 7.! -µ($%µ-.*# G20%' ())&-'-4 "$%G,(<'-4 M/# +-. G20%'- +-4 ())&-'-4 "$%G,(<'-4 #"#/+(*+#/ #*+-'- +%< :#$#)1)%& "$%4 +%. #$µ?0/% 5%$G# G20%'-4 2#/ 2%/.%"%*-'- '+%. 5%$G# (,G)9%<?, "/'+%"%/-µg.1. '+%/9(*1. µ(+$3'(1. +%< I/#9(/$/'+3 +%< -,(2+$/2%& 0/2+&%<. M/# +%<4 #<+?.%µ%<4 '+#>µ%&4, "%< 0(. +$%5%0%+(*+#/ +% 0*2+<% µ( -,(2+$/23 (.G$)(/#, % 5%$G#4 G20%'-4 (*.#/ +% FB:=. M/#?,(4 +/4 K,,(4 "($/"+;'(/4 % 5%$G#4 G20%'-4 (*.#/ % 0/#9(/$/'+34 +%< -,(2+$/2%& 0/2+&%< % I=87!= 3 - I=! )/# +# µ- '<.0(0(µG.#.-'/K. H%$G#4 (,G)9%< +%< '<'+3µ#+%4 ())&-'-4 "$%G,(<'-4 (*.#/ - [B=, - %"%*# µ"%$(*.# ("/@K,,(/ "$?'+/µ% #"? 5000 =<$; =<$;?+#. #.#)$K5%.+#/ #.#2$/@3 '+%/9(*# '+-. ())&-'- "$%G,(<'-4. 25

35 %&'$($) 2.2: >05 >,"#*+/,% µ)$. $/,FµH& E!(, I:LGE 6 G8MNONPQR E+3+,# *6$%' G*42µN) 5$-,*"%04"4&M&H' FK>( :#$#)1)?4 -,(2+$/234 (.G$)(/#4 #"? B:= ("/@#$&.(+#/ µ( (/0/2? +G,%4 #"? +-. G.#$J-,(/+%<$)*#4 +%< '+#>µ%&. E% +G,%4 #<+? #.+/'+%/9(* '( "%'%'+? 3% ("* +-4 +/µ34 ";,-' ,(2+$/234 (.G$)(/#4, "$% H:B, '+%. 0/#9(/$/'+3 +%< 0/2+&%<. B"? +-. 2#+#@%,3 +%< (/0/2%& +G,%<4 #"#,,K''%.+#/ %/ -,(2+$%"#$#)1)%* #"? H1+%@%,+#L2K '<'+3µ#+#. E% "%'? "%< #.+/'+%/9(* '+% (/0/2? +G,%4 "#$#2$#+(*+#/ #"? +%. #$µ?0/% 0/#9(/$/'+3 +%< 0/2+&%< 2#/ #"%0*0(+#/ 2#+K "%'%'+? 80% '+%. %$)#./'µ? +%"/234 #<+%0/%*2-'-4 (QEB) (.+? /%/2-+/2;. %$*1. +%< %"%*%< (*.#/ ()2#+('+-µG.%4 % '+#>µ?4 2#/ 2#+K "%'%'+? 20% '+%. QEB #"? +-. (0#5/23 "($/5G$(/# +%< %"%*%< 0/G$9(+#/ - )$#µµ/23 '&.0('- +%< '+#>µ%& µ( +% 0*2+<%. B. % (.+? /%/2-+/2;. %$*1. 26

36 "($/''%+G$1. +%< (.?4 QEB, +% "%'%'+? 2#+#.Gµ(+#/ '( #<+%&4 #.K,%)# µ( +-. /'9& +1. µ%.k01. +%< '+#>µ%&, "%< (*.#/ ()2#+('+-µG.%4 '+-. "($/%93 +%< 2K>( QEB. B. +G,%4, - )$#µµ3 '&.0('-4 +%< '+#>µ%& µ( +% 0*2+<% 0/G$9(+#/ #"? +-. "($/%93 "($/''?+($1. +%< (.?4 QEB, - 2#+#.%µ3 +%< "%'%& )*.(+#/ #.K,%)# µ( +% µ32%4 +%< +µ3µ#+%4 +-4 )$#µµ34 '&.0('-4 '+-. "($/%93 2K>( QEB. E% "%'%'+? "%< #.+/'+%/9(* '+% (/0/2? +G,%4 0/#+*>(+#/ <"%9$(1+/2K '( "%'%'+? 80% )/# G$)# +%"/234 #.K"+<J-4, '( "($/%9G4 (.+?4 +1. %$*1. +%< 0-µ%+/2%& - 2%/.%+/2%& % '+#>µ?4 3 0/G$9(+#/ - )$#µµ3 '&.0('-4 2#/ '( "%'%'+? 20%'+-. <"?,%/"- "($/5G$(/# +%< QEB. 43-+%3#*5G5' 9M*%S%$*4T,%O GJG*Hµ4*%' (04+*%Oµ-)-' -)6"&-+-' Q/ #"#/+%&µ(.(4 (.G$)(/(4 )/# +-. ()2#+K'+#'- (.?4 51+%@%,+#L2%& '<'+3µ#+%4 2#>%$*D%.+#/ #"? +% µg)(>%4 +-4 ()2#+#'+-µG.-4 /'9&%4 (:*.#2#4 2.3). 27

37 %&'$($) 2.3: *%, /'& +*4,/#$/,$' -8 $5$/'µ#/.& !-"+S4$$%)*+,H (3-+%3#*5G5 Q/ #"#/+%&µ(.(4 (.G$)(/(4 )/# +-. 9%$3)-'- S)2$/'-4 V$1. (=:Q) (*.#/ %/ #2?,%<>(4: FD GJG*Hµ4*4 µ- -&,4*4G*5µ6)5 +G7O < 20 kwp I(. #"#/+(*+#/ =:Q FD GJG*Hµ4*4 µ- -&,4*4G*5µ6)5 +G7O kwp B*+-'- )/# 0/(.G$)(/# :$%2#+#$2+/234 =2+*µ-'-4 2#/ BJ/%,?)-'-4 (::=B) '+- I/(&><.'- C1$%+#J*#4 (IZ:=CW) +-4 %/2(*#4 :($/5G$(/#4.! #*+-'- '<.%0(&(+#/ #"? +-. :$%µ(,g+- ="/"+;'(1. (::=) 2#/ +-. (20%>(*'# #"?5#'- (J#*$('-4 28

38 K0(/#4 "#$#)1)34.! #"?5#'- )/# +-. ::=B (20*0(+#/ (.+?4 15 -µ($;. #"? +%. M(./2? M$#µµ#+G# +-4 :($/5G$(/#4 B*+-'- )/# S)2$/'- V$1. (=:Q) '+- I/(&><.'- 89(0/#'µ%& 2#/ B.K"+<J-4 (IZ8B) +-4 %/2(*#4 :($/5G$(/#4.! #*+-'- '<.%0(&(+#/ #"? +-. ::=B 2#/ +-. ::= 2#/ - #"?5#'- (20*0(+#/ &'+($# #"? 45 -µg$(4. FD GJG*Hµ4*4 µ- -&,4*-G*5µ6)5 +G7O 151kWp 2 MWp F#+K>('- +-4 ::= '+- [B= '( 2 #.+*)$#5#.! [B= "$%1>(* +% G.# #"? #<+K '+-. %/2(*# :($/5G$(/#. B*+-'- )/# 0/(.G$)(/# ::=B '+- IZ:=CW +-4 %/2(*#4 :($/5G$(/#4, - %"%*# '<.%0(&(+#/ #"? +-. ::=.! ::=B 0/(.($)(*+#/ (.+?4 45 -µ($;. 2#/ - :($/5G$(/# 0/#@/@KD(/ '+- [B= +- ).1µ%0?+-'- 2#/ +-. ::=. 8+- '<.G9(/#, - [B=, (20*0(/ +-. K0(/# "#$#)1)34. B*+-'- )/# =:Q '+- IZ8B +-4 %/2(*#4 :($/5G$(/(4, - %"%*# '<.%0(&(+#/ #"? +-. K0(/# "#$#)1)34.! #"?5#'- (20*0(+#/ &'+($# #"? 45 -µg$(4. FD GJG*Hµ4*4 µ- -&,4*-G*5µ6)5 +G7O > 2 1Wp B2%,%<>(*+#/ - "#$#"K.1 0/#0/2#'*# )/# +-. G20%'- +-4 ::=B B*+-'- )/# =:Q '+- IZ8B +-4 %/2(*#4 :($/5G$(/#4, - %"%*# '<.%0(&(+#/ #"? +-. ::=B 2#/ +-. 7(,G+- :($/@#,,%.+/2;. ="/"+;'(1. (7:=).! #"?5#'- (20*0(+#/ µ(+k #"? 2,5 µ3.(4. FD GJG*Hµ4*4 G- 0"%G*4*-J#µ-)-' 0-"+%76' M/#?,# +# '<'+3µ#+# "%< "$?2(/+#/.# ()2#+#'+#>%&. '( "$%'+#+(<?µ(.(4 "($/%9G4 (Natura, Ramsar, #/'>-+/2K 0K'-, #$9#/%,%)/2%&4 9;$%<4) 2#/ 29

39 #.(JK$+-+# #"? +-. /'9& +%<4, #2%,%<>(*+#/ - 0/#0/2#'*# +1. '<'+-µk+1. µ( ()2#+('+-µG.- /'9& 151kWp 2MWp A0%S%$H G*%+7-.M) (. U>L;?;/; (@E=(/!(L(?K?;/ I/2#*1µ# <"%@%,34 #*+-'-4 )/# 9%$3)-'- K0(/#4 "#$#)1)34 G9%<. 5<'/2K 3.%µ/2K "$?'1"# 3 2%/.%"$#J*(4 3 (.;'(/4 "$%';"1., "%< (0$(&%<. '( 2$K+%4 µg,%4 +-4 =<$1"#L234 S.1'-4. B. - #*+-'- <"%@K,,(+#/ #"? <"? '&'+#'- (+#/$(*# 3 2%/.%"$#J*# 3 G.1'- "$%';"1., %/ #/+%&.+(4 "$G"(/.# #"%2+3'%<..%µ/23 "$%'1"/2?+-+# "$/. +-. G20%'- +-4 ).;µ [B= )/# +- 9%$3)-'- +-4 #0(*#4. B/+3'(/4 <"%@K,,%.+#/ '+-. [B= 2K>( 0<% µ3.(4 #"? +-. "$;+- G14 2#/ +- 0G2#+- -µg$# +%< "$;+%< µ3.# 2K>( 0/µ3.%< (2&2,%4 <"%@%,34 #/+3'(1.). Q "$;+%4 2&2,%4 <"%@%,34 #/+3'(1. #$9*D(/ #"? +% 0(&+($% µ3.# 2K>( -µ($%,%)/#2%& G+%<4. E# '+%/9(*# "%< "$G"(/.# "($/,#µ@k.%.+#/ '+% 5K2(,% +-4 #*+-'-4 )/# 9%$3)-'- K0(/#4 "#$#)1)34 #.#5G$(+#/ '+% :#$K$+-µ# B"?5#'-4 +%< N"%<$)%& B.K"+<J-4 I6/H1/ %/2.5707/ D. EV(=LE/; (!> C;B A!>ULEK/; <;W;/ (@E=(/!(L(?K?;/ I/2#*1µ# <"%@%,34 #*+-'-4 )/# 9%$3)-'- K0(/#4 "#$#)1)34 G9%<. 5<'/2K 3.%µ/2K "$?'1"# 3 2%/.%"$#J*(4 3 (.;'(/4 "$%';"1. "%< (0$(&%<. '( 2$K+%4 µg,%4 +-4 =<$1"#L234 S.1'-4.! #*+-'- <"%@K,,(+#/ '+-. [B= %"%+(03"%+( 2#/ 2#+#91$*D(+#/ '( (/0/2? :$1+?2%,,% (J#/$G'(1.. 30

40 E# '+%/9(*# "%< "$G"(/.# '+% 5K2(,% +-4 #*+-'-4 (J#*$('-4 #"? +-. <"%9$G1'-,3A-4 K0(/#4 "#$#)1)34, #.#5G$%.+#/ '+% :#$K$+-µ# #"?5#'-4 +%< N"%<$)%& B.K"+<J-4 I6/H1/QZF.5707/ ?.!L>/F>L( /AB@E/;/ /C(X1>A Q 2K+%9%4 +-4 K0(/#4 "#$#)1)34 <"%@K,,(/ '+%. #$µ?0/% 0/#9(/$/'+3 (I=87!= )/# '<.0(0(µG.% '&'+-µ# 3 )/# µ- '<.0(0(µG.#.-'/K) #*+-µ# )/# +- 0/#+&"1'- "$%'5%$K4 '&.0('-4 +%< '+#>µ%&, +% %"%*% "($/,#µ@k.(/ "($/)$#53 +%< +$?"%< '&.0('-4 +%< '+#>µ%& 2#/ +%< (2+/µ;µ(.%< 9$%./2%& %$*D%.+# +-4 '&.0('-4. 7( +-. #*+-'- <"%@K,,%.+#/ +# #2?,%<># '+%/9(*#: B.+*)$#5% +-4 K0(/#4 "#$#)1)34 82#$*5-µ# +%< 9;$%< ()2#+K'+#'-4 +%< '+#>µ%&, '( 2#+K,,-,- 2,*µ#2# ;'+(.# "($/,#µ@k.(+#/ '( '(,*0# µ()g>%<4 B4, '<.%0(<?µ(.% #"? "*.#2# '<.+(+#)µg %$<5;. +%< "%,<);.%< +%< )-"G0%< '&µ51.# µ( +% =,,-./2? M(10#/+/2? 8&'+-µ# B.#5%$K4 (=M8B) 87. E(9./2K ()9(/$*0/# 2#/ "/'+%"%/-+/2K ISO +1. 2#+#'2(<#'+;. H6 ",#/'*1. 2#/ +1. µ(+#+$%"g1. +K'(1. DC-AC, '+# %"%*# "$G"(/.# #.#5G$(+#/ 2#/ - %,/23 "#$#µ?$51'- +%< $(&µ#+%4 (J?0%< +1. µ(+#+$%"g1.. I/K5%$# 0/2#/%,%)-+/2K "%< #.#5G$%.+#/ '+% K$>$% B"?5#'-4 +%< N"%<$)%& B.K"+<J-4 I6/H1/QZF / Q #$µ?0/%4 I/#9(/$/'+34 #J/%,%)(* +# '+%/9(*# +-4 #*+-'-4 2#/ 0/#+<";.(/ +-. "$%'5%$K '&.0('-4, - %"%*# /'9&(/ )/# 2 G+-.! "$%'5%$K '&.0('-4 2%/.%"%/(*+#/ '+- [B= 2#/ "($/,#µ@k.(/ +%<4 (,K9/'+%<4?$%<4 2#/ #"#/+3'(/4, "%< "$G"(/.# /2#.%"%/(* +% G$)% '&.0('-4. 31

41 7(+K +- 0/#+&"1'- +-4 "$%'5%$K4 '&.0('-4, % 2K+%9%4 +-4 #0(*#4 "#$#)1)34 #"%+<";.(/ '( +%"%)$#5/2? 0/K)$#µµ# +%. "$%+(/.?µ(.% #"? +%. I/#9(/$/'+3 +$?"% '&.0('-4 +%< '+#>µ%& '+% 0*2+<% 2#/ +% <"%@K,,(/ '+%. I/#9(/$/'+3. Q +$?"%4 '&.0('-4 #"%+<";.(+#/ +%"%)$#5/2K '( 0/#)$Kµµ#+# 2,*µ#2#4 1: #/ 1:5000, '( <"?@#>$% 9#$+;. +-4 M(1)$#5/234 N"-$('*#4 8+$K+%< (MN8),?"%< #<+%* 0/#+*>(.+#/, <"%)()$#µµg.# #"? +%. µ(,( # 0/#)$Kµµ#+# #"%+<";.(+#/ 2#/ - #2$/@34 >G'- +%< '+#>µ%&,?"14 #<+3 #"(/2%.*D(+#/ '+% '2#$*5-µ#, "%< '<.%0(&(/ +-. #*+-'- )/# +- 0/#+&"1'- "$%'5%$K4 '&.0('-4. B. % '+#>µ?4 '<.0G(+#/ µg'1.g%< <"%'+#>µ%& µg'-4 "$%4 <A-,3 +K'-, % (.0/#5($?µ(.%4 "$G"(/.# 2#+#,,-,?+-+#4 +%< )-"G0%< ()2#+K'+#'-4 +%< <"%'+#>µ%& '+%. (20*0(+#/ #"? +-. #$µ?0/# <"-$('*# +%< 2<$*%< +%< 0/2+&%< (I=! B.=./ I/(&><.'- OG1. =S$)1. 7(+#5%$K4), µg'# '( 3 µ3.(4 #"? +-. <"%@%,3 +-4 #*+-'-4.! >G'- +%< <"%'+#>µ%& "$G"(/.# #"%+<"1>(* '+# "#$#"K.1 +%"%)$#5/2K 0/#)$Kµµ#+#. 8+- '<.(9(*#, % I/#9(/$/'+34 >(1$(* +# +%"%)$#5/2K 0/#)$Kµµ#+# 14 "$%4 +-. '<µ@#+?+-+# +%<4 µ( +% "($/(9?µ(.% +-4 "$%'5%$K4 '&.0('-4.!4"4*5"HG-+' E% G.+<"% +-4 #*+-'-4 "($/,#µ@k.(+#/ '+% :#$K$+-µ# +-4 B"?5#'-4 +%< N"%<$)%& B.K"+<J-4 I6/H2/%/ /

42 7( +% 0*2+<% 9#µ-,34 +K'(14 '<.0G%.+#/ %/ '+#>µ%* ()2#+('+-µG.-4 /'9&%4 100kWp. =5?'%. % 2%.+K '+% 0*2+<% +% 2?'+%4 '&.0('-4 (*.#/ "($*"%< 4000]. 7( +% 0*2+<% µg'-4 +K'(14 '<.0G%.+#/ %/ '+#>µ%* ()2#+('+-µG.-4 /'9&%4 K kWp. =5?'%. % 2%.+K '+% 0*2+<% +% 2?'+%4 (*.#/ "($*"%< U>L;?;/; E?8L=/;/!EL=D(<<>BC=8KB >LKB (E!>) 7(+K +- >(;$-' %"%)$#5/2;. 0/#)$#µµK+1. #"? +%. I/#9(/$/'+3, % 2K+%9%4 +-4 K0(/#4 "#$#)1)34 <"%@K,,(/ '+-. #$µ?0/# <"-$('*# +-4 %/2(*#4 :($/5G$(/#4 +%<4 #2?,%<>%<4 5#2G,%<4 : HK2(,% µ( +-. #*+-'- )/# +-. G)2$/'- +1. "($/@#,,%.+/2;.?$ G$)1. '&.0('-4,?"%< #"#/+(*+#/. HK2(,% µ( +# 0/2#/%,%)-+/2K )/# +-. G20%'- +-4 G)2$/'-4, ("Gµ@#'-4,?"%< #"#/+(*+#/ '&µ51.# µ( +/4 0/#+KJ(/ #'/234.%µ%>('*#4. HK2(,% µ( +% #.+*)$#5% +-4 K0(/#4 "#$#)1)34, +- '<.%"+/23 +(9./23 "($/)$#53 +%< G$)%< <"%)()$#µµg.- #"? +% µ(,(+-+3, +%. "$%\"%,%)/'µ? +%< G$)%<, +-. "$%'5%$K '&.0('-4 +%< '+#>µ%& µ( +% 0*2+<% 2#/ +# >(1$-µG.# +%"%)$#5/2K 0/#)$Kµµ#+# #"? +% I/#9(/$/'+3. E. U>L;?;/; /A1D(/;/ /AB@E/;/ 8(=!K<;/;/ 7(+K +-. G20%'- G)2$/'-4 "($/@#,,%.+/2;.?$1. (=:Q), % 2K+%9%4 +-4 K0(/#4 "#$#)1)34 <"%@K,,(/ #*+-'- )/# 9%$3)-'- K0(/#4 ()2#+K'+#'-4 '+-. #$µ?0/# <"-$('*# +-4 %/2*#4 :($/5G$(/#4.! #*+-'- '<.%0(&(+#/ #"? +# 0/2#/%,%)-+/2K, "%< #.#5G$%.+#/ '+% K$>$% B"?5#'-4 +%< N"%<$)%& B.K"+<J-4 I6/H1/%/ /

43 /C. /AB(W; /A1D(/;/ 8(=!K<;/;/ 7(+K +-. G20%'- +-4 K0(/#4 ()2#+K'+#'-4 % 2K+%9%4 +-4 K0(/#4 "#$#)1)34 <"%@K,,(/ #*+-'- '+% I/#9(/$/'+3 )/# '&.#A- +-4 '&µ@#'-4 '&.0('-4 '+% 0*2+<%.! #*+-'- "$G"(/.# '<.%0(&(+#/ #"? +# #.+*)$#5# +-4 K0(/#4 ()2#+K'+#'-4 2#/ +-4 "$%'5%$K4 +-4 '&.0('-4. M/#?'%<4 '+#>µ%&4 0(. #"#/+(*+#/ - G20%'- K0(/#4 "#$#)1)34 ()2#+K'+#'-4 2#/,(/+%<$)*#4 (:*.#2#4 1, :#$K$+-µ# B), - #*+-'- )/# +-. '&.0('- "$G"(/.# '<.%0(&(+( #"? +# "#$#2K+1 0/2#/%,%)-+/2K: E%. +*+,%.?µ/µ-4 2#+%934 +%< 9;$%< ()2#+K'+#'-4 +%< '+#>µ%&. E-. =:Q?"%< #<+3 #"#/+(*+#/. 8(?'(4 "($/"+;'(/4 0(. <5*'+#+#/ <"%9$G1'-,3A-4 =:Q, % (.0/#5($?µ(.%4 <"%@K,,(/ <"(&><.- 03,1'-?+/ +% G$)% #"#,,K''(+#/ #"? +-. <"%9$G1'- #<+3. E-. K0(/# #.G$)('-4 +<9?. #.#)2#*1. 2+/'µK+1. '+%. 9;$% ()2#+K'+#'-4 +%< '+#>µ%&, #"? +-. #$µ?0/# <"-$('*# +-4 "%,(%0%µ*#4?+/ 0(. #"#/+(*+#/ - G20%'- '9(+/234 %/2%0%µ/234 #0(*#4. 7(+K +-. <"%)$# '&µ@#'-4 '&.0('-4, '<.K"+(+#/ '&µ@#'- -,(2+$/234 (.G$)(/#4 '&µ51.# µ( +/4 B"%5K'(/4 +%< N"%<$)%& B.K"+<J-4 I6/H1/%/ / #/ I6/H1/%/2.1725/ B.+*)$#5# +1. "#$#"K.1 '<µ@k'(1. 2%/.%"%/%&.+#/ '+- [B=. Y.!L>/KL=B; /AB@E/; /C(X1>A 7(+K +-. #"%"($K+1'- +1. ()2#+#'+K'(1. +%< '+#>µ%& 2#/ "$/. +-. <"%@%,3 +-4 #*+-'-4 )/# 9%$3)-'- +-4 K0(/#4,(/+%<$)*#4, % 2K+%9%4 +-4 K0(/#4 ()2#+K'+#'-4 <"%@K,,(/ #*+-'- '+%. I/#9(/$/'+3 )/# "$%'1$/.3 '&.0('- +%< 34

44 '+#>µ%& '+% 0*2+<%, "$%2(/µG.%<.# "$#)µ#+%"%/->%&. %/ #"#$#*+-+(4 0%2/µG4 )/# +- >G'- 2#/,(/+%<$)*# ()2#+#'+K'(1..! 0%2/µ#'+/23,(/+%<$)*# +%< '+#>µ%& 0(. ("/+$G"(+#/ "$/. #"? +- '&.#A- +1. '&.0('-4 2#/ ";,-'-4 2#/ +% +*µ-µ# )/# +-. (.G$)(/# "%< 0/#+*>(+#/ 2#+K +-. "($*%0% #<+3, µ(+k +-,3A- +-4 K0(/#4,(/+%<$)*#4.! #*+-'- )/# "$%'1$/.3 '&.0('- '<.%0(&(+#/ #"? <"(&><.- 03,1'-, "%< <"%)$K5(+#/ #"? +%. "#$#)1)? 2#/ +%. 7-9#./2?,?+/?,# +# G$)# (2+(,G'+-2#. '&µ51.# µ( +-. K0(/# ()2#+K'+#'-4, +- '&.0('-4, +%<4 /'9&%.+(4 2#.%./'µ%&4 2#/ 0/#+KJ(/4 2#/ +%<4 2#.?.( G9.-4 2#/ +-4 ("/'+3µ-4. 7(+K +-,3A- +-4 #*+-'-4, % I/#9(/$/'+34 #"(<>&.(/ G))$#5- (/0%"%*-'- '+%. 2K+%9% +-4 K0(/#4 ()2#+K'+#'-4 '9(+/2K µ( +/4 "$%\"%>G'(/4 "$#)µ#+%"%*-' "$%'1$/.34 '&.0('-4. 7G'# '( 20 -µg$(4 #"? +-. -µ($%µ-.*# 2%/.%"%*-' G))$#5-4 (/0%"%*-'-4, % I/#9(/$/'+34 %5(*,(/.# "$%@(* '+-. '&.0('- +%< '+#>µ%& 2#/ +-. -,G2+$/'- +1. ()2#+#'+K'(1. "#$%<'*# +%< "#$#)1)%&.! -µ($%µ-.*# -,G2+$/' ()2#+#'+K'(1. #"%+(,(* +-. -µ($%µ-.*# G.#$J %2/µ#'+/234,(/+%<$)*#4 2#/ ).1'+%"%/(*+#/ ())$K514 '+%. "#$#)1)?. 7G'# '( 20 -µg$(4 #"? +-. -,G2+$/'- +1. ()2#+#'+K'(1., % "#$#)1)?4 %5(*,(/.# 2%/.%"%/3'(/ G))$#5-03,1'- (+%/µ?+-+#4 '+% I/#9(/$/'+3, % %"%*%4 µg'# '( 15 -µg$(4 #"? +-. "#$#,#@3 +-4 "$G"(/.# ("/>(1$3'(/ +/4 ()2#+#'+K'(/4 +%< '+#>µ%&. =5?'%. % G,()9%4 (*.#/ ("/+<934 2#/ % '+#>µ?4,(/+%<$)3'(/ +/4 ("?µ(.(4 15 -µg$(4 91$*4 "$%@,3µ#+#, % I/#9(/$/'+34 '+%. "#$#)1)??+/ "($#+;>-2( - 5K'- 0%2/µ#'+/234,(/+%<$)*#4 +%< '+#>µ%& 2#/ 35

45 %,%2,-$;>-2#. %/ 2#+#'2(<G4 +%< '9(+/2%& 0/2+&%< '&.0('-4 '&µ51.# µ( +/4 #"#/+%&µ(.(4 "$%0/#)$#5G4. ;. ; U>L;?;/; (@E=(/ <E=C>AL?=(/! #*+-'- )/# G20%'- K0(/#4,(/+%<$)*#4 <"%@K,,(+#/ #"? +%. "#$#)1)? '( 2 #.+*)$#5#, '+-. #$93 "%< (JG01'( +-. K0(/# ()2#+K'+#'-4. E% G.+<"% +-4 #*+-'-4 "($/,#µ@k.(+#/ '+% :#$K$+-µ# +-4 B"?5#'-4 +%< N"%<$)%& B.K"+<J-4 I6/H1/%/ / ! #*+-'- '<.%0(&(+#/ #"? +# #2?,%<># 0/2#/%,%)-+/2K. ="/2<$1µG.% #.+*)$#5% +-4 '&µ@#'-4 '&.0('-4 µ(+#j& "#$#)1)%& 2#/ I/#9(/$/'+3. ="/2<$1µG.% #.+*)$#5% +-4 '&µ@#'-4 ";,-'-4 µ(+#j& "#$#)1)%& 2#/ I/#9(/$/'+3. B.+*)$#5% +%< I/#9(/$/'+3?+/ "($#+;>-2( - 5K'- 0%2/µ#'+/234,(/+%<$)*#4 +%< '+#>µ%&. O?µ/µ# >(1$-µG.% #.+*)$#5% %/2%0%µ/234 K0(/#4 (5?'%. #<+? #"#/+(*+#/ '&µ51.# µ( +/4 0/#+KJ(/ (*µ(.-4.%µ%>('*#4 2#/ µ( +-. ("/5&,#J /#+KJ(1. +%< K$>$%< 2 "#$. 7 +%<.?µ%< 2941/2001 :/'+%"%/-+/2? +-4 #$µ?0/#4 <"-$('*#4 +%< :<$%'@('+/2%& 8;µ#+%4,?+/ G9%<.,-5>(*?,# +# #"#$#*+-+# µg+$# "<$#'5K,(/#4 '&µ51.# µ( +/4 <"%0(*J(/ N"(&><.- 03,1'- +%< "#$#)1)%&?+/ G9%<. +-$->(* %/?$%/ +-4 #"?5#'-4 =:Q 2#/?+/ - ("*@,(A-,(/+%<$)*#4 +%< '+#>µ%& G9(/ #.#+(>(* '( 2#+K.%µ? #$µ?0/% 7-9#./2?. N"(&><.- 03,1'- +%< 7-9#./2%& ="*@,(A-4 +-4,(/+%<$)*#4 +%< '+#>µ%&, )/# #"%0% #.K>('-4 2#/ $-'-4 2#+K +-,(/+%<$)*# +%<

46 ?$1. 2#/ 2#.%./'µ;. "%< #5%$%&. +-. "$%'+#'*# +%< '+-. #'5K,(/# 2#/ '+-. <)(*# +1. ($)#D%µG.1. '+% '+#>µ?.! K0(/#,(/+%<$)*#4 (20*0(+#/ &'+($# #"? #<+%A*# +%< '+#>µ%& #"? +-. #$µ?0/# #$93, "$%2(/µG.%<.# 0/#"/'+1>(* - +3$-'- +1.?$1. 2#/ "($/%$/'µ;. +-4 K0(/#4 ()2#+K'+#' /UE@=> E=@=8>A!<(=/=>A UKL>C(V=8>A /UE@=(/1>A 8(= (E=F>L>A (B(!CAV;/?=( C=/ (!E 2.2.1?-)+,: 7( +% (/0/2? ",#*'/% 91$%+#J/2%& '9(0/#'µ%& 2#>/($;.%.+#/ 2#.?.(4 2#/ 2$/+3$/# 91$%>G+-'-4, +# %"%*# ("/+$G"%<. +-. ()2#+#'+K'(1. B:= 2#/ +-. #$µ%./23 G.+#J- +%<4 '+% 5<'/2? 2#/ #.>$1"%)(.G4 "($/@K,,%.. S+'/, "#$G9(+#/ - 0<.#+?+-+# '+/4 #0(/%0%+%&'(4 #$9G4 2#/ +/4 (.0/#5($?µ(.(4 ("/9(/$3'(/4.# "$%'#.#+%,/'+%&. '( 2#+K,,-,(4, #"? 91$#+#J/23 K"%A-, "($/%9G4 ()2#+K'+#'-4. E<"/23 #.(µ%)(..3+$/# (BM) >(1$(*+#/ - BM µ( 0/Kµ(+$% "+($1+34 D+=85m 2#/ /'9& [+=2 MW. Q /'%0&.#µ%4 #$/>µ?4 +<"/2;. #.(µ%)(..-+$/;. O/4 "$%2&"+(/ #"? +- '9G'- O/4 = D/D+,?"%< D - 0/Kµ(+$%4 +-4 "+($ ()2#+K'+#'-4 BM. 37

47 =J#/$%&.+#/ +%< (/0/2%& ",#/'*%<: #) Q/ '+#>µ%* "#$#)1)34 -,(2+$/234 (.G$)(/#4 #"? B:= )/# +%<4 %"%*%<4 0(. #"#/+(*+#/,3A- #0(*#4 "#$#)1)34, ()2#+K'+#'-4 2#/,(/+%<$)*#4 (:*.#2#4 1, :#$K$+-µ# Q/ ()2#+#'+K'(/4 "#$#)1)34 -,(2+$/234 (.G$)(/#4 #"? B:=, "%< 9#$#2+-$*D%.+#/ 14 µ- %9,%&'(4 ()2#+#'+K'(/4 '&µ51.# µ( +% K$>$% FNB 19500/2004 (H=F 1671/ ), µ( (J#*$('- +# µ/2$k <0$%-,(2+$/2K G$)# (7N!=) )) Q/ ()2#+#'+K'(/4 B:= "%< #5%$%&. B<+?.%µ%<4 :#$#)1)%&4, 0-,#03,?'%<4 :#$#)1)%&4 "#$K)%<. -,(2+$/23 (.G$)(/# #"? B:= 2#/ 0(. (*.#/ '<.0(0(µG.%/ µ( +% 0*2+<% "+*H"+4 7M"%26*5G5' 9M*%S%$*4T,N) -&,4*4G*:G-M) :($/%9G4 "$%+($#/?+-+#4 )/# +- 91$%>G+-'- H6 ()2#+#'+K'(1. >(1$%&.+#/ %/ )<µ.g4 2#/ K)%.(4 "($/%9G "(/$1+/234 2#/.-'/;+/2-4 9;$#4, %/ '( 9#µ-,? <A?µ(+$%, (*.#/ 2#+K "$%+*µ-'- #>G#+(4 #"? "%,<'&9.#'+%<4 9;$%<4 2#/ G9%<. 0<.#+?+-+(4 '&.0('-4 µ( +% 0*2+<%. Y;.(4 #"%2,(/'µ%& )/# 91$%>G+-'- H6 ()2#+#'+K'(1. >(1$%&.+#/ %/ #2?,%<>(4 2#+-)%$*(4 "($/%9;.: #) E# 2-$<)µG.# 0/#+-$-+G# µ.-µ(*# +-4 "#)2?'µ/#4 "%,/+/'+/234 2,-$%.%µ/K4 2#/ +# K,,# µ.-µ(*# µ(*d%.%4 '-µ#'*# %< K$>$%< 50 +%< /2002, 2#>;4 2#/ %/ %$%>(+-µg.(4 #$9#/%,%)/2G4 D;.(4 "$%'+#'*#4 B, "%< G9%<. 2#>%$/'>(* 2#+K +/4 0/#+KJ(/4 +%< K$>$%< 91 +%< / #>%$*D%.+#/ 2#+K +/4 0/#+KJ(/4 +%<.. Q/ "($/%9G4 #"%,&+%< "$%'+#'*# &'-4 2#/ +%< +%"*%<, "%< 2#>%$*D%.+#/ 2#+K +/4 0/#+KJ(/4 +1. K$>$1. 19 "#$.1 2#/ 21 +%<..1650/1986. )) Q/ "<$3.(4 +1. =>./2;. I$<µ;., +# 2-$<)µG.# µ.-µ(*# +-4 5&'-4 2#/ +# #/'>-+/2K 0K'-, "%< 0(. "($/,#µ@k.%.+#/ '+/4 "($/%9G4 +-4 "$%-)%&µ(.-4 38

48 0) Q/ %/2?+%"%/ "$%+($#/?+-+#4 "($/%9;. +-4 ="/2$K+(/#4, "%< G9%<. (.+#9>(* '+%. 2#+K,%)% +1. +?"1. 2%/.%+/234 '-µ#'*#4 +%< 0/2+&%< HN8! 2000, '&µ51.# µ( +-. #"?5#'- 2006/613/=F +-4 ="/+$%"34 (== L ) () Q/ "%,<'&9.#'+%/ 9;$%/, '+%<4 %"%*%<4 - #.+#.K2,#'- +%< 51+?4 #"? +/4 ()2#+#'+K'(/4 µ"%$(*.# #"%+(,(* '-µ#.+/23?9,-'-,?"14 #<+%* ># #.#).1$*D%.+#/ '+% ",#*'/% +-4 7(,G+-4 :($/@#,,%.+/2;. ="/"+;'(1. +%< G$)%<. '+ ) Q/ )(1$)/2G4 )#*(4 <A-,34 "#$#)1)/2?+-+#4. Q/ #"%'+K'(/4 ()2#+K'+#' H6 ()2#+#'+K'(1. #"? +/4 "#$#"K.1 D;.(4 #"%2,(/'µ%& 2#/ %/ (/0/2?+($%/?$%/ 91$%>G+-' '<.%0(<+/2;. +%<4 G$)1., "$G"(/.# 2#>%$*D%.+#/ '+% ",#*'/% +-4 "($/@#,,%.+/234 #0(/%0?+-'-4 '&µ51.# µ( +# )(./2K 2$/+3$/# +-4.%µ%>('*#4 2#/ +%<4 (/0/2%&4 2#.%./'µ%&4 2#/ "$?+<"#, "%< G9%<. >('µ%>(+->(* )/# %$/'µg.(4 2#+-)%$*(4 8<.%0(<+/2;. G$)1. (".9 )$#µµg4 µ(+#5%$k4 <A-,34 +K'(14) "+*H"+4 7M"%26*5G5' 4+%$+,N) -&,4*4G*:G-M) ?-)+,: 8"+*H"+4 M/# $%>G+-'- +1. #/%,/2;. ()2#+#'+K'(1., % (>./2?4 9;$%4 0/#2$*.(+#/ '+/4 #2?,%<>(4 µ(*d%.(4 2#+-)%$*( "(/$1+/23 9;$# '<µ"($/,#µ@#.%µg.-4 2#/ +-4.3'%< =&@%/# B++/23 8+# 2#+%/2-µG.#.-'/K +%< Z%.*%< 2#/ +%< B/)#*%< :(,K)%<4, '<µ"($/,#µ@#.%µg.%< 2#/ +-4 F$ % <"($K2+/% >#,K''/% 9;$% 2#/ +/4 #2#+%*2-+(4.-'*0(4. 39

49 ! -"(/$1+/23 9;$# 0/#2$*.(+#/ '( :($/%9G4 B/%,/234 :$%+($#/?+-+#4 (:B:) 2#/ '( :($/%9G4 B/%,/234 F#+#,,-,?+-+#4 (:BF). Q/ "$;+(4 0/#>G+%<. '<)2$/+/2K ",(%.(2+3µ#+# )/# +-. ()2#+K'+#'- #/%,/2;. "K$21. (:*.#2#4 2.4 ) 2#/ %/ 0(&+($(4 (*.#/ ("/µg$%<4 "($/%9G4 "$1+%@K>µ/1. Q$)#./'µ;. E%"/234 B<+%0/%*2-'-4 (QEB), %/ %"%*(4 0/#>G+%<. /2#.%"%/-+/2? (2µ(+#,,(&'/µ% #/%,/2? 0<.#µ/2?, 2#>;4 2#/ D;.(4 "%< ># "$%'0/%$/'+%&. #"? +# %/2(*# :($/5($(/#2K :,#*'/#, [<>µ/'+/2k 89G0/# Q/2/'+/2%& =,G)9%< 3 #,,K '9G0/# 9$3'(1. )-4.! 91$%>G+-'- +1. #/%,/2;. ()2#+#'+K'(1. "$G"(/.# ",-$%* +# (,K9/'+(4 #"%'+K'(/4 #"? +/4 )(/+./KD%<'(4 9$3'(/4 )-4, 0$#'+-$/?+-+# 2#/ 0*2+<# +(9./234 <"%0%µ34, "%< 2#>%$*D%.+#/ '+%. :*.#2# 2.5. Y;.(4 #"%2,(/'µ%& )/# +- 91$%>G+-'- #/%,/2;. ()2#+#'+K'(1. >(1$%&.+#/ %/ #2?,%<>(4 "G.+( 2#+-)%$*(4 "($/%9;.: B. Q/ (.+?4 '9(0*1. "?,(1. 2#/ %$*1. %/2/'µ%* "$% +%< "($/%9G4 µ( ",-><'µ? µ/2$?+($% #+%* Q/ "($/%9G4 +1. :QEB +%< K$>$%< 29 +%<..2545/97 M. Q/ :($/%9G4 Q$)#.1µG.-4 B.K"+<J-4 :#$#)1)/2;. I$#'+-$/% %< +$/+%)(.%&4 +%µg# +%< K$>$%< 10 +%<..2742/99 I. E# >(µ#+/2k "K$2# =. Q/ +%<$/'+/2%*,/µG.(4. 40

50 41

51 %&'$($) (!E!) 42

52 43

53 44

54 %&'$($) 2.5: +*4,/,$/#$+.&,>7 4,% C<4/5, 45

55 E+3+,:,"+*H"+4 G*5) 50-+"M*+,H 7N"4 M/# +- 91$%>G+-'- #/%,/2;. ()2#+#'+K'(1. '+/4 :B: 2#/ :BF +-4 -"(/$1+/234 <"?A- +# #2?,%<># (/0/2K 2$/+3$/#: E% µg)/'+% ("/+$("?µ(.% "%'%'+? 2K,<A-4 (0#5;. '( ("*"(0% QEB. 8+%<4 QEB "%< (µ"*"+%<. '( :B: (*.#/ +% 8% +-4 G2+#'-4 #.K QEB (1,05 +<"/2G4 BM/1000 '+$(µ) 8+%<4 I3µ%<4 F#$"(.-'*%< 2#/ F#$&'+%< (*.#/ +% 4% +-4 G2+#'-4 #.K I3µ% (0,53 +<"/2G4 BM/1000 '+$(µ) 8+%<4 QEB "%< (µ"*"+%<. '( :BF (*.#/ +% 5% +-4 G2+#'-4 #.K QEB (0,66 +<"/2G4 BM/1000 '+$(µ) M/# +/4 #/%,/2G4 ()2#+#'+K'(/4 "%< (µ"*"+%<. '( "($/''?+($(4 +%< (.?4 QEB +1. "#$#"K.1 "($/"+;'(1., +% µg)/'+% ("/+$("?µ(.% "%'%'+? 2K,<A-4 (µ5#.*d(+#/ )/# +% +µ3µ# +-4 ()2#+K'+#'-4, "%< (µ"*"+(/ '( 2K>( G.# QEB J(91$/'+K E+3+,:,"+*H"+4 G*5) (**+,H M/# +- 91$%>G+-'- #/%,/2;. ()2#+#'+K'(1. '+-. <"?A- +# #2?,%<># (/0/2K 2$/+3$/#: E%?$/% (2µ(+#,,(<'/µ?+-+#4 +%< #/%,/2%& 0<.#µ/2%&, +% %"%*% #.G$9(+#/ '( 50 +<"/2G4 BM 3 (.0(/2+/2K 100 MWe 2#/ #5%$K '+%. %$(/.??)2% +-4 :K'+$#4, +% :K.(/%, +µ3µ# +%< X#<$(1+/2%& Q,&µ"%< 2#/ +% +µ3µ# +-4 7($G.+#4, (2+?4 +-4 ("/$$%34 +%< #($%0$%µ*%< +1. 8"K+1.. E% µg)/'+% ("/+$("?µ(.% "%'%'+? 2K,<A-4 (0#5;. '+%<4 "$1+%@K>µ/%<4 QEB (*.#/ 8% +-4 G2+#'-4 #.K QEB (1,05 +<"/2G4 BM/1000 '+$(µ) 46

56 E+3+,:,"+*H"+4 G*% )5G+M*+,# 7N"% M/# +- 91$%>G+-'- #/%,/2;. ()2#+#'+K'(1. '+#.-'/K +%< Z%.*%< 2#/ +%< B/)#*%< :(,K)%<4, 2#/ +-4 <"?A- +# #2?,%<># (/0/2K 2$/+3$/#: E% µg)/'+% ("/+$("?µ(.% "%'%'+? 2K,<A-4 (0#5;. '+%<4 QEB (*.#/ +% 4% +-4 G2+#'-4 #.K QEB (0,53 +<"/2G4 BM/1000 '+$(µ) E+3+,:,"+*H"+4 G*% 24$:GG+% 7N"% M/# +- 91$%>G+-'- #/%,/2;. ()2#+#'+K'(1. '+% >#,K''/% <"?A- +# #2?,%<># (/0/2K 2$/+3$/# : ="/+$G"(+#/ - 91$%>G+-'- '(?'(4 >#,K''/(4 "($/%9G4 0/#>G+%<. "$%\"%>G'(/4 #/%,/234 (2µ(+#,,(<'/µ?+-+#4, (5?'%. #<+G4 0(. (.+K''%.+#/ '( /0/#*+($% >('µ/2? 2#>('+;4 $-+34 #"#)?$(<' ()2#+K'+#'-4 3 0(. #"%+(,%&. D;.- #"%2,(/'µ%& (".9 >('µ%>(+-µg.# >#,K''/# 3 <"%>#,K''/# )$#µµg4 ("/@#+/234.#<'/",%^#4 2.,.") B"#)%$(&(+#/ - ()2#+K'+#'- BM '( #"?'+#'- µ/2$?+($ m #"? %$)#.1µG.(4 3 0/#µ%$51µG.(4 #2+G4,%<%µG.1.. B"#)%$(&(+#/ - ()2#+K'+#'- BM '( 2,(/'+%&4 2?,"%<4 µ( (&$%4 #.%*)µ#+%4 <1100m. +-4 >(µ(,*1'-4 3 #)2&$1' BM "$%'0/%$*D(+#/ #"? +/4 0<.#+?+-+( $G9%<'#4 +(9.%,%)*#4 2#/ +/4 #.+*'+%/9(4 µ(,g+(4 '+#+/234 2#/ 0<.#µ/234 '<µ"($/5%$k4.! µg)/'+- #"?'+#'- 9($'#*#4?0(<'-4 #"? +%. <"%'+#>µ? 0/#'&.0('-4 (*.#/ 20km. 47

57 E+3+,:,"+*H"+4 G- 4,4*%.,5*-' )5G.3-' M/# +- 91$%>G+-'- #/%,/2;. ()2#+#'+K'(1. '( <"?A- +# #2?,%<># (/0/2K 2$/+3$/#: ="/+$G"(+#/ - 91$%>G+-'- '(?,(4 +/4 #2#+%*2-+(4.-'*0(4, (5?'%. #<+G4 0(. (µ"*"+%<. '+/4 D;.(4 #"%2,(/'µ%& =5#$µ?D%.+#/ +# (/0/2K 2$/+3$/# 91$%>G+-'-4 '+% >#,K''/% 9;$%. 2.3 >@;?=E/?=( C;B E?8(C(/C(/; FKC>D><C(Z8KB /A/C;1(CKB =/U[>/ EK/ 100 kwp (!> (?L>CE/ M/# +-. ()2#+K'+#'- H1+%@%,+#L2;. (H6) '<'+-µk+1. /'9&%4 Pp _ 100 kwp #"? #)$?+(4 #"#/+%&.+#/ 63µ# 1: N"%@%,3 #/+3µ#+%4 '+%. Q$)#./'µ? :,-$1µ;. 2#/ =,G)9%< F%/.%+/2;. =./'9&'(1. :$%'#.#+%,/'µ%& 2#/ =))<3'(1. (Q:=F=:=), )/# +-. G20%'- (#5%$K +% G+%4 2010)?+/ % #/+;. (*.#/ ("#))(,µ#+*#4 #)$? µ# 2: N"%@%,3 #/+3µ#+%4 '+- I/(&><.'- :($/@K,,%.+%4 2#/ C1$%+#J*#4 (IZ:=CW) )/# +- #"#,,#)34 3?9/ #"? S)2$/'- :($/@#,,%.+/2;. V$1. (=:Q). B"#/+%&µ(.# 0/2#/%,%)-+/2K: 1. N"(&><.- 03,1'- +%< (.0/#5($?µ(.%< 2#/ +%< µ(,(+-+3 )/# +-. #"#,,#)3 #"? +-. <"%9$G1'- G20%'-4 #"?5#'-4 =:Q, '&µ51.# µ( +%<4 O?µ%<4 3468/2006 2#/ 3851/ E(9./23 "($/)$# ()2#+K'+#' E%"%)$#5/2? 0/K)$#µµ# 2,*µ#2#4 1:5000 '<.+(+#)µg.% '( A-5/#23 µ%$53 2#/ (J#$+-µG.% #"? +% =>./2? 8&'+-µ# B.#5%$K4 =M8B87, '+% %"%*% ># 48

58 #"%+<";.%.+#/ 2#/ %/ '+#>µ%* *0/#4 +(9.%,%)*#4 '( #2+*.# 150 m #"? +/4 )1.*(4 +%< )-"G0%< ()2#+K'+#'-4 +%< #/+%&µ(.%< '+#>µ%&, )/# +%<4 %"%*%<4 G9(/ (20%>(* K0(/# "#$#)1)34, 3 #"?5#'- =:Q, 3 "$%'5%$K '&.0('-4. 63µ# 3: N"%@%,3 #/+3µ#+%4 '+-. #$µ?0/# +%"/23 <"-$('*# +-4 I=! )/# G20%'- :$%'5%$K4 8&.0('-4. :#$#+3$-'-: 3 )*.(+#/ "#$K,,-,# µ( 2. B"#/+%&µ(.# 0/2#/%,%)-+/2K: 1.! +%< Q:=F=:=?+/ % #/+;. (*.#/ ("#))(,µ#+*#4 #)$? E(9./23 "($/)$# ()2#+K'+#'-4 (?µ%/# 2). 3. E%"%)$#5/2? 0/K)$#µµ# 2,*µ#2#4 1:5000 (?µ%/% 2). 4. B"?0(/J <$/?+-+#4 ("* +-4 G2+#'-4 ()*.(+#/ 0(2+? 2#/ '<µ@%,#/%)$#5/2? "$%'&µ51.% µ(+#@*@#'-4 2<$/?+-+#4 '+%. #/+%&.+#). 5. 8<.#*.('- +1. '<./0/%2+-+;. )/# +- 9$3'- +%< (0K5%<4 '( "($*"+1'- '<./0/%2+-'*#4. 6. N"(&><.- 03,1'- +%< (.0/#5($?µ(.%< 2#/ +%< µ(,(+-+3 )/# +-. #"#,,#)3 #"? +-. <"%9$G1'- G20%'-4 #"?5#'-4 =:Q (?µ%/# 2). 7. B2$/@G4 #.+*)$#5% #"%0(/2+/2%& <"%@%,34 #/+3µ#+%4 "$%4 +-. IZ:=CW, )/# +- #"#,,#)34 #"? =:Q "($*"+1'- µ- #"#,,#)34 #"? +-. <"%9$G1'- G20%'-4 #"?5#'-4 =:Q, #$2(*.# <"%@,->(* #2$/@G4 #.+*)$#5% +%< 0/#@/@#'+/2%& <"%@%,34 7(,G+-4 :($/@#,,%.+/2;. ="/"+;'(1. (7:=) '+-. #$µ?0/# "($/@#,,%.+/23 #$93. :#$#+3$-'-: M/# +-. G20%'- 0('µ(<+/234 :$%'5%$K4 8&.0('-4 #"#/+(*+#/ - "$%'2?µ/'- '+-. I=! #"#,,#)34 =:Q, #"?5#'-4 =:Q +%< '+#>µ%&. 63µ# 4: N"%@%,3 #/+3µ#+%4 '+- I/(&><.'- B)$%+/234 B.K"+<J %/2(*#4 O%µ#$9/#234 B<+%0/%*2-'-4 2#/ #"? '( #$µ?0/# <"-$('*# +%< N"%<$)(*%< B)$%+/234 B.K"+<J-4 2#/ E$%5*µ1., )/# +%. 9#$#2+-$/'µ? +%< )-"G0%< '+% %"%*% ># ()2#+#'+#>(* % '+#>µ?4. 49

59 B"#/+%&µ(.# 0/2#/%,%)-+/2K: E%"%)$#5/2? 0/K)$#µµ# 2,*µ#2#4 1:5000 (?µ%/% 2) :#$#+3$-'-: =5?'%. +% )3"(0% 9#$#2+-$/'>(* 14 )3 <A-,34 "#$#)1)/2?+-+#4 (MN:), #"#/+(*+#/.G# #/+3µ#+%4 '+- *0/# <"-$('*# )/# +- 9%$3)-'- K0(/#4 ()2#+K'+#'-4 +%< H6 '+#>µ%& '( MN:. E# #"#/+%&µ(.# 0/2#/%,%)-+/2K (*.#/: 1. N"(&><.- 03,1'- +%< (.0/#5($?µ(.%< 2#/ +%< µ(,(+-+3?+/ +% )3"(0% '+# 0/%/2-+/2K?$/# +%<.%µ%& B++/ N"(&><.- 03,1'- +%< (.0/#5($?µ(.%< 2#/ +%< µ(,(+-+3?+/ +% )3"(0% 0(. G9(/ 9#$#2+-$/'>(* 14 MN: µg'1 ()2(2$/µG.%< M(./2%& :%,(%0%µ/2%& 89(0*%< (M:8), 3 89(0*%< C1$/234 Q/2/'+/234 Q$)K.1'-4 B.%/9+34 :?,-4 (8CQQB:), 3 89(0*%< Y1.;. Q/2/'+/2%& =,G)9%< (YQ=), 3 (5?'%. #<+? '<µ@#*.(/,?+/ +# "#$#"K.1 '9G0/# ("/+$G"%<. +-. ()2#+K'+#'-. 63µ# 5: N"%@%,3 #/+3µ#+%4 '+-. #$µ?0/# :%,(%0%µ/23 N"-$('*# )/# G)2$/'- (2+G,('-4 ($)#'/;. µ/2$34 2,*µ#2#4. B"#/+%&µ(.# 0/2#/%,%)-+/2K: 1. E(9./23 "($/)$# ()2#+K'+#'-4 (?µ%/# 2). 2. E%"%)$#5/2? 0/K)$#µµ# 2,*µ#2#4 1:5000 (?µ%/% 2). 3. N"(&><.- 03,1'- +%< (.0/#5($?µ(.%< 2#/ +%< µ(,(+-+3?+/ +% )3"(0% '( 0K'%4 3 0#'/23 G2+#'-, '( $Gµ#, '+%. #/)/#,? "#$#,*#, '( 2#>%$/'µG.% #$9#/%,%)/2? 9;$%, 3 '( "($/%93 #"%,&+%< "$%'+#'*# &' B"%0(/2+/2? 2#+K>(' <"(&><.-4 03,1'-4 2#/ +%< +%"%)$#5/2%& '9(0*%< '+% %/2(*% 0#'#$9(*%, 3 '( K,,- #$µ?0/# <"-$('*#, 2#>;4 2#/ '+-. <"-$('*# B.#.(;'/µ1. :-);. =.G$)(/#4 (B:=) +%< N"%<$)(*%< :($/@K,,%.+%4 =.G$)(/#4 2#/ F,/µ#+/234 B,,#)34 (N:=FB). 5. S)2$/'- +-4 #$µ?0/#4 ="/+$%"34 :%,(%0%µ/2%& 2#/ B$9/+(2+%./2%& =,G)9%< (=:B=), '+/4 "($/"+;'(/4 "%< #<+3 #"#/+(*+#/. 6. 6(@#*1'- 9#$#2+-$/'µ%& +%< )-"G0%<. 50

60 7. `0(/# )/# +-. ()2#+K'+#'- +%< H6 '+#>µ%& '( MN:, (5?'%. G+'/ G9(/ 9#$#2+-$/'>(* +% )3"(0%. 63µ# 6: #/+3µ#+%4 '+-. #$µ?0/# +%"/23 <"-$('*# +-4 I=! )/# <"%)$# &.0('-4. 63µ# 7: #/+3µ#+%4 '+%. I/#9(/$/'+3 +%< 8<'+3µ#+%4 )/# +- '&.#A- 2#/ <"%)$# :;,-' ,(2+$/234 (.G$)(/#4. 51

61 2.4 D=D<=>?L(F=( 8EF(<(=>A 1. :($0*%4 8., HWEQ6QXEBaF=8 =MFBEB8EB8=Z8, =20?'(/4 EeFIQEZF!, B>3.# :($0*%4 8.,!XZQP=[7ZF=8 =MFBEB8EB8=Z8, =20?'(/4 EeFIQEZF!, B>3.# H$#)2/#0K2-4 Z., HWEQ6QXEBaFB 8N8E!7BEB, 2 - G20%'-, =20?'(/4 Y!E!, P(''#,%.*

62 8-9:$4+% 3 3. FKC>D><C(Z8( /A/C;1(C( 3.1.?-)+,:! (.($)(/#23 #J/%"%*-' ,/#234 (.G$)(/#4 )*.(+#/ µ( +# "#>-+/2K -,/#2K '<'+3µ#+#, +# (.($)-+/2K -,/#2K '<'+3µ#+# 2#/ +# 51+%@%,+#L2K '<'+3µ#+#. E# 0425*+,: 5$+4,: GJG*Hµ4*4 #J/%"%/%&. +%. 3,/% )/# +-. >G$µ#.' /$*1., 0-,#03, 9#$#2+-$*D%.+#/ #"? Kµ('- #"%,#@ ,/#234 #2+/.%@%,*#4, 91$*4 "$%-)%&µ(.- µ(+#+$%" E# '<'+3µ#+# #<+K (.'1µ#+;.%.+#/ '+# 2+*$/# (+%*9%4 >($µ/234 #"%>32(<'-4, >($µ%23"/%, -,/#2? #*>$/% 2.,".) 2#/ '<./'+%&. (J(,/)µG.(4 2#/ %/2%.%µ/2G4 +(9.%,%)*(4. E# -)-"&5*+,: 5$+4,: GJG*Hµ4*4 '<,,G)%< ,/#23 #2+/.%@%,*# 2#/ +- µ(+#+$g"%<. '( >($µ?+-+#, - %"%*# '+- '<.G9(/# #J/%"%/(*+#/. I-,#03, +# '<'+3µ#+# #<+K 9#$#2+-$*D%.+#/ #"? µ(+#+$%" ,/#234 (.G$)(/#4 '( >($µ/23 2#/ 9$-'/µ%"%/%&.+#/ '( %/2/#2G4 (5#$µ%)G4. E% µ()#,&+($% %/2%.%µ/2? (.0/#5G$%. "#$%<'/KD(/ - -,/#23 >G$µ#.'- +%<.($%& 9$3'-4 2#/ #2%,%<>(* '( #"?'+#'- - -,/#23 >G$µ#.'- 9;$1.. E# 9M*%S%$*4T,: (FD) GJG*Hµ4*4 '<,,G)%< ,/#23 #2+/.%@%,*# 2#/ +- µ(+#+$g"%<. '( -,(2+$/'µ?, 0-,#03, 9#$#2+-$*D%.+#/ #"? µ(+#+$%" ,/#234 (.G$)(/#4 '( -,(2+$/23. E# '<'+3µ#+# #<+K #J/%"%/%&.+#/ '( ",3>%4 -,(2+$/2;. (5#$µ%);. 2#/ 2#,&"+%<. µ*# (<$(*# "($/%93 /'9&%4, 0-,#03, #"? +-. "%,& 9#µ-,3 /'9& (<$(*#4 9$3'-4 2#+#.#,1+/2;. "$%L?.+1. (51+/'+/2K ';µ#+# 23"%<, 53

63 #$/>µ-+/2%* <"%,%)/'+G4, $%,?)/#, "#/9.*0/# 2.,".), G14 +# '<'+3µ#+# µ()k,-4 /'9&%4 )/# +-. +$%5%0%'*# 2+/$/#2;. '<)2$%+-µK '/;..!"#µ$ 3.1 B. 2#/ - 51+%@%,+#L23 µ(+#+$%"3 "#$#+-$3>-2( +% 1839 #"? +%. MK,,% Antoine Becquerel, - 2#+#'2(<3 +%< "$;+%< H6 '+%/9(*%< "<$/+*%< #"? +%<4 Fuller, Pearson 2#/ Chapin #.#2%/.;>-2( +% I&% 9$?./# #$)?+($# K$9/'( - "$;+- (µ"%$/23 "#$#)1)3 H6 '+%/9(*1. 2$<'+#,,/2%& "<$/+*%< #"? +-. (+#/$(*# Hoffmann, µ( 2?'+%4 2#+#'2(< %,K$/#/W p #"?0%' %. B"? +% 1958 #$9*D(/ - (µ5k./'- H6 '+%/9(*1. '+/4 0/#'+-µ/2G4 (5#$µ%)G4. :$;+# (2+%J(&(+#/ % Bµ($/2#./2?4 +(9.-+?4 0%$<5?$%4 Vanguard I, (J%",/'µG.%4 µ( 6 µ/2$k H6 '+%/9(*# "<$/+*%<, /'9&%4 5 mv (.($)(/#23 "-)3 2#/ #2%,%<>(* % 8%@/(+/2?4 0%$<5?$%4 µ( #"%2,(/'+/23 +$%5%0%'*# #"? H6 '+%/9(*#. 8+- '<.G9(/#, K$9/'( - (µ5k./'- +1. H6 '<'+-µk+1. 2#/ '( ("*)(/(4 (5#$µ%)G4,?"14 - -,(2+$/23 +$%5%0?+-'- µ/2$%'<'2(<;. ($%,?)/#, $#0/?51.# 2.,".), #"%µ%.1µg.1. ()2#+#'+K'(1. (5K$%/, #)$%+/2G4 #.+,*(4.($%&, +-,("/2%/.1./#2%* #.#µ(+#0?+(4 2.,".), (J%9/2;. '"/+/;. 2#/ %,?2,-$1. %/2/'µ;., "%< 0(. (J<"-$(+%&.+#/ #"? +% -,(2+$/2? 0*2+<%. =*.#/ (<.?-+%?+/ - #&J-'- +-4 "#$#)1)34 2#/ +-4 +(9.%,%)*#4 (*9#. '#. #"%+G,('µ# +- $#)0#*# µ(*1'- +%< 2?'+%<4 2#/ #"?0%'-4. 54

64 83µ($#, #"?0%' H6 '+%/9(*1. #"? 2$<'+#,,/2? '+% 22% )/# H6 '<'+3µ#+# 0/#'+-µ/2;. (5#$µ%);. 2#/ '+% ("*"(0% +%< 12 14% %/2/#23 9$3'-,?+#. - µg)/'+- >(1$-+/23 +%< +/µ3 <"%,%)*D(+#/ '( 25% "($*"%<. E% 2?'+%4 (.?4 H6 '<'+3µ#+%4 µ()g>%<4 µg9$/ µ($/2k kw p %/2/#23 9$3'-, #.G$9(+#/ '( 5 6 =<$;/ W p. 8( ()2#+#'+K'(/4 '9(+/2K µ()k,-4 /'9&%4 +% 2?'+%4 µ(/;.(+#/ '( '<.K$+-'- µ( +% µg)(>%4 +%< '<'+3µ#+%4. EG,%4, '( µ()k,# H6 '<'+3µ#+# K.1 +%< MW p +% 2?'+%4 µ(/;.(+#/ '9(0?. '+% 50% +%< #.+*'+%/9%< +1. '<'+-µk+1. µ/2$34 /'9&%4. E# (+3'/#,(/+%<$)/2K 2?'+- (J#$+;.+#/ #"? +-. (2K'+%+( (5#$µ%)3 2#/ '<.3>14 2<µ#*.%.+#/ #"? 0,5% G14 1,5,% +%< #$9/2%& 2?'+%<4 ("G.0<'-4. S.# H6 '&'+-µ# '+-. B>3.# #"%0*0(/ (+-'* kwh )/# 2K>( ()2#+('+-µG.% kw p.! #.+*'+%/9- (+3'/# #"?0%'- '+- 7#2(0%.*# (*.#/ kwh, '+-.?+/# -"(/$1+/23 =,,K0# kwh 2#/ '+-. F$ kwh. =.0(/2+/2G4 +/µg4 +-4 (+3'/#4 "#$#)?µ(.-4 -,(2+$/234 (.G$)(/#4 #"? G.# H6 '&'+-µ# '+-. =,,K0# 0*.%.+#/ '+% '93µ# 80. +G,%4,.# '-µ(/1>(*?+/ )/# 2K>( kw p ()2#+('+-µG.-4 /'9&%4 #"#/+(*+#/ ("/5K.(/# m 2. 55

65 !"#µ$ 3.2: (/6$%, >,",*.*6 4%201#/),>7?./0102/,34# 4"5$/,22%40; >5"%/<05 $/' 1)2/%$/' 42<$' 3.2.!<E>BE8C;1(C( 8(= 1E=>BE8C;1(C( E% <A-,? #$9/2? 2?'+%4 ()2#+K'+#'-4, +% %"%*%?µ14 #.#µg.(+#/.# µ(/1>(* 2/ K,,% +# #µg'14 "$%'(93 9$?./#, - <"%9$G1'- +%< "($/%0/2%& 2#>#$/'µ%& +-4 ("/5#.(*#4 +1. H6 ",#/'*1. µ( #"%$$<"#.+/2?, )/#.# #"%5&)%<µ( +- µ(*1'- +-4 #"?0%'-4 #"? +- $&"#.'- (#/>K,-, '2?.-, #,K+/ >K,#''#4, #2#>#$'*(4 "%<,/;. 2.,".) 2#/ - #"#$#*+-+- #"%>32(<'- +-4 "#$#)?µ(.-4 -,(2+$/234 (.G$)(/#4 '+/4 "($/''?+($(4 (5#$µ%)G4,,?)1 +-4 µ()k,-4 0/#2&µ#.' (.G$)(/# ,/#234 #2+/.%@%,*#4, #"%+(,%&. +# µ%.#0/2k µ-+%)-,*hµ4*4 +1. H6 '<'+-µk

66 B.+*>(+#, +# '<'+3µ#+# #<+K "#$%<'/KD%<. "%,,K 2#/ '-µ#.+/2k 0$-%)-,*Hµ4* (./2? 2?'+%4 2#<'*µ%< #5%& % 3,/%4 (*.#/ µ*# #.#.(;'/µ- 2#/ (,(&>($# 0/#>G'/µ- (.($)(/#23 "-) (+/2K (&2%,- µg>%0%4 2#+#'2(< H6 '+%/9(*1. #"? "$;+(4 &,(4 "%< #5>%.%&.. 3. E# H6 '+%/9(*# G9%<. 0/K$2(/# D134 +%<,K9/'+%. 25 9$?./#. (! 0/K$2(/# D ,(2+$/2;. '<''1$(<+;. (J#$+K+#/ #"? (25?$+/'-4 2#/ 2<µ#*.(+#/ #"? 5 G $?./#). 4. I(. G9%<. 2/.%&µ(.# µg$- µ( #"%+G,('µ#.# µ-. 9$(/KD%.+#/ '<.(93 ("*@,(A- 2#/ '<.+3$-'-. 7*# ("/>(;$-'- #.K (JKµ-.% (*.#/ '<.3>14 #$2( X(/+%<$)%&. #>?$<@#. 6. S9%<. "%,& 2#,3 #"?0%'- '( µ()k,% <A?µ(+$%,?)1 +-4 #<J-µG.-4 G2>('-4 '+%. 3,/%. 7.! #"%2#+K'+#'- +-4,(/+%<$)*#4 '( )*.(+#/ (&2%,#,?)1 +-4 '"%.0<,1+34 µ%$534 +%< '<'+3µ#+%4. 8. :#$G9%<. #.(J#$+-'*# #"? 2(.+$/2K -,(2+$/2K 0*2+<# 0/#.%µ S9%<. #$2(+K µ()k,- #.#,%)*# "#$#)?µ(.-4 /'9&%4 "$%4 +%< '<'+3µ#+%4 (100 W/kg), "%< (*.#/ '-µ#.+/23 /0/?+-+# )/# +/4 0/#'+-µ/2G4 (5#$µ%)G4. 10.! µg)/'+- "#$#)?µ(.- -,(2+$/23 (.G$)(/# #"? +# H6 '<'+3µ#+#, '<µ"*"+(/ 9$%./2K µ( +/4 -µ($3'/(4 #/9µG4 +-4 D3+-'-4 '( -,(2+$/'µ?, (/0/2K +%<4 2#,%2#/$/.%&4 µ3.(4 (89. G+'/ '-µ#.+/2k '+-. (J%µK,<.'- +1. #/9µ;. 5%$+*%<, '+-. #"%5<)3 µ",#2 K%<+ 2#/ '+-. µ(*1'- +%< '<.%,/2%& 2?'+%< ,(2+$%"#$#)1)34, 0(0%µG.%<?+/ - 2K,<A- +1. #/9µ;. 5%$+*%< (*.#/ /0/#*+($# 0#"#.-$3 2#/ 2K>( ;$# µ",#2 K%<+ 2%'+*D(/ (2#+%µµ&$/# =<$; '+-. (>./23 %/2%.%µ*#. 57

67 !"#µ$ 3.3: O%,4;µ,&$' $+ $B)$' µ+ /' >,",*.*6 $5$/6µ,/, $/' C%#"4+%, 11.! -,(2+$/23 (.G$)(/# "%< "#$K)(+#/ #"? +# H6 '<'+3µ#+# #2%,%<>(* +-. ("%9/23 D3+-'- '( -,(2+$/'µ? ( ).!"#µ$ 3.4: O%,4;µ,&$' $+ $B)$' µ+ /' >,",*.*6 $5$/6µ,/, 4,/# /' C%#"4+%, 12. E# H6 ",#*'/# µ"%$%&..# 9$-'/µ%"%/->%&. 14 0%µ/2K <,/2K 2#>;4 0/#+*>(.+#/ '( "%/2/,*# 9$1µK+1., µ()(>;. 2#/ '9-µK+1.. B.+/2#>/'+;.+#4 K,,# 0%µ/2K <,/2K (".9. 2($#µ%'2("G4 3 <#,%'+K'/# '( "$%'?A(/4) '<µ@k,,%<. '+- µ(*1'- +%< '<.%,/2%& 2?'+%<4 +-4 %/2%0%µ34, (/0/2K '+-. "($*"+1' ,/#2;. "$%'?A(1. '( (µ"%$/2k 2+*$/#. 83µ($# 0/#+*>(.+#/ 0/#5#.3 H6 ",#*'/#, µ( >($µ%µ%.1+/2g4 /0/?+-+(4 #.+*'+%/9(4 µ( (2(*.(4 +1. <#,%'+#'*1. 9#µ-,%& '<.+(,('+3 (2"%µ"34 >($µ/234 #2+/.%@%,*#4 (Low-e), 58

68 +# %"%*# "#$K)%<. -,(2+$/23 (.G$)(/# 2#/ µ(/;.%<. +/4 >($µ/2g4 #";,(/(4 2#+K 15 30%, '( '9G'- µ( +# #",K <#,%'+K'/#. EG,%4, <"K$9%<. H6 ",#*'/# 0/",34?A(14, 0-,#03, ",#*'/# "%< #J/%"%/%&. 2#/ +/4 0&%?A(/4 +%<4 )/# +-. "#$#)1)3 -,(2+$/'µ%&, +# %"%*# (.0(*2.<+#/ )/# 2K>(+- +%"%>G+-'- '( '+->#*# 2#/ 5$K)µ#+# 39%< ( ).!"#µ$ 3.5: -8 >2,<$%, 13. I(. $<"#*.%<. +% 2#+K +-,(/+%<$)*# +%<4. +% '-µ($/.? (.($)(/#2? µ*)µ# '+-. =,,K0# 2#/ +/4 µg'(4 #";,(/(4 +%< 0/2+&%<,,:2-5$+4,H,+$%S4*N"4 40%*"60-+ *5) 6,$JG5 1,1 kg CO 2 G*5) 4*µ#G94+"4. B<+? '-µ#*.(/?+/ G.# H6 '&'+-µ# /'9&%4 1kW p #"%+$G"(/ +-. G2,<' kg CO 2 /6*%' '+-. #+µ?'5#/$#, 0-,#03, +-. "%'?+-+# "%< #"%$$%5%& G.0$# '( G.# 9$?.%, 0(0%µG.%<?+/ G.# 0G.0$% #"%$$%5K "($*"%< 6 kg CO 2 /G+%4. =2+?4?µ14 #"? +% 0/%J(*0/% +%< K.>$#2# (CO 2 ), +# H6 '<'+3µ#+# #"%+$G"%<. +-. G2,<'- 2#/ K,,1. ("/2*.0<.1. $&"1. (:*.#2#4 19),?"14 (*.#/ +% 0/%J(*0/% +%< >(*%< (SO 2 ), +# %J(*0/# +%< #D;+%< (NOx) 2#/ +# #/1$%&µ(.# µ/2$%'1µ#+*0/# µ( 0/Kµ(+$% µ/2$?+($- #"? 10 (2#+%µµ<$/%'+K +%< µg+$%< (PM10). O# '-µ(/1>(*?+/ '&µ51.# µ( "$?'5#+(4 ("/0-µ/%,%)/2G4 G$(<.(4 '( Bµ($/23 2#/ =<$;"-, µ*# #&J-'- 2#+K 10 mg/m PM10 #5#/$(* G.# 9$?.% D134 #"? 2K>( 2K+%/2% 2#+K µg'%.?$%! EG,%4, '&µ51.# µ( 59

69 +-. =<$1"#L23 Q0-)*# ("/+$G"(+#/ - <"G$@#' mg/m PM10 )/# 35 -µg$(4 +%. 9$?.%,?+#. +% /µ3 #<+3 J("($K'+-2( 67 -µg$(4 '+-. B)*# :#$#'2(<3, 110 -µg$(4 '+% 7#$%&'/, 126 -µg$(4 '+- X<2?@$<'- 2#/ 178 -µg$(4 '+-. %0? B$/'+%+G,%<4! %&'$($) 3.1: :2+4/"0>,",*.*6,>7 $5µ1,/%4)@ >'*)@ +&)"*+%,@ $+ $5&C5,$µ7 µ+ /05@ +4257µ+&05@ ";>05@ 3.3!(?8>/1=( (?>L(! "#)2?'µ/# #)%$K H6 '<'+-µk+1. 2/.(*+#/ µ( "$1+?).1$%<4 $<>µ%& (,(<+#*# (J#(+*#.! #.K"+<J- #<+3 %5(*,(+#/ '+# "$%)$Kµµ#+# +$/;. 91$;., "%< #"%+(,%&. +-4 H6 +(9.%,%)*#4, 0-,#03, +-4 Z#"1.*#4, +-4 M($µ#.*#4 2#/ +1.!:B. :#$K,,-,#,.G(4 9;$(4 (µ5#.*'+-2#. '+% "$%'23./% (F*.#, Z'"#.*#) µ( )(..#*# µg+$# '+3$/J-4 +%< -,/#2%& -,(2+$/'µ%& ()2#+('+-µG.- H6 /'9& ('+% +G,%4 +%< 2004) +-. "$;+- >G'- 2#+G9(/ - Z#"1.*# µ( 1131 MW p, +- 0(&+($- - M($µ#.*# µ( 794 MW p 2#/ +-. E$*+- %/!:B µ( 365 MW p. B.+*>(+#, '+-. ()2#+('+-µG.- H6 /'9& #.K 2K+%/2% "$%-)(*+#/ - M($µ#.*# µ( 9,62 W p /2#+., #2%,%<>(* - Z#"1.*# µ( 8,87 W p /2#+. 2#/ '+-. G@0%µ- %/!:B µ( 1,24 W p /2#+. E-. E$*+-, +G+#$+- 2#/ :Gµ"+- >G'- 2#+#,#µ@K.%<. #.+*'+%/9# - =,@(+*#, - Q,,#.0*# 2#/ - B<'+$#,*#. 60

70 %&'$($) 3.2 =*.#/ (<.?-+%?+/ +%<4 (+3'/%<4 $<>µ%&4 0/(*'0<' H6 '<'+-µk+1. '+% (.($)(/#2? 0<.#µ/2? 2#+K +-. +(,(<+#*# (J#(+*#, - "#)2?'µ/# ()2#+('+-µG.- /'9&4 #.#µg.(+#/.# J("($K'(/ +# GW p +% "#$#)1)3 H6 '+%/9(*1. - '+-. 2%$<53 2#,&"+%.+#4 +% 45,3% +-4 0/(>.%&4 #)%$K4, G.#.+/ 28,3% +1. =<$1"#L2;. (+#/$(/;., 8,3% +-4 F*.#4 2#/ 18,1% +1. <"?,%/"1. 91$;.. BJ*D(/.# '-µ(/1>(*?+/ #"? +/4 "G.+( µ()#,&+($(4 (+#/$(*(4 "#$#)1)34 H6 '+%/9(*1., %/ +G''($/4 (*.#/ Z#"1./2G4 2#/ - µ*# M($µ#./23. EG,%4, '+-. "$;+- - Z#"1./23 SHARP "%< 2#,&"+(/ K.1 +%< 25% +-4 0/(>.%&4 #)%$K G*5) E$$:34 *+ &.)-*4+;! 9;$# µ#4, "%< 0/#>G+(/ G.# #"? +# <A-,?+($# ("*"(0# -,/#234 #2+/.%@%,*#4 '+-. '+/4 +(,(<+#*(4 >G'(/4 14 "$%4 +-. ()2#+K'+#'- H6 '<'+-µk+1.. F#.(*4 #"? +%<4 µg9$/ '3µ($# >-+(&'#.+(4 <"%<$)%&4 B.K"+<J-4 0(. "$G"(/.# #/'>K.(+#/ <"($35#.%4 )/ #<

71 #.+/5#+/23 (/2?.#! S+'/,?+#. %/ K,,(4 9;$(4 2/.%&.+#/ µ( 0/#'+-µ?",%/#, (µ(*4 9$-'/µ%"%/%&µ( #2?µ# +%. #$#µ"k 2# <"($-5#.(<?µ#'+( )/# +- 0(&+($- >G'- "%< 2#+G9%<µ( '+-. =<$;"- '+%. -,/#2? >($µ%'*51.# (("/5K.(/# '<,,(2+;. 0,64 m 2 /2#+. '+-. F&"$%, 0,27 m 2 /2#+. '+-. =,,K0#). M/# µ*# 2#+K2+-'- "%< G)/.( "$/. #"? 30 9$?./#! Q.G%4.?µ%4 3468/2006 )/# +/4 B.#.(;'/µ(4 :-)G4 =.G$)(/#4 (B:=), "%< A-5*'+-2( &'+($# #"? 2#><'+G$-'- 18 µ-.;., '+-. #.K"+<J- +1. H6 '<'+-µk+1. (5?'%.: #),<>%&. +# D-+3µ#+# '&.0('-4 µ( +% 0*2+<% (5#$µ%'+(* <"%9$(1+/2K '+# 0-µ?'/# 2+*$/#, )) 0%>%&. "/% #"%5#'/'+/2G4 ("/0%+3'(/4 '+%. %/2/#2? +%µg#, #.K,%)(4 µ( #<+G4 +1. K,,1. 91$;. 2#/ 0) µ(/1>(* % H:B )/# +-. #)%$K +1. <,/2;. +-4 H6 ()2#+K'+#'-4 #"? +% 19% '+% 9%. V+#. +% -,(2+$/2? $(&µ#, #,,K 2#/ +# 2%µµ1+3$/#, G9%<. H:B 9%! :$%4 +% "#$?. 2#/ '&µ51.# µ( +# '+%/9(*# +%< 2005, - 2#+K'+#'- '+- 9;$# µ#4 #"(/2%.*D(+#/ '+%. :*.#2# ,#03, 5 5$+#$%JG*5 E$$:34 -,µ-*4$$-o-* %"6' $+&#*-"% *%) H$+% &+4 *5) 04"4&M&H 5$-,*"+Gµ%O 40# *5) )-9%G,-0H?-"µ4).4 2#/ G9(/ 21,4 5%$G4 µ/2$?+($- ()2#+('+-µG.- H6 /'9& #.K 2K+%/2%. %&'$($) 3.3: I;*4"%$' (22#C,@ µ+ A+"µ,&<, $/'&,=%0>0<'$' /'@ '2%,46@ +&)"*+%,@ 62

72 3.4 8(C;?>L=E/ FD /A/C;1(CKB E# H6 '<'+3µ#+# 0/#2$*.%.+#/ '( 0&% µ()k,(4 2#+-)%$*(4, +# #"%µ%.1µg.# '<'+3µ#+# 2#/ +# '<.0(0(µG.# '+% 0*2+<% '<'+3µ#+# ( ). 7( +%.?$% 0*2+<% (..%%&µ( +% 0/#2$#+/2?, (>./2? 3 +%"/2? 0*2+<% "#$#)1)34 -,(2+$/234 (.G$)(/#4 #"? '<µ@#+/2g4 "-)G4.!"#µ$ 3.6: O%,B."%$µ7@?./0102/,34H& $5$/'µ#/.&,&#20*, µ+ /%@ 4,/'*0"<+@ 4,% /0& /"7>0 2+%/05"*<,@ 63

73 (. (!>1>BK1EB( FD /A/C;1(C( (OFF GRIDE PV SYSTEMS) =*.#/ +# '<'+3µ#+# "%< "#$K)%<. -,(2+$/23 (.G$)(/# 7M".'.# (*.#/ '<.0(0(µG.# '+% -,(2+$/2? 0*2+<% 2#/ 0/#2$*.%.+#/ '( #<+?.%µ# 2#/ '( (J*#)%µ4 FD GJG*Hµ4*4 (Autonomous PV systems)! #"#/+%&µ(.- -,(2+$/23 (.G$)(/# 2#,&"+(+#/ #"%2,(/'+/2K #"? +- H6 '<'+%/9*# 2#/ µ"%$(*.# (*.#/ '<.(9%&4 (DC) 3 (.#,,#''?µ(.-4 (AC) +K'(14. E# '<'+3µ#+# #<+K 0/#2$*.%.+#/ '( 0&% ("* µg$%<4 2#+-)%$*(4:! (J*#)%µ4 FD GJG*Hµ4*4 7M".' 40%2H,-JG5 V'% 51+*D(+#/ - H6 '<'+%/9*# - "#$#)?µ(.- -,(2+$/23 (.G$)(/# #"%0*0(+#/ 40 -J2-.4' '+-. 2#+#.K,1'- 7M".'.# #"%>-2(&(+#/ '( -,(2+$/2%&4 '<''1$(<+G4 ( ). E# '<'+3µ#+# #<+K µ"%$%&..# 9$-'/µ%"%/->%&. '( K.+,-'-.($%& )/# K$0(<'- 2#,,/($)(/;., "%<?µ14 0(. #"#/+%&. #<'+-$K +#2+/23,(/+%<$)*# +%< '<'+3µ#+%4. I-,#03,?+#. +# 5<+K 0(. #"#/+%&. 2$*'/µ- -µ($3'/# "%'?+-+#.($%&,?"14 )/# "#$K0(/)µ# +# (,#/?0(.+$# 3 +# ('"($/0%(/03. B.+*>(+#, (*.#/ +(,(*14 #2#+K,,-,# )/# 2-"(<+/2K, +# %"%*# #"#/+%&. 2#>-µ($/.3 K$0(<'- µ( '<)2(2$/µG.- (,K9/'+- "%'?+-+#.($%& #.K 5<+?.!"#µ$ 3.7: E5/7&0µ,?./0102/,34# $5$/6µ,/, B."<@,>0F64+5$'! (J*#)%µ4 FD GJG*Hµ4*4 µ- 40%2H,-JG5! "#$#)?µ(.- -,(2+$/23 (.G$)(/# 9$-'/µ%"%/(*+#/ )/# +-. #" (<>(*#4 +$%5%0%'*# +1. -,(2+$/2;. '<'2(<;. 2#/ - "($*''(/# #"%>-2(&(+#/ '( 64

74 -,(2+$/2%&4 '<''1$(<+G4, "$%2(/µG.%<.# 9$-'/µ%"%/->(* 2#+K +- 0/K$2(/# +-4.&9+#4 3?+#. G9%<µ( "($/?0%<4 '<..(5/K4. S.# +G+%/% '&'+-µ# ( ) <"%9$(1+/2K (,()2+3 5?$+/'-4 +%< '<''1$(<+3 2#/ '9(0/KD(+#/ µ( %$/'µg.1. -µ($;. #<+%.%µ*#4. =5?'%. <"K$9%<. '<'2(<G4 "%<,(/+%<$)%&. µ( (.#,,#''?µ(.- +K'- ( ), ># "$G"(/ %"1'03"%+(.# "$%'+(>(* 2#/ G.#4 µ(+#+$%"g#4 +K'(14 DC-AC (Inverter). EG+%/# '<'+3µ#+# 9$-'/µ%"%/%&.+#/ )/# +% 51+/'µ? 0$?µ1., #,'<,,*1., #$9#/%,%)/2;. 9;$1., '( +-,("/2%/.1./#2%&4 #.#µ(+#0?+(4, (J%9/2G4 2#+%/2*(4 2.,". S.# #<+?.%µ% H6 '&'+-µ# µ( #"%>32(<'- )/# +-. -,(2+$%0?+-'- 2#+%/2*#4 5#*.(+#/ '+% '93µ# 3.10.!"#µ$ 3.8: E5/7&0µ0?./0102/,347 $;$/'µ, µ+,>0f64+5$'!"#µ$ 3.9: E5/7&0µ0?./0102/,347 $;$/'µ, µ+,>0f64+5$' 4,% +&,22,$$7µ+&' /#$' 65

75 !"#µ$ 3.10: E5/7&0µ0-8 $;$/'µ, µ+,>0f64+5$' *%, /'& '2+4/"0C7/'$' 3.11: K"7>0% &+"0;,>7,5/7&0µ0 -/8 $;$/'µ,. 66

76 EG,%4, '+% '93µ# 3.11 "#$%<'/KD%.+#/?,%/ %/ +$?"%/ +$%5%0?+-'-4 µ*#4 #.+,*#4.($%& #"? #<+?.%µ% H6 '&'+-µ#. V+#. +% H6 '&'+-µ# (*.#/ 91$*4 #"%>32(<'- -,(2+$/234 (.G$)(/#4 G9(/ 9#µ-,? 2?'+%4, #,,K "#$%<'/KD(/ +$*# µ(/%.(2+3µ#+#: #) I(. µ"%$(*.#,(/+%<$)3'(/ '( "($/?0%<4 91$*4 I(. G9(/ +- 0<.#+?+-+# #<+%.%µ*#4 G'+1 2#/ )/# µ*# -µg$#. )) :$G"(/ %"1'03"%+(.# G9(/ $<>µ/'+3 /'9&%4 MPPT ([<>µ/'+34 H?$+/'-4 Maximum Power Point Tracking) "($*"+1'- 2#+K +-. %"%*# +% H6 G9(/ -,(2+$/2? '<''1$(<+3 - #.+,*# µ"%$(*.#,(/+%<$)3'(/ 2#/ '( "($/?0%<4 (2+?4 -,/%5K.(/#4. ="*'-4, 3-) 404+*-.*4+ $<>µ/'+34 /'9&%4 MPPT, )/#+*,?)1 +%< '<''1$(<+3- +% '&'+-µ#,(/+%<$)(* 2%.+K '+% '-µ(*% µg)/'+-4 /'9&%4 (87Z) +-4 '<'+%/9*#4. AS"+3+,: FD GJG*Hµ4*4 (hybrid PV systems)! "#$#)?µ(.- -,(2+$/23 (.G$)(/# "$%G$9(+#/ #"? +% '<.0<#'µ? +-4 H6 '<'+%/9*#4 µ( "-)G4 -,(2+$/234 (.G$)(/#4, "%< µ"%$(*.# (*.#/ #.#.(;'/µ-4 µ%$534 (".9. #.(µ%)(..3+$/#4 BM) 3/2#/ '<µ@#+/2g4 (-,(2+$%"#$#)1)? D(&)%4!/Y). 67

77 !"#µ$ 3.12: G1"%C%4# -8 $5$/6µ,/, (hybrid PV systems) 8+/4 "($/''?+($(4 +1. "($/"+;'(1. '+% '&'+-µ# #"%>32(<' ,(2+$/234 (.G$)(/#4 '( '<''1$(<+3 ( ), (.; G.#4 µ(+#)1)/2?4 "*.#2#4 #<+%µ#+/'µ%& 2#>%$*D(/ +-. "-)3 (H6 '<'+%/9*# #"? +-. %"%*# ># 5%$+/'+(* % '<''1$(<+34 2#/ ># +$%5%0%+->%&. %/ '<'2(<G4 +-4 ()2#+K'+#'-4. 68

78 D. FD /A/C;1(C( (GRID CONNECTED PV SYSTEMS) =*.#/ +# '<'+3µ#+# "%< '<.0G%.+#/ #" (<>(*#4 µ( +% -,(2+$/2? 0*2+<%, +% %"%*% #"%+(,(* )/ #<+K µ*# µ()k,- 0(J#µ(.3 -,(2+$/234 (.G$)(/#4. =*.#/ "$%5#.G4?+/ '+-. "($*"+1'- #<+3 0(. #"#/+(*+#/ -,(2+$/2?4 '<''1$(<+34 2#/ (,()2+34 5?$+/'-4, #,,K µ?.% µ(+#+$%"g#4 +K'(14 DC-AC. ="*'-4, 0/",?4 µ(+$-+34 '+# 2#+#.(µ-µG.# '<'+3µ#+# )/# +-. 2#+#µG+$-'- +-4 (/'($9?µ(.-4 2#/ (J($9?µ(.-4 -,(2+$/234 (.G$)(/#4. E# '<.0(0(µG.# H6 '<'+3µ#+# 0/#2$*.%.+#/ '( 2(.+$/2%& '+#>µ%& 2#/ '( 2#+#.(µ-µG.#. /J)3-3-µ6)4,-)*"+,%O G*42µ%O FD GJG*Hµ4*4 (Grid connected centralised PV systems) 8<./'+%&. 2(.+$/2%&4 H6 '+#>µ%&4 µ()k,-4 /'9&%4, +1. %"%*1. - "#$#)?µ(.- -,(2+$/23 (.G$)(/# 0/%9(+(&(+#/ '+% 2(.+$/2? 0*2+<%. /J)3-3-µ6)4,4*4)-µ5µ6)4 FD GJG*Hµ4*4 (Grid connected distributed PV systems) E# 2#+#.(µ-µG.# '<'+3µ#+# 0/#2$*.%.+#/ '( #<+K "%< 9$-'/µ%"%/%&. +% 0*2+<% "-)3 (.G$)(/#4 2#/ '( (2(*.# "%<,(/+%<$)%&. '( '<.(93 #,,-,("*0$#'- µ( +% 0*2+<%.! /J)3-3-µ6)4,4*4)-µ5µ6)4 FD GJG*Hµ4*4 µ- S%525*+,H 05&H *% 3.,*J% (Grid back-up PV systems) E% 0*2+<% 2#,&"+(/ µ*# G2+#2+- (.($)(/#23 D3+-'- 3 2K"%/# #'+%9*# +%< H6 '<'+3µ#+%4, %"?+( % '9(0/#'µ?4 )*.(+#/ G+'/ ;'+( +% '&'+-µ# 69

79 .# 2#,&"+(/ 2#+K µg'%?$% +/4 µ5)+4.-' (.($)(/#2G4 #"#/+3'(/4 +-4 ()2#+K'+#'-4.! /J)3-3-µ6)4,4*4)-µ5µ6)4 FD GJG*Hµ4*4 µ- 4µ9.3"%µ5 $-+*%J"&.4 (Grid interactive PV systems) E% '&'+-µ# '9(0/KD(+#/ ;'+(.# 2#,&"+(/ 2#+K µg'%?$% +/4 (+3'/(4 (.($)(/#2G4 #"#/+3'(/4 +-4 ()2#+K'+#'-4.! "($*''(/# +-4 "#$#)?µ(.-4 -,(2+$/234 (.G$)(/#4 2#/ "1,(*+#/ '+% 0*2+<%, (.;?+#. +% H6 '&'+-µ# #0<.#+(*.# 2#,&A(/ +/4 #.K)2( #+#.K,1'-4 - #"#/+%&µ(.- -,(2+$/23 (.G$)(/# "$%G$9(+#/ #"? +% 0*2+<%. S.# 2#+#.(µ-µG.% '&'+-µ# G9(/ "($*"%< +% µ/'? 2?'+%4 '( '&)2$/'- µ( G.# #.+*'+%/9% #<+?.%µ% '&'+-µ# µ( #"%>32(<'- 3 <@$/0/2?, )/#+* 0(. "($/,#µ@k.(/ -,(2+$/2? '<''1$(<+3, (,()2+3 5?$+/'-4 -,(2+$/23 "-)3. =*.#/ (<.?-+%?+/,?) /#5%$K4 +/µ34 µ(+#j& +-4 "#$#)?µ(.-4 H6 -,(2+$/234 (.G$)(/#4 ((J($9?µ(.- #"? +-. ()2#+K'+#'-) 2#/ +-4 -,(2+$/234 (.G$)(/#4 #"? +% 0*2+<% +-4 I=! ((/'($9?µ(.- '+-. ()2#+K'+#'-), 5 0$6%) GJµ96"%JG4 %+,%)%µ+,h -0+$%&H -.)4+ 5 0N$5G5 #$5' *5' 04"4&#µ-)5' 5$-,*"+,H' -)6"&-+4' 5 4&%": #$5' *5',4*4)4$+G,#µ-)5' -)6"&-+4' 40# 4J*H).! ()2#+K'+#'- (.?4 +G+%/%< '<'+3µ#+%4 5#*.(+#/ '+% '93µ# #/ "($/,#µ@k.(/ +- H6 '<'+%/9*#, +%. µ(+#+$%"g# +K'(14 DC-AC (inverter) 2#/ 0&% µ(+$-+g4 -,(2+$/234 (.G$)(/#4 ((J($9?µ(.-4 (/'($9?µ(.-4). 70

80 !"#µ$ 3.13: O%0B)/+5$' $/' O(: 4,%,*0"# EG,%4, #.K,%)# µ( +-. ()2#+('+-µG.- /'9&, +# H6 '<'+3µ#+# 0/#2$*.%.+#/ '+/4 #2?,%<>(4 2#+-)%$*(4: 1+,": GJG*Hµ4*4 (1 mw p ) C$-'/µ%"%/%&.+#/ '( 2#+#.#,1+/2K "$%L?.+# (5%$-+%* <"%,%)/'+G4, $%,?)/#, "#/9.*0/#, $#0/?51.#, 5#2%*), +$%9?'"/+#, '2K5- #.#A<934, A&J-, (J1+($/2? 51+/'µ? 23"1. 2.,". (J*#)%µ4 GJG*Hµ4*4 (0,1-200 kw p ) C$-'/µ%"%/%&.+#/ )/# -,(2+$%0?+-'- 2#+%/2/;. 2#/ /($;. µ%.;., #5#,K+1'- K.+,-'- 2#>#$/'µ?.($%&, #)$%+/2G4 (5#$µ%)G4 (K.+,-'-.($%&, A&J- #)$%+/2;. "$%L?.+1., /9><%2#,,/G$)(/(4), '( '<'+3µ#+# '-µ#+%0?+-'-4 %0/234 2<2,%5%$*#4 2#/.#<+/,*#4, '<'+3µ#+# +-,("/2%/.1./;. (+-,G51.# #.K)2-4 '( #<+%2/.-+%0$?µ%<4, $#0/%#.#µ(+#0?+(4, #.#µ(+#0?+(4 µ(+(1$%,%)/2;. 0(0%µG.1.), '<'+3µ#+# (J1+($/2%& 51+/'µ%& 0$?µ1., #,'<,,*1., #$9#/%,%)/2;. 9;$1., #($%0$%µ*1. 2.,". 71

81 /J)3-3-µ6)4,4*4)-µ5µ6)4 GJG*Hµ4*4 (1,5 20 kw p ) B"%+(,%&. +% µ()#,&+($% µg$%4 +-4 "#)2?'µ/#4 #)%$K4 2#/ 9$-'/µ%"%/%&.+#/ )/# +-. -,(2+$%0?+-'- 2#+%/2/;. 2#/ 2+/$*1.. /J)3-3-µ6)4,-)*"+,%O G*42µ%O GJG*Hµ4*4 (> 50 kw p ) =*.#/ '+#>µ%* "#$#)1)34 -,(2+$/234 (.G$)(/#4. 72

82 3.5 D=D<=>?L(F=( 8EF(<(=>A 1. German Solar Energy Society, PLANNING AND INSTALLING SOLAR THERMAL SYSTEMS, James & James Ltd Science Publishers, USA Douglas Carroli, THE WINNING SOLAR CAR, SAE International, USA Hulstrom R., SOLAR RESOURCES, MIT Press Komp, R.J., PRACTICAL VOLTAICS: ELECTRICITY FROM SOLAR CELLS, Aatec Publications, Ann Arbor, MI, Markvart T., SOLAR ELECTRICITY, John Wiley & Sons LTD, 2e edition Luque B. and S. Hegedus (eds.), Handbook of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd: Chichester ( 2003 ). 7. S.R. Wenham et al. Applied Photovoltaics, Earthscan : London ( 2007 ). 8. F#)2#$K2-4 F., HWEQ6QXEBaF! E=COQXQMZB, =20?'(/4 8N77=E[ZB, B>3.# F#",K.-4 8., 7!CBOZF! EWO HWEQ6QXEBaFWO 8N8E!7BEWO, =20?'(/4 ZWO, B>3.# %'9K+%4 B.,!XZBF! =O=[M=ZB, =20?'(/4 E==, B>3.# :($0*%4 8., HWEQ6QXEBaF=8 =MFBEB8EB8=Z8, =20?'(/4 EeFIQEZF!, B>3.# :($0*%4 8.,!XZQP=[7ZF=8 =MFBEB8EB8=Z8, =20?'(/4 EeFIQEZF!, B>3.# (,,%&.+%4 6., P=[7BO8!-FXZ7BEZ87Q8, =20?'(/4 IQ[NHQ[Q8, B>3.# :$%5%$/23 '<.G.+(<J- 7. 8/)K,#4,!,(2+$%,?)%4 7-9#./2?4, Z0/% (+#/$(*#4 PHOTOVOLTAIC, B>3.# 27/11/

83 8-9:$4+% 4 4.1!(L>A/=(/; C;/ A( / 2010 (FE8 1556D / )?=( C>A/ E=@=8>A/ >L>A/ E?8(C(/C(/;/ FKC>D><C(=8KB 8(= ;<=>XEL1=8KB /A/C;1(CKB /E 8C=L=( 8(=?;!E@( E8C>/ /UE@=>A!EL=>UKB A( / 2010! N"%<$)/23 B"?5#'- (NB) #.#5G$(+#/ '+%<4?$%<4 2#/ +/4 0/#0/2#'*(4 ()2#+K'+#'-4 H1+%@%,+#L2;. (H6) 2#/!,/%>($µ/2;. (!P) '<'+-µk+1., '( 2+*$/# 2#/ )3"(0# (2+?4 '9(0*%< "($/%9; E&,4*:G*4G5 FD /JG*5µ:*M) G- &H0-34 -,*#' G7-3.%J 0-"+%7N) a. ="/+$G"(+#/ - ()2#+K'+#'- H6 '<'+-µk+1. '( )3"(0# µ- K$+/# 2#/ %/2%0%µ3'/µ#, (2+?4 (K. D-+%&.+#/ 0%µ/2G4 2#+#'2(<G4 "G$#. +1. #"%,&+1. #.#)2#*1. )/# +-. ()2#+K'+#'- #<+3. b. Q/ #"%,&+14 #.#)2#*(4 2#+#'2(<G4 (*.#/: 8+<,*'2%4 )/# +%. µ(+$ I=!. 74

84 Q/2*'2%4 ()2#+K'+#'-4 -,(2+$%./2%& (J%",/'µ%& +1. H6 '<'+-µk+1., "%< 0&.#+#/.# (*.#/ "$%2#+#'2(<#'µG.%4, µ( +/4 #"%,&+14 #.#)2#*(4 0/#'+K'(/4 2#/ µ()*'+%< 15m 2. :($*5$#J- +-4 ()2#+K'+#'-4 µ( '<$µ#+?",()µ# &A%<4 G14 2,5 m 2#/ '<µ"#)%&4 +%/9*%< &A%<4 G14 30 cm. =J%",/'µ?4 +-4 ()2#+K'+#'-4?"%< 2#.G.# '+%/9(*% 0(. <"($@#*.(/ +# 2,5 m #"? +- '+K>µ- +%< 5<'/2%& 3 +(9.-+K 0/#µ%$51µG.%< (0K5%<4 +1. )-"G01.. c. Q/ (,K9/'+(4 #"%'+K'(/4 +1. ()2#+#'+K'(1. 2#/ +%< %/2*'2%< +%< -,(2+$%./2%& (J%",/'µ%& #"? +#?$/# +%< )-"G0%<, %$*D%.+#/ '+% 0/",K'/% +%< &A%<4 +-4 ()2#+K'+#'-4 2#/?9/ µ/2$?+($- #"? 2,5 m. d.! µg)/'+- 2K,<A- +%< )-"G0%< 0(. "$G"(/.# <"($@#*.(/ +% 60% +-4 ("/5#.(/K4 +%<. W4 2K,<A-.%(*+#/ - "$%@%,3 '+% %$/D?.+/% ("*"(0% +%< '<.?,%< +1. ()2#+#'+K'(1. +%< H6 (J%",/'µ%& K,<A- 0(. '<.<"%,%)*D%.+#/ +# 2(.K µ(+#j& +1. H6 ",#/'*1.. 8( "($*"+1'- #.G)($'-4 0%µ/2;. 2#+#'2(<;. K,,1. 9$3'(1. (.+?4 +%< )-"G0%< (2#+%/2*#, )(1$)/2G4 #"%>32(4 2.,".), #<+G4 '<.<"%,%)*D%.+#/ '+% "#$#"K.1 2#>%$/'µG.% "%'%'+? 2K,<A-4. e. M/# +/4 0%µ/2G4 2#+#'2(<G4 K,,1. 9$3'(1. /'9&%<. %/ )(./2%*?$%/ +-4 (2+?4 '9(0*%< 0?µ-'-4, 3 %/ +<9?. (/0/2%*?$%/ "%< /'9&%<. #"? K,,(4 $<>µ*'(/4. f. B"#$#*+-+- "$%\"?>('- )/# +-. ()2#+K'+#'- +1. H6 '<'+-µk+1., >(1$(*+#/ - #"?0(/J <$/?+-+# %µ/234 2#+%934 +%< )-"G0%< 2#/ - '<µ51.*#?, '<./0/%2+-+;.. g. B"#/+(*+#/ G)2$/'- (2+G,('-4 ($)#'/;. µ/2$34 2,*µ#2#4. E# #"#/+%&µ(.# 0/2#/%,%)-+/2K )/# ()2#+#'+K'(/4 H6 '<'+-µk+1. /'9&%4 Pp _ 100 kwp (*.#/: E(9./23 "($/)$#53 ()2#+K'+#'-4. 75

85 E%"%)$#5/2? 0/K)$#µµ# 2,*µ#2#4 1:5000 '<.+(+#)µg.% '( A-5/#23 µ%$53 (J#$+;µ(.% #"? +% =>./2? 8&'+-µ# B.#5%$K4 =M8B87 2#/ 0/K)$#µµ# 2K,<A-4?"%< 5#*.(+#/ - >G'- ()2#+K'+#'-4 +%< '9(+/2%& (J%",/'µ%&. N"(&><.- 03,1'- +%< (.0/#5($?µ(.%< 2#/ +%< µ(,(+-+3?+/ +% )3"(0% '( 0K'%4 3 0#'/23 G2+#'-, '( $Gµ#, '+%. #/)/#,? "#$#,*#, '( 2#>%$/'µG.% #$9#/%,%)/2? 9;$%, 3 '( "($/%93 #"%,&+%< "$%'+#'*# &'-4. B"%0(/2+/2? 2#+K>(' <"(&><.-4 03,1'-4 2#/ +%< +%"%)$#5/2%& '9(0*%< '+% %/2(*% 0#'#$9(*%, 3 2#+K "($*"+1'- '( K,,- #$µ?0/# <"-$('*#, 2#>;4 2#/ '+-. <"-$('*# B.#.(;'/µ1. :-);. =.G$)(/#4 (B:=) +%< N"%<$)(*%< :($/@K,,%.+%4 =.G$)(/#4 2#/ F,/µ#+/234 B,,#)34 (N:=FB). S)2$/'- +/4 #$µ?0/#4 ="/+$%"34 :%,(%0%µ/2%& 2#/ B$9/+(2+%./2%& =,G)9%< (=:B=), '+/4 "($/"+;'(/4 "%< #<+3 #"#/+(*+#/. h.! G)2$/'- +-4 =:B= #"#/+(*+#/ '+/4 "#$#2K+1 "($/"+;'(/4: V+#. - ()2#+K'+#'- "$%@,G"(+#/.# )*.(/ '( 0/#+-$-+G# 2+*$/#. V+#. - ()2#+K'+#'- "$%@,G"(+#/.# )*.(/ '( "($/%9G4, "%< G9%<. 9#$#2+-$/'+(* 14 /0/#*+($%< 5<'/2%& 2K,,%<4 2#/ "$%'+#+(&%.+#/ #"? (/0/2K 0/#+K)µ#+# 14 "$%4 +-. "%,(%0%µ/23 #.K"+<J-. i.! ";,-' ,(2+$/234 (.G$)(/#4 )*.(+#/ '&µ51.# µ( +/4 +/µg4 "%< #.#5G$%.+#/ '+%<4 "*.#2(4 +%< :#$#$+3µ#+%4 B. j. B"? +-. ";,-' ,(2+$/234 (.G$)(/#4 #"%$$G%<. 5%$%,%)/2G4 <"%9$(;'(/4 )/# +%. 2&$/% +%< H6 3!P '<'+3µ#+%4. k. 7( #*+-'- '+-. #$µ?0/# IQN, % 2&$/%4 +%< H6 3!P '<'+3µ#+%4 #"#,,K''(+#/ #"? +-. ",-$1µ3 +%< H:B )/#?,(4 +/4 0#"K.(4 <,%"%*-'-4 +%< G$)%<. 76

86 4.1.2 E&,4*:G*4G5 FD,4+ ;X GJG*5µ:*M) G-,*."+4 -,*#' G7-3.%J 0-"+%7N)! ()2#+K'+#'- )*.(+#/ '&µ51.# µ( +#?'# /'9&%<. '+-. NB (H=F 3766/ ) )/# +-. ()2#+K'+#'- '( 2+*$/# (.+?4 '9(0*%< "($/%9;. 2#/ %/2/'µ;.. =/0/2K )/# +-. ()2#+K'+#'- H6 '<'+-µk+1. /'9&%4 Pp > 100 kwp '( 2+*$/# (2+?4 '9(0*%< "($/%9;., #"#/+(*+#/ (2+?4 +1. K,,1. - <"%@%,3 +%"%)$#5/2%& 0/#)$Kµµ#+%4 2#/ #.+/)$K5%< +-4 %/2%0%µ/234 K0(/#4. 4.2!(L>A/=(/; C;/ A( / 2010 (FE8 376D / )?=( C>A/ E=@=8>A/ >L>A/ E?8(C(/C(/;/ FKC>D><C(=8KB 8(= ;<=>XEL1=8KB /A/C;1(CKB /E 8C=L=( 8(=?;!E@( ENC>/ /UE@=>A!EL=>UKB 8(= /E >=8=/1>A/ A( / 2010! N"%<$)/23 B"?5#'- (NB) #.#5G$(+#/ '+%<4?$%<4 2#/ +/4 0/#0/2#'*(4 ()2#+K'+#'-4 H1+%@%,+#L2;. (H6) 2#/!,/%>($µ/2;. (!P) '<'+-µk+1., '( 2+*$/# 2#/ %/2?"(0# (.+?4 '9(0*%< "($/%9;. 2#/ '( %/2/'µ%&4. 77

87 4.2.1 E&,4*:G*4G5 FD,4+ ;X GJG*5µ:*M) G- %+,#0-34 -)*#' G7-3.%J 0-"+%7N),4+ -)*#' %+,+GµN) a. E# H6 2#/!P '<'+3µ#+# ()2#>*'+#.+#/ '+%<4 #2K,<"+%<4 9;$%<4 +1. %/2%"G01., µ( +-. ("/5&,#J /#+KJ(1. +%< K$>$%< 23 +%< F+/$/%0%µ/2%& F#.%./'µ%& "($* 5&+(<'-4 %/2%"G01. 2#/ µ( +-. "$%\"?>('- +-4 '<µ51.*#4?, '<./0/%2+-+;.. b. B"#/+(*+#/ G)2$/'- (2+G,('-4 ($)#'/;. µ/2$34 2,*µ#2#4. c. I(. #"#/+(*+#/ G)2$/'- +-4 #$µ?0/#4 ="/+$%"34 :%,(%0%µ/2%& 2#/ B$9/+(2+%./2%& =,G)9%< (=:B=) µ( (J#*$('-: a "($*"+1'- "%< - ()2#+K'+#'- "$%@,G"(+#/.# )*.(/ '( 0/#+-$-+G# 2+*$/#, 2#>;4 2#/ '( "#$#0%'/#2%&4 %/2/'µ%&4. b "($*"+1'- "%< - ()2#+K'+#'- "$%@,G"(+#/.# )*.(/ '( "($/%9G4, %/ %"%*(4 G9%<. 9#$#2+-$/'>(* 14 /0/#*+($%< 5<'/2%& 2K,,%<4 2#/ "$%'+#+(&%.+#/ #"? (/0/2K 0/#+K)µ#+# 14 "$%4 +-. "%,(%0%µ/23 #.K"+<J-. c "($*"+1'- +%< 0(&+($%< (0#5*%< +-4 "#$#)$K5%< 1 +%< K$>$%< 17 +%< O?µ%< 155/1985 «M(./2?4 Q/2%0%µ/2?4 F#.%./'µ?4» (H= 210B/ ). d.! ";,-' ,(2+$/234 (.G$)(/#4 )*.(+#/ '&µ51.# µ( +/4 +/µg4 "%< #.#5G$%.+#/ '+%<4 "*.#2(4 +%< :#$#$+3µ#+%4 B. e. B"? +-. ";,-' ,(2+$/234 (.G$)(/#4 #"%$$G%<. 5%$%,%)/2G4 <"%9$(;'(/4 )/# +%. 2&$/% +%< H6 3!P '<'+3µ#+%4. f. 7( #*+-'- '+-. #$µ?0/# IQN, % 2&$/%4 +%< H6 3!P '<'+3µ#+%4 #"#,,K''(+#/ #"? +-. ",-$1µ3 +%< H:B )/#?,(4 +/4 0#"K.(4 <,%"%*-'-4 +%< G$)%<. 78

88 4.3 E?8(C(/C(/; FD 8(= ;X /A/C;1(CKB >=8=/1>A/, =/C>L=8( C1;1(C(!><EKB 8C=L=( a. B"#/+(*+#/ '<µ51.*#?, '<./0/%2+-+;.. b.! ()2#+K'+#'- ("/+$G"(/ (5?'%. #"? +# :$%(0$/2K I/#+K)µ#+# "$%'+#'*#4 +1. "#$#0%'/#2;. %/2/'µ;., 3 +%<4 (/0/2%&4?$%<4 0?µ-' /#+-$-+G1. 2+/$*1. 2#/ &'+($# #"? ).1µ%0?+-'- +-4 ="/+$%"34 :%,(%0%µ/2%& 2#/ B$9/+(2+%./2%& =,G)9%< (=:B=). c. B"#/+(*+#/ G)2$/'- (2+G,('-4 ($)#'/;. µ/2$34 2,*µ#2#4 &'+($# #"? +- ).1µ%0?+-'- +-4 =:B=. d.! ";,-' ,(2+$/234 (.G$)(/#4 )*.(+#/ '&µ51.# µ( +/4 +/µg4 "%< #.#5G$%.+#/ '+%<4 "*.#2(4 +%< :#$#$+3µ#+%4 B. e. B"? +-. ";,-' ,(2+$/234 (.G$)(/#4 #"%$$G%<. 5%$%,%)/2G4 <"%9$(;'(/4 )/# +%. 2&$/% +%< H6 3!P '<'+3µ#+%4. f. 7( #*+-'- '+-. #$µ?0/# IQN, % 2&$/%4 +%< H6 3!P '<'+3µ#+%4 #"#,,K''(+#/ #"? +-. ",-$1µ3 +%< H:B )/#?,(4 +/4 0#"K.(4 <,%"%*-'-4 +%< G$)%<. 4.4 E?8(C(/C(/; FD 8(= ;X /A/C;1(CKB /E 8C=L=( EBC>/ /UE@=>A!EL=>UKB 8(= EBC>/ >=8=/1KB a. B"#/+(*+#/ '<µ51.*#?, '<./0/%2+-+;.. b. E% 2+*$/% "$G"(/.# (*.#/.%µ*µ14 <5/'+Kµ(.%. c.! ()2#+K'+#'- H6 ",#/'*1. ("/+$G"(+#/ '+/4 "#$#2K+1 >G'(/4: a. I;µ# 3 '+G)- 2+/$*%<. b. c. :$%'?A(/4. 79

89 d. 82*#'+$#. e. B"%>32(4. f. C;$%<4 '+K>µ(<'-4. d. B"#)%$(&(+#/ - ()2#+K'+#'- H6 ",#/'*1. "K.1 #"? +-. #"?,-J- +%< 2,/µ#2%'+#'*%< 2#/ +%< 5$(#+*%< #.(,2<'+3$#. e. B"? +-. ()2#+K'+#'- +1. H6 2#/!P '<'+-µk+1. 0(. "$G"(/.# 0-µ/%<$)(*+#/ 9;$%4 2&$/#4 9$3'-4 3 -µ/<"#*>$/%4. f. E# ",#*'/# 2#/ %/ '<,,G2+(4 "%< +%"%>(+%&.+#/ '+% 0;µ# +%< 2+/$*%<, "$G"(/.# %$/%>(+%&.+#/ "($/µ(+$/2k µ( '<µ"#)g4 '+->#*% '( #"?'+#'- +%<,K9/'+%. 0,5 m #"? #<+?. g. E# ",#*'/# 2#/ %/ '<,,G2+(4 "%< +%"%>(+%&.+#/ '+- '+G)-, "$G"(/.# #2%,%<>%& ,*'- (.+?4 +%<?)2%< +-4 2#/.# #"G9%<. 0,5 m #"? +% "($*)$#µµk +-4. h. I(. #"#/+(*+#/ G)2$/'- (2+G,('-4 ($)#'/;. µ/2$34 2,*µ#2#4 )/# H6 '<'+3µ#+# /'9&%4 Pp _ 100 kwp. Q (.0/#5($?µ(.%4 <"%@K,,(/ G))$#5- ).1'+%"%*-'- ($)#'/;. 2#/ (2"?.-' µ(,g+-4 ()2#+K'+#'-4 '+% I/#9(/$/'+3 +%< I/2+&%<, <"%)()$#µµg.- #"? +%. *0/% 2#/ +%. ("/@,G"%.+# 7-9#./2?. 8(?'(4 "($/"+;'(/4 #"#/+(*+#/ - ).1µ%0?+-'- +-4 ="/+$%"34 :%,(%0%µ/2%& 2#/ B$9/+(2+%./2%& =,G)9%< (=:B=), #<+3 2#+#+*>(+#/ µ#d* µ( +% G))$#5% ).1'+%"%*-'-4 ($)#'/;.. i. B"#/+(*+#/ G)2$/'- (2+G,('-4 ($)#'/;. µ/2$34 2,*µ#2#4 )/# H6 '<'+3µ#+# /'9&%4 Pp > 100 kwp. 8(?'(4 "($/"+;'(/4 #"#/+(*+#/ - ).1µ%0?+-'- +-4 =:B=, #<+3 "$%-)(*+#/ +-4 G)2$/'-4 (2+G,('-4 ($)#'/;. µ/2$34 2,*µ#2#4. j.! ";,-' ,(2+$/234 (.G$)(/#4 )*.(+#/ '&µ51.# µ( +/4 +/µg4 "%< #.#5G$%.+#/ '+%<4 "*.#2(4 +%< :#$#$+3µ#+%4 B. k. B"? +-. ";,-' ,(2+$/234 (.G$)(/#4 #"%$$G%<. 5%$%,%)/2G4 <"%9$(;'(/4 )/# +%. 2&$/% +%< H6 3!P '<'+3µ#+%4. l. 7( #*+-'- '+-. #$µ?0/# IQN, % 2&$/%4 +%< H6 3!P '<'+3µ#+%4 #"#,,K''(+#/ #"? +-. ",-$1µ3 +%< H:B )/#?,(4 +/4 0#"K.(4 <,%"%*-'-4 +%< G$)%<. 80

90 4.5!(L>A/=(/; CKB 8A( /??175 / 2009 (FE8 1079D / ) 8(= F1 / / 2010 (FE8 1557D / )?=( C> E=@=8>!L>?L(11( (B(!CAV;/ FD /A/C;1(CKB =/UA>/ EK/ 10 kwp /E 8C=L=(8E/ E?8(C(/C(/E=/ 8A( /??175 / (= F1 / / 2010! "$;+- F%/.3 N"%<$)/23 B"?5#'- (FNB) #.#5G$(+#/ '+% =/0/2? :$?)$#µµ# B.K"+<J-4 H6 '<'+-µk+1. /'9&%4 G14 10 kwp '( 2+/$/#2G4 ()2#+#'+K'(/4. E% :$?)$#µµ# '<µ",-$;.(+#/ µ( +-. 0(&+($- FNB ?-)+,%. \"%+ a. I/K$2(/# :$%)$Kµµ#+%4 G b. E% :$?)$#µµ# #5%$K?,- +-. ="/2$K+(/#.! µg)/'+- /'9&4 +1. H6 '<'+-µk+1. #.K ()2#+K'+#'- (*.#/: a. 10 kwp )/# +-. -"(/$1+/23 9;$#, +# 0/#'<.0(0(µG.# µ( +% '&'+-µ#.-'/k 2#/ +-. F$3+-. b. 5 kwp )/# +# µ- 0/#'<.0(0(µG.#.-'/K. c. E% H6 '&'+-µ# ()2#>*'+#+#/ '+/4 "#$#2K+1 >G'(/4: c. I;µ# 3 '+G)- 2+/$*%<. d. e. :$%'?A(/4. f. 82*#'+$#. g. B"%>32(4. 81

91 h. C;$%<4 '+K>µ(<'-4. d. I/2#*1µ# G.+#J-4 '+% :$?)$#µµ# G9%<.: i. H<'/2K "$?'1"# µ- ("/+-0(<µ#+*(4. j. H<'/2K 3.%µ/2K "$?'1"# ("/+-0(<µ#+*(4, "%< 2#+#+K''%.+#/ '+/4 "%,& µ/2$g4 ("/9(/$3'(/4 (µg)/'+%4 #$/>µ?4 #"#'9%,%&µ(.1. 9 K+%µ#). k. O%µ/2K :$?'1"# I-µ%'*%< I/2#*%< (O:II). l. O%µ/2K :$?'1"# Z0/1+/2%& I/2#*%< (O:ZI). Q/ 0/2#/%&9%/ G.+#J-4 '+% :$?)$#µµ# "$G"(/.# G9%<. '+-. 2<$/?+-+K +%<4 +% 9;$%, '+%. %"%*% ()2#>*'+#+#/ +% H6 '&'+-µ#. E% 0/2#*1µ# ()2#+K'+#'-4 H6 '<'+3µ#+%4 '( 2+*$/% /0/%2+-'*#4 O:II, +- 9$3'- +%< %"%*%< G9(/ #.#,K@(/ % 0/#9(/$/'+34 (".9. '9%,/23 ("/+$%"3), "#$G9(+#/ '+% 0/#9(/$/'+3 µ(+k #"? '<.#*.('- +%< 2<$*%< +%< 2+/$*%<. e. 8( 2%/.?9$-'+% 3 2%/.?2+-+% 9;$% 2+/$*%< ("/+$G"(+#/ - ()2#+K'+#'- (.?4 2#/ µ?.%< '<'+3µ#+%4. I/2#*1µ# G.+#J-4 '+% :$?)$#µµ# G9%<. %/ 2&$/%/ %$/D?.+/1. /0/%2+-'/;. (2"$%'1"%&µ(.%/ #"? +% 0/#9(/$/'+3, 3 G.#4 ( <$* %$/D?.+/1. /0/%2+-'/;., µ(+k #"? "#$#9;$-'- +%< 2%/.?2+-+%< 3 2%/.?9$-'+%< 9;$%< #"? +%<4,%/"%&4 '<./0/%2+3+(4. :$%\"?>('- #"%+(,(* - '<µ51.*# +%< '<.?,%< +1. '<./0/%2+-+;., - %"%*# #"%0(/2.&(+#/ (*+( µ( "$#2+/2? %µ?51.-4 #"?5#' )(./234 '<.G,(<'-4, (*+( µ( G))$#5- '<µ51.*#?, '<./0/%2+-+;.. f. Q 2K+%9%4 +%< 0/2#/;µ#+%4 #"%2,(/'+/234 9$3'-4 +%< 0;µ#+%4 µ"%$(*.# ()2#+#'+3'(/ H6 '&'+-µ#. g. Q 2&$/%4 +%< 0/2#/;µ#+%4 #.%/2%0?µ-'-4 ("* +%< 0;µ#+%4 (0/2#*1µ# <A%&.) 0(. µ"%$(*.# ()2#+#'+3'(/ H6 '&'+-µ#, 0(0%µG.%<?+/ +% '<)2(2$/µG.% 0/2#*1µ# 0(. (µ"($/g9(/ 2#/ 0/2#*1µ# #"%2,(/'+/234 9$3'-4 +%< 0;µ#+%4. F#+K '<.G"(/# +% 0;µ# "#$#µg.(/ 2%/.?2+-+% 2#/ 2%/.?9$-'+% G14?+%< #.%/2%0%µ->(* % <"($K.1?$%5%4. 82

92 4.5.2!"%]0%26G-+' 6)*4R5' G*% 0"#&"4µµ4 a. b"#$j- (.($)34 '&.0('-4 2#+#.K,1'-4 -,(2+$/2%& $(&µ#+%4 '+%?.%µ# +%< 2<$*%< +%< H6 '<'+3µ#+%4 '+% 2+*$/%?"%< ># ()2#+#'+#>(*. b. 7G$%4 +1. >($µ/2;. #.#)2;. '( D('+?.($? 9$3' #+%/2*#4, '+-. %"%*# ># ()2#+#'+#>(* +% H6 '&'+-µ#, "$G"(/.# 2#,&"+(+#/ µ( 9$3'- #.#.(;'/µ1. "-);. (.G$)(/#4 (".9. -,/#2?4 >($µ%'*51.#4). c. 7- &"#$J- +%< %"%/#03"%+( K,,%< :$%)$Kµµ#+%4 9$-µ#+%0?+-' \"%+ -&,4*:G*4G5' FD GJG*Hµ4*%' a. I(. #"#/+(*+#/ G)2$/'- (2+G,('-4 ($)#'/;. µ/2$34 2,*µ#2#4. Q (.0/#5($?µ(.%4 <"%@K,,(/ G))$#5- ).1'+%"%*-'- ($)#'/;. 2#/ (2"?.-' µ(,g+-4 '+% I/#9(/$/'+3 +%< I/2+&%<, <"%)()$#µµg.- #"? +%. *0/% 2#/ +%. ("/@,G"%.+# 7-9#./2?. b. B"#)%$(&(+#/ - ()2#+K'+#'- H6 ",#/'*1. "K.1 #"? +-. #"?,-J- +%< 2,/µ#2%'+#'*%< 2#/ +%< 5$(#+*%< #.(,2<'+3$#. c. B"? +-. ()2#+K'+#'- +1. H6 ",#/'*1. 0(. "$G"(/.# 0-µ/%<$)(*+#/ 9;$%4 2&$/#4 9$3'-4 3 -µ/<"#*>$/%4. d. E# H6 ",#*'/# "%< +%"%>(+%&.+#/ '+% 0;µ# +%< 2+/$*%< "$G"(/.# %$/%>(+%&.+#/ "($/µ(+$/2k µ( '<µ"#)g4 '+->#*% '( #"?'+#'- +%<,K9/'+%. 0,5 m #"? #<+?. e. E# H6 ",#*'/# "%< +%"%>(+%&.+#/ '+- '+G)- "$G"(/.# #2%,%<>%& ,*'- (.+?4 +%<?)2%< +-4 2#/.# #"G9%<. 0,5m #"? +% "($*)$#µµk

93 4.6 FD /A/C;1(C>/ 1E E% H6 '&'+-µ# '<.0G(+#/ '+% I*2+<% I/#.%µ34 C#µ-,34 EK'(14 2#/ - '&.0('- #.+/'+%/9(* '( <5/'+Kµ(.% #$/>µ? "#$%934 +%< 2+/$*%<?"%< ># +%"%>(+->(*.! '&.0('- "$#)µ#+%"%/(*+#/ µ( DHµ4 1: N"%@%,3 #*+-'-4 '+-. +%"/23 <"-$('*# +-4 I=! B= )/# G20%'- :$%'5%$K4 8&.0('-4.! #*+-'- "($/,#µ@k.(/: o 8+%/9(*# +%< 2<$*%< +%< H6 '<'+3µ#+%4. o M.1'+%"%*-'- ($)#'/;. 2#/ µ(,g+- +%< H6 '<'+3µ#+%4. o N"(&><.- 03,1'-?+/ ",-$%&.+#/ %/ "$%\"%>G'(/4 G.+#J-4 '+% :$?)$#µµ#. F?'+%4 0/#0/2#'*#4: 0 =<$; DHµ4 2: =JG+#'- #*+-'-4 #"? +- I=! B= 2#/ 0/#+&"1'- :$%'5%$K4 8&.0('-4 "$%4 +%. (.0/#5($?µ(.%, - %"%*# /'9&(/ )/# 3 µ3.(4 #"? +-. -µ($%µ-.*# G20%' C$?.%4 0/#0/2#'*#4: 20 -µg$(4 DHµ4 3: B"%0%93 :$%'5%$K4 8&.0('-4 2#/ <"%)$# N,%"%*-'-4 G$)1. '&.0('-4. F?'+%4 0/#0/2#'*#4: =<$; C$?.%4 0/#0/2#'*#4: 20 -µg$(4 DHµ4 4: N"%@%,3 #*+-'-4 "$% %"/23 <"-$('*# (µ"%$*#4 +-4 I=! B=, )/# +- '&.#A- 8&µ@#'-4 8<µA-5/'µ%& 2#/ <"%)$#

94 a.! 8<µA-5/'µ%& <"%)$K5(+#/ µ(+#j& +%< 2<$*%< +%< H6 '<'+3µ#+%4 2#/ +-4 I=! B= 2#/ #5%$K '+-. ";,-'- +-4 "#$#)?µ(.-4 -,(2+$/234 (.G$)(/#4. S9(/ 0/K$2(/# 25 G+- µ( G.#$J- /'9&% µ($%µ-.*# (.($)%"%*-' '&.0('-4 +%< H6 '<'+3µ#+%4. b. B. % 2&$/%4 +%< H6 '<'+3µ#+%4 #,,KJ(/ "$%µ->(<+3 )/# +-. -,(2+$%0?+-' #+#.#,;'(1. +%< '+% 2+*$/%,,3)(/ #<+%0/2#*14-8&µ@#'- 2#/ <"%)$K5(+#/.G# 8&µ@#'- )/# +% <"%,(/"?µ(.% ( (+;. 0/K'+-µ# µ( +%..G% "$%µ->(<+3. c. 8( "($*"+1'- µ(+#@*@#' /0/%2+-'*#4 +%< 2+/$*%<?"%< G9(/ ()2#+#'+#>(* +% H6 '&'+-µ#, %.G%4 2&$/%4 <"(/'G$9(+#/ #<+%0*2#/# '+# 0/2#/;µ#+# 2#/ +/4 <"%9$(;'(/4 +%< µ(+#@/@kd%.+%4, "%< #"%$$G%<. #"? +- 8&µ@#'- 8<µA-5/'µ%&. d.! +/µ3 ";,-' "#$#)?µ(.-4 -,(2+$/234 (.G$)(/#4 "$%4 +- I=! B= (*.#/ '+#>($3 (0,55 =<$;/kwh) )/# +/4 8<µ@K'(/4 8<µA-5/'µ%&, "%< <"%)$K5%.+#/ +# G , 2010, #/ µ(/;.(+#/ 5% (+-'*14 )/#?'(4 8<µ@K'(/4 <"%)$#5%&. #"? G e.! 8&µ@#'- 8<µA-5/'µ%& '<.%µ%,%)(*+#/ µ( +/µ3 ";,-'-4 +%< -,(2+$/2%& $(&µ#+%4, - %"%*# #.+/'+%/9(* '+% G+%4 "%< <"%)$K5(+#/ - 8&µ@#'-, (5?'%. - '&.0('- +%< H6 '<'+3µ#+%4 (.($)%"%/->(* (.+?4 6 µ-.;. #"? +-. -µ($%µ-.*# <"%)$#534. 8( #.+*>(+- "($*"+1'-,#µ@K.(+#/ - +/µ3, "%< #.+/'+%/9(* '+% G+%4 (.($)%"%*-' '&.0('-4. =EQ8 N:QM[BH!8 8N76B8!8 8N7c!HZ87QN =<$;/kwh 0,55 0,5225 0,4963 0,4715 0,4479 0,4255 0,4043 0,384 0,3648 %&'$($) 4.1: K%µ)@ >H2'$'@ >,",*7µ+&'@ '2+4/"%46@ +&)"*+%,@ >"0@ /' O(: E( µ+ /%@ 0>0<+@ $5&0µ020*+</,% ' $;µ1,$' $5µJ'?%$µ0; f.! +/µ3 '+-. %"%*# '<.%µ%,%)(*+#/ - 8&µ@#'- 8<µA-5/'µ%& #.#"$%'#$µ?d(+#/ 2K>( G+%4 2#+K "%'%'+? 25% +%< 0(*2+- +/µ;. 2#+#.#,1+3 +%< "$%-)%&µ(.%< G+%<4,?"14 #<+?4 2#>%$*D(+#/ #"? +-. =>./23 8+#+/'+/23 N"-$('*#

95 =,,K0#4. B. - +/µ3 "%< "$%2&"+(/ µ( +-. #.1+G$1 #.#"$%'#$µ%)3 (*.#/ µ/2$?+($- +-4 µg'-4 Q$/#234 E/µ34 +%< 8<'+3µ#+%4,?"14 #<+3 0/#µ%$5;.(+#/ 2#+K +% "$%-)%&µ(.% G+%4 "$%'#<J-µG.- 2#+K 40%, - +/µ%,?)-'- )*.(+#/ +- µg'- Q$/#23 E/µ3 +%< 8<'+3µ#+%4 +%< "$%-)%&µ(.%< G+%<4 "$%'#<J-µG.- 2#+K 40%. F?'+%4 0/#0/2#'*#4: 0 =<$; C$?.%4 0/#0/2#'*#4: 15 -µg$(4 DHµ4 5: N"%@%,3 #*+-'-4 "$% %"/23 <"-$('*# +-4 I=! B= )/# (.($)%"%*-'- +-4 '&.0('-4 +%< H6 '<'+3µ#+%4.! #*+-'- "($/,#µ@k.(/: o B.+*)$#5% 8&µ@#'-4 8<µA-5/'µ%&. o 7%.%)$#µµ/2? -,(2+$%,%)/2? '9G0/% +-4 ()2#+K'+#'-4 2#/ <"(&><.- 03,1'- 7-9#./2%& 2#+K,,-,-4 (/0/2?+-+#4, '+-. %"%*# "$G"(/.# #.#5G$(+#/ - 0<.#+?+-+# #"%'&.0('-4 +%< H6 '<'+3µ#+%4 '+/4 "#$#2K+1 "($/"+;'(/4: #. S,,(/A- +K'(14 #"? +% I*2+<% +-4 I=! N"G$@#'- +1. %$*1. #"?2,/' K'(14 2#/ +-4 '<9.?+-+#4 '+-. GJ%0% +%< µ(+#+$%"g# (V$/% #"?2,/'-4 +K'(14: +15 G14-20% +-4 %.%µ#'+/234 +K'(14 / V$/% #"?2,/'-4 '<9.?+-+#4 $(&µ#+%4: +0,5 Hz G14-0,5 Hz +-4 %.%µ#'+/234 '<9.?+-+#4). 8( "($*"+1'- <"G$@#' %$*1. % µ(+#+$%"g#4 "$G"(/.# +*>(+#/ (2+?4,(/+%<$)*#4 (#<+?µ#+- #"?D(<J-) '( 0,5 s, µ( 0<.#+?+-+# ("#.KD(<J-4 &'+($# #"? 3 min. F?'+%4 0/#0/2#'*#4: 0 =<$; C$?.%4 0/#0/2#'*#4: 10 -µg$(4 86

96 4.7 D=D<=>?L(F=( 8EF(<(=>A 1. :($0*%4 8., HWEQ6QXEBaF=8 =MFBEB8EB8=Z8, =20?'(/4 EeFIQEZF!, B>3.# :($0*%4 8.,!XZQP=[7ZF=8 =MFBEB8EB8=Z8, =20?'(/4 EeFIQEZF!, B>3.# H$#)2/#0K2-4 Z., HWEQ6QXEBaFB 8N8E!7BEB, 2 - G20%'-, =20?'(/4 Y!E!, P(''#,%.*

97 8-9:$4+% 5 5.1!L>/C(/=( CKB 8C;L=(8KB FKC>D><C(Z8KB /A/C;1(CKB (!> A!ELC(/E=/ (BC=8EL(AB=8;!L>/C(/=(! "$%'+#'*# $/#2;. 51+%@%,+#L2;. '<'+-µk+1. #"? <"($+K'(/4 2#/ 2($#<.%&4 (*.#/ G.# >Gµ# +% %"%*% #"%'2%"(* '+-. "$%'+#'*# +1. ()2#+#'+K'(1. "#$#)1)34, #,,K 2<$* #'5K,(/# +1. #.>$;"1. 2#/ ># "$G"(/.# <,%"%/(*+#/ µ?.% '&µ51.# µ( +# /'9&%.+# (>./2K (=XQE), (<$1"#L2K (=O) 2#/ 0/(>.3 (IEC) "$?+<"# #,,K 2# +-. /'9&%<'#.%µ%>('*#. 8&µ51.# µ( +% H=F470 (5 7#$+*%< 2004) `$>$# 3 G14 2#/ 6, +# 5#/.?µ(.# (203,1'-4 <"($+K'(1., (5?'%. "$?2(/+#/ )/# #$9/2? G,()9% (.G# -,(2+$/23 ()2#+K'+#'- 3 '%@#$3 +$%"%"%*-'- "#,#/K4), ># "$G"(/.# #.+/µ(+1"/'+%&. '&µ51.# µ( +# /'9&%.+# (>./2K 2#/ (<$1"#L2K "$?+<"#, +# %"%*# (*.#/ +# "$?+<"# '(/$K4 =XQE =O ="%µg.14 - #.#)2#/?+-+# (5#$µ%)34 "$%'+#'*#4 #"? <"($+K'(/4 (*.#/ ",G%. #"#$#*+-+- #.(JK$+-+# µ( +% (K. <"K$9(/ 3 (K. "$%@,G"(+#/.# <"K$J(/ '&'+-µ# (J1+($/234 #.+/2($#<./234 "$%'+#'*#4. 7( 2K>( ("/5&,#J-, '+-$/D?µ(.%/ '+-. <"K$9%<'# (µ"(/$*# (2#+%.+K01. 9/,/K01. H/6 '<'+-µk+1. µ/2$?+($ kwp "%< ()2#+#'+K>-2#. '( (<$1"#L2G4 9;$(4 2#/ 0(. (JG9%<. '-µ#.+/2k #"? +% "($*)$#µµ# +%< 2+-$*%<,?"14 "$%@,G"(+#/ '+/4 N"%<$)/2G4 B"%5K'(/4, >(1$(*+#/?+/ % 2*.0<.%4 #"? 88

98 Kµ('% 2($#<./2? ",3)µ# 0(. #<JK.(+#/. =.+%&+%/4, )/# +-. #'5K,(/# +1. #.>$;"1. 2#/ +-. "$%'+#'*# $/#2;. -,(2+$/2;. ()2#+#'+K'(1. 2#/ '<'2(<;. '<./'+K+#/ - (2+*µ-' /.0&.1. #"? +%<4 2($#<.%&4 2#/ +/4 <"($+K'(/4 "%< "$%2#,%&. (=XQE =O 62305). 8+% '93µ# 5.1 "#$%<'/KD(+#/ µ/# (.0(/2+/23 µ%$53 ()2#+K'+#' /#+KJ(1. "$%'+#'*#4 #"? <"($+K'(/4 )/# +-. "$%'+#'*# µ?.% +%< H/6 '<'+3µ#+%4 - %"%*# 2#/ '<./'+K+#/. :#$K,,-,# ># "$G"(/.# "$%@,(5>(* 2#/ "$%'+#'*# +1. <5/'+Kµ(.1. -,(2+$/2;. ()2#+#'+K'(1. +%< 2+-$*%< (".9. "$%'+#'*# )(./2%& "*.#2# 2#/ <"%"/.K21.). E# "$?+<"# #.+/2($#<./234 "$%'+#'*#4 "%< /'9&%<. 2#/ (5#$µ?D%.+#/ (*.#/ +-4 '(/$K4 =XQE =O #>;4 ("*' '(/$K4 =XQE =O E# "$?+<"# =XQE =O "($/)$K5%<. +/4 #"#/+3'(/4 '9(0/#'µ%& (.?4 '<'+3µ#+%4 #.+/2($#<./234 "$%'+#'*#4 (.; +# "$?+<"# =XQE =O "($/)$K5%<. +/4 #"#/+3'(/4 0%2/µ;. +1. (J#$+-µK+1. #.+/2($#<./234 "$%'+#'*#4. ="*'-4 )/# +-. "$%'+#'*# #"? <"($+K'(/4 +# #.+*'+%/9# "$?+<"# (*.#/ +-4 '(/$K4 =XQE =O # %"%*# "($/)$K5%<. +/4 #"#/+3'(/4 0%2/µ;. 2#/ ()2#+K'+#' /#+KJ(1. "$%'+#'*#4 #"? <"($+K'(/4 +?'% )/# +# (.($)(/#2K?'% 2#/ )/# +# +-,("/2%/.1./#2K 2<2,;µ#+#. 89

99 !"#µ$ 5.1: K5>%46 µ0"?6 /.& $5$/'µ#/.& 4,% #.#)2#/?+-+# ()2#+K'+#'-4 (.?4 '<'+3µ#+%4 (J1+($/234 #.+/2($#<./234 "$%'+#'*#4 µ"%$(*.# (J(+#'>(* µ( +-. (5#$µ%)3 +%< "$%+&"%< =XQE =O E% "$?+<"% (J(+KD(/, #.(JK$+-+# µ( +% (K. <"K$9(/ ()2#+K'+#'-, +%. 2*.0<.% "%< µ"%$(*.# G9(/ +% <5/'+Kµ(.% 2+3$/% '( G.# Kµ('% 3 Gµµ('% 2($#<./2? ",3)µ#. =K. - ()2#+K'+#'- (.?4 '<'+3µ#+%4 #.+/2($#<./234 "$%'+#'*#4 2$/>(* #"#$#*+-+-, % '9(0/#'µ?4 +%< '<'+3µ#+%4 ># "$G"(/.# <,%"%/->(* +% "$?+<"% =XQE =O ( "($*"+1'- "%< +% 2+3$/% 0/#>G+(/ '&'+-µ# #.+/2($#<./234 "$%'+#'*#4, ># "$G"(/.# µ(,(+->(* (K. /2#.%"%/(* +/4 #"#/+3'(/4 +%< "$%+&"%< 2#/ (K. 2#,&"+(/ +/4 51+%@%,+#L2G4 ()2#+#'+K'(/4. 8( 0/#5%$(+/23 "($*"+1'- ># "($G"(/.# )*.%<.?,(4 %/ #"#$#*+-+(4 '<µ",-$1µ#+/2g4 (.G$)(/(4 ;'+( +% <5/'+Kµ(.% '&'+-µ# #.+/2($#<./234 "$%'+#'*#4.# "$%'#$µ%'+(* '+/4.G(4 #"#/+3'(/4 (".9. 90

100 ()2#+K'+#'- ("/"$?'>(+1. #2*01., '<,,(2+3$/1. #)1);., #)1);. 2#>?0%<, (5#$µ%)3 /'%0<.#µ/2;. '<.0G'(1., -,(2+$%0*1. )(*1'-4 2.#.).! "$%'+#'*# +%< -,(2+$/2%& 2#/ -,(2+$%./2%& (J%",/'µ%&,?"14 2#/ +1. #.>$;"1. "%< G$9%.+#/ '( ("#53 µ( #<+K '&µ51.# µ( +% =XQE =O , (5?'%. (5#$µ?D(+#/ G.# '&'+-µ# #.+/2($#<./234 "$%'+#'*#4.! ("/,%)3 2#/ - ()2#+K'+#' /#+KJ(1. "$%'+#'*#4 ># "$G"(/.# "$#)µ#+%"%/(*+#/ '&µ51.# µ( +% =XQE =O Q/ ()2#+#'+K+(4 2#,? (*.#/.# #"%5(&)%< µ/%<$)*# $(&µ#+%4, 0/?+/ G.# (.0(9?µ(.% 2($#<./2? ",3)µ# ># %0-)3'(/ '+-. (µ5k./'- <A-,;. +K'(1. (J ("#)1)34,?"14 (.0(/2+/2K "#$%<'/KD(+#/ '+% '93µ# 5.2.!"#µ$ 5.2: (&C+%4/%47 $B6µ, /#$'@ >05 +>#*+/,% $+ 1"7B0 +>%?#&+%,@ 1 m 2 $5&,"/6$+% /'@,>7$/,$'@ /05 4+",5&%40; >26*µ,/0@ "($*"+1'- "%< +% 51+%@%,+#L2? '&'+-µ# ()2#>*'+#+#/ '( 2+3$/% "%< 0/#>G+(/ <5/'+Kµ(.% '&'+-µ# #.+/2($#<./234 "$%'+#'*#4 (8.B.:.) 2#/ µ"%$(*.# 91

101 0/#+-$->(* #"?'+#'- #'5#,(*#4 (0,5 1 µg+$%) µ(+#j& 51+%@%,+#L2%& '<'+3µ#+%4 2#/ +1. #)1);. '<,,%)34 2#/ 2#>?0%< +%< 2($#<./2%& $(&µ#+%4, +% 51+%@%,+#L2? '&'+-µ# µg'# '+-. "($/%93 "$%'+#'*#4 +%< #,(J/2G$#<.%< 2#/ 0(. "$G"(/.# '<.0G(+#/ #);)/µ# µ( +% 8.B.:. ((5?'%. "$?2(/+#/ )/# (.'1µK+1'- '( <5/'+Kµ(.# 2+3$/#). B. 0(. µ"%$(*.# 0/#+-$->(* - #"?'+#'- #<+3 ># "$G"(/.# "$#)µ#+%"%/(*+#/ #);)/µ- '&.0('- µ( +%<4 #)1)%&4 +%< 8.B.:. B.+/2($#<./23 "$%'+#'*# AC =*.#/ µ%.%5#'/23 3 +$/5#'/23 #.K,%)# µ( +%. +&"% +%< µ(+#+$%"g# +K'(14 DC-AC (inverter). 8+- >G'- +1. "%,,;. +$/5#'/2;. #.+/2($#<./2;. µ"%$(*.# +%"%>(+->(* µ*# 2(.+$/23 #.+/2($#<./23 "$%'+#'*# AC µ( ("/+3$-'- 2#/ 2#+#)$#53. B.+/2($#<./23 "$%'+#'*# DC :$%'+#+(&(/ %@%,+#L23 '<'+%/9*#. B.+/2($#<./23 "$%'+#'*# #<+%µ#+/'µ;. :$%'+#+(&(/ +%<4 #<+%µ#+/'µ%&4, "%< µ(+#5g$%<. 0(0%µG.# #"? +%<4 µ(+#+$%"(*4 +K'(14, +%<4 µ(+$-+g4 (.G$)(/#4 2.,". B.+/2($#<./23 "$%'+#'*# #'>(.;. $(<µk+1. :$%'+#+(&(/ +# '<'+3µ#+# +-,("/2%/.1./;.. B.+/2($#<./2?4 /'+?4 S9(/ &A%4 µ()#,&+($% #"? +% <A-,?+($% µ(+#,,/2? '-µ(*% +-4 ()2#+K'+#'-4 2#/ 9$-'/µ%"%/(*+#/?+#. +# 51+%@%,+#L2K '( µ()k,% <A?µ(+$% 3 '+-$*D%.+#/ '( M(*1'- #.+/2($#<./234 "$%'+#'*#4 2<2,;µ#+%4 DC =*.#/ - )(*1'- "%< '<)2(.+$;.(/?,%<4 +%<4 "/>#.%&4 0/#&,%<4 0/#5<)34 +%< 2($#<./2%& ",3)µ#+%4 '+- 51+%@%,+#L23 '<'+%/9*# 2#/ "$G"(/.# '<.0G(+#/ µ( +- >(µ(,/#23 )(*1'- +-4 ()2#+K'+#'-4. 92

102 M(*1'- #.+/2($#<./234 "$%'+#'*#4 2<2,;µ#+%4 AC =*.#/ - )(*1'- "%< "$%'+#+(&(/ +%. µ(+#+$%"g# +K'(14 DC-AC #"? ("/'+$%53 2($#<./2;. 2$%<'+/2;. <"($+K'(1., µg'1 +-4 )(*1'-4,(/+%<$)*# $/;. 5K'( I=! 2#/ "$G"(/.# '<.0G(+#/ #"(<>(*#4 µ( +-. >(µ(,/#23 )(*1'- +-4 ()2#+K'+#'-4. M(*1'- #.+/2($#<./234 "$%'+#'*#4 2+/$*%< 3 )-"G0%< =*.#/ - )(*1' /#+KJ(14 #.+/2($#<./234 "$%'+#'*#4 +%< 2+/$*%< 3 +%< )-"G0%< 2#/ "$G"(/.# '<.0G(+#/ #"(<>(*#4 µ( +- >(µ(,/#23 )(*1'- +-4 ()2#+K'+#'-4. 93

103 5.2 CA!=8> /A/C;1( ;<E8CL=8;/ E?8(C(/C(/;/ 8C;L=(8>A FKC>D><C(Z8>A /A/C;1(C>/!"#µ$ 5.3: K5>%46 µ0"?6 C%,$5&C+C+µ)&05 0%4%,40;?./0102/,340; $;µ?.&, µ+ /0 >"7/5>0 IEC

104 5.3 XEL1>1>BKC=8;!L>/C(/=( C(L(C/(/ E# 0(. «$%<5K.(» +-. )&$1 #,,K #J/%"%/%&. +-. "%< %&+14 3 K,,14 ># G"(5+( '+- ("/5K.(/# +-4 +#$K+'#4. :$%2(/µG.%<.# #"%$$%53'%<. +- µg)/'+- 0<.#+3 -,/#23 #2+/.%@%,*#, +# 51+%@%,+#L2K ",#*'/# G9%<. '2%<$?9$1µ- ("/5K.(/# - %"%*# µk,/'+# 2#,&"+(+#/ #"? µ*# #.+/#.#2,#'+/23 '+$;'- )/#.# "#)/0(&(+#/ - -,/#23 #2+/.%@%,*#. CK$- ' #< #.+/#.#2,#'+/23 ("/5K.(/# K,,1'+(, +# 51+%@%,+#L2K 0(. «)<#,*D%<.» 2#/ G9%<µ( µ(/1µg.# 5#/.?µ(.# #.+#.K2,#'-4 "%< %$/'µg.(4 5%$G4 ># µ"%$%&'#..# (*.#/ (.%9,-+/2K. V"14 G0(/J#. '9(+/2G4 µ(+$3'(/4, +# 51+%@%,+#L2K «)<#,*D%<.»,/)?+($% #"? +# #<+%2*.-+#?+#. "G'(/ "K.1 +%<4 - -,/#23 #2+/.%@%,*#. 8<.G"(/# +-4 '2%<$?9$1µ-4 ("/5K.(/#4 #<JK.(+#/ - >($µ%2$#'*# +%< 51+%@%,+#L2%& ",#/'*%< '( '9G'- µ( +%. "($/@K,,%.+# #G$#. E/ )*.(+#/,%/"?. #<+3 - >($µ?+-+#; :$%5#.;4 0/#9G(+#/ '+% "($/@K,,%.. E% #µg'14 ("?µ(.% ($;+-µ# (*.#/ #. #<+3 - >($µ?+-+# "%< 5(&)(/ #"? +# ",#*'/# µ"%$(*.# #<J3'(/ '-µ#.+/2k +- >($µ%2$#'*# +%< "($/@K,,%.+%4 /0/#*+($# '( µ*# '+G)-. FK+/ +G+%/% 0(. '<µ@#*.(/, )/# +%. #",?,?)%?+/ - µkd# +%< #G$# (*.#/ "$#2+/2K K"(/$- '( '9G'- µ( +- µkd# %@%,+#L2;. 2#/ (*.#/ #0&.#+%.# #<J->(* - >($µ%2$#'*# +%< #G$# '( 2K"%/# #"?'+#'- #"? +# ",#*'/#. M/# +-. #2$*@(/#, µ?,/4 1-2 (2#+%'+K #"? +-. ("/5K.(/# +1. ",#/'*1., - >($µ%2$#'*# (*.#/ #<+3 +%< "($/@K,,%.+%4. `,,1'+(, µ(+#j& 51+%@%,+#L2%& 2#/ '+G)-4 <"K$9(/ G.# 2(.? )/#.# "($.K(/ % #G$#4 0$%'*D%.+#4 +% 51+%@%,+#L2? (2K+/ "%<, '<. +%/4 K,,%/4, #<JK.(/ 2#/ +-. #"?0%'3 +%<). =.0/#5G$%. "#$%<'/KD(/ +% )()%.?4?+/ - >($µ%2$#'*# +%< 0;µ#+%4 2K+1 #2$/@;4 #"? +# 51+%@%,+#L2K ",#*'/# (*.#/ 9#µ-,?+($- #"?+/ - >($µ%2$#'*# +%< #2K,<"+%< 0;µ#+%4. 8( µ/# D('+3 2#,%2#/$/.3 -µg$# µ( K".%/#, - >($µ%2$#'*# +%< 0;µ#+%4 2K+1 #"? +# 51+%@%,+#L2K µ"%$(*.# (*.#/ 2#/ 13 95

105 @#>µ%&4 9#µ-,?+($- #"?+/ #. % 3,/%4 9+<"%&'( 2#+ (<>(*#. +% 0;µ#,?"14 5#*.(+#/ 2#/ '+% "#$#2K+1 (.0(/2+/2? 0/K)$#µµ#. 7( K,,#,?)/#, % +(,(<+#*%4?$%5%4 (.?4 2+/$*%< <"%5G$(/,/)?+($% #"? +- DG'+-. *+,-$µµ$ 5.1: L+"µ04",$<, $+ $/)*+@ µ+ $4<,$',>7-8 4,% $+ $/)*+@ B."<@ $4<,$' (.($)(/#2?4 '<.0<#'µ?4 (*.#/ % '<.0<#'µ?4 51+%@%,+#L2%& µ( "$K'/.- '+G) "($*"+1'- #<+3 G9%<µ( "%,,#",K %5G,-.! µ(. "$K'/.- '+G)- 0$%'*D(/ +% 51+%@%,+#L2? 2#/ #<JK.(/ +-. #"?0%'3 +%< 2#/ ("/"$?'>(+# >($µ%µ%.;.(/ +-. '+G)-, (.; +% 0( 51+%@%,+#L2? (µ"%0*d(/ +- )$3)%$- (JK+µ-'- 2#/ #"#/+(*+#/,/)?+($%.($? )/# +-. "$K'/.- '+G)-. ="/",G%., µ(+$3'(/4 G0(/J#.?+/ #<JK.(/ 2#/ +-4 "$K'/.-4 '+G)-4 '+# '-µ(*# "%< '2/KD(+#/ #"? +# 51+%@%,+#L2K. 96

106 !"#µ$ 5.4: -./0102/,34# $+ 4/%"<.& 97